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Lab 4 Geology Part C

Rock slope stabilization methods can be grouped into four categories: excavation and filling techniques, drainage techniques, restraining structures, and miscellaneous techniques. Excavation and filling involves removing unstable material and replacing it with more stable material. Drainage techniques include removing surface water and installing drains. Restraining structures such as retaining walls, piles, and anchors are used to restrain slope movement. Miscellaneous techniques include grouting, chemical stabilization, heating/baking soils, freezing soils, electroosmosis, and blasting. The key differences between rock slopes and soil slopes are that rock slope stability depends more on large-scale geologic structures and strength of intact rock, while soil slope stability depends more on soil characteristics like parent material

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3K views

Lab 4 Geology Part C

Rock slope stabilization methods can be grouped into four categories: excavation and filling techniques, drainage techniques, restraining structures, and miscellaneous techniques. Excavation and filling involves removing unstable material and replacing it with more stable material. Drainage techniques include removing surface water and installing drains. Restraining structures such as retaining walls, piles, and anchors are used to restrain slope movement. Miscellaneous techniques include grouting, chemical stabilization, heating/baking soils, freezing soils, electroosmosis, and blasting. The key differences between rock slopes and soil slopes are that rock slope stability depends more on large-scale geologic structures and strength of intact rock, while soil slope stability depends more on soil characteristics like parent material

Uploaded by

Ryan Yee
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© © All Rights Reserved
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7.

0 Question And Discussion


1.) For some cases, give the recommended value of safety factors for the rock slope in
civil engineering / construction industry with some justification.
Factor of Safety (FS)
ypical target design Factor of Safety (FS) values range from 1.! to 1."# however,
$ased on engineering judgment, values outside of this range may $e appropriate,
depending on the circumstances. he minimum FS to $e used in sta$ility analyses for
a specific rock slope depends on factors such as%
1. he degree of uncertainty in the sta$ility analysis inputs# the most important
$eing the amount of intact rock, rock mass strength, discontinuity spacing,
discontinuity shear strength and groundwater conditions.
&. he level of investigation and data collection.
!. 'osts of constructing the slope to $e more sta$le.
(. 'osts, risks to the travelling pu$lic, risks to the roadway, and other
conse)uences should the slope fail.
". *hether the slope is temporary or permanent.
&.) +escri$e and e,plain the rock slope sta$ili-ation method.
.ngineering and structural methods for sta$ili-ing slopes can $e grouped into four
categories%
a) Excavation and filling techniques. his would include e,cavating the toe of
an earth flow until successive failures result in a sta$le slope, removing and
replacing failed material with lighter, more sta$le material, or recompacted
de$ris, e,cavating to unload upper portions of a mass failure, and filling to
load the lower portions of a mass failure (most likely in conjunction with other
loading or restraining structures).
$) Drainage techniques. his would include efforts to remove or disperse
surface water (as discussed in 'hapter (), drainage of tension cracks, using
rock fill underlain $y filter cloth to prevent upward migration of water into the
road prism, insertion of trench drains, perforated, hori-ontal drains, or
drainage galleries, insertion of vertical drains or wells discharged $y syphons,
or pumps, and electro/osmosis (the use of direct current passing $etween well
points and steel rods placed midway $etween the rods to increase the drainage
rate) for drainage of low permea$ility soils.
c) Restraining structures. hese include retaining walls, piles, $uttresses,
counterweight fills, cri$s, $in walls, reinforced earth, and pre/stressed or post/
tensioned soil or rock anchors (Figure 01). 2rgani-ations such as highway
departments and railroads have developed charts and ta$les giving earth
pressures for the design of retaining walls that re)uire a minimum of
computation. 3early all of these charts and ta$les are $ased on the 4ankine
formula which descri$es earth pressures as a function of unit weight and
internal angle of friction of the $ackfill material.
d) Miscellaneous techniques. 5routing can $e used to reduce soil permea$ility,
there$y preventing the ingress of groundwater into a failure -one. 'hemical
sta$ili-ation, generally in the form of ion e,change methods, is accomplished
$y high pressure injection of specificion e,change solutions into failure -ones
or into closely spaced pre/drillled holes throughout the movement -one.
6eating or $aking of clay soils can sometimes improve their strength, and,
rarely, free-ing of soils will help gain temporary sta$ility. 7ocali-ed electro/
osmosis can $e used to form in situ anchors or tie/$acks. Suppression of
natural electro/osmosis can $e used to reduce unfavora$le groundwater
pressures. 8lasting is sometimes used to disrupt failure surfaces and to
improve drainage.
!.) he differences assessment of the rock slope and soil slope.
S297S 23 S72:.S %
7arge/scale geologic structures provide the initial framework upon which landscape
development proceeds. Finer details of landscapes (i.e. individual landforms) are
usually determined $y +9FF.4.39;7 .42S923.. ..g. domed strata provide rock
layers dipping away radially from a central high point# differential erosion produces
inward/facing scarps (S), outward/facing dipslopes (+) and radial strike valleys (S<).
Strength and Stress
9n the conte,t of geomorphology, strength refers to the a$ility to resist $eing moved
$y erosional processes, which normally operate in a downslope direction. he force
e,erted $y erosional processes (including gravity) is a S6.;4 S4.SS directed
downslope and causing a mass of rock or soil to shear over the underlying material.
'ontrols 2n Soil 'haracteristics
he characteristics of soil depend on% parent material# climate# vegetation# slope.
1. :arent material% influences#
a. the rate of soil development (rate of weathering)
$. soil composition e.g. shales produce a lot of clay# sandstone produces sandy soil
c. physical properties of soil e.g. permea$ility/drainage (num$er, si-e and connectivity
of pore spaces)# shrink/swell potential (amount of e,pansive clay)# cohesive strength
(clay content / clayey soils are =sticky= / this aids cohesion).

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