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Kantor

C
ODEX
J
UDAICA
Z
p
Kantor
Rabbi
Mattis

Covering 5,764 Years of

Biblical, Talmudic & postTalmudic History
with Timelines, Charts & Maps
HISTORY
Index of
JEWISH
Chronological
>
i

2nd Printing, March 2006

includes minor typographical corrections
Zichron Press, New York, 2005
COVERING
5,764
YEARS OF BIBLICAL,
TALMUDIC & POST-TALMUDIC HISTORY
C
ODEX
J
UDAICA
HISTORY
Index of
JEWISH
Chronological
MATTIS KANTOR
< > < >
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vii

Table of Contents
fffzfff
How to Use This Book .................................................................................................. vi
List of Maps .................................................................................................................... viii
List of Charts .................................................................................................................... ix
INTRODUCTIONS............................................................................................................ x
Preface............................................................................................................................ x
Outline of Book ............................................................................................................ xii
THREE TIMELINES.......................................................................................................... 13
[1] The Full Spectrum of Jewish History .................................................................... 17
[2] Major Events in Jewish History ........................................................................... 19
[3] Highlights of Jewish History ................................................................................ 29
I THE BEGINNINGS ....................................................................................................... 45
I 1 The New World .................................................................................................... 49
Of Creation & Science ..................................................................................................... 50
I 2 The Forefathers ..................................................................................................... 57
I 3 Living in Egypt .................................................................................................... 67
II THE NATION............................................................................................................... 71
II 5 Judges & Early Prophets ................................................................................... 75
II 6 Kings & the First Beit Hamikdash .................................................................... 89
III RIVERS OF BABYLON, CONVULSIONS IN YEHUDA (JUDEA) ..................... 105
III 7 Exile in Babylon .............................................................................................. 109
III 8 The Second Beit Hamikdash ........................................................................... 117
8a Anshei Knesset HaGedola The Great Council of Sages .................................... 121
8b Greek Cultural Domination ........................................................................................ 123
8c Kingdom of Yehuda (Judea) Dynasty of the Chashmonaim.................................. 125
8d Roman Client Kings & Rulers Herodian Dynasty................................................. 130
III 9 The Talmudic Era The Mishna................................................................... 139
III 10 The Talmudic Era The Gemara ................................................................ 151
III 11 The Talmudic Academies of Bavel .................................................................. 161
11a The Rabbanan Savurai ............................................................................................ 163
11b The Geonim & Arabic Dominion .............................................................................. 164
IV UNIVERSAL DISPERSION ....................................................................................... 177
IV 12 The Rishonim - Early Scholars ...................................................................... 183
12b Early Rishonim, Tosaphot, and the Crusade Massacres ............................................ 185
12b Later Rishonim, Persecutions, and Expulsions ........................................................... 198
IV 13 The Kovim The Great Scholars of the Shulchan Aruch & Torah .............. 215
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viii
The Shvatim & then the Divided Kingdom............................... 95
Bavel (Babylonia) Iraq ............................................................................ 106
Prominent Towns Among Chassidim............................................. 250
The Pale of Settlement.......................................................................... 319
The Towns/Villages of Poilen (Poland) & Galicia ..................... 320
Ancient Persia - Babylonia (Color) .................................................. 322
East Roman Empire (Color) .............................................................. 323
Frankish Germanic Territories from 481 (Color) .................... 324
Islamic Conquests Year 715 (Color) .............................................. 325
Spain 900 - 1492 (4 Maps) (Color) ............................................ 326
Europe in Year 1135 (Color) ............................................................. 327
Europe in Year 1360 (Color) ............................................................. 328
Ottoman Empire 1481 1683 (Color) ................................. 329
Europe in Year 1550 (Color) ............................................................. 330
Cossack Ukraine Year 1648 (Color) .............................................. 331
Europe in Year 1740 (Color) ............................................................. 332
Europe in Year 1815 (Color) ............................................................. 333
Europe in Year 1913 (Color) ............................................................. 334
Eretz Yisrael Borders at Various Stages ............................... 335
The Torah Towns of Greater Lithuania (Color) ........................ 336
IV 14 The Acharonim Later Scholars ................................................................. 233
14a Early Acharonim and East European Massacres ................................................. 237
14b Acharonim and Early Chassidim.......................................................................... 247
14b Later Acharonim and Changing Society ............................................................... 265
IV 15 The Melaktim & The Current Era ............................................................... 283
15a The Holocaust ......................................................................................................... 285
15b The Independent State of Israel ............................................................................. 295
15c The Post-Holocaust Era........................................................................................... 306
MAPS FOR THE BROWSER (in color).............................................................................. 321
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 337
GLOSSARIES .................................................................................................................... 343
1. Terminology............................................................................................................ 345
2. Reference Names Abbreviations ........................................................................ 351
3. Calendar of Jewish Lunar Months ........................................................................ 353
4. Illustrations Classic Texts ................................................................................. 355
INDEX .............................................................................................................................. 363
List of Maps
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ix

List of Charts
fffzfff
The Full Spectrum of Jewish History ............................................. 17
Major Events in Jewish History........................................................ 22
Highlights of Jewish History ............................................................... 31
Shoftim Judges & Early Prophets ............................................ 85
Kings: All Biblical Kings ......................................................................... 90
Kings: Yisrael (Israelite) ........................................................................ 91
Kings: Yehuda (Judean) ........................................................................ 91
Kings: Chashmonaim Dynasty ........................................................ 127
Roman Emperors ..................................................................................... 129
Nessiim Presidents of the Sanhedrin .................................. 131
Kings: Herodian Dynasty ..................................................................... 134
Takkanot HaGeonim............................................................................. 172
Major Rishonim......................................................................................... 180
European Population & the Black Death Plague ................ 203
Major Kovim................................................................................................ 216
Major Acharonim ..................................................................................... 232
Major Admurim & Chassidic Leaders ......................................... 251
Noteworthy Contemporaries Chronological ..................... 313
Noteworthy Contemporaries Alphabetical ....................... 315
Noteworthy Personalities Current .......................................... 317
Prime Ministers & Presidents of the State of Israel ........... 318
About the Author ...................................................................................... 393
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17
SECTION II THE NATION
SECTION III RIVERS OF BABYLON,...
CONVULSIONS IN YEHUDA (JUDEA)...
THE FULL SPECTRUM
OF JEWISH HISTORY
SECTION I THE BEGINNINGS
SECTION IV UNIVERSAL DISPERSION
a. Early Rishonim, Tosaphot, and the Crusade Massacres
b. Later Rishonim, Persecutions, and Expulsions
1. The New World
2. The Forefathers
3. Living in Egypt
4. Moshe the Leader
5. Judges and Early Prophets
6. Kings & the First Beit Hamikdash
a. Early Achronim and East European Massacres
b. Acharonim and Early Chasidim
c. Later Acharonim, and Changing Society
7. Exile in Babylon
8. The Second Beit Hamikdash
a. Anshei Knesset HaGedolah The Great Council of Sages
b. Greek Cultural Domination
c. Kingdom of Yehuda (Judea) Dynasty of the Chashmonaim
d. Roman Client Kings & Rulers The Herodian Dynasty
a. The Rabbanan Savurai
b. The Geonim, and Arabic Dominion
12. The Rishonim - Early Scholars
15. The Melaktim & the Current Era
a. The Holocaust
b. The Independent State of Israel
c. The PostHolocaust Era
10. The Talmudic Era The Gemara
11. The Talmudic Academies of Bavel
13. The Kovim The Great Scholars of the Shulchan Aruch & Torah Consolidation
14. The Acharonim, Later Scholars
9. The Talmudic Era The Mishna

CODEX JUDAICA 2005

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2
1
Chapter 1
The New World
ffffzffff Jewish
Year
Secular
Year
1
CREATION OF THE WORLD, AND ADAM & CHAVA (EVE).
-3760
687 Metushelach (son of Chanoch) was born. -3074
930 Adam died. -2831
1056 Noah (son of Lemech II) was born. -2705
1558 Shem (son of Noah) was born. -2203
1656
THE GREAT FLOOD COVERED THE EARTH.
-2105
1723 Ever (son of Shelach) was born. -2038
1948 Avraham (son of Terach) was born. -1813
Chapter 2
The Forefathers
1948 Avraham (son of Terach) was born. -1813
2018
THE COVENANT (BRIT BEIN HABETARIM) WITH AVRAHAM.
-1743
2048 Avraham circumcised himself and Yishmael. -1713
2084 THE AKEDA. YITZCHAK WAS PREPARED TOBEASACRIFICE.
-1677
2108 Yaakov (Jacob) and Eisav (Esau) were born. -1653
2171 Yitzchak blessed Yaakov instead of Eisav. -1590
2216 Yosef was sold. -1545
2229 Yosef became Viceroy of Egypt. -1532
2238
YAAKOV (AND HIS FAMILY) WENT TO EGYPT.
-1523
Chapter 3
Living in Egypt
2255 Yaakov died. -1506
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2
2332 The enslavement in Egypt began after Levi died. -1429
2448
THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL LEFT EGYPT
-1313
Chapter 4
Moshe the Leader
2448
THE REVELATION & TORAH ON MOUNT SINAI.
-1313
2488 Moshe died. -1273
Chapter 5
Judges & Early Prophets
2488 Bnei Yisrael crossed the Jordan into Canaan. -1273
2516 Yehoshua died. -1245
2533 The rule of Shoftim (Judges) began with Othniel ben Knaz -1228
2654 Devorah became leader. -1107
2694 Gideon became leader. -1067
2779 Yiphtach (HaGil'adi) became leader. -982
2810 Shimshon (Samson) became leader. -951
2830 Eli (HaKohen) became leader. -931
2871 Shmuel became leader. -890
Chapter 6
Kings and the First Beit Hamikdash
2882 Shaul was appointed king. -879
2892
DAVID BECAME KING OF ISRAEL IN YERUSHALAYIM.
-869
2924 Shlomo became king. -837
2935
THE FIRST BEIT HAMIKDASH WAS COMPLETED
-827
2964
SHLOMO DIED AND HIS KINGDOM WAS DIVIDED.
-797
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3
3043 Eliyahu went up in a chariot of fire. -718
3142 Yeshayahu (Isaiah) began his prophecies. -619
3187 The first two of the ten tribes were exiled. -574
3195 Another two of the ten tribes were exiled. -566
3205
THE LAST OF THE TEN TRIBES WERE EXILED.
-556
3298 Yirmiyahu (Jeremiah) began his prophecies. -463
3319 Yerushalayim was conquered, and Yehoyakim exiled. -442
3327 Yerushalayim conquered again, and Yehoyachin exiled. -434
3332 Yechezk'el (Ezekiel) prophecized in exile. -429
3336 The final Babylonian siege of Yerushalayim -425
3338
THE FIRST BEIT HAMIKDASH WAS DESTROYED.
-423
Chapter 7
Exile in Babylon
3389 Daniel read the writing on the wall. -372
3406
MORDECHAI PROCLAIMED THE CELEBRATION OF PURIM.
-355
3412
THE SECOND BEIT HAMIKDASH WAS COMPLETED.
-349
Chapter 8
The Second Beit Hamikdash
Chapter 8a
Anshei Knesset HaGedola The Great Council of Sages
3413 Ezra led the second return to Eretz Yisrael. -348
3448
EZRA DIED.
-313
3449 The Minyan Shtarot began. -313
Chapter 8b Greek Cultural Domination.
3515 72 Elders translated the Torah into Greek (Septuagint) -246
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29 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

