BI 121 INTRODUCTION to HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I.

Introductory terms: Science study of the natural world BIOLOGY study of life and living organisms Very broad field requiring division into several Subspecialties (botany, zoology, microbiology, etc) ANATOMY t e study of form and relations ip of parts of t e body Gross !n!tomy " study of macroscopic forms (visible to t e na!ed eye) M#crosco$#c !n!tomy " study of structures not visible "it out a microscope Cyto%o&y "study of cells H#sto%o&y "study of tissues (groups of closely related cells) De'e%o$ment!% An!tomy " study of structural c anges t roug out life span (m)ryo%o&y " study of developmental c anges before birt # branc of developmental anatomy PHYSIOLOGY t e study of function (subspecialties "it in t e field)$ Ce%% P*ys#o%o&y " study of molecular events in cells System#c P*ys#o%o&y " t e study of specific organ systems (i%e% &espiratory p ysiology) P!t*o%o&#c P*ys#o%o&y " study of disease process

An!tomy !nd P*ys#o%o&y !re #nterconnected )ec!use: structure d#ct!tes +unct#on, II. TH( LANGUAG( O- ANATOMY used #n order to descr#)e %oc!t#on o+ structures )e#n& e.!m#ned An!tom#c!% Pos#t#on " /!s#s o+ Re+erence0 !%1!ys re+er to )ody #n t*#s $os#t#on re&!rd%ess o+ #t !ctu!% $os#t#on. A. D#rect#on!% Terms ' 2re%!t#'e $os#t#on3 " Descr#)e t*e %oc!t#on o+ one )ody $!rt 1#t* res$ect to !not*er. (.!m$%e. " See $#cture #n t*e Te.t0 It #s ! re%!t#ons*#$ 2one #n re%!t#on to !not*er3 Sternum #s med#!% to t*e *e!rt. (nterior vs% )osterior *edial vs% +ateral Superior vs% Inferior Superficial vs% ,eep ,istal vs% )ro-imal (fingers are distal to t e elbo") I$s#%!ter!% 2on t*e s!me s#de3 's. Contr!%!ter!% 2o$$os#te s#de3 /. /ody P%!nes !nd Sect#ons (to observe internal parts) (.. S!&#tt!% " %en&t*1#se cut d#'#d#n& #nto r#&*t !nd %e+t $ort#ons Tr!ns'erse 2*or#4ont!%3 " su$er#or !nd #n+er#or $ort#ons

coron!% 2+ront!%3 !nter#or !nd $oster#or $ort#ons C. /ody Re&#ons (broad areas)$ .otes are in t e noteboo!

Body /uadrants$ .otes are in t e noteboo!%

D. Re&#on!% Terms (smaller areas) (.. Ot#c 5 0ar S!cr!% 5 )osterior region bet"een t e ips 1arpal ' "rist 2emoral ' 3 ig region ,igital 4 2inger or toe 3arsal ' (n!le

6NO7 ALL -#&.8.9: 2$$ 9; 9<3 (. /ody C!'#t#es " =s$!ces> protect organs, allo" for e-pansion "it out infringing upon ot er organs% 8. DORSAL 2$oster#or3: !3 Cr!n#!% C!'#ty M!de u$ )y s?u%% )ones See P#cture D#!&r!m #n t*e T(@T )3 S$#n!% C!'#ty M!de u$ )y 'erte)r!e 2Aerte)r!% C!n!%3 9. A(NTRAL 2!nter#or3: !3 T*or!c#c !)o'e t*e d#!$*r!&m: P%eur!% 293 +ungs reside ere Per#c!rd#!% 5eart resides ere (6it in t e *ediastinum) Med#!st#num Space bet"een pleural cavities contains$ eart, esop agus, trac ea, great vessels )3 A)dom#no$e%'#c )e%o1 t*e d#!$*r!&m: A)dom#n!%$ Stomac , liver, gallbladder, intestines, spleen

Pe%'#c$ 0nclosed by pelvic bones 7 muscle end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs ACTIAITY: Or&!n Systems 28.90 P!&e B3 Or&!n System Inte&ument!ry An!tomy S?#n0 n!#%s 0 *!#r P*ys#o%o&y Protect#on o+ dee$er t#ssues0 e.cret#on o+ 1!stes0 t*ermore&u%!t#on

