Programming

For the next ten weeks you will learn basic programming principles
There is much more to programming than knowing a programming language

When programming you need to use a tool, in this case the tool will be a language
In this course you will use java to explore programming You will use other languages to program

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Syntax and Semantics

When using a programming language you must understand both the syntax and the semantics of the language.
Syntax refers to the rules you must follow to form valid statements in the language.
The syntax of a language is like English grammar.

Semantics describe the meaning of a statement in a language.

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Language Translation
The only language that a computers understands is machine language A program, written in a programming language other than machine language, must be translated into machine language in order for it to run on a computer Programs are typically either compiled or interpreted
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Compiling
When a program is compiled it is converted directly into machine language
Sort of like having a book translated from English to German

The program that does the translation is called a compiler

Source Code
compile

Object Code
link

Executable Code

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Interpreted Languages
Another approach is to convert the program to machine language while it is running An interpreter translates and immediately executes a program
Someone, who understands German, reads the book in German and translates while reading to English
Source Code
interpret

Execute

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What Is Java
Java started as a programming language for embedded systems (toasters, microwave ovens, washers, etc.).
needed to be portable. had to be reliable.

The original language was called oak (rumor has it that Gosling has a large oak tree outside the window of his office). Marketing decided Java was a better name.
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Suns Slant
According to Sun:
Java is a simple, object-oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure, architecture neutral, portable, high-performance, multithreaded, and dynamic language

Java is a lot like C/C++ but there are a number of important differences

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Program Structure
A program in Java consists of one or more class definitions. One of these classes must define a method main(), which is where the program starts running
// A Java Hello World Program public class HelloWorld { public static void main( String args[] ) { System.out.println( "Hello World" ); } }

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How Is Java Different

Java differs from other popular languages:
It is interpreted Architecture neutral There are no C/C++ style pointers, only references Garbage collected Comes with a sophisticated class library Includes support for concurrency, networking, and graphics

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Executing Java Programs

Java Source Program
emacs filename.java

Java Compiler

javac filename.java

Java Class File

java filename
Win98/NT JVM MacOS JVM Solaris JVM

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Java Environments
There are lots of commercial Java programming environments.
IBMs Visual Age. Visual J++. Semantic Caf. many others (most of which cost money).

Sun provides the JDK (Java development Kit) for free.

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The JDK
The JDK consists of the following:
The Java development tools, including the compiler, debugger and the Java Interpreter. The Java class libraries organized as a collection of packages. A number of demonstration programs. Various supporting tools and components, including the source code of the classes in the library.

Get it from http://www.java.sun.com.

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Java Resources
Java Home Page
http://www.java.sun.com (http://www.javasoft.com)

The Java Tutorial

http://www.java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial

Java Developer Connection

http://developer.java.sun.com

The Swing Connection

http://java.sun.com/products/jfc/tsc
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Other Resources
RIT Course Pages
http://www.cs.rit.edu/~cs1 http://www.cs.rit.edu/~cs2 http://www.cs.rit.edu/~cs3

NT-EMACS
http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/voelker/ntemacs.html

JDE
http://sunsite.auc.dk/jde/
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Applications and Applets

Java programs come in two forms:
Applications. Applets.

Applets typically are downloaded into a browser and are run by the Java Virtual Machine that is part of the browser.
Usually are restricted as to what they can do.

Applications are standalone programs that can do just about anything.

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Basic Java Syntax

The Java language will be described by working through its features:
variable types and expressions. selection and iteration. classes. exceptions.

Small sample programs will be provided to illustrate how each feature is used.
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Applications and Applets

Java programs come in two forms:
Applications. Applets.

Applets typically are downloaded into a browser and are run by the Java Virtual Machine that is part of the browser.
Usually are restricted as to what they can do.

Applications are standalone programs.

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Things & Stuff

Any program that you will write will manipulate things
Numbers Strings Objects

We need to be able to refer to these sorts of items in a program

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Identifiers
Identifiers are used in a programming language to refer to things
You can think of an identifier as a shortcut to a memory location somewhere in the computer

Declarations in a program introduce identifiers and the type of thing they will refer to All identifiers must be declared before they may be used
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Rules
Identifiers
start with an alphabetic character can contain letters, digits, or _ are unlimited in length

Examples
Answer, total, last_total, relativePosition, gridElement Person, Place, Stack, Queue

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Declaring Variables
The basic syntax for declaring variables is:
typename identifer;

It is possible to declare two or more variables of the same type in a single declaration statement.

