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Lecture 7 (Unsymmetrical Faults Case I)

The document provides an overview of symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault calculations for power systems. It discusses different types of faults including three-phase, line-to-line, line-to-ground, and double line-to-ground faults. Equations are presented for calculating fault currents for each type based on sequence network analysis and applying Kirchhoff's laws. Sample problems are also worked through as examples to demonstrate calculating fault currents for different system parameters.

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Michael Calizo Pacis
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189 views

Lecture 7 (Unsymmetrical Faults Case I)

The document provides an overview of symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault calculations for power systems. It discusses different types of faults including three-phase, line-to-line, line-to-ground, and double line-to-ground faults. Equations are presented for calculating fault currents for each type based on sequence network analysis and applying Kirchhoff's laws. Sample problems are also worked through as examples to demonstrate calculating fault currents for different system parameters.

Uploaded by

Michael Calizo Pacis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER SYSTEMS LECTURE SERIES

PART VII. UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS


(OPEN CASE)
Prepared by:
Engr. Michael C. Pacis
BSEE, MEP-EE, PhD EE (CAR)
1

Types of Fault Calculations


I.
II.
a.
b.
c.

Symmetrical Faults
Unsymmetrical Faults
Line to Line Fault
Line to Ground Fault
Double Line to Ground Fault

I. Symmetrical Faults
Consider:

Sequence Network:

Ia0 = Ib0 = Ic0

Ia1

Ia
3fault

Ea
Ib
Ic

Ia1 = positive sequence component of 3 phase or symmetrical fault current


for symmetrical or balance, only the positive sequence is present
Hence, Isc3 = [Ia] = [Ib] = [Ic]
but: Ia = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2
Therefore, Ia = Ia1

I. Symmetrical Faults
From the sequence component network,
Ia1 = Ea / X1
Isc3 = V / X1 Amps or Isc3pu= Vpu / XTH pu
Recall,

%X = Irated X1 / Vrated x 100%


X1 = %X1 / 100 (Vrated / Irated)

Substitute X1 to Isc3
Isc3 = Irated ( 100%/%X1 )
where: %X1 = percent positive reactance
Irated = base current
Vrated = base voltage at fault
4

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


a. Single Line to Ground Fault
(phase a grounded to neutral)
Ia
a

Va

Ea
n
Eb
Zn

Ib

Ec

Vb

Ic
c Vc

Fault Conditions: Va = 0;

Ib = 0;

Ic = 0
5

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


a. Single Line to Ground Fault
(phase a grounded to neutral)
Recall: Symmetrical Components
Ia0 = 1/3 (Ia + Ib + Ic) = 1/3 Ia
Ia1 = 1/3 (Ia + AIb + A2 Ic) = 1/3 Ia
Ia2 = 1/3 (Ia + A2 Ib + A2 Ic) = 1/3 Ia
Thus, Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2
Sequence Network:
Recall: Va1 = Ea Ia1Z1; Va2 = -Ia2Z2; Va0= -Ia0Z0
-

Ea

X1

X0

3Zn

X2
Ia2

Ia1
Va1

Va2

Ia0
Va0

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


a. Single Line to Ground Fault
(phase a grounded to neutral)
Isc L-G = [ Ia ]
but Ia = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2
but Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 ; since Ib and Ic = 0
then, Ia = 3 Ia1 = 3Ia2 = 3Ia0
from loop 1
- Ea + Ia1X1 + Ia2X2 + Ia0 (X0 + 3Zn) = 0
therefore,
Ia1 = Ea / X1 + X2 + X0 + 3Zn Amps
Isc L-G =

3V / X1 + X2 + X0 + 3ZN Amps

Isc L-G pu = 3Vpu / X1pu + X2pu + X0pu + 3ZNpu


here: Vpu = 1 if solidly grounded; Zn = 0
7

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


a. Single Line to Ground Fault
(phase a grounded to neutral)
but , X1 = %X1 / 100 (Vrated / Irated) , ohms
X2 = %X2 / 100 (Vrated / Irated), ohms
X0 = %X0 / 100 (Vrated / Irated), ohms
ZN = %Xn / 100 (Vrated / Irated), ohms
Note: If solidly grounded, %ZN = 0
Substitute, X1, X2, X0 and ZN to equation 18
Isc L-G =