S?e%et!%

/ones0 c!rt#%!&es0 %#&!ments0 tendonsSu$$ort !nd $rotect#on0 m#ner!% stor!&e

Muscu%!r Musc%es Ner'ous /r!#n0 s$#n!% cord0 ner'es (ndocr#ne

Mot#on0 en'#ronment m!n#$u%!t#on0 *e!t &ener!t#on Res$onse to e.tern!% !nd #ntern!% st#mu%#

G%!nds t*!t secrete t*e *ormones. P#tu#t!ry0 T*yro#d0 P!ncre!s0 !dren!%0 He%$ contro% met!)o%#c !ct#'#t#es o+ )ody t*ymus &%!nds structures.

C!rd#o'!scu%!r He!rt0 !rter#es0 'e#ns Lym$*!t#c Lym$*!t#c 'esse%s0 %ym$* nodes0 t*ymus0 s$%een

Mo'e )%ood t*rou&* t*e )odyCs 'esse%s !nd tr!ns$ort su)st!nces t*rou&*out t*e )ody. Return t#ssue +%u#d to t*e )%ood0 c!rry !)sor)ed +ood mo%ecu%es0 !nd de+end !&!#nst #n+ect#on.

Res$#r!tory

Int!?e !nd out$ut o+ !#r0 e.c*!n&e &!ses Lun&s0 N!s!% c!'#ty0 Tr!c*e!0 %!ryn.0 )et1een !#r !nd )%ood. $*!ryn.0 )ronc*# Mout*0 ton&ue0 sm!%% !nd %!r&e #ntest#nes0 stom!c*0 U$t!?e o+ +ood0 )re!?do1n !nd !)sor$t#on o+ +ood. (%#m#n!te un!)sor)ed m!ter#!%. Remo'!% o+ 1!ste +rom )%ood0 m!#nt!#n 1!ter !nd e%ectro%yte )!%!nce0 tr!ns$ort o+ ur#ne.

D#&est#'e

Ur#n!ry 6#dneys0 /%!dder0 ureters

Re$roduct#'e Pen#s0 scrotum0 testes M!#nt!#n !nd Produce s$erm ce%%s0 tr!ns+er s$erm #nto +em!%e re$roduct#'e or&!n.

III. L(A(LS O- /IOLOGICAL ORGANIDATION De+: structur!% d#'#s#on !ccord#n& to t*e %e'e% o+ com$%e.#ty 8. Su)!tom#c P!rt#c%es " e%ectrons0 $rotons0 !nd neutrons 9. Atom " smallest unit of matter 0-ample$ 5ydrogen Atoms com)#ne to +orm Mo%ecu%es ;. Mo%ecu%es " 2 or more atoms 8oined by c emical bonds% 0-$ 6ater, 9-ygen Mo%ecu%es com)#ne to +orm Or&!ne%%es

<. Or&!ne%%es " intracellular structures t at perform specific functions% 0-$ *itoc ondria, &ibosome Or&!ne%%es +orm :. Ce%%s " smallest living unit% 0-$ Brain 1ell, .erve 1ell L#?e ce%%s Eo#n to +orm T#ssues Ce%%s

F. T#ssues " +i!e cells "it common functions% 0-$ *uscle 3issue T#ssues com)#ne to +orm Or&!ns

G. Or&!n " 2 or more tissues t at perform comple- functions% 0-$ 5eart Or&!ns Eo#n to&et*er to +orm !n Or&!n System

B. Or&!n System " group of organs "or!ing toget er to perform a vital body function% 0-$ ,igestive, cardiovascular Or&!ns systems com)#ne to +orm Or&!n#sm

H. Or&!n#sm " organ systems 8oined toget er to maintain life 7 ealt # sum total of all structural levels% 0-$ 5uman being IA. CHARACT(RISTICS o+ LI-( (every living structure e- ibits t ese)$ M!#nt!#n /ound!r#es

De+#n#t#on: :eeping internal environment distinct from e-ternal environment% Or&!n systems #n'o%'ed: Integumentary System A)sor$t#on

De+#n#t#on: (ctive or passive upta!e of substances (gases, fluids, solutes) by cells% Or&!n systems #n'o%'ed: ,igestive System# &espiratory System Met!)o%#sm

