Warsaw University of Technology

Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering

Department of Automation and Aeronautical
Systems
Signals and Measurement Systems

Measurement system interfaces
Intelligent sensors
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Measurement system architecture

2
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Measurement system architecture
Interface
connection between the considered system and another system or parts of a
system through which information flows
in other words matching system, e.g.:
binary signals coded with voltage levels
(logic 0 -> 0 V; logic 1 -> 4,5 V)
binary signals coded with frequency
(logic 0 -> 1200 Hz; logic 1 -> 2400 Hz).
Interface system
set of mechanical, electrical and functional elements required in the process of
information exchange between subsystems or elements of equipment
also the communication protocols and system control applications
Types of information
measuring data
commands (instructions) to the elements of the measuring system
other e.g. synchronization commands, validation information
3
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Measurement system architecture
Interface system
mechanical layer
types of connectors
order of pins in the connector
electrical layer
levels of voltage in command and data lines
power requirements
impedance of the loads
currents in the circuit
software layer
measured data frames transmission protocols
commands and instructions
conflicts resolving
errors handling
rules of programming

4
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Interface functions
Matching
processing of signals sent to the bus interfaces or received from the bus by the
device to a standard of the system interface.
Synchronization
coordination during the transmission of data (or instructions) to match the speed
of transmission to the capability of receiving data by the device
Buffering functions, and error correction
The correctness of the data flow in the system is controlled
The detection of an error in the received data file will often cause request to
repeat upload of a file or fragment (frames). This requires prior collection of the
data in the buffer register.
Buffering required, when there are minor differences between sending and
receiving the data. Data can be stored in the receiver and then read.
Control control of the measuring process and the data processing
according to programmes and procedures
regulates access broadcasters to transmit data to the bus,
solves conflict situations priorities of the transmition
setting the devices to the initial state (reset).
5
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Serial Interfaces
Serial communication bit-by-bit
Parallel communication word-by-word
RS Recommended Standard (RS-232) developed in 1962 need for
standardization of the digital data transmission protocols and equipment
1969 international standard RS-232C








DTE Data Terminal Equipment
DCE Data Communication Equipment

6
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Serial Interfaces
Modes of transmission in RS-232C
simplex unidirectional,
semiduplex bidirectional asynchronous, nonsimultaneous,
duplex bidirectional, simultaneous,
Modes of transmission
Asynchronous
variable lenght of the data frames controlled with start and stop bits
efficiency 70%




Synchronous
constant data frame lenght (up to 2kb) and constant time intervals
need for synchronization signals
efficiency 99,7%
7
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Serial Interfaces
RS-232C Interface Bus
9 or 25 pins
full version:
4 data lines
11 control lines
3 synchronization lines
2 ground lines
simplest version (only receiving)
1 data line
1 ground line
electrical parameters:
data lines
-15V -3V logical 1
+3V +15V logical 0
control lines
+3V +15V logical 1
-15V -3V logical 0
maximum line lenght 15m
transmission rate up to 20kbps
only 2 devices in the system
8
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Serial Interfaces
RS-449
35 lines
RS-530 (simplification of RS-449)
25 lines




Electrical standards for RS-449 and RS-530 are defined by RS-485 and RS-
422.
differential transmission higher immunity to signal lines interferences



9
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Serial Interfaces



10
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
PROFIBUS
PROcess Field BUS (PROFIBUS) family of standards for data control and
exchange in distributed systems
11
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
PROFIBUS
Recommended standards of transmission lines:
RS-485 up to 10Mbps, lines up to 1200m
IEEE-1158-2 H1 industrial automatics up to 32.25kbps, 1900m
optical fibres lines longer than 2km (no sparking, galvanic isolation) even up to
80km long
planned: Ethernet lines up to 1000Mbps
12
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
CAN interface system
Controller Area Network CAN serial interface
Developed by Bosch and Intel for automotive industry
Connects sensors, control systems and actuators and defines the data
exchange protocols

13
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
CAN interface system
Requirements in automotive application
high data transmission rate enables prompt operation of subsystems (airbags,
ABS etc.)
high immunity to interference emmited by electromechanical or electronic
devices
system flexibility variable number of connected devices
Transmission rates
1Mbps, l<40m
500 kbps,l<300m
100 kbps, l<600m
50 kbps, l<1km
5 kbps. l<10km
In a particular system one transmission rate is used
Differential transmission low susceptibility to interferences
Each node may be Tx or Rx

14
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
CAN interface system
Each set of data is received by all nodes
Message frame:
a single start of frame bit
arbitration field, including a multibit identifier (11bits CAN 2.0A or 29 bits CAN 2.0B)
check field
fields of data grouped in bytes
redundancy check field CRC
acknowledgment field ACK
end of frame fields
frame space fields
15
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
CAN interface system
No addresses in the frame number of nodes does not matter
Each node reads all the information in the bus but some of the instructions are
neglected according to the specified identifier of the message







Microprocessor
controls A/D conversion
Microcontroler
forms frames of data
16
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Parallel interface systems
Parallel data transmission higher rates than serial transmission
4 to 34-bit words used
no need for some routines of serial transmission (e.g. error check)
Only local networks short cables
ANSI/IEEE-488 (1960s) by Hewlett-Packard, (GPIB General Purpose
Interface Bus)
IEEE-488 > IEC-625
organization of digital data exchange
electrical parameters of signals
mechanical parameters of connectors
basic programming procedures
IEEE-488.2
communication protocols
data formats and time sequences for command execution in the system
procedures required in case of detected transmission errors
controller requirements

17
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
IEEE-488
Elements:
digital instruments
digitally controlled devices
printers, loggers
controllers of the system
Three modes:
talker
listener
controller
Types of messages:
commands
addresses
data

18
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
IEEE-488
Basic features
parallel asynchronous transfer in the form of 8-bit messages
transmission using handshake protocol with confirmation of message acceptance
maximum data rate 1 MBps
maximum number of devices 15
24-line cable, maximum length 20m, 2m between devices
Increasing number of devices

19
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Intelligent sensors
Typical measurement and control system











20
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Intelligent sensors
Making the sensor smart integration of electronics and functions one chip
systems
21
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Intelligent sensors
Integrated sensors:
high reliability
small size
low cost
high performance
system compatibility
smart sensor various definitions
sensor with integrated electronics
sensors with integrated microprocessors
sensors that include some logic functions and/or make some type of decisions
sensor with an off-chip microprocessor used to communicate to the user and modify
its response
generally a sensor may be treated as smart if it does one of the following:
perform a logic function;
perform two-way communication;
make a decision.
22
ability to amplify and preprocess the
transducers signals before presenting
them through cables to microcomputer
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Intelligent sensors
Intelligent sensor functions
self-calibration
computation
communication
multisensing
23
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Intelligent sensors
Highly integrated sensors
24
http://daas.meil.pw.edu.pl Sensors and Measurement Systems
Interfaces
Intelligent sensors
One-chip sensors
25