Incremental Metnoa ror Sag- ension

I I . SF

N 24a 2 1920a4
are:

(2)

wa |cu | ati ons

MEMBER AIEE

posed ice and wind loads are assumed to

If the weight of the cable and superim-

MAURICE LANDAU
Synopsis: This paper presenits an anialytical method for calculating sags, tensions, and lengths of overhead cables. The method is applicable to both level and non-level spans; self contained, not requiring the use

be uniformly distributed along the horizontal projection of the cable, the curve taken by the cable is that of the parabola. The equiations of the parabola La
(3)

General
In general the problems of sag and ten-

of precalculated data or functions; and adaptable to both cables with constant nodulus of elasticity, such as steel or copper, and cables such as steel reinforced aluminum cable where stress-strain curves must be resorted to. Included in the method is a direct calculation of the horizonital component of tension in a span where the tenof length of cable are calculated rather than total lengths, thus permitting adequate accuracy to be had using a 10-inch slide rule.
sion at either support is known. Increments

calculations for overhead suspended cable are to determine sag, tensions, and lengths of overhead cable between fixed supports at stringing temperatures and conditions of maximum sag such that ag chdtisrm s undethe ost under the most severe loading conditions the maximum tension in the cable will not exceed a predetermined allowable maxision mum.

S-L1

L2

calc tension ed paper were inn this described developed for use in the design of the transmission lines of the Department of Water and Power of the City of Los Angeles. They have been used in the design of the 287.5-kv Boulder transmission lines which extend 266 miles from Hoover Dam to Los Angeles, the 138-kv belt line in and adjacent to Los Angeles, and the 230-kv transmission line from the Owens River Gorge, 260 miles from Los Angeles,

.HE Ilations
m

Fortic or the purpose of calculations, the weight of the cable itself and the superimposed ice and wind loads are assumed to be uniformly distributed along the line of the cable. Under these conditions, the cable takes the curvature of the catenary.

Comparing equations 1 and 3, the first terms of each equation are identical. The same is true of the first two terms of equations 2 and 4. Thus for spans where L is small with respect to a, the catenary and parabola are for practical purposes identical. This is the basis for the soThis of the thh called parabolic methods.

24a2 640a4

...

(4)

Sag and Tension Calculations

Expressed as a series the equations of the catenary for a level span are: (1) L4 _L[ L2 Y 8aL 48ai 5,760a4
'T' 8 uz On

Essentially sag and tension calculations of overhead cables consist of the follow-

ing:

the stressed length of the 1. cable between supports under the assumed

maximum teiisioni and maximum loading conditions.

- - - _
2

Determinie

u.

_a

- - -l

to Los Angeles. The Boulder line conductors are 512,000 circular mil, type HH copper, the belt line conductors 500,000 circular mil stranded copper, and the Owens Gorge line 954,000 circular mil

X
2

-8 I0

_ /

- -

- _

_ .
__

_6

steel reinforced aluminum cable 54/7. 8 All of the lines have 1/2-inch high strength stranded steel overhead ground wires.

Z
o____t7__

,_
__-61-

llll]]]|/
- _ _-3z

_ Paper 51-294, recommended by the ALEE Transmission and Distribution Committee and approved.C _C __ by the Technical Program Committee for presents. 0 tion at the AIEE Pacific General Meeting, Portland, Greg., August 20-23, 1951. Manuscript submitted May 17, 1951; made available for printing July 6,

0-1020.
.
9Co ELONGATION

. .

. .

1951.

Figure 1. Stress-strain curves

and Power, Los Angeles, Calif.

MAURCIcE LANDAU is with the Department of Water

15v64

diuminum; Landau-Incremental Methodfor Sag-Tension Calculations

54X0.1214 inch

795,000 circuldr mil ACSR;

7X0.1214 inch steel

AJEE TRANSACTIONS

2. Remove all load (weight) from the cable and determine the length of the unstressed length of cable. 3. Determine the change in unstressed length of wire due to change in temperature. 4. Place the desired load (weight) on the cable at the new temperature and determine the stressed length. 5. Calculate the sag and tension characteristics corresponding to the stressed length at the new temperature.