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Categories of Variables
There are two categories of variables:
Variables of primitive type which directly contain a representation of a value of a primitive type. Variables of a reference type which hold a reference to an object or the value null (which is the null reference).

All variables must be declared and initialized before being used.

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Primitive Types
The primitive types represent the basic, built-in types that are part of the Java language. Two basic categories:
Boolean - boolean. Numeric.
Integral - byte, short, int, long, char. Floating point - float, double.

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Primitive Types
Type boolean byte short int long char float double Description Has two values, true and false. 8-bit signed 2s complement integers, range: -128 to 127 16-bit signed 2s complement integers, range: -32768 to 32767 32-bit signed 2s complement integers, range: -2147483648 to 2147483647 64-bit signed 2s complement integers, range: 9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 16-bit unsigned values from 0 to 65535, representing Unicode characters Single precision, 32-bit format IEEE 754 floating-point values, range: 1.40239846e-45 to 3.40282347e+38 Double precision, 64-bit format IEEE 754 floating-point values, range: 4.9406564581246544e-324 to 1.79769313486231570e+308 There are special floating point values: positive infinity, negative infinity, and not a number (NaN). Note: these types are platform independent
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Unicode
An International Standard that defines the representation of characters from a wide range of alphabets. Unicode stores characters as 16-bit values providing 65,536 different characters. ASCII happens to be the first 127 characters in the Unicode standard. Java uses Unicode as opposed to ASCII.
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Unicode Escapes
Unicode escapes allow any character to be represented regardless of the editor being used A Unicode escape stands for a character and is represented using the \u escape sequence followed by the hexadecimal digits of the character code Examples:
\u0343, \u2f4, \uabcd
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Literals
Type Integer Examples 0, 123, -456, 55665, 00, 0123, 0777, -045323, 0x0, 0x125, -0xffed, 0xfff Literals of type long (64-bit) are denoted by appending L or l to any integer literal. 1.2345, 1234.423, 0.1, -1.23, By default floating point literals are of type double. If the literal is suffixed with F or f it will be of type float. true, false a, A, !, \b, \f, \n, \r, \t, \\, \ This is a string, Hello World\n null

Floating point

Boolean Characters Strings Null

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Assignment
Declarations associates a type with an identifier Assignment associates a value with an identifier
Assignment is represented by an = sign An identifier will always be on the left side of the equals sign The computer will place a copy of the thing on the right into the area named by the identifier on the left

Assignment is not the same as algebraic equality

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Operators
Description unary postfix unary prefix creation and cast multiplicative additive shift relational equality and xor or boolean and boolean or conditional assignment Syntax [] . () ++ -++ -- + - ~ ! new ( type ) * / % + << >> >>> (unsigned right shift) < > >= <= instanceof == != & ^ | && || ?: = += -= *= /= %= >>= >>>= &= ^= |=

<<=

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Mixed Mode Expressions

What happens if an expression contains two different types of numbers?
int a = 4 + 5 * .56;

In most cases Java will automatically convert the values in the expression so that it may be evaluated

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Automatic Type Conversion

Java provides a variety of automatic type conversions. The following conversions are supported:
Widening primitive conversions.
byte to short, int, long, float, or double. short to int, long, float, or double. int to long, float, or double. long to float or double. float to double.

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Manual Type Conversion

In some situations Java will not perform automatic conversions
int x = 3.1456;

In these cases you can force a conversion by specifying a cast

int x = (int)3.1456;

Here information is lost, but the assignment will take place

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Reference Types
Reference types are used to declare variables that will refer to objects The JDK provides a number of classes
The String class allows us to declare, create, and manipulate strings

Declaring a string is no different from declaring a primitive type:

String name;

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Creating Objects
Before a reference to an object may be assigned to a variable, the object must be created
Operator new is used to create new objects
String name = new String(); String name = new String( Paul Tymann ); String name = Paul Tymann;

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References
Variables refer to objects, they do not contain the object Several different variables may all refer to the same object If an object is not referred to by any variables, the object will eventually be destroyed

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Methods
A reference to an object can be used to invoke a method of the object
The dot (.) operator specifies method invocation String name = Paul Tymann; System.out.println( name.substring( 6 ) );

An attempt to invoke a method using a null reference is an error

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What Methods?
How do you know what methods are available for a given object?
Look at the class definition Look at the documentation for the class

The JDK provides documentation for its classes using a tool called JavaDoc

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