Timeline 3
Highlights
of Jewish History
ffffzffff
Three Timelines
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2005 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History
36
3623
CHANUKA WAS DECLARED A FESTIVAL.
-138
3628 Yehuda (HaMaccabi) was killed in battle. -133
3628 Yonatan (son of Mattityahu) ruled. -133
3634 Shimon (son of Mattityahu) ruled. -127
3642 Yochanan Hyrkanos (son of Shimon) ruled. -119
3668 Yehuda Aristoblus (son of Yochanan Hyrkanos) ruled. -93
3670 Alexander Yannai (son of Yochanan Hyrkanos) ruled. -91
3688 Shalomit (Queen Salome, wife of Alexander Yannai) ruled. -73
3696 Aristoblus II (son of Alexander Yannai) ruled. -65
3700 The Romans gained control of Yehuda (Judea). -61
3700 Hyrkanos II (son of Alexander Yannai) ruled. -61
3721 Antigonus (son of Aristoblus II) ruled. -40
Chapter 8d Roman Client Kings & Rulers.
The Herodian Dynasty.
3725 Herod I ruled, killing all the Chashmona'im. -36
3728 Hillel became leader of the Torah scholars. -33
3742 Herod I began rebuilding the Second Beit Hamikdash. -19
3750 Renovation of the Second Beit Hamikdash was completed. -11
3761 Archelaus (son of Herod I) ruled. 1
3768
HILLEL DIED.
8
3770 Archelaus was deposed by the Roman Emperor. 10
3781 Agrippa I (grandson of Herod I) ruled. 21
3788 The Sanhedrin moved from the Second Beit Hamikdash. 28
3804 Agrippa II (son of Agrippa I) ruled. 44
3810 Raban Gamliel I (son of Shimon, son of Hillel) died. 50
3826 Vespasian arrived in Yehuda to reassert Roman authority. 66
3829
THE SECOND BEIT HAMIKDASH WAS DESTROYED.
69
Chapter 9
The Talmudic Era The Mishna
3834 R.Yochanan ben Zakkai died. 74
3846 Sanhedrin moved from place to place, under R.Gamliel II. 86
3893 Betar fell, and Bar Kochba's revolt ended in tragedy. 133
3894 Judaism was banned, and R.Akiva was imprisoned. 134
3949 R.YEHUDAHANASSI COMPLETEDTHEMISHNA AROUND THIS TIME. 189
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2005 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History
37
Chapter 10
The Talmudic Era The Gemara
Jewish
Year
ffffzffff
Secular
Year
3979 Rav Left Eretz Yisrael and settled in Bavel (Babylonia). 219
4007 Shmuel was the Talmudic authority in Bavel. 247
4014 R.Yochanan was the leading Talmudic authority. 254
4050 R.Huna was the leading Talmudic authority. 290
4058 R.Yehuda was the leading Talmudic authority. 298
4060 R.Chisda was the leading Talmudic authority. 300
4069 Rabbah was the leading Talmudic authority. 309
4081 R.Yosef was the leading Talmudic authority. 321
4085 Abayey was the leading Talmudic authority. 325
4098 Rava was the leading Talmudic authority. 338
4119 Hillel II (who established the calendar) became Nassi. 359
4152 R.Ashi was the leading Talmudic authority. 392
4187 R.Ashi died after the compilation of the Gemara. 427
4235
THE TALMUD WAS COMPLETE, WHEN RAVINA II DIED.
475
Chapter 11
The Talmudic Academies of Bavel
Chapter 11a The Rabbanan SAVURAI
4311 Mar Zutra proclaimed Jewish self-rule in Babylonia. 551
Chapter 11b The GE'ONIM, and Arabic Dominion
4349 The Metivta of Pumpedita was reconstituted. 589
4369 The Metivta of Sura was reconstituted. 609
4374 The Persians conquered Eretz Yisrael. 614
4374
JEWS WERE ALLOWED TO RETURN TO YERUSHALAYIM.
614
4389 The Byzantine (E.Roman) Empire reconquered Eretz Yisrael. 629
4396 R.Yitzchak was the last GAON of Neharde'a (Firuz-Shabur). 636
4397 The Arabs conquered Eretz Yisrael. 637
4405 One of the TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM was enacted at this time. 645
4515 R.Acha(i) Gaon left Bavel (Iraq) for Eretz Yisrael. 755
4519 R.Yehudai became GAON of Sura. 759
4519 The Halachot Gedolot (BaHaG) was written at this time. 759
4548 Another of TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM was enacted at this time. 788
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38
4618 R.Amram (who wrote the Siddur) became GAON of Sura. 858
4688 Rbnu.Saadya was appointed GAON of Sura. 928
4715 "Four Captives" were ransomed at around this time. 955
4728 R.Sherira became GAON of Pumpedita. 968
4757 R.Hai became (the last) GAON of Pumpedita. 997
4798
R.HAI GAON DIED, AND THE ACADEMIES OF BAVEL DECLINED.
1038
Chapter 12
The Rishonim Early Scholars
Chapter 12a Early Rishonim, Tosaphot,
and the Crusade Massacres.
4800 Rbnu.Gershom Me'or HaGola died. 1040
4848 The Rif arrived in Spain (from Morocco). 1088
4856
CRUSADERS (1ST) DESTROYED JEWISH COMMUNITIES.
1096
4859 Yerushalayim was captured by the Crusaders. 1099
4863 The Rif Died. 1103
4865
RASHI DIED, AND THE ERA OF THE TOSAPHOT BEGAN.
1105
4895
THE RAMBAM (MAIMONIDES) WAS BORN.
1135
4904
THE FIRST (RECORDED) BLOOD LIBEL TOOK PLACE.
1144
4907 Crusaders (2nd) attacked Jewish communities. 1147
4907 Rabbenu Tam was captured by the Crusaders. 1147
4908 The Rambam's and the Radak's families left Cordova. 1148
4925 The Rambam visited Eretz Yisrael. 1165
4931 Rabbenu Tam died. 1171
4935 The Rashbam died. 1175
4944 The young son of the Ri was killed. 1184
4948 Jews were allowed to return to Yerushalayim. 1187
4949 R.Yaakov D'Orleans was killed in London. 1189
4950 Jews were massacred in England, in the 3rd Crusade. 1190
4951 The Radak wrote his commentary. 1191
4954 The Ramban (Nachmanides) was born. 1194
4959 The Ra'avad died. 1198
4965 The Rambam died. 1204
4996 Rampaging mobs massacred Jews in France. 1236
5002 A massive burning of the Talmud took place in Paris. 1242
5004 Yerushalayim was sacked by Egyptians and Turks. 1244
5012 The Inquisition began to use torture. 1252
5027 The Ramban (left Spain and) settled in Eretz Yisrael. 1267
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42
5646 R.Shlomo Ganzfried (author of Kitzur Shulchan Aruch) died. 1886
5652 R.Chaim (Brisker) became Rabbi in Brisk. 1892
5665 The Sfass Emess died. 1905
5665 Many Jews were killed in (official) Russian pogroms. 1905
5671 Chazon Ish was published. 1911
5674 Over 500,000 Jewish soldiers fought in World War I. 1914
5678 Over 60,000 Jews were killed during Russian Revolution. 1918
5684 Daf HaYomi study cycle commenced. 1923
5687 The Lubavitcher Rebbe was released from Soviet prison. 1927
5699 Jews were attacked in the Kristallnacht pogroms in Germany. 1938
Chapter 15,
The Melaktim & the Current Era.
Chapter 15a The Holocaust.
5699 Germany started World War II, and mass killing of Jews. 1939
5701
Nazi-Germany unexpectedly invaded Russia.
1941
5701 200,000 Jews were killed at Babi Yar and Ponary. 1941
5702 400,000 Jews of Warsaw were sent to DEATH CAMPS. 1942
5703 Nazi-Germany experienced massive losses in the battle of Stalingrad. 1943
5703 THEREMAINING JEWS IN WARSAW STAGED A MASSIVE UPRISING. 1943
5703 Jewish uprisings at Treblinka, Sobibor, and Bialystock. 1943
5703 The Danish people quietly rescued 93% of their Jews to safety. 1943
5704 300,000 Hungarian Jews were killed in 3 months. 1944
5705 Uprising in Auschwitz DEATH CAMP just before freedom. 1944
5705 Nazi-Germany was conquered, and World War II ended. 1945
5705
6,000,000JEWS WERE KILLED BY THE NAZIS DURING THE WAR.
1945
Chapter 15b
The Independent State of Israel.
5707 Publication of the Talmud Encyclopedia was commenced. 1947
5708 The United Nations divided Eretz Yisrael. 1947
5708 Arabs attacked in Eretz Yisrael, to gain territory. 1947
5708
THE STATE OF ISRAEL WAS ESTABLISHED IN ERETZ YISRAEL.
1948
5708 Eretz Yisrael was invaded by many Arab countries. 1948
5709 The War of Independence (in Eretz Yisrael) ended. 1949
5710 All Jews left the ancient Jewish community of Iraq. 1950
5710 Almost all Jews of Yemen emigrated to Eretz Yisrael. 1950
5717 Jewish forces invaded Egypt and conquered the Sinai Desert. 1956
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55
The Forefathers
ffffzffff
Chapter 2
Section I
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Chapter 2 The Forefathers

59
ffzff 1948 -1813 ffzff
Avraham was born.
Avraham was born, either in Nissan or in
Tishrei [Bible Br.11.26/ Tal. R.H.10b, 11a]. (If he was born
in Tishrei, it was probably before the 10th (see
2048\-1713).) His father Terach had two other
sons, Nachor II and Haran. After Avraham was
born in the city of Kutha (in Aram), Terach moved
eastward to Ur Kasdim where Haran was born.
Nachor II had remained in the land of Aram[Bible
Br.11.31; 24.10/ Bachya Br.11.28/ Sed. Had.]. Avrahams
mother was Amathlaa the daughter of Karnevu
[Tal.B.B.91a]. Haran, who was from a different wife,
died before his father Terach [Bible Br. 11.27, 28; 20.12,
Rashi].
ffzff 1958 -1803 ffzff
Sarah was born.
Sarah, (daughter of Haran), was also known as
Yiska; she was Lots younger sister and
Avrahams niece [Bible Br.11.27-29/ Tal.Meg.14a / Sef.Hay./
Sed.Had.].
Avraham was hidden by his father Terach for
the first ten years of his life, because astrolo-
gers had warned Nimrod (the king) that this
child would become powerful [Tal.B.B.91a/Sef.Hay./
Sed.Had.]. He came out of hiding (with his mother)
this year at the age of 10. Some say that she
took him to Noah and Shem, where he spent
many years learning from them [Sef.Hay./ Sed.Had.].
He had already refused to believe in idols at
the age of three. See 1996\-1765 [Tal.Ned.32a /
Kes.Mish. Hil.A.Z.. 1.3].
ffzff 1973 -1788 ffzff
Avraham married Sarah [Mid.Yal.Br.15.78 / Sed.Had.].
ffzff 1996 -1765 ffzff
Dispersion from Bavel after building the tower.
Construction of Tower of Bavel abruptly ended in
1996 [Mid. Yal.D.H.I 1073]. Until this time, some say, all
the people had spoken one common language be-
sides their own [Tal.Yer. Meg. 1.9/Mid.Tan. Dev.2/ Tor.Tem.Br.11.1].
Ashur had left the country because he did not ap-
prove of the tower construction (which was led by
Nimrod), and he established the towns of Ninveh,
Rechovot, and Kalach [Bible Br.10.11/Mid. Rab. Br.37.4].
Some say that Avraham recognized the concept
of one G-d in this year [Mid.Rab.Br.64.4/Sed.Had.], and
others say eight years earlier, when he was 40
[Mmn.Yad Hil.A.Z.1.3, Hag.Mm., Kes.Mish]. See 1958\-1803.
Peleg died [Mid.Yal.1073] and Chevron (Hebron) was
built during this year [R.Saadya.q.Sed.Had.].
ffzff 1997 -1764 ffzff
Terachs father, Nachor I, died [Bible Br.11.25] be-
fore his own grandfather Reu (see 2026\-1735)
and while Noah their common ancestor was still
alive (see 2006\-1755). See 2158/-1603.
ffzff 2000 -1761 ffzff
Some say that Terach left Ur Kasdim with his
family (see 1948\-1813) in this year [Sef.Hay./
Sed.Had.]. Avraham had destroyed the idols of Ter-
ach, which had aroused the anger of Nimrod
(the king) (see 1958\-1803), who subsequently
sought to destroy Avraham in a furnace. Avra-
ham was miraculously saved, and Terach de-
cided to leave the country [Mid.Rab.Br.38.13/Sef.Hay./
Sed.Had.]. Terach planned to settle in Canaan, but
stopped on the way and settled in Charan, see
1948\-1813 [Bible Br.11.31].
Some say that Terach had another wife, Pelilah,
in his old age (see 1948\-1813), and had a son
called Tzova, who had a son called Aram, who
had a daughter called Machalat (see 2218\-
1543) [Sef.Hay./ Sed.Had.2075, 2083].
ffzff 2006 -1755 ffzff
Noah died [Bible Br.9.29]. In the year 2008 the
people of Sdom and Amorrah rebelled against
Kedarlaomer (a king), and thirteen years later,
in 2021, he returned to subjugate them in the
war of the five kings against four. See 2018\-
1743 [Bible Br.14.4/Tos.Ber.7b].
ffzff 2018 -1743 ffzff
The Covenant (BRIT BEIN HABETARIM) made with
Avraham.
Avraham had lived in Charan for three years
(see 2000\-1761) before he went on to Canaan,
the original destination, in the year 2003. It was
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Chapter 2 The Forefathers