Units and Notations

L ==span length, feet

Published Methods of Calculation

A method developed by James S. Martin,1 using tabulated precalculated functions of a level span of unit length is widely used for sag and tension calculations. Methods of solution using the level span data are resorted to for calculation of nonlevel spans. The method requires the use of seven or eight significant figures in calculation, and also interpolation of the tabulated data for particular solutions. In the aluminum steel reinforced cables, (ACSR) both the aluminum and steel are stressed. Steel has a constant modulus of elasticity. Aluminum has a variable modulus of elasticity in the working range and is subject to considerable permanent stretch. Accuracy of calculation requires the use of stressstrain curves rather than an assumed constant modulus of elasticity except in cases where the ratio of aluminum to steel is small. The methods of calculation using Martin's Tables do not lend themselves to the use of stress-strain curves, Calculations of sags and tensions of ACSR are usually made by the method described in ACSR Graphic Method for Sag-Tension Calculations.2 Briefly this method consists of the following: 1. Preparation of stress-strain curves for the cable based upon data obtained by

D = difference in elevation of supports, feet L, = straight line distance between supports, feet S = stressed length of conductor, feet x, y=co-ordinate of any point on the conductor, feet distance between low point xi =horizontal to upper support, feet X2 =horizontal distance between low point to lower support, feet
upper support, feet Y2=vertical distance between low point to lower support, feet

y, =vertical distance between low point to

t = temperature, degree Fahrenheit 6= (2a1-D )Lc, a pure number

Tas= Tavg/A, pounds per square inch H = horizontal component of tension, pounds a =H/ W, feet a, = T1/W, feet Z = L/2a, a pure number A =area of cross-section of conductor, square inches E =tmodulus of elasticity, pounds per square inches cc =coefficient of linear expansion, feet per foot per degree Fahrenheit
L + L
Z

W=weight of conductor per unit length, pounds per foot T=tension of conductor at point x, y, pounds T = tension of conductor at point xi, yl, pounds T2 =tension of conductor at point x2, Y2, pounds Tavg =effective or average tension of conductor, pounds

Q
.
P

D
+ L

D/ Z2l
6
Z2

sinh Z

A pure number

L
D
-

A pure number

1--

stressing samples of the cable in a testing

machine. Figure

1 is

illustrative

of these

2. Preparing stress-strain curves for various temperatures to the required maximum tension from the stress-strain curve obtained by test. Figure 2 is illustrative of these curves. 3 Preparing curves which give the varia tions in sag and tension of a particular span corresponding to the same change of arc

length as those given in the stress-strain superimposing the stresscurves and then strain curves for the various temperatures upon such sag-tension curves.

Figure 1 is a set of stress-strain curves for 795,000 circular mil ACSR at 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Per cent elongation is plotted as abscissae, and tension in pounds per square inch of cable as ordi-

nates. The curves are from the ACSR Method. Curve 2 on Figure 1 shows the behavior of the complete cable upon the first application of load, while Curve 3 shows the effect of releasing the load. Curve 4 is the initial application of load for the steel core while Curve 5 is the release of the load. Curves 6 and 7 give corresponding data for the aluminum portion and are obtained from Curves 2, 3, 4, and 5. The dotted Curve 1 is the elongation produced immediately after the application of load. Curve 2 is the result after stretching has practically ceased (that is, after holding the final load for approximately one hour). Figure 2 is a set of stress-strain curves for various temperatures derived from the

120 -

Figure 2 (below). Stress-strain curves 795,000 circular mil ACSR 54/71 mdximum tension 12,750 pounds per square inch at 0 degree Fahrenheit

z80-

Figure 3 (right). Z, temperature chart, Example I

co

0
.05 .06

2o KO
% ELNATO

_l -08

.9w .10
Z

__

0951 VOLUM 70

Ladu

IceetlMehdfrSgTnio_aclts16

120
z

a<,60~~~~~~ S:t 80 ,
xoo
w

.6

:5 0 t/

t /

z1

t0 V 7v ~~~~~~~~~~~~~

0~ ~ I -

.0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

a.

