College of Engineering and Computer Science

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering 370
Thermodynamics
Fall 2010 Course Number: 14319
Instructor: Larry Caretto
Unit Six Homework Solutions, October 7, 2010
1 Consider an 8 L evacuated rigid bottle that is surrounded by the atmosphere at 100 ka
and 1!
o
C" # valve at the neck of the bottle is no$ opened and the atmospheric air is
allo$ed to flo$ into the bottle" %he air trapped in the bottle eventually reaches thermal
e&uilibrium $ith the atmosphere as a result of heat transfer through the $all of the bottle"
%he valve remains open during the process so that the trapped air also reaches
mechanical e&uilibrium $ith the atmosphere" Determine the net heat transfer through the
$all of the bottle during this filling process"
If we define the bottle as our system we see that we ha!e an unsteady "roblem because mass
enters throu#h the one inlet and there are no outlets for the mass to e$it% &he #eneral first law
e'uation for unsteady o"en systems is shown below%

,
_

+ + +

,
_

+ +

1
1
]
1

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
inlet
i
i
i i
outlet
i
i
i i
u
system
gz
V
h m gz
V
h m
W Q gz
V
u m gz
V
u m
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
2
2
2


(e see that there is no mechanism for useful wor) in this system so we set (u * 0 and ma)e the
usual assum"tion that )inetic and "otential ener#y terms are +ero% &his #i!es the followin#
e$"ression for the first law%
[ ]
in in system
h m Q u m u m u m u m +
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
,ince the cylinder is initially e!acuated we ha!e m1 * 0 so that m2 * min * m% &his #i!es the
followin# result for the first law%
( )
in in in in in
h u m h m u m h m u m u m Q
2 2 2 1 1 2 2
0
(e can com"ute the mass from the #i!en data for the final state% &he tem"erature and "ressure
in the bottle at the final state are the same as those of the atmos"here due to the thermal and
mechanical e'uilibrium% &hus -2 * 100 )-a and &2 * 1.
o
C * 290%1/ 0% (e find the #as constant
for air from &able 121: 3 * 0%24.0 )56)#0 * 0%24.0 )-am
3
6)#0% (e then find the mass as
follows:
kg
K
K kg
m kPa
L
m
L kPa
RT
V P
m m m
bottle
in
0096 . 0
) 15 . 290 (
2870 . 0
1000
) 8 )( 100 (
3
3
2
2
2

(e can use the ideal #as "ro"erties for air in &able 121.% For a tem"erature of 290%1/ which is
both the tem"erature of the inlet air and the final tem"erature in the cylinder we find u2 *
207%91 )56)# and hin * 290%17 )56)#% (e use these !alues and the mass to find the heat transfer%
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( )

,
_

kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg h u m Q
in
16 . 290 91 . 206 ) 0096 . 0 (
2
* '0"8 k(
&he minus si#n shows that heat is transferred out of the bottle%
) #n insulated rigid tank is initially evacuated" # valve is opened and atmospheric air at
*+ ka and 1!
o
C enters the tank until the pressure in the tank reaches *+ ka, at $hich
point the valve is closed" Determine the final temperature of the air in the tank" #ssume
constant specific heats"
If we define the tan) as our system we see that we ha!e an unsteady "roblem because mass
enters throu#h the one inlet and there are no outlets for the mass to e$it% &he #eneral first law
e'uation for unsteady o"en systems is shown below%

,
_

+ + +

,
_

+ +

1
1
]
1

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
inlet
i
i
i i
outlet
o
o
o o
u
system
gz
V
h m gz
V
h m
W Q gz
V
u m gz
V
u m
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
2
2
2


