LABORATORY OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS

Students: Asato, Crespi y Genovese

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1

ASSIGNMENT N 8

POLARIZATION AND STABILITY OF POINT Q

AIM: To verify the stability of point Q in different polarization circuits.

PART A:
CIRCUITS TO BE USED:

R
C
= 4,7K. R
C
= 4,7K.
R
B
= 1,8M. R
E
= 1K.
V
CC
= 12V. R1 = 100K
T = BC548B. R
2
= 22K.
V
CC
= 12V
T = BC548B.
MATERIALS TO BE USED:

_ Resistors of 4,7K,1K, 1,8M,100K 22K.
_ Three BC548B transistors
_ A power supply
_ A multimeter
_ A protoboard.

PROCEDURE:
1) Assemble circuit (a).
2) Measure I
CQ
, V
CEQ
and V
BE
for three transistors and write the values in the
corresponding table.
3) Assemble circuit (b).
4) Measure I
CQ
, V
CEQ,
V
BE
and V
BB
for three transistors and write the values
in the corresponding table.

MEASUREMENTS:




LABORATORY OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
Students: Asato, Crespi y Genovese



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
Circuit (a) V
CC
(V) V
CE
(V) V
BE
(V) I
CQ
(mA) I
BQ
(A)
T
1
12,01 4,29 0,78 1,67 6,03
T
2
12,00 0,800 0,63 2,45 6,60
T
3
12,04 7,85 0,62 0,93 6,60

-
Circuit (b) V
CC
(V) V
CE
(V) V
BE
(V) V
BB
(V) I
CQ
(mA)
T
1
12,00 4,01 0,69 2,04 1,42
T
2
12,01 4,08 0,65 2,03 1,41
T
3
11,99 4,11 0,64 2,02 1,40

PART B:
VARYING THE BASE RESISTANCE

CIRCUIT TO BE USED:

R
C
= 1K.
R
E
= 3,3K.
R1 = 56K
R
2
= 47K.
V
CC
= 10V
T = BC548B.








PROCEDURE:
1) Assemble the circuit.
2) Measure I
CQ
and V
CEQ
. Complete the first row of the table.
3) Replace R
2
by the values shown in the table and complete the second and third
lines of the same.
4) Change again R
2
by 47K.
5) Change R
1
to the values shown in the table and complete the fourth and fifth
rows of the same
6) Disconnect R
1
. Complete the sixth row of the table.
7) Reconnect the 56K resistor as R
1
. Disconnect the 47K resistor (R
2
).
8) Complete the table with the corresponding theoretical values.












LABORATORY OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
Students: Asato, Crespi y Genovese



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
R
E
= 3.3K and R
C
= 1K

Measured Values Theoretical Values
R
1

K
R
2

K
I
CQ

mA
V
CEQ

V
I
CQ

mA
VCEQ
V
Working
Zone
56 47 1,17 4,97 1,14 5,11 Linear
56 68 1,45 3,87 1,40 3,97 Linear
56 33 0,91 6,28 0,89 6,18 Linear
68 47 1,03 5,59 0,99 5,74 Linear
33 47 1,57 3,26 1,54 3,40 Linear
47 0,02 10,00 0,00 10,00 Cut
56 2,82 0,10 2,67 0,00 Saturation

QUIZ:
a) Does I
CQ
vary if R
1
and R
2
vary? Why?
Yes, it does because varying these resistors varies the base current, and that means that collector
current varies to.
b) If I
CQ
increases, V
CEQ
increases too? Justify your answer.
No, for more I
CQ
V
CEQ
decreases because there is more voltage drop in the collector and emitter
resistances.
c) Can V
CEQ
take a negative value? Why?
V
CEQ
can`t take a negative value, because it depends on I
CQ
and I
CQ
can`t be negative because the
semi-conductive behaviour of the transistor only let`s the current go in only one way, and being I
CQ
negative
will mean that the current is going in the wrong direction.

VARYING THE EMITTER RESISTANCE

PROCEDURE:
1) Reconnect the 47K resistor as R
2
.
2) Replace R
E
by the values shown in the next table.
3) Complete the table

R
1
= 56K, R
2
= 47K and R
C
= 1K

Measured Values Theoretical Values
R
E

K
I
CQ

mA
V
CEQ

V
I
CQ

mA
V
CEQ

V
1 3,66 2,27 3,57 2,86
3,3 1,17 4,57 1,14 5,11
4,7 0,82 5,11 0,80 5,41

VARYING THE COLLECTOR RESISTANCE

PROCEDURE:
1) Replace R
E
by the 3,3K resistor.
2) Replace R
C
by the values shown in the table.
3) Complete the next table.

R
1
= 56K , R
2
= 47K and R
E
= 3,3K

Measured Values Theoretical Values
R
C

K
I
CQ

mA
V
CEQ

V
I
CQ

mA
V
CEQ

V
1 1,17 4,97 1,14 5,11
LABORATORY OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
Students: Asato, Crespi y Genovese



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4
3,3 1,17 2,41 1,14 2,50
4,7 1,17 0,60 1,14 0,91
QUIZ:
Does I
CQ
vary if we change R
C
value? What about V
CEQ
?
I
CQ
does not vary because it does not depend on R
C
, it depends on the base current and R
E
. On the
other hand, V
CEQ
varies because the voltage drop changes in R
C
.




GRAPHS:

a) Represent the straight line corresponding to the measured values and the straight line
corresponding to the theoretical values in the same pair of axes with the appropriate scales.
Use the first table of PART B.
b) Represent the straight lines corresponding to each R
E
value in the same pair of axes with the
appropriate scales. Use the second table of PART B.


a)










0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
I

C

Q

VCEQ
Measured Values
Theoretical Values
LABORATORY OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
Students: Asato, Crespi y Genovese



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5










b)


















0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
I

C

Q

VCEQ
Measured Values
Theoretical Values
LABORATORY OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
Students: Asato, Crespi y Genovese



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6











THEORICAL VALUES DETERMINATION:

In order to obtain H
FE,
we calculate de value of Ic solving the previous I
CQ
equation but despising R
E
/H
FE
.
With Ic, we enter in the trasistors graph and we determine the possible I
CQ
. If this I
CQ
is not less than ninety
percent of I
C
, this value is the true I
CQ
, but if it is less than ninety percert of I
C
we have to re-enter in the
transistors graph with this current value (the possible I
CQ)
to determine the true value of I
CQ.
R
E

Rc
R
BB

V
BB

Th