-260

320

.240
0

$9

E4

/ .21.232

.20

_______________ OF.0 .004 .008 .012 .016 1.02 -20~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 .21 .22 .23

.024

.028

.032

.036

1.04

Figure 4. Z, temperature chart, Example 2

stress-strain curves, Figure 1. The In a comment to Ehrenburg's paper, curves are maximum tension of 12,750 Mr. H. J. McCracken' suggests a tabular pounds per square inch at 0 degree Fah- method of calculation using the equations renheit temperature. In deriving these derived by Mr. Ehrenburg. Both the curves, the coefficient of expansion of method of Mr. Ehrenburg and that proaluminum was taken as 1.28X10-5 and posed by Mr. McCracken require the use for steel 6.4 X 10-6. of precalculated tabulated functions. H. W. Eales and E. Ettlinger3 derive The Incremental Sag-Tension Calculathe general equation of the length of a tion Method is a further development of suspended cable in termns of the span those included in Mr. Ehrenburg's paper length, the difference in elevation of sup- and the comment by Mr. McCracken. ports, and the catenary constant. Using this equation, the authors develop a Incremental Sag-Tension method of calculation of sags and tensions Calculation Method equally applicable to either level or nonlevel spans. The method, while accurate, The incremental sag-tension method is lacks simplicity and requires the use of set forth on two calculation forms titled seven and eight significant figures in cal- Form 1 and Form 2, respectively. Form culation. 1 is for use where a constant modulus of Mr. D. 0. Ehrenburg4 derives the elasticity may be assumed. Form 2 is general equation of length previously de- adapted for use with stress-strain curves. rived by Eales and Ettlinger, and also The calculations are in terms of the funcadditional equations for stretch, sag, and tion tension of suspended cables. These Span X Weight LW X equations are then expanded into convergent series. A method of solving sag 2XHorizontal Tension 2 and tension problems which is partially which by definition is designated Z. graphical is described and illustrated by The tabular method of Form 1 comexamples. prises primarily: Figure 5 (below). Conductor span representation
10

Figure 6. Z, Q chart
1. Determining the initial value of Z for the particular span, tension, and maximum loading conditions. 2. Selecting various values of Z for the

tures corresponding to such values of Z. 3. Preparing curves for various loading conditions with Z as abscissae and temperature as ordinates.

labdledonly)dianodnscaalnultnladthed (that

is,

4. Calculating sags and tensions for selected values of temperature from the corresponding value of Z as determined from
the Z-temperature curves.

similar to that of Form 1, differing only in operation 2 above. Stress-strain curves plotted for particular temperatures, values of Z corresponding to such temperatures are calculated. Forms 1 and 2 each consist of 25 items arranged vertically, a series of columns being provided for tabulating data and calculations. Except for Items 12 to 16, inclusive, Forms I and 2 are identical.

The tabular method using Form 2 is

Examples

of Sag Calculations

To illustrate the incremental method two examples for each of the two forms

Figure 7 (right). P, D
X

)ch
6
T

1566

Landau-Incremental Method for Sag-Tension Calculations

ATEE TRANSACTIONS

Mailman Tension
P

6roject

Tecnsion ttwwind 5670u ,~.,~ D OF.

Projeot

(8

ccppea ~~~~

e WeikX Cable 8' SAG 3~~W~~~M ~~~~~ ~~3a AND TENSION .~~ CALCULATIONS Caliegh
FORM NO.
Date EXAMPLE Date_____E_XAMPLE be+/
cale

Computed by W.L. coaputed by W.L. I

2 3
4

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Diameter
__

ca

zw/; WAZ= W,0-9 aAL/ft; V+AZa,3ELc., t W=a-j/f Max. Result. Load at o*F, W-/ALWp/ft;-W+A&.A&LxloExmeI Area of Croas Section, A-.0901 sq. in. of Cable, inche o f Elasticity, Ji~~~~~~~~odulusa 1NafS cc Coeffiolent of Linear Sxpanin xloe1 - 72 x10'8 cable onyCc5Ae,t CbeO
lsIc

Form Number 1
xml

L. * Span Length D = Difference In Elweation

o

/0009
0 /000 . 006 5670
__ __ __

d; d

L0/L2 Ti =Maximum Tension

Tl/W

=D/ZL * d)

8
8

V
a8
Z

1.269 .7 .87
4468.1
-

.87/,

.322

.3229 .322
__

..322

..871

.3272 .322 .322

.073/ .0838
__

____

(2al

D)/L0

8.936

l/(d
=

1/2)

10 11 12

Slack

(12/j) (l .Z2-/20)
=

.1126 1.1126 .1/00

2.1/3 2.1/3 1.667 999.4 999.4 .999.4

so W/AE x 108
Stretch
A

13 14

(W/A1)(.S2/zz)
13

(so -La) =10

A 14

18i
17 18
19

1,5

L t
t= aa

20 21

t0* +at L/2Z tDa/L) (l - Z2/6) X2 -L/2 -19 Y2 =(x2/2a) (l .