(e see that there is no mechanism for useful wor) in this system so we set (u * 0 and ma)e the
usual assum"tion that )inetic and "otential ener#y terms are +ero% &his #i!es the followin#
e$"ression for the first law%
[ ]
in in system
h m Q u m u m u m u m +
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
,ince the cylinder is initially e!acuated we ha!e m1 * 0 so that m2 * min * m% &his #i!es the
followin# result for the first law%
( )
in in in in in
h u m h m u m h m u m u m Q
2 2 2 1 1 2 2
0
If we further assume that the =insulated> tan) is so well insulated that the heat transfer is +ero the
first law reduced to the followin# final form%
( )
in in
h u h u m Q
2 2
0
(e are told to use constant heat ca"acities? this allows us to com"ute chan#es in u or h from
chan#es in tem"erature% @ut here we ha!e a difference between an internal ener#y and an
enthal"y% (e can use the relationshi" that the enthal"y definition h * u A -! becomes h * u A
3& for an ideal #as% &hus we can rewrite the u2 * hin e'uation as follows%
in in in in in
RT u u RT u h u +
2 2
(e can use the result that u * c!& for an ideal #as with constant heat ca"acity to obtain an
e'uation to sol!e for the final tem"erature%
( )
in in
v
p
in
v
v
in
v
in in in v in
kT T
c
c
T
c
R c
T
c
R
T T RT T T c u u
+
+
2 2 2
Bere we ha!e used the definition of ) as the ratio of heat ca"acities ) * c"6c!% From &able 1228a:
we find the !alue of ) for air at 300 0 is 1%4 so &2 * )&in * 1%48290%1/ 0: * -0. / 0 111
o
C" (e
see that the a!era#e tem"erature is 8290 0A 407 0:62 * 344 0 (e can chec) the !alue of ) as a
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function of tem"erature from &able 128b: and we see that it is still essentially 1%4 at this a!era#e
tem"erature%
1 # 0") m
1
rigid tank initially
contains refrigerant211-a at
8
o
C" #t this state !03 of the
mass is in the vapor phase
and the rest is in the li&uid
phase" %he tank is
connected by a valve to a
supply line the refrigerant at
1 Ma and 100
o
C flo$s
steadily" 4o$ the valve is
opened slightly and the
refrigerant is allo$ed to
enter the tank" 5hen the
pressure in the tank reaches
800 a, the entire refrigerant in the tank e6ists as a saturated vapor" #t this point the valve
is closed" Determine 7a8 the final temperature in the tank, 7b8 the mass of refrigerant that
has entered the tank and 7c8 the heat transfer bet$een the system and the surroundings"
,ince the final state is a saturated vapor we )now that the tem"erature must be the saturation
tem"erature at the final "ressure of 400 )-a% &hus %) 0 %sat7) 0 800 ka8 0 11"11
o
C from
&able 1212 "a#e 924%
If we define the tan) as our system we see that we ha!e an unsteady "roblem because mass
enters throu#h the one inlet and there are no outlets for the mass to e$it% &he #eneral first law
e'uation for unsteady o"en systems is shown below%

,
_

+ + +

,
_

+ +

1
1
]
1

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
inlet
i
i
i i
outlet
o
o
o o
u
system
gz
V
h m gz
V
h m
W Q gz
V
u m gz
V
u m
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
2
2
2


(e see that there is no mechanism for useful wor) in this system so we set (u * 0 and ma)e the
usual assum"tion that )inetic and "otential ener#y terms are +ero% &his #i!es the followin#
e$"ression for the first law%
[ ]
in in system
h m Q u m u m u m u m +
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
&o find the mass added we sim"lify the #eneral the mass balance e'uation for this "roblem
where there is only one inlet% &his #i!es the followin# result%
[ ]
in
outlet
o
inlet
i system
m m m m m m m
1 2 1 2
&he initial mass m1 is found from )nowin# the initial s"ecific !olume !1 which is found from the
initial tem"erature and 'uality as follows
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-
in
* 1 ;-a
&
in
* 100
o
C
Inflow
&an)
C * 0%2 m
3
&
1
* 4
o
C
$
1
* 0%.
9
[ ]
kg
m
kg
m
kg
m
kg
m
C T v C T v v x C T v v
o
f
o
f g
o
f
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1
037170 . 0 0007887 . 0 052762 . 0 ) 7 . 0 ( 0007887 . 0
) 8 ( ) 8 ( ( ) 8 (

,
_

+
+
(ith this initial s"ecific !olume we find the initial mass as follows%
kg
kg
m
m
v
V
m 3807 . 5
037170 . 0
2 . 0
3
3
1
1

1t the final state the s"ecific !olume is that of the saturated !a"or? i%e% !2 * !#8-2 * 400 )-a: *
0%02/721 m
3
6)#% (e can use this s"ecific !olume to find the final mass in the tan)%
kg
kg
m
m
v
V
m 8061 . 7
025621 . 0
2 . 0
3
3
2
2