3 Irated x 100% Amps


%X1 + %X2 + %X0 + 3%Zn

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


a. Single Line to Ground Fault
(phase a grounded to neutral)
- Substituting the value of Ia sequence components of voltage
Va1, Va2, Va0 can be computed and the terminal voltage of
phases B and C can be computed from the ff. equations:
Vb = Va0 + A2 Va1 + A Va2
Vc = Va0 + A Va1 + A2 Va2

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


a. Line to Line Fault
(phase b and phase c grounded)
Ia
a

Va

Ea
n
Eb
Ib

Ec

Vb
b

Ic

IscLL

Fault Conditions: Vb = Vc;

c Vc

Ia = 0;

Ib = -Ic
10

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


a. Line to Line Fault
(phase b and phase c grounded)
Recall:
Ia0 = 1/3 (Ia + Ib + Ic) = 0
Ia1 = 1/3 (Ia + AIb + A2 Ic) = 1/3 (AIb A2 Ib) = 1/3 AIb ( 1 A )
Ia2 = 1/3 (Ia + A2 Ib + A2 Ic) = 1/3 (A2 Ib - AIb ) = - 1/3 AIb ( 1 A )
Thus, Ia1= - Ia2
Also,
Va0 = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc) = 0
Va1 = 1/3 (Va + AVb + A2 Vc) = 1/3 (Va + AVb + A2 Vb)
Va2 = 1/3 (Va + A2 Vb + A Vc) = 1/3 (Va + A2 Vb + A Vb)
Thus, Va1= Va2

11

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


a. Line to Line Fault
(phase b and phase c grounded)
Sequence Network:

Ea

Va2

Va1

+
X1

Ia1

X2

Ia2

12

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


a. Line to Line Fault
(phase b and phase c grounded)
Isc L-L = [Ib] = [Ic]
but Ia = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2 Ia1 = - Ia2
from loop 1 -Ea + Ia1X1 Ia2 X2 = 0
-Ea + Ia1X1 (-Ia1) X2 = 0

or

Ia2 = - Ia1

Ia1 = Ea / X1 + X2 Amps
Consider Ib;Ib = Ib0 + Ib1 + Ib2
Ib = A2Ia1 + AIa2
IscL-L = Ib = A2Ia1 AIa1 = 3Ia1

13

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


a. Line to Line Fault
(phase b and phase c grounded)
IscL-L = 3Ia1 = 3 V / X1 + X2 Amps
IscL-Lpu = 3 Vpu / X1pu + X2pu
IscL-L = 3 Irated x 100 / %X1 + %X2 Amps

14

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


a. Line to Line Fault
(phase b and phase c grounded)

Knowing the values of sequence components of current, we


can compute for the components of the voltage, Va1 and Va2
(Va0 = 0), from the derived equations. Thus, phase terminal
voltages are:
Vb = A2 Va1 + A Va2
= (A2 + A) Va1
Vb = - Va1
Vc = - Va1

15

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


c. Double Line to Ground Fault
(phase b and phase c grounded to neutral)
Ia
a

Va

Ea
n
Eb

Zn

Ec

Ib

Vb
b

Ic
c Vc
Ifault

Fault Conditions: Vb = Vc = 0;

Ia = 0;

If = Ib + Ic

16

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


c. Double Line to Ground Fault
(phase b and phase c grounded to neutral)
Recall:
Va0 = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc) = 1/3 Va
Va1 = 1/3 (Va + AVb + A2 Vc) = 1/3 Va
Va2 = 1/3 (Va + A2 Vb + A Vc) = 1/3 Va
Thus, Va0 = Va1 = Va2
also,
Sequence Network:

Ia1 = - (Ia0 + Ia2)

Ea

Va1

Va2
X2

X0

Va0

X1
Ia1

Ia2

Ia0

17

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


c. Double Line to Ground Fault
(phase b and phase c grounded to neutral)
Ia1 = Ea / X1 + X2X0 / (X2 + X0);
Ia1 = Ea (X2 + X0) / (X1X2 + X1X0 + X2X0)
by CDP (Current Divider Principle)
Ia0 = Ia1 ( X2 / (X2 + X0));
Ia0 = Ea X2 / (X1X2 + X1X0 + X2X0)
but;