a&S/(S~oa

.6124 .4203 .4203 2.720 1.865 2.099 -.607 *.248 -~.432 0 .855 .175
0

.105 1.840 999.4 .4203 1.998

118.9 0

00F 1/8.90 24.,3A 4440

0
__

24.39

.06 .600 99~9.4 .1551 1.293 - .15B -. 693 .499 -.086

.08 .07 .075 .1/0/ .0676 1.067 .617 .937 999.4 .99,9.4 .999.4 .1,551 .15.5/ .155/__1 .971 1.109 1.03 . 096 -.292 -.098___ __ .703 .3/6 .1509__ 62.5" ../'97,70 43.8" 70.8' 62..0 .y9 97.7 43.80 70.60 320 .30 0
_

___ __

____

*iJ 0
0

75396 68t0
0
0

600 /00
rSeT
0

____

22~ Tangent Saga (LcZ/4)(1 * Z2/12)

?2J a, =a.*D y2
s.-W&
T1
z

X2112)

500
__ 4468 ___
5635
___

0 Soo____ ____ __ __ ___ ___

_4333

081

500 500 500 216.25 16.90 /8.28 20-.95 5.26 16.90 /8.28 20.95 28 5

1'7.9' 7M/3
V/l

24]
25]

'Z!
36'

'

2 04

Nal .5670 Underlined numerals refer to Item numbers

1.92//192

ZZ2O.

115/ 38,0004C ~43 Ac5ASR Abize So-, Maximum Tension

CAble

Cable

M 318, 000 C_ A_ S.Q a

C

ine

SAG AND TENSION CALCULATIONS

Cable Weight

Project Computed by ML. Date

1 L
=

3.3,000 MbS. 09OF, jld,lf.8b.Vd

_________________________________

EXAMPLE
Cable +kto Wind

FOMN.IMax. Result. Load at 0'?,I Wa /f; Area of Cross Section, A- .39SseSq. Diameter of Cable, i'nche~ Modulus of Zlastiaity, 19a 30 xlO0O

Win___

Plus

jabl Ice

Weiht

ftV,ia,
Cable

/.64lfft; W+AZEa.,.4204X10W=L.6?s#/ft; Z&~0 S WaAaWf7r1 iz talWn

a

Form Number I

W,1AEa.tao20X1OExmpe In.Exml2
.6 x10'-

Cable

~~Coefficient
_____

+-

Ice
-

Cable

Only

of linear Expansion cc

ct(bta+
Sa~~

Span Length

2 3
4

Lo=L
W
7

Da= Difrerenoe in Elevation *d; da=D2/(2L d)

4279 185.5 4283

~~C.

Only9

6 La/I. T1 a Raximum Tension

.00140Z

8
8

a, T1/lw
8) = (2a1 - 0)/La Z 1/(a - Z/2) Slack a (Z2/1)(1 a
=

3.322 3.322 2.623 2.623 1.684 14684 99-33.8

4.5954

33,000-

14684 2.623
.215

1.684 1.684 1.684

.22302 .22500 .218

.2/5

.205

.2/0

10 11

Z2/20)

so

12

x 10 W/Al

Stretch a (W/AE) (S2/2Zl 14, (So- LO) a- 10 - 15 15 A S a 14 18 ~ta /S00

13

.28002124 .22124 .14204 .14204 .14204 11.653 7 11.5511 9.4134 9.5447 6.4268 6.2749 6.1279 28879 24.6/07 24.528/ 23.4663 3.5791 25.2/58 26.8837 0 .73 78 ..6552 -.4060 ':2938 1.3429 3.0108 25.88 22. 9 8'.-(4.24' -10-3014 710'./0-5-60