63
[Mid.Yal.Sh.1, Rab. Bam.14],
and his mother,
Rachel, who died at
his birth, was bur-
ied in Beit Lechem
[Bible Br.35.18,19].
Rivka had died
around 2207 [Rashi
Br.33.17; 35.8].
Yaakov and his sons had
a number of battles with the local Canaan-
ites, who attacked them because of what
they did to the city of Shchem [Rashi Br.48.22/
Ramban Br.34.13/ Bachya Br.35.6/ Sef.Hay./ Sed.Had.].
ffzff 2216 -1545 ffzff
Yosef was sold.
Yosef spent his first year in Egypt as a servant
of Potiphar before he was placed in the dun-
geon for 12 years, because of the wife of
Potiphar, who (some say) was called Zuleicha
[Bible Br. 39.1-23, 41.14, 46 / Mid.Rab.Sh.7.1, Bam.15.12/
Sef.Hay./Sed.Had.].
Leah died this year [Mid.Yal. Br.34.135/ Sed.Had.2214].
Reuven (some say) married Elyoram the daugh-
ter of Chivi (the Canaanite) [Sef.Hay./Sed. Had.].
Eisav had many children, and Eliphaz, his son,
had an illegitimate daughter called Timna,
(from the wife of Seyir). Eliphaz then had a son
from his daughter Timna, who was called Ama-
lek [Bible Br.36.12, Rashi, Ramban/ Mid. Tan. VaYeshev].
ffzff 2218 -1543 ffzff
The Twelve sons of Yaakov married (according
to some [Sef. Hay./Sed.Had.]):-
iReuven, see 2216\-1545. iYehuda married Eilat,
the daughter of Shua. iLevi married Adina, the
daughter of Yovav (see 1757\-2004), and iYissachar
married her sister Arida. iDan married Aphlala,
daughter of Chamudan the Moabite, iGad married
Utzit, daughter of Amoram (son of Utz, son of Nachor II,
see 2049\-1712), and iNaftali married her sister
Merimat. iAsher married Edon the daughter of
Aphlal, who was the son of Hadad, the son of Yish-
mael, and after she died childless he married
Hadura the daughter of Avimael (see 1757\-2004),
who had a girl, Serach, from her previous hus-
band (Malkiel son of Eylam, see 1558\-2203)
[Ramban Bam.26.46, Targ. Yon.]. iZevulun married
Merusha, the granddaughter of Midyan (see
2096\-1665). iBinyamin married Machalat, the
daughter of Aram, in 2218, (see 2000\-1761).
ffzff 2228 -1533 ffzff
Yitzchak died [Bible Br.35.28].
ffzff 2229 -1533 ffzff
Yosef became Viceroy of Egypt.
Yosef was released from prison on the 1st of Tishrei
(Rosh Hashana), and was thirty years old when he ap-
peared before Pharaoh and was appointed [Bible Br.41.46/
Tal.R.H.11a]. Yosef married Osnat, his niece, the
adopted daughter of Potiphera (see 2205\-1556)
[Mid.Yal. Br.34. 134]. Pharaoh gave him the Egyptian
name of Tzaphnat Paneach [Bible Br.41.45].
Some say that graduates of a special school
(university) in Khartoum were the Khartumim
who acted as Pharaohs advisers [Pirush (Inyaney)
Chalom Paroh Br.41.8].
ffzff 2235 -1526 ffzff
The seven years of plenty came to an end and
the famine began [Tal.Toseph.Sot.10.3].
Kehot (ben Levi) was born [Ralbag q.Sed.Had.] when
Levi was 40.
Menasheh and Ephrayim (Yosefs sons), were
born before the famine years [Bible Br.41.50].
ffzff 2238 -1523 ffzff
Yaakov (and his family) went to Egypt.
Yocheved, the daughter of Levi, was born as
Yaakov and his family were entering Egypt [Bible
Br.47.9/ Tal.B.B. 123b].
Yaakov was never told that his sons had sold
Yosef and he thought that those who had found
him as lost had sold him [Ramban Br.45.27].

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6 5

Section I
Chapter 3
Living in Egypt
ffffzffff
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115
The Second Beit Hamikdash
ffffzffff
Chapter 8
Section III
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CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

Jewish
Year
Secular
Year
3668 Yehuda Aristoblus (son of Yochanan Hyrkanos) ruled. -93
3670 Alexander Yannai (son of Yochanan Hyrkanos) ruled. -91
3688 Shalomit (Queen Salome, wife of Alexander Yannai) ruled. -73
3696 Aristoblus II (son of Alexander Yannai) ruled. -65
3700 The Romans gained control of Yehuda (Judea). -61
3700 Hyrkanos II (son of Alexander Yannai) ruled. -61
3721 Antigonus (son of Aristoblus II) ruled. -40
Chapter 8d Roman Client Kings & Rulers.
The Herodian Dynasty.
ffffzffff
3725 Herod I ruled, killing all the Chashmona'im. -36
3728 Hillel became leader of the Torah scholars. -33
3742 Herod I began rebuilding the Second Beit Hamikdash. -19
3750 Renovation of the Second Beit Hamikdash was completed. -11
3761 Archelaus (son of Herod I) ruled. 1
3768
HILLEL DIED.
8
3770 Archelaus was deposed by the Roman Emperor. 10
3781 Agrippa I (grandson of Herod I) ruled. 21
3788 The Sanhedrin moved from the Second Beit Hamikdash. 28
3804 Agrippa II (son of Agrippa I) ruled. 44
3810 Raban Gamliel I (son of Shimon, son of Hillel) died. 50
3826 Vespasian arrived in Yehuda to reassert Roman authority. 66
3829
THE SECOND BEIT HAMIKDASH WAS DESTROYED.
69

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Chapter 8 The 2nd Beit Hamikdash 123

Chapter 8b
Greek Cultural Domination
ffzff 3515 -246 ffzff
72 Elders translated the Torah into Greek
(Septuagint).
In this second attempt to have the Torah trans-
lated (see 3454\-307), seventy-two great Torah
scholars were gathered by the ruling Ptolemy,
sequestered separately, and forced to translate
the Torah into Greek. They produced seventy-
two synchronized translations including
identical changes in thirteen places on the
8th Tevet [Tal.Sof.1.7,8, Meg.9a/TBY.O.C.580.1/Tzem.Dav./
Tol.Am.Ol. 2.397]. Versions published later are
believed not to be true to the original [Sed.Had.].
Greek became a significant second language
among Jews (see 3448\-313 end) as a result of
the translation [Mmn.Pir.Mi.Meg.17a/Tos.Y.T.Shek.5.3].
ffzff 3530 -231 ffzff
Antigonus Ish Socho had died by this time, and
Yosef (Yosee) ben Yochanan his disciple
had been appointed Av (Head) of the Sanhedrin
[Tal.Av.1.4/Dor.Har.1.173, 199].
The misinterpretation of Antigonus teachings
by two of his students (Tzadok and Baytuss)
were further amplified by their disciples, and
eventually developed into a movement called
Tzedukim (Sadducees), of which the Baytussim were
a faction. Josephus (a sympathizer of theirs) de-
scribed them [Ant.18.1.4] as a secularist movement,
believing only in the here and now [Tal.R.H.22b,
Av.Dr.Nat.5.2 /Dor.Har.2.361-3,372, 400,413,419-21,479].
ffzff 3550 -211 ffzff
Chonyo II who had returned from Egypt (see
3488\-273) to become Kohen Gadol was petty
and tight fisted. He refused to hand over the taxes
payable to Egypt. Yosef ben Tuviyah then volun-
teered to the ruling Ptolemy to collect the
taxes (for a commission), and his proposal was
accepted. This averted a crisis, but established
him as the powerful (ruthless and wealthy) leader
of an organized class of collaborating tax collec-
tors, who filled the power vacuum created by a
ffzff 3454 -307 ffzff
Alexander died and his kingdom was divided
among four of his generals, who ruled over
separate (warring) states. Eretz Yisrael was
geographically caught between two of them,
the Egyptians ruled by a dynasty of kings,
most of whom were called Ptolemy and the
Syrians whose kings were (mostly) called
Seleucius, Antiochus, and Demetrius. There
were many wars between these two Greek cul-
tured states, and Eretz Yisrael was usually domi-
nated by one or the other [Rashi Dan.11.4-17].
The Ptolemy who reigned after Alexanders
death attempted (unsuccessfully) to have the
Torah translated by five scholars (see 3515\-
246) [Tal.Sof.1.7, 8/Tzem.Dav.2.3454, 3484]. He also ex-
iled over 100,000 Jews to Egypt [Yuch.5.154/
Tzem.Dav./Sed.Had.], and Alexandria began to flour-
ish as a Jewish center [Tal.Suk.51b, Hag.R.B.Rans.,
Yer.Suk.5.2/ Yuch.1.13].
ffzff 3488 -273 ffzff
Shimon HaTzadik died.
Shimon HaTzadik was Kohen Gadol for 40 years
and Av (Head) of the Sanhedrin. If (as some
say) he directly succeeded Ezra [Mmn.Hakd.LYad],
then he died in 3488. If (as others say) he suc-
ceeded his father Chonyo I, who in turn suc-
ceeded his father Ido [Yuch.5.154], then he may have
died after 3488 [Tal.Yom.9a/Dor.Har.1.197,199]. Antigo-
nus (Ish Socho) succeeded him as Av (Head) of
the Sanhedrin [Tal.Av.1.3/Dor.Har.1.199].
Shimon HaTzadiks son Chonyo II left for Egypt
(see 3454\-307) after a dispute out of jealousy
(with his brother Shimi, who became Kohen
Gadol) and he built an altar for sacrifices
in Egypt [Tal. Min.109b, Mmn.Pir.Mi./Tol.Am.Ol. 2.394].
Yehoshua ben Sira who was still young at
this time praised Shimon HaTzadik at the
end of his book, Ben Sira, (although he only
called him Shimon the Kohen Gadol, see 3580\-
181). This book was not accepted as a Torah
writing, although the Talmud quotes phrases
from it in a number of places [Tal. San.100b, Rashi/
Toseph.Yad.2.5/ Sed.Had.3298/ Dor.Har.1.193].
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Chapter 8 The 2nd Beit Hamikdash 127

(see 3668\-93), the sick Yehuda Aristoblus did
not live long. He had no children. His brother,
Alexander Yannai (also a Tzeduki), was released
from imprisonment (see 3668\-93) and suc-
ceeded him [Tzem.Dav./Sed.Had.]. Some say that Sha-
lomit was originally the wife of Yehuda Aristo-
blus, and because they had no children, she
released Alexander Yannai (from prison), mar-
ried him (Yibum), and made him king of Yehuda
(Judea) [Bible Dev.25.5-10/Dor.Har.2.460].
Shalomit (Salome I) arranged for her brother
Shimon ben Shatach to be appointed to the
Sanhedrin, which by that time was completely
dominated by Tzedukim. He excelled over the
others in scholarship, and by careful strategy
was able to replace them (one by one) with his
disciples (see 3680\-81) [Meg.Tan.10].
ffzff 3671 -90 ffzff
Yeshua ben Sitda, a student of Yehoshua ben
Perachya, was rejected because of his undesir-
able behavior. He was (later) accused of idol
worship and witchcraft, and punished accord-
ingly by the Sanhedrin [Tal.Ches.San. 43a, 67a, 107b/
Yuch.1.16]. Some (manuscript) versions of the Tal-
mud refer to him as Yeshu HaNotzri (the Nazarene),
and relate events (mostly of his death) which
bear similarities to those surrounding Jesus (see
3790\30) [Tal.Ches.San.43a, 67a, 103a, A.Z.17a, Ber.17b/
Toseph.Shab. 11.15, Chul.2.6-end]. Many say (or imply)
that this was in fact Jesus (despite the lack of
chronological synchronization, see 3790\30)
[Mmn.Igg.Teman(end)/Sef.Hak.q.Sed.Had./ Ramban Mil. Vik.22/
Yuch.1.16/Sed.Had.3560, 3671, 3707, 3724, 3761]. Those
opinions that claim they are not the same per-
son [Meiri Sot.47a, (p.115 Jer. 1947), Hak.LAvot (p.28, Jer. 1964)],
could be supported by the references in the Tal-
mud which appear to be contradictory in the
chronological placement of Yeshu [Tal.Ches.A.Z.17a/
Toseph.Chul2.6-end/Mid.Rab. Koh.1.8#3]. Accordingly,
events surrounding an earlier Yeshu may have
later been used (or confused) to describe a later
one. The history of Jesus (see 3790\30) is
shrouded in mystery; his historical prominence
is not reflected in the writings of his time, and
references to the early history of the church were
often influenced by pressures brought to bear (see
5023\1263).
ffzff 3680 -81 ffzff
Yehoshua ben Gamlah was appointed Kohen
Gadol (after his wealthy wife, Martha (Miriam)
Chapter 8c Kingdom of Yehuda (Judea) Dynasty of the Chashmonaim
KINGS & RULERS OF THE
CHASHMONAIM DYNASTY
Yehuda HaMaccabi
Yonatan
Shimon
Yehuda Aristoblus
Shalomit
Antigonus
Yochanan Hyrkanos
Alexander Yannai
Aristoblus II
Hyrkanos II
Jewish Year
3622
3628
3634
3668
3688
3696 -65
3700
3721
3642
3670
Secular Year
-139
-127
-127
-73
-61
-40
-119
-91
-93
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CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

131
Nessi'im
Presidents of the Sanhedrin



Jewish
Year
Secular
Year
Yosef (Yosee) ben Yo'ezer see 3550 -211
Yehoshua ben Perachya see 3610 -151
Shimon ben Shatach see 3688 -73
Hillel see 3729 -32
Shimon (ben Hillel) see 3769 8
Rbn.Gamliel I (ben Shimon) see 3769 8
R.Shimon ben Gamliel I see 3810 49
R.Gamliel II (ben R.Shimon) see 3828 67
R.Elazar ben Azaryah see 3844 83
R.Shimon ben Gamliel II see 3878 117
R.Yehuda HaNassi see 3925 164
R.Gamliel III (ben R.Yehuda) see 3949 188
R.Yehuda Nessia I (ben Gamliel) see 3949 188
R.Gamliel IV (ben Yehuda) see 3990 229
R.Yehuda Nessia II (ben Gamliel) see 3990 229
R.Gamliel V (ben Yehuda) see 4060 299
R.Yehuda Nessia III (ben Gamliel) see 4069 308
Hillel II (ben Yehuda) see 4119 358
R.Gamliel (ben Yehuda) see 4189 428