Ia0 = 1/3 ( Ia + Ib+ Ic )


Ia0 = 1/3 ( Ib+ Ic ) Ifault

IscDLG = 3 Ia0
18

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


c. Double Line to Ground Fault
(phase b and phase c grounded to neutral)

substitute to equation Ia0


IscDLG = 3 Ea X2 / (X1X2 + X1X0 + X2X0)
IscDLGpu = 3 Vpu X2pu / (X1puX2pu + X1puX0pu + X2puX0pu)

IscDLG =

3 Irated X2 pu
X1puX2pu + X1puX0pu + X2puX0pu

19

II. Unsymmetrical Faults


c. Double Line to Ground Fault
(phase b and phase c grounded to neutral)
- Knowing the sequence components of Ia0, Ia1 and Ia2, we can
find Ib and Ic,
since,
Ib = Ia0 + A2 Ia1 + A Ia2
Ic = Ia0 + A Ia1 + A2 Ia2
The line to ground current or fault current is equal to neutral
current
If = In = 3Ia0
Knowing the value of Ia0, we can find the value of Va0,
Va = 3Va0

20

Sample Problems
1. A 3 phase AC generator rated 125 MVA, 13.8kV, has a positive, negative, and zero
reactances of 5%, 5%, and 2 % respectively. If this generator is grounded through a reactance
of 0.2 ohm. Calculate the following:
a. fault current for a three phase fault
b. fault current for a two phase fault
c. fault current for a single line to ground fault
d. fault current for a double line to ground fault
2. A 3 phase, 11kV, 30 MVA turbo alternator has a positive equal to negative reactance of
0.15 pu and zero sequence reactance of 0.02 pu. Calculate the fault current for a line to line
fault.
3. At a certain point of a power system network of positive, negative and zero sequence
impedances are 0.25 pu, 0.25 pu, and 0.30 pu respectively. The base MVA is 100. The voltage
level at that point is 34.5 kV. Determine the zero sequence component for a one line to
ground fault.

21

Solution to Problems
1. Given:
MVAb = 125
KVb=13.8
%X1 = 5
%X2 = 5
Zn =j 0.2 ohms
Recall:
%Zn = KVA(Z) / 10 KV2
Converting Zn to %Zn
= (125000) (0.2) / 10 (13.8)2
%Zn = j13.127%

%X0 = 2

Solution to Problems
a.) Isc3 = Ibase x (100 / %X1 )
Ibase = 125000 K / 1.732 (13.8 K) = 5229.62 A
Isc3 = 5229.62 (100/j5) = 104.592 cis -90 KA
Ia1 = Ia = Isc3 = 104.592 cis -90 KA (answer)
Ia0 = Ia2 = 0A
b.) IscLL = 3 Ibase x ( 100 / %X1 + %X2 )
= 3 (5229.62) X ( 100 / j5 + j5 )
IscLL = 90.5796 cis -90 KA (answer)
Ia1 = Ia2 = IscLL / 3 = 52.296 cis -90 KA

Solution to Problems
c. IscSLG = 3 Ibase ( 100% / %X1 + %X2 + %X0 + 3 %Zn )
= 3 (5229.62) ( 100 / j5 +j 5 + j2 + 3(j13.127) )
IscSLG = 30.534 cis -90 KA (answer)
Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0 = 10.178 cis-90 KA
d. IscDLG = 3 Ibase %X2 ( 100% / %X2 %X1 + %X2 %X0 + %X1 %X0 )
where: %X0 = %X0 + 3 %Zn
%X0 = j2 + 3(j13.127) = j41.381
= 3 (5229.62) (5) (100) / (5)(5) + (2)(5) (41.381)
IscDLG = 17876 .598 cis -90 A (answer)

Solution to Problems
Ia0 = IscDLG / 3 = 5958.866 cis 90 A
recall by CDP and apply to sequence network
Ia0 = Ia1 ( X2 / X2 + X0 )
Ia1 = 55275.63 cis -90
Ia2 = Ia1 ( X0 / X2 + X0 )
Ia2 = 49316.7667 cis -90
since Ia1 = - (Ia0 + Ia2)
Ia0 = 5958.866 cis 90 A
Ia1 = 55275.63 cis -90 A
Ia2 = 49316.7667 cis 90 A

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