35.5266 36.-1618 33.9415 33.0116 30.005931.4907P3.0116 4306.9 4306.9 4306.9 4,306.9 4306.9 4306194,06.9

.2/87 .2085

.212?8

.2/62

.28020_

__

Form Numbet 2

Example 3

Cable

Projeot

9000 Ibs

xum

A.CSR. 795,OOOCi. E

SAG AND TENSION

Tension 0 O'f

t pod;al /co Et^. Wd P

/Ce,

CALCULATIONS 54a A24A1DTS-7I.C2A4 AteIO

FORM NO. 2

Cosputed by M.L. Date

Wi

EXAMPLE 3
C

Cable Weight W= 1.024 Cable Weight plus Ioe W= /1 999 Wnd Max. Resultant Load at OF We 2.439 Aree of Cross Section Ae .7055
Diameter
of Cable
-

lbs./ft.
eq.
In.
inches

1 L = Span Length 2 D = Dlfrerence in

3

48 Lc/L2 8 T1 = Maximun Tension

6 W
71 8a
a

L.=

d; d

Elevation D2/(2L, d)

1200 0
1200 .005

'Let

-e

-r

T1/W
(21
-

9000 2.439 1.999 A.999 1.999 1.999 1.999 3692

_____

12 Tav 13 TaV/A 14 % Elongation 15 = ic SO - Le 10

10 Slack 11 Lc * 10

z = 1/0a - Z/2) = (Z2/4)(1 . z2,/2o0 SO =

D)/LC

Tos

WS0/2Z

.1646 .1646 .1654 .1654 .1670 .1667 5.4/5 5.415 5.475 5.475 5.575 5.563 /2054 1205.4 120&4 1205.4 /2054 /20S4 8930 7320 7280 7280 7220 7230

6.156

Elongation (L4/100)So 1 17 t 18 a = L/2Z

-

/0,320 320 10,220 10/250 /2,660.10,380 .122

1.470 .127 .127 .135 .134 .134 1.530 1.628 16/8 1 6/8 3.945 3.885 3.945 3.847 3.957 . 945 0o'O 32"F 3 2'of" 3640 3630 3600

/.530

19
21

(De/L)(1 2/6) 20 X2 = L/2-j^

=

(X/2a)(

600 49a4 4 x2,12|

+

600
_ _

600
50.0 o
3650

49.6
3680

22 Tangent tsg = (L0Z/4)(l 23 al =a + D y2

|_

22/12)

24 5 wa
T1
We1

Underlined numerals

8880 9000
refer to item numbers

3689

7060 7360

7000 7300

Form Number 2

Cable

Example 4

Maximu
ProJect

795.000 C.P.A.C.S.R. SAG 54 x.i2i4-AIum,,,u?m x.I2l4 S rteel T*ension 7x

___

AND TENSION CALCULATIONS

Cable

Cable Weight

FORM NO. 2

Computed by M.L. Date

________________________

1 L
2

Span Length

rce nWind /000

EXAMPLE
T-r
por'

Yz7 Ic-0

Diameter of Cable
No Wind 'erm=nen

Area

dResultat Load at o. of Cross Section Am

Weight

plu3

Ice

W=

1.024 We A. 9 .lbs./ft.
2.439

Jq. 7055

Inches

In.

Differenoe in Elevation
L * d; d =

200

_ 6 L8/Lt S T1 = Maximu Tension

8 W
8

L0-=

D/IZL

.006/2
9000

/0/9.8

_|
-

_|

___
r

a (l2l D)/LL
=
-

al

Tl/W

2.439 1.999 1.999 1.999 14999 1.999 1.999

3692

7.04

L__

9 Z = 1/la - Z/2) 10 Slack = (Z2/4)11 = 11 SO Lo * 10

12

z2/2o)

Tav = WSO/2z

.1435 .1435 .1455 .145/ .145/ .14 7/1 .1469 3.365 3.365 3.460 3.447 3.44 7 3.539 3.527 1023.2 1023.2 1023.2 /023.2 1023.2 /023.2 1023.2 87/0 7140 7040 7050 7050 6970 6990

13 Tas = Tav/A 14 % Elongation

153
a

longation

(14/lO0)So

- Ic 18 low. 10 17 t 18 a = ./Il

12,320 10,120 9,970 10,000 /0,000 .115 .124 .123 .123 .132 1/78 1.270 1.260 /260 1.352 2.18 7 Z.095 2.200 2.18 7 2.095 O__ 32'F 0f _
3485