Exact dates are not known for the Nessi'im.
The year listed here is a reference to the main text where this Nassi is
mentioned.
Note that these Nessi'im extend over a period of more than 630 years
thus the list is not confined to this chapter, but extends through chapters 8,
9, and into 10.
After Hillel, all the Nessi'im were his direct descendants, except for
R.Elazar ben Azarya. He was elected when R.Gamliel II was removed
from the position and although he was reinstated a short while later,
they shared the presidency for some 20 years (see 3864 / 104).
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134 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

as Agrippa II, ex-kohanim gedolim, and the
Tzedukim were seeking wealth and power.
Others radical nationalists sought to fight
the Romans and expel them from Eretz Yehuda.
There were many factions and splinter groups
within these general categories [Dor.Har.2.715; 3.3, 10, 17,
34-5].
ffzff 3825 65 ffzff
A rebellion by most Jewish factions (see 3815\55)
against the ruling Roman procurator (governor)
who was exceptionally greedy, brutal and dishon-
est was sparked by his disdainful handling
of an incident concerning the harassment by
(local) non-Jews of a synagogue in Caesaria.
Agrippa II (a collaborator, see 3804\44) dis-
agreed with the findings of an independent Ro-
man investigator, who had concluded that this
uprising was directed only against this indi-
vidual (the procurator) and not against the Ro-
man empire. Agrippa II insisted that the procu-
rator retain his position (which suited his own
power maneuvers) [Dor. Har.3.14-15, 19, 149].
Most of the Jews were so outraged that they
took to the streets of Yerushalayim and forced
Agrippa II to flee with the procurator. Agrippa
II and some power groups then at-
tempted to have the Syrian high commis-
sioner intervene, on the grounds that this was
certainly a rebellion against Rome. They even-
tually succeeded, after some radical kohanim
rejected a sacrifice sent by a Roman official.
Roman legions together with the troops of
Agrippa II marched on Yerushalayim. They
had to withdraw after a bloody battle, and the
radical nationalists then proclaimed Yerusha-
layim a free city [Tal.Git.56a/Sed. Had./Dor.Har.3.20-
1, 25-8].
Factional infighting increased in Yerushalayim.
Those who were hoping for a return to peaceful
law and order under the Romans despaired
when the Romans aligned themselves with
Agrippa II and his corrupt and lawless power
groups; whilst the defeat of Roman legions at
the gates of Yerushalayim encouraged the radi-
cals to believe that they could ultimately suc-
ceed in militarily driving out the Romans [Tal.
Av.Dr.Nat.4.5/Dor.Har.3.35].
Emperor Nero sent a massive army, under
Vespasian and his son Titus, to restore Roman
authority [Tzem.Dav./ Sed.Had.]. Total anarchy
reigned in Yehuda (Judea), and Jews were being
killed by the local non-Jewish population
[Tal.Toseph.Git.3.14/Dor.Har.3.28, 141-2].
ffzff 3826 66 ffzff
Vespasian arrived in Yehuda to reassert
Roman authority.
Yosef ben Mattityahu (Josephus) was a close
friend of Agrippa II, who in turn was an old ac-
quaintance of Nero and Vespasian. He had ma
ROMAN CLIENT KINGS & RULERS
(HERODIAN DYNASTY)
* This is the year 1 or perhaps 0 (see 1 / -3760; 3829 / 69).
**There were no official Jewish leaders during this period only Roman Procurators
Roman Procurators only**
3770 - 3781
Herod
Archelaus
Agrippa I
Agrippa II
3725
3761
3781
3804
-36
1*
20
43
9 20
Jewish Year Secular Year
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Chapter 8 The 2nd Beit Hamikdash 135

(son of R.Shimon ben Gamliel I) as Nassi (Presi-
dent). Vespasian returned to Rome after the
death of Nero and Titus laid siege to Yerusha-
layim, causing serious hunger and disease in the
overpopulated city (see 3827\67) [Tal.Git.56a-b,
Av.Dr.Nat.4.5;6.3;14.1/Mid.Rab.Eych.1.31/ Dor.Har.3.33-5, 61-3].
ffzff 3829 69 ffzff
The 2nd Beit Hamikdash was destroyed.
All factions in Yerushalayim
(see 3827\67) had no option but
to (unite and) fight the Romans
which they did valiantly
despite their weak and
starved condition
[ Tal.Av.Dr.Nat. 6.3/Dor.
Har.3.38]. (A Roman
historian
(Dio Cassius)
recorded that
Titus was
wounded
during the fight- ing, and
that some Roman soldiers deserted
(to the Jewish side) because they did
not believe they could conquer Yerushalayim).
On the 17th Tammuz the walls in Yerushalayim
were penetrated, and the Romans advanced with
difficulty, until they reached the Beit Hamik-
dash and set fire in it, on the 9th Av 3829. The
western wall was all that remained of the struc-
ture, and the Romans took many of the holy
utensils to Rome (see 4215\455) [Tos.A.Z.9b/
Mmn.Hak.LYad].
Vast numbers of Jews (over one million re-
corded) died in the battle, from hunger, and
from disease [ Tal .Tan.28b/Tzem. Dav./Sed.Had./
Dor.Har.3.80].
Some say that the second Beit Hamikdash was
destroyed in 3828 [Rashi A.Z.9b, Erch.12b]. (The secu-
lar date usually given for the destruction is 70
(3830\70). This one year difference could be ac-
counted for by an adjustment based on the
naming of the Jewish year 1. See 1\-3760)
neuvered himself into an important military po-
sition in the northern part of Yehuda (Judea)
from which R.Shimon ben Gamliel I (unsuccess-
fully) sought to have him removed, because of this
allegiance with Agrippa II and the Romans. He
surrendered to the Romans not long after
Vespasian commenced his military campaign in
the north, and he subsequently travelled with
them, recording the battles and the destruction of
Yehuda (Judea), Yerushalayim, and the Beit Hamik-
dash, from inside the Roman camp [Tzem.Dav./Sed.
Had./Dor.Har.1.43; 3.1, 10, 12, 15(7), 39, 179].
ffzff 3827 67 ffzff
With the fall of the surrounding country to
Vespasians army, the infighting and power
struggles in Yerushalayim turned into open
and bloody civil war, with factions fighting
other factions (see 3815\55), even though
they may have shared similar goals. Groups
of militia set fire to the vast food storage fa-
cilities which had contained enough to last
for years and some groups also formed an
internal siege not letting anyone out. A
number of groups (some say) even minted
their own coins, each (separately) claiming a
free state, under their own leader [Tal.Git.56a/
Mid.Rab.Eych. 1.31/Tzem.Dav./Sed.Had./Dor.Har.3.33-5].
Many Jews from all over Yehuda (Judea), who had
come to the Beit Hamikdash for Pesach, were
caught in the siege and could not return home
[Dor.Har.3.80]. R.Shimon ben Gamliel I died during the
siege, possibly a targeted fatality of the civil war (see
3826\66) [See Appendix C] [Mrsha.Sot.49a/ Dor.Har.3.179].
ffzff 3828 68 ffzff
R.Yochanan ben Zakkai the last disciple of
Hillel escaped from the internal siege of
Yerushalayim (see 3827\67), and from an immi-
nent forced confrontation with the Romans. He
personally negotiated an agreement with
Vespasian to allow the continuance of the studies
of the Sanhedrin in Yavneh under R.Gamliel II
Chapter 8d Roman Client Kings & Rulers Herodian Dynasty
u
[3829\69 is continued in chapter 9.]
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188 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

ffzff 4908 1148 ffzff

The Rambams family, and the Radaks father, left
Cordova.
The Jews of Cordova (Spain) were attacked by ANTI-
JEWISH RIOTERS, and many synagogues were de-
stroyed on the 24th Tammuz 1148. When a fa-
natical Islamic sect took power in Cordova, the
Jews were forced to convert (which some did, re-
taining their Jewish religion secretly) and many
fled the country, including R.Maimon ben Yosef,
father of the Rambam, and his family (see
4925\1165); R.Yosef Kimchi, father of the Radak
(see 4951\1191), who settled in Narbonne (Provence,
S.E.France); and R.Yehuda ibn Tibbon (see
4928\1167) who settled in Lunel (Provence).
ffzff 4910 1150 ffzff
R.Zerachyah (ben Yitzchak) HaLevi called the
RaZah and the Baal HaMaor was writing
his work HaMaor (comments on the Halachot of the
Rif) (see ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXT G) in 1150 in Lunel (Provence,
S.E.France). (The Rambam appears to take extreme excep-
tion to one of his Halacha rulings [Mmn.Hil.Mam. 4.1/ HaMaor
HaKatan on Rif Pes.7a(Tal.Pes.28a), Raavad/TBY.O.C.443]).
ffzff 4919 1158 ffzff
R.Avraham ibn Ezra (see 4924\1164) wrote a letter
about Shabbat, in London on the 14th of Tevet.
ffzff 4921 1161 ffzff
Rbnu.Bachya I ben Yosef (ibn Paquda) (Rabbenu
Bachaye) wrote Chovat HaLevavot (Mussar) in Ara-
bic (see 4928\1167), around 1161 (in Spain).
Some say it was written earlier.
R.Eliezer ben Natan, the Ravan a disciple of
the Riva wrote Even HaEzer (Halacha, Customs)
and corresponded with Rabbenu Tam and the
Rashbam. He is mentioned in Tosaphot [Shev.26b,
Shab.69b, etc./Shem.Hag.1.10b].
R.Eliezer of Metz (France) (REM, R.Eliezer MiMetz)
was a disciple of Rabbenu Tam and the Ri. He
wrote the Sefer Yereim (Halacha, Ethics), and is men-
tioned in Tosaphot [Shab.36a, 64a, Chul.26b, etc.].
ffzff 4924 1164 ffzff
R.Avraham ben Meir ibn Ezra who wrote a com-
mentary on the Bible (see ILLUSTRATIONS TEXT A, #6)
died on Rosh Chodesh Adar 1164, after his wife
and children had all died (on separate occasions).
There are other opinions as to when he died [Sed.
Had.5934]. He had discussions with Rabbenu Tam,
on his many wanderings (see 4919\1158), and
is mentioned in Tosaphot [R.H.13a, Tan.20b, Kid.37b.]. He
was a close contemporary of R.Yehuda HaLevi
many say they were related and he is still known
in the world of mathematics.
ffzff 4925 1165 ffzff
The Rambam visited Eretz Yisrael.
After fleeing Cordova (see 4908\1148) where he
was born, the Rambam spent some time travel-
ling, before settling in Fez (Morocco) for some five
years. Due to forced Islamic conversions by radi-
cals (see 4958\1198), he left Fez with his family
and sailed to Eretz Yisrael. His ship was threat-
ened by a storm, but reached Acco (Acre) on the
3rd Sivan. Six months later, he visited Yerusha-
layim (see 4859\1099). He subsequently left Eretz
Yisrael for Egypt, and settled in Fostat (old Cairo),
where he reversed the overriding influence of the
Kraim (see 4523\763) that then prevailed
[Mmn.Hil.Mel.5.7, Radvaz].
ffzff 4928 1167 ffzff
R.David ben Levi of whom little else is known
was killed in Virmyze (Worms, Germany) on the
21st Cheshvan, 4928\1167.
R.Yehuda ibn Tibbon (see 4908\1148) trans-
lated a number of works from Arabic into HE-
BREW. These included: Emunot VeDeyot (see
4690\930), the Kuzari (see 4865\1105), Tikkun
Middot HaNefesh (see 4815\1055), and Chovat
HaLevavot (see 4921\1161).
There was a BLOOD LIBEL in Gloucester (England)
in 1168 (see 4904\1144).
Living in the Year 1160
Rashbam b.1080?, d.1174?.
R.Avraham ibn Ezra b.1089?, d.1164.
Rabbenu Tam b.1100?, d.1171.
Ri (R.Yitzchak) b.1120?, d.1200?.
Raavad b.1120?, d.1198.
Baal HaIttur b.1120?, d.1193?.
Baal Hamaor b.1125?, d.1186.
Rambam (Maimonides) b.1135, d.1204.
R.Yehuda HaChasid b.1150?, d.1217.
Rokeach (R.Elazar) b.1160?, d.1237?.
Radak (Kimchi) b.1160?, d.1235?.
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190 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

