17.
Deflection
1. Transformed Section
The strain in concrete is equal to the strain in steel fs = s = Ec Es fc
c =
From which
Es fs = f = n fc Ec c Es is a modular ratio n= Ec
Axial load P = Ac fc + As fs = Ac + n As fc = At fc Transformed area
At = Ac + n As = Ag + ( n 1 ) As where Ac As Ag = net area of concrete = steel area = gross area of section
Ag = Ac + As
2. Region I. Precracking Stage
Cracking moment of section Iut fr yt Ig fy yt
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M cr =
(exact expression)
M cr =
(simplied expression)
where
Iut Ig fr
= moment of inertia of uncracked transformed section = moment of inertia of gross section = modulus of rupture
fr = 7.5 f'c fr = 0.623 f'c yt
(in psi) (in MPa)
= distance from neutral axis to the tension face
Example 1
f'c := 4000psi = 27.579 MPa fy := 60ksi = 413.685 MPa b := 12in = 304.8 mm No( n , B) := n B 4 Ec := 57000psi f'c psi = 2.486 10 MPa
5 4
Es := 29000000psi = 1.999 10 MPa h := 24in = 609.6 mm
in
As := 4 No 9 = 25.652 cm
Cover := 3in = 76.2 mm
Solution
(a) Transformed Section Solution Modular ratio n := Es Ec = 8.044
Center of gravity of transformed section h 2
A1 := b h A2 := ( n 1 ) As
y 1 :=
y 2 := h Cover = 533.4 mm
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y c :=
A1 y 1 + A2 y 2 A1 + A2
y c = 325.062 mm
Moment of inertia of uncracked transformed section b h 2 2 5 4 Iut := + A1 y 1 y c + A2 y 2 y c = 6.615 10 cm 12
3
Cracking moment of section
y t := h y c = 284.538 mm f'c fr := 7.5psi = 474.342 psi psi M cr := Iut fr yt = 76.028 kN m
(b) Gross Section Solution h 2
y t :=
= 304.8 mm
3
b h 5 4 Ig := = 5.754 10 cm 12 Ig fr yt
M cr :=
= 61.74 kN m
Difference value of moment of inertia
Ig Iut Iut
= 13.011 % = 18.793 %
Difference value of cracking moment
61.74kN m 76.028kN m 76.028kN m
3. Region II. Postcracking Service Load Stage
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Condition of strain compatibility s c d kd kd d kd kd
s = c
Location of neutral axis kd fc 2 Ec c 2
C = b kd C=T b kd b kd
= b kd
T = As fs = As Es s
Ec c 2 kd 2
= As Es c
d kd kd
= n As ( d kd) n As b n As b
kd + 2
2
kd 2
d = 0
k + 2 n k 2 n = 0 ( n) + 2 n n
2
k=
As b d
Moment of inertia of cracked transformation section x = k d Icr = b x 3
3
+ n As ( d x )
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Effective moment of inertia of cracked section
Mcr Ie = Icr + ( Ig Icr) Ig Ma
where Ma is a maximum moment along the span in relation to the cracking moment M cr
Example 2
Calculate the moment of inertia of cracked section Icr and the effective moment of inertia Ie of the beam cross-section in example 1 if the external maximum service load moment is M a := 2000000in lbf = 225.97 kN m
Solution From example 1 b = 304.8 mm As = 2.565 10 mm
5 3 2
h = 609.6 mm f'c = 27.579 MPa Ec = 2.486 10 MPa
4
d := h Cover = 533.4 mm fy = 413.685 MPa n = 8.044
Es = 1.999 10 MPa M cr = 61.74 kN m
Location of neutral axis As b d
:= k :=
= 0.016
2
( n ) + 2 n n = 0.393
x := k d = 209.44 mm Moment of inertia of cracked section b x 3
3 2 5 4
Icr :=
+ n As ( d x ) = 3.099 10 cm
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Effective moment of inertia
Mcr 5 4 Ie := Icr + ( Ig Icr) = 3.153 10 cm Ma
Case of Continuous Beams
According ACI Code 9.5.2 for continuous span Ie = 0.50Im + 0.25 Ie1 + Ie2 Beams with both ends continuous:
Ie = 0.70 Im + 0.15 Ie1 + Ie2
Beams with one end continuous: Ie = 0.85 Im + 0.15 Icont.end
where
Im Ie1 , Ie2 Icont.end
= midspan section Ie = Ie for the respectrive beam ends = Ie of continuous end
4. Immediate Deflections
Initial or short-term deflection in midspan of the continuous beam 5M a Ln
2
i = K 48 Ec Ie
where
Ma
is the support moment for cantilevers and the midspan moment for simple or continuous beams is a span length of the beam
Ln
Deflection coefficient K for uniform distributed load w:
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1. Cantilevers 2. Simple beams 3. Continuous beams
K = 2.40 K = 1.0 K = 1.2 0.2 M0 Ma
4. Fixed-hinged beam midspan deflection max. deflection using max. moment 5. Fixed-fixed beam w Ln 8 = net midspan moment
2
K = 0.80 K = 0.74
K = 0.60
where
M0 = Ma
is the simple span moment in midspan
5. Long-Term Deflection
Long-term deflection due to combined effects of creep and shrinkage
t = i A's b d
1 + 50 '
where
' =
= time-dependent coefficient
Sustained load duration Value ________________________________________ 5 year and more 12 months 6 months 3 months 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.0
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6. Minimum Depth-Span Ratios
______________________________________________________________________________ Member Minimum thickness, h ___________________________________________________________ Simply One end Both ends Cantilever supported continuous continuous ___________________________________________________________ Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely damaged by large deflection ______________________________________________________________________________ Solid one-way slab L 20 L 24 L 28 L 8
L L L L Beams or ribbed 16 18.5 21 10 one-way slab ______________________________________________________________________________