9,870 9,900
.131 .131 1.340 14340
2.199

19

lDa/L)(l - z2/81 20 X2 ./2. -1l9

_____________________^2
Tangent Sag = (LcZ/4)ll * Z2/lZJ

-/95
5.44

695

.5446

|2.18 7 32f6
676 70

|
_ __

3404

___

-1057
___

68 7
07
__ _

________
_ _ _ _

__|_

|- /78
4.6r
_ _ _ _

22

36.6

24I
25

23 al =e^* D*Y2

Wa

Underlined numrals refer

T1=~ h8500 a1l

3690.4
to

item numbers

9000

18.901
7300

36.fZ/

36.9| 37.4

___

___

1_ 168001 72/0___ 1 |____

Calculationls

13608.

|__ |__ _

_____

_1__1
__

1568

Landau-Incremental Method for Sag-Tension

AJEE TRANSACTIONS

are included: one for level spans and one for nonlevel spans. For this purpose, previously published examples are used so that a comparison with current methods of calculation may be had. In each case the cable characteristics and maximum loading conditions are stated in the heading of the form. EXAMPLE NUMBER 1. CALCULATED ON
OF ELASTICITY OF ELASTICITY The calculations are set forth in columnar arrangement, the first column being for the condition of miaximum tension at 0 degree Fahrenheit and maximum load-

The next steps are to calculate temperatures corresponding to arbitrarily assumed values of Z. Columns 2, 3, and 4 are such calculations for W= 0.871 (cable +ice loading) while columns 5 to 8, inclusive, are for W= 0.322 (cable only). In sequential order the calculations of column 2 are:
6.

Columns 9 to 12, inclusive, are calculations of sags and tensions for particular temperature and loading conditions. In each case the value of Z for the particular temperature is obtained from the "Ztemperature" curve, Figure 3. Calcula-

= 0. 871
= 0.
Z2

FORM NUMBER 1, WITH 1,000-FOOT LEVEL SPAN1 AN CONSTANT MODULUS MODULUS LEVEL SPAN' AND

CNTA

7. Z

1126

Arbitrarily assumed value

Unstressed length of cable at 0 degree Fahrenheit
Value corresponding to W=0.817

10.

Slack=-I
-

1+2--

~~~~~Z2\

= 2.113
= 999.4

11. So W

ing. Columns 2 to 8, inclusive, are calculations of temperatures corresponding to various assumed values of Z, from which "Z-temperature" curves Figure 3 are prepared. Columns 9 to 12, inclusive, contain calculations of sags and tensions for various selected temperatures, the values of Z being obtained from the "Z-temperature" curves, Figure 3. In detail the calculations are as follows, the underlined numerals in all cases referring to item numbers. For column 1, in sequential order:
1. L 2. D
3. Le 4. 6Lc/L2

12. - X 106 AE

= 0.4203

13

99942 Stretch __S =~~~~~~~~~3 999-1.2865 0.4203X10-6X trth=1.85 0.40 1

14. (SO-Lc) = 11-13 = +0. 248 2.113-1.865 = +0.248 15. AS=(14 Column 2) =0.855 (14 Column 1) 0.248-(-0.607)=0.855 16. 17.

AE\2Z

6x1.865 2X0.1126

At= AS/(So o)

= 118.9
=

t=to+ At

118.90

0.855 = 118.9 999.4X7.2X10 =19 Since tO=0 degree Fahrenheit; t0+ At = 118.9

=1,000

Span length
Level span D = 0; therefore Lc = L 6 X 1, 000/1, 0002 = 0.006 Maximum tension Weight per foot at maximum loading conditions
=8.936

5. 6.

TI
W

=0 = 1, 000 = 0. 006 = 5,670 = 1.269

13.
14.

Stretch=

S02 AE 2Z
-

=2

720

0.6124X10-6=999.42
2X0.1126

(SO-Lc>== 10-13
AS

= -0 .607

2.113-2.720= =-0.607

=2720

15.

=0

AS is the change in length

7. al=T,/W 8 a -D= 8. c
9. Z=
2

=4,468.1 5,670/1.269 = 4,468. 1 (2 X4,468.1 -0)

due to change in temperature. This being the initial temperature, there is no change in length

Lc

= 8.936

16.

~~~~~~~~1,000
-=0.112;
Z

17. t

At=AS/(S c)

=0

=00'F

0/(SOXc)=0

Initial temperature

=0.1126

18. a=
19.
I_

=4,440
=0

1,000/2X0.1126=4,440

~=

Z2/ ZI\ =2. 113 10. Slack = \ (1+220/ 4

12. AEX 100
11 & 13.

0~~~~.112621
0.006

1 =0.126 126 8936 02/2

1+

0.11262\
20
1

/2

2.113

20.