PHOT (see 5050\1290), is referred to in Tosaphot as

Rashba, and is also called Ish Yerushalayim.
He was the author of Tosaphot Shantz and the
Pirush Rash, a commentary on some Mishna (see
ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXT D, #2). His older brother, R.Yitzchak,
is referred to in Tosaphot as the Ritzba, as Ri
HaBachur (to distinguish him from Ri HaZaken
(see 4939\1179)), and sometimes as the Riva
[Otz.Hag.5.211a], (although Riva usually refers to
R.Yitzchak ben Asher II (see 4865\1105)) [Shem.Hag.
35a-b]. Both brothers were disciples of Rabbenu Tam
and the Ri (see 4931\1171, 4935\1175).
ffzff 4949 1189 ffzff
R.Yaakov DOrleans was killed in London.
R.Yaakov of Orleans a disciple of Rabbenu Tam
who hinself is mentioned in Tosaphot [Ket.47a,
Zev.55b, Nid.8a, etc.] (and sometimes as Rabbenu Tam)
was killed with many other Jews in the ANTI-
JEWISH RIOTS which took place in Elul, in London,
at the coronation of Richard I (the Lion-Hearted).
King Richard later went on a Crusade to try and
recapture Yerushalayim (see 4948\1187).
ffzff 4950 1190 ffzff
Jews massacred in England in the 3rd Crusade.
A crusading enthusiasm swept England (see
4949\1189, 4952\1192, 4956\1196). The Jews of Nor-
wich were massacred on 28th Shvat (see 4904\1144),
and the Jews of Stamfordfair were massacred on
27 Adar. The Jews of York refused to be sub-
jected to FORCED BAPTISM, and R.Eliyahu a dis-
ciple of Rabbenu Tam (see 4906\1146) was killed
there, (another disciple of Rabbenu Tam was
killed in York in 1191 (see 4951\1191); while on the
7th Nissan many brought about their own mass
deaths (and since then the Jewish custom is not to stay over-
night in York.). On the 9th of Nissan, fifty-seven Jews
were killed in Bury St.Edmunds (England).
One hundred Jews were burned to death in
France, by order of the king.
R.Shmuel ben Eli HaLevi was head of the vibrant
YESHIVA in Baghdad which had been reconstituted
by his father who was a descendant of Shmuel
HaNavi (the Prophet) from the old academies
in Sura and Pumpedita. He was not completely
successful in his attempt, in 1190, to have the
position of REISH GALUTA (Exilarch) abolished so
that the funds could be diverted to the YESHIVA.
He had a Halacha disagreement with the Ram-
bam, and had a very learned daughter who gave
Torah lectures (in a special arrangement, so that
the (male) students could not see her).
ffzff 4951 1191 ffzff
The Radak wrote his commentary.
R.David ben Yosef Kimchi of Narbonne
(Provence, S.E.France), the Radak, (who was very
young when his father died, see 4908\1148),
wrote his commentary on the TNACH (Bible)
at around this time (see 4992\1232)(see ILLUS-
TRATIONS, TEXT B, #4).
A disciple of Rabbenu Tam, R.Yom Tov author of
Omnam Kein (PIYUT which is said on Yom Kippur evening)
was killed in York (England) (see 4950\1190).
ffzff 4952 1192 ffzff
R.Yaakov of Corbeil a disciple of Rabbenu
Tam who is mentioned in Tosaphot [Shab.27a, Bet.6b,
Ket.12b, etc.] was killed (some say in Corbeil) in
1192 (see 4950\1190, 4051\1191).
ffzff 4953 1193 ffzff
There was a BLOOD LIBEL in Winchester (England)
(see 4950\1190).
ffzff 4954 1194 ffzff
The Ramban was born.
R.Moshe ben Nachman, the Ramban (see 5030\
1270), was born in Gerona (Spain) on the 12th Elul.
ffzff 4956 1196 ffzff
Fifteen Jews (including an advisor to the duke)
were massacred in Vienna by participants in
the 3rd Crusade (see 4950\1190).
Living in the Year 1190
Ri (R.Yitzchak) b.1120?, d.1200?.
Raavad b.1120?, d.1198.
Baal HaIttur b.1120?, d.1193?.
Baal Hamaor b.1125?, d.1186.
Rambam (Maimonides) b.1135, d.1204.
R.Yehuda HaChasid b.1150?, d.1217.
Rokeach (R.Elazar) b.1160?, d.1237?.
Radak (Kimchi) b.1160?, d.1235?.
Rbnu.Yona (Gerondi) b.1180?, d.1263.
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194 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

printing (see 5235\1475) were burned, in Tam-

muz, as a result of events two years earlier, see
5000\1240. This Erev Shabbat Parshat Chukat
was observed as a fast day for generations, to com-
memorate the monumental loss from which To-
rah scholarship in France never really recovered
(see 5066\1306). Some say that this burning took
place at the same location in Paris as had an-
other burning nine years earlier (see 4992\1232).
ffzff 5003 1243 ffzff
Jews were burned to death in Belitz (near Berlin,
Germany) in the first recorded libel of RITUAL DES-
ECRATION. (The charge called DESECRATION OF THE
HOST was that Jews purposely desecrated one
of the Christian sacraments.)
Eleven Jews were killed in a BLOOD LIBEL in
Kitzingen (Germany).
ffzff 5004 1244 ffzff
Egyptians and Turks sacked Yerushalayim.
Most Jews fled from Yerushalayim, but some were
killed by the hordes who sacked the city and mas-
sacred the inhabitants, leaving almost no Jews
there (see 4948\1187, 5027\1267).
On the 26th Adar, the Pope (Innocent IV) ordered
further burnings of the Talmud (see 5002\
1242).
The Ramah of Toledo (Spain) (see 4962\1202)
a close contemporary of the Ramban, who was
well versed in KABBALA and was author of Yad
Ramah (Chidushim) died on the 18th Nissan.
R.Yeshayahu HaZaken of Trani (Italy), who wrote
Tosaphot Rid (R.Yeshayahu DTrani), was the
leading Torah scholar in Italy. He had great
respect for his contemporary, R.Yitzchak (ben
Moshe) of Vienna who was a disciple of the
Raviyah, R.Yehuda HaChasid, and R.Yehuda
of Paris. R.Yitzchak of Vienna wrote the Sefer
Or Zarua, which was later abbreviated by his
son, R.Chaim (Eliezer).
ffzff 5007 1247 ffzff
Many Jews were killed, and others were FORC-
IBLY CONVERTED to Islam, in Meknes (Morocco), with
the rise of a new radical government.
Emperor Frederick II had planned to kill all the
Jews (in his Holy Roman Empire) if the BLOOD
LIBEL in Fulda (see 4995\1235) were true. Upon
much investigation, he concluded that BLOOD
LIBELS were false. The Pope (Innocent IV) who had
ordered the burning of the Talmud (see
5004\1244), stated in 1247 that BLOOD LIBELS
were false.
However, that same year many Jews in Valreas
(France) were tortured some mutilated, others
killed, and all the rest imprisoned (with Jewish
properties confiscated) in a BLOOD LIBEL.
ffzff 5008 1248 ffzff
In France, Christians were forbidden to have
contact with Jews.
ffzff 5010 1250 ffzff
The Jews of Tunisia (Northern Africa) were required
by their Muslim rulers to wear a SPECIAL BADGE
(see 4610\850, 4977\1216).
A new government which oppressed the Jews,
began to rule in Egypt (and spread to surround-
ing countries in Northern Africa). Conditions of
Jewish life in that region declined significantly.
ffzff 5012 1252 ffzff
The Inquisition began to use torture.
The Inquisition was a series of (localized,
church) courts empowered by the central
authority, the presiding Pope to investigate
and judge Christian heretics, who could be
punished and/or killed. Initially established
in 1184 by the Pope, to do away with the
growing heresy in southern France, it was re-
enforced in the 1230s. In 1252, the Pope (Inno-
cent IV) (see 5007\1247, 5013\1253) allowed the
use of torture during these investigations of her-
esy. The Inquisition was later expanded to other
areas of Europe (see 5038\1278, 5241\1481,
5301\1540), and later to Central and Southern
America (see 5330\1570).
Jews were subsequently open to such charges of
heresy just for being Jewish (see
5038\1278) and torture was a tool for extracting
confessions.
ffzff 5013 1253 ffzff
The Pope (Innocent IV, see 5013\1253) ordered the
expulsion of all Jews from Vienne (France) in Av.
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198 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

ffzff 5050 1290 ffzff

All Jews were expelled from England.
England was the first European country to have
a BLOOD LIBEL (see 4904\1144), was amongst the
first to require Jews to wear a SPECIAL BADGE (see
4977\1216), and was the first to force Jews to
attend CONVERSION SERMONS (see 5038\1278). On
Tisha BAv in 1290, England became the first
European country to completely expel all Jews
from its borders (see 5416\1656). Sixteen thou-
sand Jews left, and most settled in Germany
and some provinces of France.
The Jews of Naples, Bari (see 4692\932) and
other towns in southern Italy were massacred
and subjected to FORCED BAPTISM (see 5071\1311),
in a BLOOD LIBEL in 1290, and many left.
ffzff 5051 1291 ffzff
Rbnu.Bachya ben Asher a disciple of the
Rashba (in Spain) wrote Midrash Rbnu.Bachya
(Bachaye), a commentary on CHUMASH (Bible) which
includes KABBALA from the Zohar (see 5050\1290).
A Jewish physician who had risen to the highest
power, under the Mongol ruler of Persia (Arghun
Khan) was assassinated by enemies on the 3rd
Nissan, and many Jews were massacred.
ffzff 5052 1291 ffzff
The Sultan of Egypt conquered Acco (Acre), killed
many Jews, and imprisoned others includ-
ing R.Yitzchak (ben Shmuel) DeMin Acco (of Acco),
a disciple of the Ramban (see 5027\1267) who
was well versed in KABBALA. When released he
went to Spain, and he wrote a commentary on
the Rambans CHUMASH (Bible) commentary, and
an authentication of the Zohar (see 5050\1290).
ffzff 5053 1293 ffzff
The Maharam MeRothenburg died in prison.
The Maharam MeRothenburg died in the for-
[5050\1290 is continued from chapter 12a.].
R.Yosef ben Avraham Gikatilya (of Spain)
wrote Shaarei Ora (KABBALA).
The Tosaphot era concluded at around this time.
R.Peretz ben Yitzchak of Corbeil (France), a
disciple of R.Yechiel of Paris composed one
of the last Tosaphot writings, called Tosaphot
Rbnu.Peretz, (part of) which is now printed as
the standard Tosaphot on a section of the Tal-
mud (Avoda Zara).
R.Eliezer of Touques (France) also wrote one of
the last Tosaphot, called Tosaphot Tuch
(Touques), which is an abbreviated version of
Tosaphot Shantz (see 4948\1187) edited to
include other Tosaphot.
Although Tosaphot Tuch now comprises the
major part of the Tosaphot printed around the
Talmud (see ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXT E#4), many other indepen-
dent Tosaphot were written [Tos.Shev.35a, B.M.111a, M.K.20b,
Yom.2b, Mrsha AN NL/See 5004\1244, 5046\1286].
The authors, the BAALEI TOSAPHOT, included
more than 100 scholars of France and Germany
and extended over a period of almost 200 years
(see 4865\1105). It is therefore not certain which
Tosaphot writings were included in the standard
version now available (see 5046\1286)
[Tos.A.Z.9b-end/Sh.Mkbtzt.Ket.31b-end/Yam.Sh.Sh.Yev.4.34/
Yad.Mlchi.Klly.HaTos.2.14/ Shem.Hag.2.54a-b].
Many earlier (and other) scholars are quoted
in Tosaphot. These include:
R.Yehudai Gaon [Pes.30a, B.K.53b, etc.],
Halachot Gedolot (BaHaG) [Pes.30a, etc.],
Sheiltot DR.Acha(i) [Pes.30a, etc.],
R.Saadya Gaon [Git.2a, etc],
R.Tzemach Gaon [M.K.20b, etc.],
Shimusha Rabba [Min.29b, 34b, Ber.60b],
R.Hai Gaon [A.Z.58b, etc.],
Rbnu.Gershom Meor HaGola [Betz.24b, etc],
the Rif [Eruv.104a, etc],
(R.Natan Baal) HaAruch [Shab.27b, etc],
Machzor Vitry [Ber.14a, etc.],
Rambam [Min.42b, Ber.44a/see Yam.Sh.Sh.Hakd],
Raavad [Tem.12b, etc.].
In 1290, R.David HaNagid was reinstated in
Cairo (see 5045\1285).