De+#n#t#on: (ll bioc emical reactions in t e body t at use or release energy at any given moment%

Or&!n systems #n'o%'ed: ,igestive 7 &espiratory Systems to ma!e nutrients and 92 available# 1ardiovascular System to transport t em, and t e 0ndocrine System to regulate metabolism% C#rcu%!t#on

De+#n#t#on: 3ransportation of substances t roug out t e internal environment% Or&!n systems #n'o%'ed: 1ardiovascular System# +ymp atic System (lipids) Gro1t*

De+#n#t#on: )rocess by " ic a structure enlarges% Or&!n systems #n'o%'ed: &eproductive System# 0ndocrine System Res$#r!t#on

De+#n#t#on: 0-c ange of gases bet"een blood and lungs, tissues and blood# cellular respiration, " ic releases energy from nutrients% Or&!n systems #n'o%'ed: &espiratory System (.cret#on

De+#n#t#on: 0limination of metabolic "astes (materials t at are not absorbed)% Or&!n systems #n'o%'ed: ;rinary System# ,igestive System# &espiratory System# Integumentary System +ymp atic System Mo'ement

De+#n#t#on: c ange in position# motion Or&!n systems #n'o%'ed: S!eletal System# *uscular System# .ervous System Res$ons#'eness

De+#n#t#on: (ctions resulting from a stimulus% Or&!n systems #n'o%'ed: .ervous System# 0ndocrine System Re$roduct#on

De+#n#t#on: 1ells reproduce and give rise to ne" cells# offspring formation% Or&!n systems #n'o%'ed: &eproductive System# 0ndocrine System A. -!ctors reIu#red +or MAINT(NANC( o+ LI-(: L#+e de$ends on +#'e 2:3 en'#ronment!% +!ctors: 83 7!ter *ost abundant substance in body Important in metabolism, transportation, regulation of body temperature% 2emales < =2> 52 ? *ales < @A> 52 ?

93 -ood !s source o+:

 Building materials for ne" structures necessary nutrients for e-isting structures 0nergy of c emical bonds ;3 O.y&en 98J o+ !#r *olecule used to release energy from food and drive metabolism% <3 He!t 2orm of energy )roduct of metabolism 1ontrols rate of metabolic reactions SooooB Incre!sed *e!t 5 +!ster re!ct#on r!tes 2#m$ort!nt #n #mmun#ty3 :3 Pressure 2!$$%#c!t#on o+ +orce to somet*#n&3: (pplication of force on an ob8ect Atmospheric " e.erted )y !#r important for breat ing Hydrostatic " e.erted )y +%u#ds !eeps blood flo"ing Homeost!s#s " #m$ort!nt c*!r!cter#st#c necess!ry +or m!#nten!nce o+ %#+e: *aintenance of a stable yet not rigid internal environment Self4regulating control mec anisms ,ynamic (not rigid) equilibrium

7*!t re&u%!tes tem$er!ture #n your *ouseK Com$onents In'o%'ed #n Homeost!t#c Re&u%!t#on: Rece$tor " Somet*#n& t*!t senses ! c*!n&e or st#mu%us Contro% Center " 7*ere #n+orm!t#on #s rece#'ed !nd $rocessed o Loc!t#on o+ t*e #n+orm!t#on !)out des#red '!%ue 2=set $o#nt>3

(++ector " Ce%%Lor&!n t*!t res$onds to mess!&es +rom t*e contro% center !nd e#t*er o$$oses or en*!nces t*e st#mu%us S(( DIAGRAM IN TH( T(@T.

Ty$es o+ *omeost!t#c Contro% Mec*!n#sms: 8. Ne&!t#'e +eed)!c? " =O$$oses>: )revents sudden, severe c anges in t e body 1orrects t e set point

1auses opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i%e% t e CnegativeD Most common ty$e of feedbac! loop 0-amples$ body temperature, blood pressure 7 glucose regulation

MMOST *omeost!t#c re&u%!t#on #s ne&!t#'e (opposes stimulus) 9. Pos#t#'e -eed)!c? Mec*!n#sms " =(n*!nces> 1ontrol center tells t e effector to en*!nce t e effects of t e stimulus# not as common DIAGRAM IN TEXT