(e can now find the added mass from our mass balance e'uation%
kg kg m m m
in
38068 . 5 8061 . 7
1 2
0 )"-1 kg"
In order to com"ute the heat transfer we ha!e to find the !alues of the ener#y "ro"erties% &hese
are all found from the tables for 32134a%
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
C T u x C T u u
o
fg
o
f
92 . 182 19 . 172 ) 7 . 0 ( 39 . 62 ) 8 ( ) 8 (
1 1 1 1

,
_

+ +
u2 * u#8-2 * 400 )-a: * 247%.9 )56)# hin * h81 ;-a 100
o
C: * 33/%07 )56)#
,ubstitutin# these "ro"erty !alues and the !alues for the initial final and added masses into the
first law #i!es the heat transfer%
[ ]

,
_

,
_

,
_

kg
kJ
kg
kg
kJ
kg
kg
kJ
kg h m u m u m Q
in system
06 . 335 ) 4254 . 2 ( 92 . 182 ) 38068 . 5 (
79 . 246 ) 8061 . 7 (
int 1 1 2 2
9 0 110 k(
&he "ositi!e si#n for D indicates that heat is added to the system%
- #n insulated .0 ft
1
rigid tank contains air at !+ psia and 1)0
o
:" # valve connected to the
tank is no$ opened and air is allo$ed to escape until the pressure inside drops to 10 psia"
%he air temperature during this process is maintained constant by an electrical resistance
heater placed in the tank" Determine the electrical $ork done during this process"
If we define the tan) as our system we see that we ha!e an unsteady "roblem because mass
lea!es throu#h the one outlet and there are no inlets for the mass to enter% &he #eneral first law
e'uation for unsteady o"en systems is shown below%
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,
_

+ + +

,
_

+ +

1
1
]
1

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
inlet
i
i
i i
outlet
o
o
o o
u
system
gz
V
h m gz
V
h m
W Q gz
V
u m gz
V
u m
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
2
2
2


(e see that there is an electrical wor) in"ut for the resistance =heater>% (e will assume that the
heat transfer is ne#li#ible for this insulated tan)% (e also ma)e the usual assum"tion that )inetic
and "otential ener#y terms are +ero% &his #i!es the followin# e$"ression for the first law%
[ ]
out out u system
h m W u m u m u m u m
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
Eur si#n con!ention for wor) always assumes that (u is a wor) out"ut% For this "roblem we
e$"ect (u to be ne#ati!e since the "roblem statement that there is an input of electric "ower%
In the #eneral mass balance e'uation shown below we see that the left hand side is sim"ly
2mout because there are no inlets and only one outlet%
[ ]
2 1 1 2
m m m m m m m m
out out
outlet
i
inlet
i system


(e can find the initial and final mass in the tan) from the ideal #as law% &able 1219 #i!es the #as
constant for air as 3 * 0%3.04 "siaft
3
6lbm3%
m
m
k
lb
R
R lb
ft psia
ft psia
RT
V P
m 95 . 20
) 67 . 579 (
3704 . 0
) 60 )( 75 (
3
3
1
tan 1
1

m
m
k
lb
R
R lb
ft psia
ft psia
RT
V P
m 38 . 8
) 67 . 579 (
3704 . 0
) 60 )( 30 (
3
3
2
tan 2
2

&he mass that left the tan) is sim"ly the difference between the initial and final mass: mout * m1 F
m2 * 20%9/ lbm F 4%34 lbm * 12%/. lbm% (e can use the ideal #as "ro"erties for air from &able 12
1.9% ,ince &1 * &2 * &out* 120
o
F * /.9%79 3 we ha!e u1 * u2 *94%90 @tu6lbm and hout *
134%77 @tu6lbm% -lu##in# these "ro"erties and the masses found abo!e into our first law e'uation
#i!es the wor)%

,
_

,
_

,
_

m
m
m
m
m
m out out u
lb
tu
lb
lb
tu
lb
lb
tu
lb h m u m u m W
66 . 138 ) 57 . 12 ( 90 . 98 ) 38 . 8 (
90 . 98 ) 95 . 20 (
2 2 1 1
5u 0 '+00 ;tu
1s e$"ected the wor) is ne#ati!e indicatin# that there is a wor) in"ut of /00 @tu from the
resistance heater%
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