Subhadip Basu, Ph.D.

Department of Computer Sc. & Engineering,

Jadavpur University, Kolkata, INDIA
A theory and algorithm for
separating two structures sharing
a common intensity band and
conjoined at different unknown
locations and scales, is presented

The method is applied for
segmenting vasculature in
patients with intracranial
aneurysms via CT angiography
(CTA)
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The segmentation for bone and vessels
combines fuzzy distance transform and
fuzzy connectivity to iteratively open two
objects starting at large scales and
progressing toward smaller scales

The accuracy of the method has been
examined both qualitatively and
quantitatively on
mathematically generated phantoms,
CT images of a pig pulmonary vessel cast
phantom, and
cerebral CT angiography images of human
subjects
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An axial image slice from a
human CT angiogram
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Intensity-based membership functions for
vessel (red) and bone (green) along with pure
and shared intensity bands.
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Multi-scale fusion of bone and vessel demands
a locally adaptive multi-scale opening
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During an iteration, it opens two structures
over a specific scale range by:
extending object separation from previous
iteration using the optimum opening structure
defined by FDT and fuzzy connectivity, and
dilate the two separated objects using
constrained dilation
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After Local Normalization, FDT values lie within the interval [0,1].
Local scale is defined as the depth (i.e., the FDT value) at the nearest
locally-deepest voxels.
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A
Lower FDT value
Higher FDT value
Strongest path between A
and B. FDT value of the
weakest point is higher than
the other path
Not the strongest path
between the A and B
S
A

S
B

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S
A

S
B

Undecided region, having FC Strength,
A
=
B
Strongest path between S
A
,S
B
R
B
: Region
assigned to S
B

R
A
: Region
assigned to S
A

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Morphologically dilated R
A
Morphologically dilated R
B

Morphological neighborhood
Both separated regions
radially expand over
morphological neighborhood
until stopped by each other
Cross-sectional views
before after
reconstruction
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After morphological
reconstruction, the hollow
annular region is filled in
Now, we are ready to expand
the separation to the next finer
scale
We start with the result of
previous separation use it to
determine seeds of individual
objects
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To generate a vessel cast data, the animal
was first exsanguinated.
While maintaining ventilation at low PEEP,
the pulmonary vasculature was flushed
with 1L 2% Dextran solution and
pneumonectomy was performed.
While keeping the lungs inflated at
approximately 22 cm H2O Pawy, a rapid
hardening methyl methacrylate compound
(Orthodontic Resin, DENTSPLY
International, York, PA) was injected into
the vasculature to create a cast of the
pulmonary arterial and venous trees.
The casting compound was mixed with red
oil paint for the venous (oxygenated) side
and blue oil paint for the arterial
(deoxygenated) side of the vascular beds.
Data courtesy: Dept. of Radiology, UIowa
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(a)
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Axial and coronal image slices from the original CT image of the phantom with different
contrast for A/V trees. CT intensity-based classification of artery and vein where the effect of
partial voluming appears as thin red films wrapping around blue arteries.
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CT intensity histogram of the phantom, where the two CT intensity values I
min
and
I
artery
segments the background and pure artery regions
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Optimum thresholding
MSO algorithm
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(b) (c)
Optimum thresholding MSO algorithm
CT angiogram data sets were
collected using Siemens
Somatom Sensation 16 scanner
at 120 KV, rotation time of 0.5
sec, 0.75 pitch and 0.75 mm
collimation. The contrast
medium used was 75 cc of
Omipaque 300.
Data courtesy: Dept. of BME,
Univ. of Iowa.
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CTA intensity histogram values I
min
and I
bone
segmenting the background and the pure
bone regions
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Cerebral
CTA Slice
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Fused bone and
vessel shown in
RED

Pure bone shown
in GREEN
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Bone-Vessel
segmentation after
1
st
iteration
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Bone-Vessel
segmentation after
2
nd
iteration
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Bone-Vessel
segmentation after
final iteration
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Cerebral
vasculature
segmented from
bone
Anearysm
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(b) (a) (c)
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Large scale objects
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Small scale objects
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Data#1 Data#2 Data#3 Data#4 Data#5
Error Large Vessel 1.688103 0.767222 2.925486 0.689809 0.209512
Error Small Vessel 1.339764 0.21221 0.361384 0.46729 2.053216
Error Large Bone 0.45552 0.375449 1.359491 0.267023 2.325581
Error Small Bone 0.133976 0.163239 0.103252 0.489542 0.398072
Total Error 3.617363 1.518119 4.749613 1.913663 4.986382
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To estimate intra-user reproducibility, we define
agreement as:
AGR = (V1V2) (B1B2)/(V1V2 B1 B2)
where V1 and V2 are volumes rendered from the set of
seeds marked by the user on two different runs of
experiment
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Average agreement is 94.2 3.8%.
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Scanner: Siemens Sensation 64
MDCT scanner
CT Parameters: 120 kVp and
100 mAs.
Scanned at 0.75 mm slice
thickness
Reconstructed at 0.5 mm slice-
thickness and 0.6x0.6mm
2
in-
plane resolution.
Artery and Vein structures are
inseparable in intensity space
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Image courtesy: Prof. Punam K. Saha, Univ. of Iowa, USA
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Mutually blinded inter-
user reproducibility

Agreement: 93%
Image courtesy: Prof. Punam K. Saha, Univ. of Iowa, USA
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Mutually blinded inter-
user reproducibility

Agreement: 91%
Image courtesy: Prof. Punam K. Saha, Univ. of Iowa, USA
A novel approach for multi-scale opening in shared intensity space
A/V tree and B/V separation problems are solved using the developed
MSO algorithm
Results on computer-generated phantoms show high accuracy
Promising results on pig lung phantom and human cerebral CTA data
Possible extensions to problems with multi scale separation of objects



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Prof. Punam K Saha, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Iowa
Prof. Eric Hoffman, Dept. of Radiology, Univ. of Iowa
Prof. M. L. Raghavan, Dept. of BME, Univ. of Iowa
Dr. Robert E. Harbaugh, Penn State Hershey Medical Center

My visit to the Structural Imaging Laboratory, Univ. of Iowa, USA,
was funded by the BOYSCAST fellowship (SR/BY/E-15/09), Dept.
of Science and Technology, Govt. of INDIA.
This study is supported in part by the FASTTRACK grant
(SR/FTP/ETA-04/2012) by DST, Govt. of India.





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P.K. Saha, Z. Gao, S.K. Alford, M. Sonka, and E.A. Hoffman, Topomorphologic separation
of fused isointensity objects via multiscale opening: separating arteries and veins in 3-D
pulmonary CT., IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 29, 2010, pp. 840-851
S. Basu, M. L. Raghavan, E. A. Hoffman, P. K. Saha, Multi-scale opening of conjoined
structures with shared intensities: methods and applications, in Proc. IEEE International
conference on Intelligent Computation and Bio-Medical Instrumentation (ICBMI 2011),
Wuhan, China, December 14 - 17, , pp. 128-131, 2011.
S. Basu, M. L. Raghavan, P. K. Saha, Vascular segmentation in CT angiography for patients
with intracranial aneurysms using a new multi-scale opening algorithm, in Proc. of
International conference on Bio-Medical Engineering (ICBME 2011), Manipal, India, pp. 252-
257, December 10 - 12, 2011.
Z. Gao, R. W. Grout, C. Holtze, E. A. Hoffman, and P. Saha, A New Paradigm of Interactive
Artery/Vein Separation in Noncontrast Pulmonary CT Imaging Using Multiscale
Topomorphologic Opening., IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering, vol. 59, no. 11,
pp. 301627, Nov. 2012.
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