L2=--19 -2

D=0, therefore 19=0

1,000 _0_500

=500
28.15

=0.6124

- for maximum loading AE =0.6124 X 10 -6

X 221. Sag y2 2a 1 + 12a2/

2 X4,440

1+

0 12 X4,4402/ = 28.15

22. Tangent sag*

WS0th=2i= Z1+2\
L0

=2.1

,OOOXO.1126i i+0.11262\
=28. 15

Assume So = Lc+slack = 1,000+2.1 =1,002.1 1,002.12 Thentreth=0612410 2X20.126=.3

11. So =Lc+slack -stretch =999.4 1,000+2.1-2.7=999.4
* This being a level span, the sag y2 and the tangent sag are identical. NOTE. Item 23 should equal item 7, and item 25 should equal item 5.

23. a1=a+D +y2 24. H=Wa

25. T = Wa1

= 4,468 =5,635
=5,670

(4,440+0+28)=4,468
4,440X1.269=5,635 4,468X 1.269=5,670

1951, VOLUME 70

Landau-Incremental Method for Sag-Tension Calculations

1569

tions of items 18 to 25, inclusive, are then made in Column 1.

in Example Number 1. Due to the difference in elevation, the straight line distance between supports, L, is greater than the span length L; also the tangent sag and sag Y2 have different values. Figure 4 is the "Z-temperature" curve for this example.
EXAMPLE NUMBER 3. CALCULATED ON FORM NUMBER 2 WITH 1,200-FOOT LEVEL SPAN2 AND VARIABLE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY This calculation makes use of the stressstrain curves, Figure 3. As in thesolution ofproblems,ExAS in the solution of problems, Ex-

EXAMPLE NUMBER 2. CALCULATED ON FORM NUMBER 1 WITH 4,279-FOOT NONLEVEL SPAN3 AND CONSTANT MODULUS OF ELASTICITY These calculations are similar to those

stretched) at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, Z= 0.1654. Proceeding down column 3, items 18 to 25, inclusive, are calculated as in column 1. Columns 4, 5, and 6 give the calculations for the "Permanent" condition
(cable prestretched) at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, 1/2-inch ice, no wind. EXAMPLE NUMBER 4. CALCULATED ON EXAm NUMBER 4 CALCULATED ON

WS 2Z

(14)

Coth z= 2T1 - WD WS L [D Z 1 sinh x =-4na nizJ Let

(I5)
(16)

tion, transposition, et cetera:

dfi

From the foregoing equations by substitu-

FORNUMBER 2WITH 1,200-FOOT NONLEVEL SPAN WITH VARIABLE MOD-(b

a=

i)

(17)

The calculations of Example 4 are similar to those for Example Number 3.

Substituting equation 17 in equatioin 10

2a,-D
Lc

(18
15

Appendix. Derivation of
Formulas
Let the conductor be represented by the Curve A-B, Figure 5. The fundamental formulas of the catenary referred to the point where it has a hori-

Combining equations 10 and c

Coshz
Z

(19)

where 1
D 2

ample Number 1 and Example Number 2, calculations at maximum tension and loading conditions are made in column 1.

zontal tangent are:

y=a cosh --1)
a

described previously. The operations in items 1I to 17, inclusive, are

11.
12.

1 to 10, inclusive, are similar to those

Sequentially the calculations of items

(5)
(6)

Q=

. x s=a snh -a

\L/ sinh Z Transformingand simplifying equation 19

({ +1

Y( t

(20)

So=Lc+10 Tavg= WSo

2Z
=Tas

= 1205.4
= 8,930

1,200+5.4= 1,205.4 2.439X 1,205.4

2 X 0.1646
-

14. Per ceit elongation

15. 16.

=(. 122

=8,930

Elongation (14 )100)S0= 1. 470 =3. 945 So-Lc = 10-15

=00 F

From O Fahrenheit, curve Figure 3 for Tas= 12,660

0.122/100X 1,205.4 = 1.470

5.415-1.470 = 3.945

13.