Chapter 12b
Later Rishonim,
Persecutions, and Expulsions
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Chapter 12 The Rishonim - Early Scholars 203

12b Later Rishonim, Persecutions, and Expulsions
ffzff 5104 1344 ffzff
The Ralbag (Gersonides) (see 5098\1338), died
on the 6th Iyar.
R.Vidal di Tolose (Spain) also called AnVidal (ab-
breviation for Adon Vidal) wrote the Maggid Mishneh
commentary on the Yad HaChazaka of the Ram-
bam (see ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXT I, #5). He was a colleague of
the Ran R.Nissim ben Reuven (see 5127\1367)
who wrote a commentary on the Rif and on
(parts of) the Talmud (see Illustrations, Text H, #2).
ffzff 5109 1349 ffzff
The Black Death massacres swept across Europe.
An epidemic of plague mostly bubonic but also
pneumonic and septicemic, all with a very high
death rate (30%-100%), and apparently bought from
China by Italian trading ships in spring of 1348
was spread across Central and Western Eu-
rope (carried by the very people who were fleeing it) killing
as many as half of the total population (75 million)
in three years. (See chart below. Some estimates are 25
million or one third of the population).
On the 23rd Kislev 5109\1348 it was announced
in Lausanne (Switzerland) that Jews (one named
Agimet, who apparently was ignorant of the Bible
[Middle High German chronicle of Von Knigshofen (1346-1420) 1698
ed.].) had confessed (after torture) to poisoning
the water wells. Word of this spread throughout
Europe. The Jews were savagely attacked and
massacred. by sometimes hysterical mobs
normal social order had disintegrated because
of the mass deaths and the panic of the living
who were encouraged by the rumors of Jew-
ish confessions to the crime. In some towns
all Jews were expelled, and in others they were
massacred before the plague had even arrived
(cancellation of debts to Jewish money-lend-
ers was motivation in some instances.)
The killings continued despite statements from
the Pope (Clement VI) that the Jews were innocent,
and despite the fact that the Jews were also dy-
ing (see Tammuz) in the Black Death plague. More
than three quarters of the Jews of Saragossa (Spain)
died, and the Jewish cemetery in Vienna (where
there were no massacres) was extended because
of the large number dying of the disease.
The Jews of Berne (Switzerland) were burned to death
as soon as information on the confessions came
from Lausanne, and they were accused of send-
ing the poison on to Basel (see Shvat). The Jews of
Colmar (Alsace, a region between France and Germany) were
imprisoned on the 8th Shvat for well poisoning,
and burned to death seven months later.
Six hundred Jews of Basel (Switzerland) were burned
to death on the 19th Shvat in a specially con-
structed house on the Rhine, and 140 children
were subjected to FORCED BAPTISM. The Jews of
Speyer (Bavaria) perished on the 2nd Adar-1, when
they set their houses afire, rather than face de-
struction by mob violence. The Jews of Freiburg
(Germany) were killed in these on the 10th Adar-1,
and the Jews of Uberlingen (Switzerland) were mas-
sacred on the 22nd. 2,000 Jews were burned to
death (on a scaffold in the cemetery) in Strasbourg
(Alsace) on the 25th. All Jews were expelled from
Burgsdorf (Switzerland) on the 27th, and Jews of
Zurich were burned (and some expelled) on 2nd
Adar-2 (see 4th Nissan). The Jews of Virmyze (Worms,
Germany) set fire to their own homes and perished,
on the 10th Adar-2.
Some Jews of Zurich were burned to death (see 2nd
Adar-2), and the rest were expelled on the 4th Nissan.
The Jews of Muehlhausen (Germany) and 3,000 Jews
in Erfurt (Germany) were killed on Erev Pesach. Some
say that R.Alexander Zisslin a disciple of R.Yitzchak
of Dura, and author of the Aguda (Halacha) was
killed in Erfurt. Sixty Jews were killed in Breslau
(Silesia, a region between Germany and Poland) on the 10th
Sivan, in the RIOTS that followed a disastrous fire.
R.Yehuda the son of the Rosh (see 5088\1327)
died of the Black Death plague (as did some of
his family) on the 17th Tammuz 1349. The Jews
of Frankfort were massacred on Erev Tisha BAv
(8th Av), and 300 Jews were killed in Tarrega
(Spain) on the 10th Av. Some Jews of Mayence
(Mainz, Germany) were killed fighting a RIOTING mob;
many others 6,000 set fire to their homes
and died in the flames on the 7th Elul. The Jews
of Cologne did the same two days later.
ffzff 5110 1349 ffzff
The Jews of Krems (Austria) were massacred in the
Black Death RIOTS on the 16th Tishrei 5110\1349;
the Jews in Augsburg (Germany) on the 17th Kislev;
Year: 1300 1350 1400 1450
80 million
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Eur opean Popul ati on
& the Bl ack Death Pl ague
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Chapter 13 The Kovim: Late Rishonim, Early Acharonim 223

The Great Scholars of the Shulchan Aruch & Torah Consolidation
KERCHIEFS and they were subjected to severe eco-
nomic restrictions (see 5558\1798).
ffzff 5316 1556 ffzff
Twenty-six Portuguese ANUSSIM (Marranos) who
had openly returned to JUDAISM were burned to death
in Ancona (Italy) on the 3rd of Iyar, by order of the
Pope (Paul IV, see 5315\1555).
Three Jews were killed in Sochatchev (Poland) in
a RITUAL DESECRATION libel (see 5003\1243).
ffzff 5317 1557 ffzff
The Jews of Bohemia who had returned since
the last expulsion (see 5301\1541) were expelled
from the major cities (although they were allowed
to return a short while later); a few Jews were
allowed to remain in Prague.
Among those leaving Prague was R.Mordechai
Yaffe (see 5352\1592). He was a disciple of the
Ramo and the Maharshal, and author of the
Levushim, which is known as Levush (Halacha).
He lived in Italy for approximately ten years, be-
fore becoming rabbi in Hurodno (Grodno, Lithuania),
Lublin (Poland), and then Kremeniec (Poland). He par-
ticipated in the VAAD ARBA ARATZOT (see 5340\1580).
ffzff 5318 1558 ffzff
7,500 Jews many of them exiles from Portu-
gal and Spain died in a cholera epidemic in
Marrakesh (Morocco) (see 5253\1493).
ffzff 5319 1559 ffzff
10,000 Jewish books were burned in Cremona (N.
Italy) under the instructions of the Inquisition (see
5314\1553). However, the Zohar was printed there
in the same year, by a recently established press
of non-Jewish ownership which also published
(in the following year) a CHUMASH (Bible) with a
YIDDISH translation by someone Jewish.
ffzff 5323 1563 ffzff
The SHULCHAN ARUCH was completed by
R.Yosef Karo.
R.Yosef Karo who was already greatly respected
by most Talmud scholars (see 5302\1542) fin-
ished writing the SHULCHAN ARUCH (code of law) (see
ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXTS J K L & M,, #1) which was an ab-
breviated extension of his commentary, the Beit
Yosef, see 5282\1522) on the 17th Adar.
He corresponded with the Ramo, who later supple-
mented R.Yosefs SEPHARDI oriented SHULCHAN ARUCH
with the ASHKENAZI rulings and customs. This
helped consolidate the eventual role of the SHULCHAN
ARUCH as the ultimate word in Halacha.
All Jews were expelled from Neutitschein (Novy
Jicin, Moravia) in Elul.
ffzff 5324 1563 ffzff
Ivan the Terrible captured the city of Polotzk (Lithua-
nia) and thirty Jews were drowned in the Dvina
(Daugava) River on the 25th Kislev (first day Chanuka)
for refusing to be subjected to FORCED BAPTISM.
ffzff 5325 1565 ffzff
The Maharam Padua R.Meir (ben Yitzchak)
Katzenellenbogen, a disciple of R.Yaakov Pollak and
of R.Yehuda of Mintz (Mahari Mintz, whose grand-
daughter he married) died on the 10th Shvat.
ffzff 5326 1566 ffzff
Jewish men were required to wear YELLOW HATS
in Lithuania, and the women were required to
wear YELLOW KERCHIEFS.
ffzff 5327 1567 ffzff
Jews were expelled from the rest of the prov-
Living in the Year 1560
Radvaz b.1463?, d.1573?.
Beit Yosef (R.Yosef Karo) b.1488, d.1575.
Maharshal b.1510?, d.1573.
Maharal of Prague b.1512?, d.1609.
Shitta Mekubetzet (R.Betz.Ashkenazi) b.1520?, d.1594?.
Ramak (Cordovero) b.1522?, d.1570.
Ramo (R.Moshe Isserles) b.1525?, d.1573.
R.Mordechai Yaffe (Levush) b.1530, d.1612.
Arizal (R.Yitzchak Luria) b.1534, d.1572.
Sma (R.Yehoshua Falk) b.1540?, d.1614.
R.Chaim Vital b.1542?, d.1620.
Lechem Mishneh (R.Avraham di Boton) b.1545?, d.1588.
Kli Yakar (R.Shlomo Ephrayim) b.1550?, d.1619.
Maharsha (R.Shmuel Edels) b.1555, d.1631.
Bach (R.Yoel Sirkes) b.1560?, d.1640.
Shaloh (R.Yeshayahu Horowitz) b.1560?, d.1630.
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230 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

impression on the ANUSSIM (Marranos) of Portu-

gal (see 5404\1644).
ffzff 5408 1648 ffzff
Jews were massacred by Chmielnitzkis forces.
The Cossacks, under the leadership of Bogdan
Chmielnitzki, sought to establish an indepen-
dent Ukraine by rebelling against (the aris-
tocratic) Polish rule and they received mili-
tary assistance from the Tartar rulers of
Crimea (region in S.W. Russia) in battles that lasted
twenty years (see map page 331). In the first years
the peasants rioted uncontrollably, wreaking
chaos and havoc, and whether warriors or
not attacked the Jews, who were usually
the middle-men between them and the absen-
tee landlord princes whose properties they
leased and managed. The rabble tortured
many, FORCIBLY CONVERTED some, massacred tens
of thousands, and mutilated their remains.
300 Jewish communities were destroyed, and
between 100,000 and 300,00 Jews were killed
in the massacres, which became known as
Gezerot Tach VeTat for the years 5 thou-
sand 408 and 409, which many had expected
(based on prediction of the Zohar) would be the year
(in 408) when the Mashiach (Messiah) would
come [Zoh.1.139b/Or HaChama (Ramak) Sh.(2).10].
Poland-Lithuania which had been a relatively
prosperous haven for the Jews for many years
(see 5110\1350) became a scene of massive
Jewish devastation. On the 20th Sivan 6,000
Jews of Nemirov (Poland) were killed, and this
day was later declared a fast (see 4931\1171,
5410\1650), to mark the beginning of the mas-
sacres. 1,000 Jews were tortured, then killed
on the 4th Tammuz in Tulchin (Poland); 10,000
were killed in Polannoe (Polonnoye, Volhynia, region in
W.Poland) on the 3rd Av, including R.Shimshon
of Ostropole (a maggid and writer of KABBALA) and
3,000 Jews were killed in Staro-Konstantinov
(Poland) on Tisha BAv (including those who had
taken refuge in the city).
ffzff 5409 1648 ffzff
R.Naftali the son of Yitzchak HaKohen Katz (of
Lublin), son-in-law of the MahaRal of Prague)
was killed on the 5th Tishrei 5409\1648 by
Chmielnitzkis forces.
4,000 Jews of Dubno (Poland) were killed on the
15th Tishrei, when the Poles did not allow them
to seek refuge in a fortress.
12,000 Jews in Narol (Poland) were drowned, or killed
in the synagogue which was then set on fire on
the 17th of Cheshvan. Some 40,000 Jews who had
fled from other parts of the country seeking ref-
uge in the vicinity of Narol were all massacred.
The Jews of Medzibuzh (Miedzyborz, Poland) were
saved from Chmielnitzkis troops by someone
called Mordechai and his wife Esther. They in-
stituted the 12th of Tevet as MORDECHAI PURIM,
in commemoration.
The parents of R.Avraham Abele Gombiner, the
Magen Avraham (see 5433\1673), were killed in
the massacres, and the Taz (see 5406\1646) left
Ostraha (Ostrog, Volhynia, region in W.Poland) and took
refuge in a fortress (see 5414\1654).
Many Jews moved to other countries such as
Rumania, Hungary, and the provinces of
Moldavia and Transylvania. Germany was then
also in a state of ruin at the conclusion of the
THIRTY YEAR WAR (see 5389\1629, 5415\1655). (Es-
timates are that the population of Germany fell
from 17 million to 8 million over these thirty
years of war, famine and plague.)
The Jews of Prague were presented with a
banner in recognition of their defense of the
city against Swedish invaders.