kN (1) For normal weight concrete wc := 145pcf = 22.778 and reinforcement 3 m fy := 60ksi = 413.685 MPa 90pcf w 120pcf the values should be nultiplied by (2) For lightweight concrete c 1.65 0.005 wc 1.09 fy (3) For yield strength other than 60ksi the values should be multiplied by 0.4 + 100ksi
7. Permisssible Deflection
Maximum allowable computed deflections ___________________________________________________________________________________ Type of member Deflection limitation ___________________________________________________________________________________ Immediate deflection due to the live load L L 180 Deflection to be considered
Flat roofs not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to damaged by large deflection
___________________________________________________________________________________ Floors no supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to damaged by large deflection Immediate deflection due to the live load L L 360
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___________________________________________________________________________________ Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to damaged by large deflection ______________________________ Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural elements not likely to damaged by large deflection That part of the total deflection occuring after attachment of the nonstructural elements (sum of the long-time deflection due to all sustained loads and the immediate deflection due to any additional live load) L 480
__________________ L 240
___________________________________________________________________________________
Example 3
Dead load Live load kip kN wD := 1.65 = 24.08 ft m kip kN wL := 3.3 = 48.16 ft m kN w0.2L := 0.20 wL = 9.632 m
Sustained live load
The beam will support nonstructural partitions that would be damaged if large deflections were to occure
Materials
f'c := 4000psi = 27.579 MPa fy := 60ksi = 413.685 MPa
Span length Beam section
Ln := 26ft 1ft = 7.62 m b w := 14in = 355.6 mm h := 24.5in = 622.3 mm d := 22in = 558.8 mm b := 75in = 1.905 m h f := 5in = 127 mm d' := 2.5in = 63.5 mm
Bending moments
M support := 225ft kip = 305.059 kN m M midspan := 162ft kip = 219.643 kN m M 0 := M midspan + M support = 524.702 kN m
Steel rebars in midspan
As := 2 No 9 + 2 No 8 = 22.96 cm
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A's := 0 Steel rebars at supports As := 4 No 9 + 1 No 11 = 35.232 cm A's := 2 No 8 = 10.134 cm
2 2
Solution Modular ratio Es := 29000000psi = 1.999 10 MPa Ec := 57000psi n := Es Ec = 8.044 f'c psi = 2.486 10 MPa
4 5
Modulus of rupture f'c fr := 7.5psi = 3.27 MPa psi
(a) For midspan section
2
As := 2 No 9 + 2 No 8 = 22.96 cm M a := M midspan = 219.643 kN m Centroid of uncracked section A1 := h f b b w A2 := b w h A1 y 1 + A2 y 2 A1 + A2
y 1 := y 2 :=
hf 2 h 2
y c :=
y c = 194.586 mm
Moment of inertia of gross section
I1 :=
(b bw) hf 3
12
I2 :=
b w h 12
Ig := I1 + A1 y 1 y c
)2 + I2 + A2 (y2 yc)2 = 1.379 106 cm4
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Cracking moment y t := h y c = 427.714 mm M cr := Ig fr yt = 105.473 kN m
Location of neutral axis of cracked section (Assume that the section is rectangular) As b d
:= k :=
= 0.00216
2
( n ) + 2 n n = 0.17 x hf = 1
x := k d = 94.85 mm Moment of inertia of cracked section Icr := b x 3
3
+ n As ( d x ) = 4.518 10 cm
Effective moment of inertia
Mcr 5 4 Ie := Icr + ( Ig Icr) = 5.545 10 cm Ma
(b) For support section The section is rectangular b w h As := 4 No 9 + 1 No 11 = 35.232 cm A's := 2 No 8 = 10.134 cm
2 2
M a := M support = 305.059 kN m Cracking moment y t := Ig := h 2 b w h 12
3
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M cr :=
Ig fr yt
= 75.062 kN m
Location of neutral axis of cracked section b w x
2
x 2
+ ( n 1 ) A's ( x d') = n As ( d x ) ( n 1 ) A's + n As bw ( n 1 ) A's d' + n As d bw q := 2
x + 2
x 2
=0
p := x :=
( n 1 ) A's + n As bw
2
= 0.1 m
( n 1 ) A's d' + n As d bw
= 0.092 m
p + q p = 8.62 in
Moment of inertia of cracked section b w x 3
3 2 2 4 4
Icr :=
+ n As ( d x ) + ( n 1 ) A's ( x d') = 1.127 10 in
Effective moment of inertia Im := Ie = 5.545 10 cm
3 5 4
Mcr 5 4 Ie1 := Icr + ( Ig Icr) = 4.727 10 cm Ma
Ie2 := Ie1 = 4.727 10 cm
5 4
Ie := 0.50 Im + 0.25 Ie1 + Ie1 = 5.136 10 cm
(c) Deflection calculation
Initial deflection in midspan due to dead plus live load M a := M midspan K := 1.2 0.2 M0 Ma = 0.722
2
D.L := K = 7.516 mm 48 Ec Ie
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5 M a Ln
Long-term deflection in midspan due to dead load ' := 0 := 2.00 := 1 + 50 ' =2
wD D := D.L = 5.011 mm wD + wL
Long-term deflection in midspan due to sustained live load 0.20 wL 0.20L := ( 1 + ) D.L = 3.007 mm wD + wL
Short-term deflection in midspan due to live load 0.80 wL 0.80L := D.L = 4.009 mm wD + wL Total deflection
:= D + 0.20L + 0.80L = 12.026 mm Deflection limitation Ln 480 = 15.875 mm Ln 480 =1
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