=12,660

0.2055

= --12,660

17. t

Temperature at maximtum
tension and loading

Columns 2, et cetera, indicate the calculations of "Temporary" and "Permanent"' sags and tension at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, 1/2-inch ice, no wind. Under wthese conditions W=1.999. A method of successive approximations is used. Referring to column 2, a value of Z=0.1646 is assumed; calculating items 9 to 16, inclusive, in a similar manner to that indicated in column 1, we have item 16,(S0-L,) = 10-15=3.885.
Adding slack, column 2
The value of 16 should be 3.945 The difference of these to values is

in Example Number 1.

are

Calculation of items 18 to 25, incluisive, similar to those previously explained

any point on the suspended conductor is:

The horizontal component of tension at

Z=

H= a

+ .

(7)-

(21)

The tensioni at any point on1 the suspended conductor is

tions.'4
Z

"Tranismission Line Catenary CalculaLsinh Z

-

Tl= WyH= W(y+a) (8) The following equatioils are derived in

(by definition)

Expanding (z/sinh z) as a series

sn Z

Figure 6 shows the relationiship between Q and Z for various values of DIL. It is eietta a egnrlycniee to be unity without loss of accura y.
z
/ Z2\ 1- |+ 6
(22)
16
(3

2- L

(9)

Substituting equation 22 in equation

asn11I-+..I X= 4a sinh- LL\1- /+ J Let

2T____WD 2 VW

(10)
2

L -

-D/Za\1

(23)

0.060 5.415

Slack=S-Lc= ~Z2I 1+- J ...

6Lc

20/

(11)

sinh-'[P(1-4
z

545

Tangent sag=-L-.+3L

Dz+p

>/(4

for slack = 5.475, we calculate the value of Z=0.1654 completing calculation of items 12 to 16, inclusive; in column 3 we get item16, SO-Lc=3.945, therefore, for the temporary condition (cable not pre-

LZ -4
Sr tch=
S

...2

(12)

Sbtttneuto2ieuto2
2

AE

13

FaD/Z2\1)]
LL\6/

25

1570

Landau-Incremental Alethod for Sag-Tension Calculations

AJEE TRANSACTIONS

Values of P are plotted on Figure 7. It D2 can be seen that for ordinary values of D/L, where d=2 P may be considered to be unity. ExpandLdL ing equation 6 as a series a== 2 x2 x2 ai-j 1+ _+... y ~~~(26) 2a 12a2 2a, -CD Neglecting terms beyond the 2nd as negliLc gible

dLaL+d;

(A)
B

H= Wa

(J)

DP _ /

LL \ 6/

(K)

\ x22r L1 X22-l-l(L) Y2 2a L 2a /6a)J

y2a L
=_

X-F +z V +

2aA\6a

Z
2-7 (27 Slack

1 z
-

(D)
01J
2

The equation of the straight line distance between supports is

Lc= VL2+D2
Let

2 Z2/

Z2

(6\ L2 /

(E)

Copperweld Steel TABLB (book), James S. Martin. Company, Glassport, Pa., 1931. 2. ACSR GRAPHIC METHOD FOR SAG CALCULATIONS (book). Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1927.

1.

SAG CALCULATIONS BY THE

References

USE OF

MARTIN'S

(28)
(29)

Let

TavgS =- AE Stretch Stretch=~~~~~~~~~~

Tvg =2Z

(F)

3. MIssissIPPI RIVER CROSSING OF CRYSTAL CITY TRANSMISSION LINE, H. W. Eales, E. Ettlinger.

4. TRANSMISSION LINE CATENARY CALCULATIONS,

AIEE Transactions, volume 44, 1925, pages 38797.

D. 0. Ehrenburg. Electrical Engineering (AIEE
Transactions), volume 54, July 1935, pages 719-27 5. TRANSMISSION LINE CATENARY CALCULATIONS,
ON

Lc =L+d
then
d

Ws LcZ
z2\

(G)
il+-I
(H)

D2

(30)

Tangent sag=

rearranging their order

Sumiimarizing the foregoing equatonsan equations and theforegoig S.mmariing

a=

volume 54, August 1935, page 910. 6. BROKEN CONDUCTOR EFFECT

(letter), H. J. McCracken. AIEE Transactions,

SAGS
IN

2Z

(I)

SUSPENSION

88.

Bissiri, Maurice Landau. SPANS, Alflo AIEE Transactions, volume 66, 1947, pages 1181-

No Discussion

1951, VOLUME 70

Landazu-Incremental Method for Sag-Tension Calculations

1571