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232
Beit Shmuel (R.Shmuel) b.1630?,d.1700?
Magen Avraham (R.Avr.Abele Gombiner) b.1637?, d.1683.
Siftei Chachamim (R.Shabbetai Bass) b.1641, d.1718.
Mishneh LeMelech (R.Yehuda Rosannes) b.1657?, d.1727.
Pnei Yehoshua (R.Yaakov Yehoshua Falk) b.1680, d.1756.
R.Yaakov Culi (Me'am Lo'ez) b.1689?,d.1732.
R.Yonatan Eybeshutz b.1690?,d.1764.
Sha'agat Aryeh (R.Aryeh Leib Gunzberg) b.1695?, d.1785.
Or HaChayim (R.Chaim (ib)n Attar) b.1696, d.1743.
R.Yaakov Emden b.1697?, d.1776.
Korban HaEida (R.David Frankel) b.1707, d.1762.
Pnei Moshe (R.Moshe Margolis) b.1710?, d.1781.
Noda BiYehuda (R.Yechezk'el Landau) b.1713, d.1793.
Vilna Gaon b.1720, d.1797.
Chida (Azulai) b.1724, d.1806.
Pri Megadim (R.Yosef Te'omim) b.1727?, d.1792.
R.Shneur Zalman (Rav of Lyady) b.1745, d.1813.
Ketzot HaChoshen (R.Aryeh Leib Heller) b.1745?, d.1813.
Chayei Adam (R.Avraham Danziger) b.1748, d.1820.
Yismach Moshe (R.Moshe Teitelbaum) b.1759, d.1841.
Chavat Da'at (R.Yakv.of Lissa/Netivot) b.1759?, d.1832.
R.Ephrayim Zalman Margolis b.1760, d.1828.
R.Akiva Eger b.1761, d.1837.
Chassam Sofer b.1762, d.1839.
Tiferet Yisrael (R.Yisrael Lipshutz) b.1782, d.1860.
Tzemach Tzedek (of Lubavitch) b.1789, d.1866.
Divrei Chaim (of Tzanz) b.1793, d.1876.
Chidushei HaRim (of Gur) b.1799, d.1866.
Minchat Chinuch (R.Yosef Babad) b.1800?,d.1874.
Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (R.Shl.Ganzfried) b.1804, d.1886.
Malbim (R.Meir Leib[ush]) b.1808?,d.1879.
Pitchei Teshuva (R.Avraham Tzvi Hirsch) b.1813, d.1868.
Aruch HaShulchan (R.Yechi'el Epstein) b.1829, d.1908.
Sdei Chemed (R.Chaim Chizkiyah Medini) b.1832?,d.1904.
Ben Ish Chai (R.Yosef Chaim Al-Chakkam)b.1833?,d.1909.
Chafetz Chaim (R.Yisrael Meir Kagan) b.1838, d.1933.
Darkei Teshuva (R.Tzvi Hirsch Shapira) b.1845?,d.1913.
`Sfass Emess' (of Gur) b.1847, d.1905.
R.Chaim Brisker b.1853, d.1918.
Rogatchover Gaon (R.Yosef Rozin) b.1858, d.1936.
Torah Temima (R.Baruch Epstein) b.1860, d.1942.
Kaf HaChayim R.Yaakov Chaim (Sofer) b. 1870, d.1939.
Chazon Ish R.Avraham Yeshaya Karelitz b. 1878 d. 1953.
R.Meir Shapiro Daf Yomi b. 1887 d. 1934.

Major Acharonim
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Chapter 14 The Acharonim - Later Scholars 239

ffzff 5420 1659 ffzff
R.Yisrael ben Shalom and R.Tuvyah Bachrach
were killed in Ruzhany (Pol and) on Rosh
HaShana 5420\1659, in a BLOOD LIBEL.
300 Jews were killed in Bichov (Poland-Lithuania)
when the Russians captured the town in Tevet
(see 5415\1655, 5416\1655).
ffzff 5420 1660 ffzff
When the Shach was in Kalisch (Poland) (see
5419\1659), he met R.Avraham Abele, the
Magen Avraham (see 5433\1673).
R.Ephrayim HaKohen (see 5415\1655) be-
came rabbi in Budapest, where he was ac-
companied by his son-in-law R.Yaakov Sak
(see 5415\1655), and his newborn grandson,
who grew up to become the Chacham Tzvi (see
5446\1686).
ffzff 5421 1661 ffzff
R.Menachem Mendel Krochmal a disciple
of the Bach, author of Tzemach Tzedek I (SHELOT
UTESHUVOT) died on the 2nd Shvat in Nikolsburg
(Mikulov, Moravia), where he was rabbi of the prov-
ince (see 5333\1573).
Many Jews of Persia had been forced to convert to
Islam over the previous twenty years although
they remained secretly Jewish but in 1661, they
were allowed to return to practising JUDAISM openly.
ffzff 5422 1662 ffzff
The Jews fled Cochin (S.W. India) when the
Portuguese rulers (see 5283\1523) attacked
them and plundered their property, blaming
them after the Dutch had attempted to con-
quer the territory but they returned a year
later, when the Dutch were successful in con-
quering the area (see 5385\1625).
ffzff 5424 1663 ffzff
Mattityahu Kalahora, a physician, was dis-
membered and burned in Cracow (Poland) on
the 14th Kislev 5424\1663 (see 5516\1755),
after being accused of cursing Christianity.
ffzff 5424 1664 ffzff
Many Jews were massacred in Bratslav (Podolia,
Poland) in a Cossack invasion.
Many Jews were killed including R.Mordechai
and R.Shlomo (sons of the Taz) in ANTI-JEWISH RIOTS
in Lvov (Lemberg, Poland) during Iyar. The Taz died
three years later.
Isaac Newton (who probably never met anyone
Jewish (see 5416\1656), yet had apparently spent
much time studying Jewish matters) introduced
a new style in scientific study especially with
his painstaking investigation of the effects
of gravitational force that depended on
the meticulous observation of facts
(chochmas hateva), as opposed to previ-
ous sciences which tended to be
theories (chochmas umos haolam) up-
held by anecdotal evidence. Many ben-
eficial discoveries and inventions
(see 5500\1740) have followed.
ffzff 5425 1665 ffzff
Shabbetai Tzvi publicly proclaimed himself as
the Mashiach (Messiah) while in Eretz Yisrael in
Sivan. He did so with the strong support of a fol-
lower Natan of Gaza, who was well versed in
KABBALA, and claimed to be a prophet.
Notwithstanding that he had previously been
banished by various rabbis from towns in
which he had lived (Izmir-Smyrna, Salonika,
Constantinople-Istanbul) for unusual and
unacceptable behavior, and transgressions of
Halacha (for which he made a blessing ...he
who permits the forbidden...) nevertheless,
word of his proclamation as the Mashiach
spread all over with exceptional speed. The
word was sometimes preceded by apparently
unassociated rumors that the ten lost tribes
were marching towards Eretz Yisrael.
Many stories about miracles he had sup-
posedly performed were circulated; and
proofs from Torah and KABBALA were dis-
covered to validate his claim; resulting in a broad
acceptance. Many Jews, including rabbis, from
virtually every country in the world were elec-
trified with anticipation and enthusiasm. (The
countries included Algeria, Bohemia, Egypt, England, Eretz Yisrael,
Germany, Greece, Holland, Iraq, Kurdistan, Moravia, Morocco, Per-
sia, Poland-Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia, Tripoli, Turkey, Yemen).
Many rabbis, however, raised their voices opin-
ions ranging from doubt to outright opposition. He
had also been banished from Yerushalayim, a fact
that did not apparently receive much publicity.
He travelled to his home town, Izmir (Smyrna, Tur-
key), and whipped up much excitement, through
his charismatic speeches and a feverish prayer
style which (some say) included ecstatic (and
hysterical) congregational chanting of the Shem
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244 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

(then Poland) until he died some thirty-six years

later.
A fire broke out in the house of R.Naftali Katz,
the rabbi of Frankfort, which destroyed the whole
Jewish section. R.Naftali a great scholar (es-
pecially in KABBALA) was maliciously maligned:
some accused him of preventing the flames to
be extinguished, so that he could test his KAMEYOT
(amulets) for fire extinguishing. Although he was
cleared of any charges, he was compelled to
leave Frankfort.
ffzff 5472 1712 ffzff
The Siftei Chachamim was arrested.
R.Shabbetai (Meshorer) Bass the author of
Siftei Chachamim (see 5449\1689) was ar-
rested on the charge that his printing press in
Dyhernfurth (Silesia, a region between Germany and Poland)
was printing books that were spreading hatred
against Christians. He was later released.
R.Eliyahu Shapiro of Prague (see 5514\1754)
a disciple of the Magen Avraham, and a brother
in law of the Chok Yaakov (see 5494\1733)
was author of Eliyahu Rabba and Zuta (Halacha, on
the Levushim). He died on the 8th Nissan.
ffzff 5474 1713 ffzff
R.Yoel Baal Shem (ben Yitzchak Halpern) a
grandson of R.Yoel (also a Baal Shem), and au-
thor of Toldot Adam (KABBALA) died on the 4th
Tishrei 5474\1713.
ffzff 5474 1714 ffzff
R.Meir Eisenstadt known as the Maharam Esh
(or Ash) (an abbreviation of Eisenstadt) became
rabbi in Eisenstadt, which had just recovered
from the Hungarian Revolution (see 5464\1704).
He wrote Panim Meirot (Chidushim and SHELOT UTESHUVOT).
ffzff 5475 1715 ffzff
Eight hundred and ninety-two Jews died in a
plague in Boskowitz (Moravia).
ffzff 5476 1716 ffzff
The Jews of Posen (Poznan, Poland) were attacked
a few years after an epidemic (of Ergot disease)
had decimated the community and many
Jews subsequently left the town (see 5496\1736).
ffzff 5478 1718 ffzff
The Chacham Tzvi had left Amsterdam after
residing there for four years (see 5470\1710).
His leaving was due to his placing a promi-
nent Shabbatean (see 5437\1676) in CHEREM
(excommunication), and the subsequent contro-
versy and differences with the older Portuguese
(SEPHARDI) congregation. He had travelled to En-
gland, Germany, and Poland, before becoming
rabbi in Lvov (Lemberg, Poland) shortly before he died
there, on Rosh Chodesh Iyar 1718.
He was succeeded by the Pnei Yehoshua (see
5490\1730) who had (previously) left Lvov,
after losing his family (see 5463\1702) and had
since then been the rabbi in a number of towns.
ffzff 5479 1719 ffzff
The whole Jewish section of Nikolsburg (Mikulov,
Moravia) was completely destroyed by fire.
Shimshon Wertheimer an extremely wealthy
SHTADLAN from Vienna, who was a scholar, and
financially supported other scholars, besides
his many activities on behalf of Jews through-
out Europe organized the raising of funds
to rebuild the community.
ffzff 5480 1720 ffzff
The Jews of Budapest (Hungary) were attacked
Living in the Year 1720
Mishneh LeMelech (R.Yehuda Rosannes)b.1657?, d.1727.
Seder HaDorot (R.Yechiel Heilprin) b.1660?, d.1747?.
Pnei Yehoshua (R.Yaakov Yehoshua Falk) b.1680, d.1756.
R.Yaakov Culi (Meam Loez) b.1689?, d.1732.
R.Yonatan Eybeshutz b.1690?, d.1764.
Shaagat Aryeh (R.Aryeh Leib Gunzberg) b.1695?, d.1785.
Or HaChayim (R.Chaim (ib)n Attar) b.1696, d.1743.
R.Yaakov Emden b.1697?, d.1776.
Baal Shem Tov b.1698, d.1760.
Maggid of Mezeritsch (R.Dov Ber) b.1698?, d.1772.
Ramchal (Luzzatto) b.1707, d.1747.
Korban HaEida (R.David Frankel) b.1707, d.1762.
Pnei Moshe (R.Moshe Margolis) b.1710?, d.1781.
Noda BiYehuda (R.Yechezkel Landau) b.1713, d.1793.
R.Elimelech of Lizensk b.1717?, d.1786.
R.Zushya of Annopol b.1718?, d.1800.
Vilna Gaon b.1720, d.1797.
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Chapter 14 The Acharonim - Later Scholars 247

14b Acharonim and Early Chassidim
ffzff 5500 1740 ffzff
The year 5500 carried a centuries-old predic-
tion from the Zohar (see 5050\1290) that
the GATES OF WISDOM would be opened in the
sixth hundred year of the sixth (thousand)
(5500) [Zoh.1.117a] which coincides with the in-
creased development of the new sciences and
technologies of the Industrial Revolution, ush-
ering in a new era in the history of mankind.
ffzff 5501 1741 ffzff
The Or HaChayim arrived in Eretz Yisrael.
Due to persecutions and famine, R.Chaim (ib)n
Attar author of Or HaChayim (commentary on
CHUMASH (Bible)) (see ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXT A, #12) and other
works left Morocco, where he was born. He
travelled to Italy (via Algiers), where he sought
to publish his works. His popular reception
there inspired him to seek (financial) support
for his proposed YESHIVA in Yerushalayim (some
disciples had followed him). After more than a
year in Italy, he sailed (with 30 people) to Eretz
Yisrael, arriving in 1741. He stayed in Acco
(Acre) for a year because of a plague (see
5507\1747) in Yerushalayim, where he finally
arrived, only to live one year before he died
(at 47).
R.Yonatan Eybeshutz (see 5510\1750) an
orphan who was raised by the Maharam Esh
(see 5474\1714) was author of Creti UPeleti
and Urim VeTumim (Pilpul (fine and sharp distinctions)
on Halacha). He was appointed rabbi in Metz (N.E.
France) in 1741, when the Pnei Yehoshua left
(see 5494\1733, 5514\1754). Before R.Yonatan
had a chance to leave, the French army at-
tacked Prague (see 5505\1745), but they per-
mitted him to leave for Metz (in France). However,
the (defending) Austrian government confis-
cated his belongings for this treason.
ffzff 5502 1742 ffzff
All Jews were expelled from most of what was
then Russia (see 5532\1772).
ffzff 5503 1743 ffzff
R.David Frankel (Mirels) author of Korban
HaEida (commentary on Tal mud Yerushal mi , now
printed in standard editions) (see Illustrations, Text F, #4)
was appointed rabbi of Berlin.
ffzff 5505 1745 ffzff
A number of Jews were massacred in Roudnice
(Bohemia), and in a decree issued by Maria
Theresa (empress of Austria) (see 5506\1746,
5534\1774) in 1744 all Jews were expelled
from Prague (see 5501\1741). They were al-
lowed to return three years later.
R.Shneur Zalman (see 5530\1770) the son
of R.Baruch, who was a direct descendant of
the Maharal of Prague was born on the 18th
Elul (see 5369\1609, 5458\1698). His mother,
Rivka, was a scholarly woman who had daily
SHIURIM (study-sessions).
ffzff 5506 1746 ffzff
All Jews were expelled (by Maria Theresa, see
5505\1745) from Buda (Budapest, Hungary).
ffzff 5507 1747 ffzff
R.Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (Ramchal) died in
Acco (Acre).
R.Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (see 5490\1730)
author of Mesilat Yesharim (Mussar) and other
works, who had left Amsterdam and settled in
Eretz Yisrael died, in a plague (see
5501\1741) in Acco (Acre) on the 26th Iyar, some
four years after he had arrived there. Many Jews
in nearby Tzfat (Safed) also died of a plague (see
5520\1759).
Five Jews were killed in a BLOOD LIBEL in Izyaslav
(Poland).
R.Avraham Gershon of Kitev (Kuty, Poland) a Torah
scholar respected by R.Yonatan Eybeshutz and
the Noda BiYehuda left Europe to settle in Eretz
Yisrael at the request of his brother-in-law, the
Baal Shem Tov, of whom he was a follower.
Chapter 14b,
Acharonim and Early Chassidim
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250
Lithuania
Budapest
Eger
Debrecen
Kalliv
Warsaw
Vilna
Lublin
Bukovina
Transylvania
Ottoman
Empire
Rumania
Podolia
Hungary
Moldavia
Belarus
Poland
Galicia
Medzibuzh
Ukraine
Kiev
Mezeritch
ffzff
PROMINENT
TOWNS
AMONG
CHASSIDIM
ffzff
Cracow
Volhyn
Czech Slovakia
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25 1
Listed in order of date of birth.
(*) Date of birth unknown.
Estimated on life of 60 years.
Major Admurim
& Chassidic Leaders
Baal Shem Tov b. 1698 d. 1760.
Maggid of Mezeritsch (R.Dov Ber) b. 1698? d. 1772.
R.Avraham Gershon of Kitev (*) b. 1701? d. 1761.
R.Nachman of Horodenka (*) b. 1705? d. 1765.
R.Elimelech of Lizensk b. 1717? d. 1786.
R.Zushya of Annopol b. 1718? d. 1800.
R.Yechiel Michel of Zlotchov b. 1721? d. 1786?
R.Yaakov Yosef of Polannoe (*) b. 1724? d. 1784?
The Shpoler Zeideh b. 1725 d. 1812.
R.Shmelke of Nikolsburg b. 1726? d. 1778?
R.Pinchas of Koretz b. 1728 d. 1790.
R.Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk b. 1730? d. 1788.
R.Nachum of Chernobyl b. 1730 d. 1797.
R.Pinchas Horowitz b. 1730 d. 1805.
R.Yisrael (Maggid) of Kozhnitz b. 1733? d. 1814.
R.Aharon of Karlin b. 1736 d. 1772.
R.Shlomo of Karlin b. 1738 d. 1792.
R.Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev b. 1740 d. 1810.
R.Avraham of Kalisk b. 1741 d. 1809.
Adm.R.Yitzchak Aisik of Kalliv b. 1744? d. 1821.
R.Shneur Zalman (Rav of Lyady) b. 1745 d. 1813.
Chozeh of Lublin b. 1745? d. 1815.
R.Baruch of Medzibuzh b. 1753? d. 1811.
Adm.R.Avrham YhoshuaHeschel of Apta b. 1755 d. 1825
Adm.R.Mnachem Mendel of Rymanov (*) b. 1755? d. 1815
Yismach Moshe (R.Moshe Teitelbaum) b. 1759 d. 1841
Adm.R.Meir of Apta b. 1760 d. 1827
Adm.R.Naftali Tzvi of Ropshytz b. 1760 d. 1827
Adm.R.Klonymos Kalman of Cracow (*) b. 1763? d. 1823
Adm.R.Asher of Stolin b. 1765 d. 1826
The Yehudi of Pershisskha b. 1766 d. 1814
Adm.R.Simcha Bunim of Pershisskha b. 1767 d. 1827
Adm.R.Mordechai of Chernobyl b. 1770 d. 1837
R.Nachman of Bratslav b. 1772 d. 1811
Adm.R.Dov Ber of Lubavitch b. 1774 d. 1827
Adm.R.Shalom of Belz b. 1779 d. 1855
Adm.R.Meir(el) Premishlaner b. 1780? d. 1850
Bnei Yissachar (of Dynov) b. 1783? d. 1841
Adm.R.Elazar Nissan Teitelbaum b. 1786? d. 1856
R.Mendel of Kotzk b. 1787 d. 1859
Tzemach Tzedek (of Lubavitch) b. 1789 d. 1866
Divrei Chaim (of Tzanz) b. 1793 d. 1876
R.Yisrael of Ruzhin b. 1797 d. 1850
Chidushei HaRim (of Gur) b. 1799 d. 1866
Adm.R.Shlomo of Radomsk b. 1803 d. 1866
Adm.R.Aisik of Komarno b. 1806 d. 1874
Adm.R.Yekutiel Yehuda of Sighet b. 1808 d. 1883
Divrei Yechezkel (of Shinev) b. 1811? d. 1899
Adm.R.Yitzchak of Skvira b. 1812 d. 1885
v
continued .......
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256 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

received by the Noda BiYehuda.

R.Natan returned to Frankfort a few years later,
but the CHEREM (excommunication) against him was
not removed until Elul 5560\1800, just weeks
before he died.
Some restrictions on Jews were abolished in
(expanded) Austria (see 5532\1772, 5534\
1774). However, they were directed to open Ger-
man-language schools for their children or to
send them to general schools and they were
forbidden to use HEBREW or YIDDISH in business
and in communal records (see 5547\1787).
These measures that increased the assimi-
lation (see 5547\1787) of Austrian Jews, as
some say they were designed to do, (see 5580\
1820) were opposed by the Noda BiYehuda,
rabbi of Prague (see 5514\1754) (which was then
part of the Austrio-Hungarian Empire).
ffzff 5543 1783 ffzff
Moshe Mendelssohn Moses of Dessau (previ-
ously a disciple of the Korban HaEida, R.David
Frankel) became a rationalist philosopher of the
ENLIGHTENMENT. He believed in Jewish integration into
the surrounding society opposing, for example,
the use of YIDDISH (see 5542\1782); insisting on the
use of the GERMAN language; and supporting an in-
creased emphasis on secular studies as a neces-
sary preparation for Jews being recognized as equal
(SOCIAL EMANCIPATION, see 5547\1787).
This ideology became the foundation of the
Haskala movement (the JEWISH-ENLIGHTENMENT).
Mendelssohn who had previously been criti-
cized by R.Yaakov Emden for some advice he had
given a Jewish community published a GERMAN
translation and commentary (Biur) on the Bible
in 1783. It was severely criticized by the Noda
BiYehuda and R.Pinchas Horowitz the rabbi of
Frankfort author of Sefer Haflaa (Halacha-Pilpul),
and a disciple (some say secret) of the Maggid of
Mezeritsch (see 5533\1772). (The Biur was later
tacitly approved by the scholars of Vilna.)
Although it appears that Mendelssohns personal
lifestyle conformed to Halacha and he certainly
frowned on converting to Christianity to gain the
social acceptance he promoted four of his six chil-
dren did convert. At least one of the re-
maining Jewish grandchildren
(Abraham) converted his whole
family (in 1816), including his
seven year old son Felix later
regarded by many as one of the most
prolific and gifted composers (although dy-
ing at age 38) who chose to retain the name
Mendelssohn and not use the German-sounding
name the family had adopted (see 5547\1787).
The Haskala rapidly spread its ideology, particu-
larly by opening schools for Jewish children
such a school already being in existence in
Berlin since 1778.
ffzff 5545 1785 ffzff
The Shaagas Aryeh, R.Aryeh Leib (ben Asher)
Gunzberg author of Shaagat Aryeh (SHELOT UTESHU-
VOT) and other works died in Metz (N.E. France), where
he was rabbi for approximately twenty years.
ffzff 5546 1786 ffzff
R.Elimelech of Lizensk died.
R.Elimelech of Lizensk (Lezajsk, Poland) author
of Noam Elimelech, who had previously been
one of the itinerant Tzadikim (see 5494\1734)
was the most influential disciple of the Mag-
gid of Mezeritsch in Galicia (region of S.E.Poland, an-
nexed by Austria). His many disciples continued to
gain followers (CHASIDIM) in the region after he
died on the 21st Adar.
ffzff 5547 1787 ffzff
The Constitution of the (newly independent)
United States of America granted Jews full
equality together with other citizens (SOCIAL EMAN-
CIPATION). This concept spread, with time, to other
countries (see 5542\1782, 5549\1789, 5550\1790,
5570\1810, 5629\1869), affording the opportunity
for all to (integrate, and then) assimilate, into
the society around them (see 5570\1810). In-
asmuch as society was also changing (see
5500\1740) and many people (non-Jews) were
relaxing the intensity of (and even leaving) their
religious beliefs and practices (becoming
non-religious) a new alternative emerged for
Jews to assimilate with non-Jews, without hav-
ing to accept (and convert to) their religion.
All Jews of Austria were forced (see 5542\ 1782) to choose
German-sounding names, from a prepared list.
ffzff 5548 1788 ffzff
R.Aryeh Leib HaKohen Heller respected author
of Ketzot HaChoshen and Avnei Milluim (commen-
taries on the Choshen Mishpat and Even HaEzer sections of SHULCHAN
ARUCH) (see ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXT M, #9), as well as other works
became rabbi in Stry (Stryj, then Poland).
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Chapter 14 The Acharonim - Later Scholars 261

14b Acharonim and Early Chassidim
ffzff 5575 1814 ffzff
The Kozhnitzer Maggid, and the Yehudi of
Pershisskha, died.
R.Yisrael the Maggid of Kozhnitz (Kosienice, Aus-
trian Galicia), a disciple of the Maggid of Mezeritsch,
R.Shmelke of Nikolsburg and R.Elimelech of
Lizensk was among those who brought the
teaching of the Baal Shem Tov to Poland. He
was author of a number of works on Talmud,
Halacha, and KABBALA. He died on the 14th
Tishrei (Erev Sukkot) 5575\1814 (when he was,
some say, over 80 years old).
Adm.R.Yaakov Yitzchak of Pershisskha (Prsyzucha,
Austrian Galicia) a leading disciple of the Chozeh
of Lublin was called HaYehudi HaKadosh (the
Holy Jew), because (some say that) the other dis-
ciples of the Chozeh did not want to call him by
name inasmuch as his first names were iden-
tical with those of the Chozeh so they gave
him an appropriate pseudonym.
Although he died ten months before the Chozeh
on the 19th Tishrei (during Chol HaMoed Suk-
kot) before he was 49 he had already estab-
lished his own following, to a variation of the (cur-
rent Polish-Galician) style of Chasidim. He placed
a different emphasis on the role of the REBBE (AD-
MUR, TZADIK) as being more of a spiritual guide
and inspiration for honest introspective devotion
in prayer and the study of Torah, rather than be-
ing a miracle worker and he demanded higher
standards in Torah study, and in prayer from
his followers (CHASIDIM). This difference of style
caused friction between him and other disciples
of the Chozeh, and eventually with the Chozeh
himself. He was succeeded (primarily) by his lead-
ing disciple Adm.R.Simcha Bunim of Pershisskha.
ffzff 5575 1815 ffzff
The Chozeh of Lublin, and R.Mendel of
Rymanov, died.
Adm.R.(Menachem) Mendel of Rymanov (Austrian
Galicia) a disciple of R.Elimelech of Lizensk
died on the 19th Iyar.
The Chozeh of Lublin R.Yaakov Yitzchak
Horowitz, a follower (CHASID) of the Maggid of
Mezeritsch, and a disciple of R.Elimelech of
Lizensk died on Tisha BAv. He was the lead-
ing REBBE (ADMUR, TZADIK) in Poland and Gali-
cia (region of S.E.Poland, annexed by Austria), and many
of his disciples were the leading ADMURIM in these
regions. He was called the Chozeh (seer) by his
followers (after his death, according to some)
because of his reputation for predicting person-
alities and events.
R.Yitzchak Albuker, the rabbi of Algiers, was
killed with seven other Jewish leaders, when
internal Jewish (family) rivalries (see 5571\1811)
spilled out into the wider community.
ffzff 5578 1817 ffzff
The first congregation initially founded on a
REFORM basis in Germany (see 5570\1810) was
opened in Hamburg, in the month of Tishrei
5578\1817 (despite the vehement opposition of
R.Mordechai Benet); and a prayer book with
significant ideological changes was printed
there a year later.
ffzff 5579 1819 ffzff
Anti-Jewish (Hep! Hep!) riots spread throughout
Germany.
An ANTI-JEWISH RIOT broke out in Wurtzburg (Ger-
many) with the attacking mobs using the cry of
Hep! Hep!, and similar RIOTS quickly spread to
many towns. (The MASKILIM and the REFORMERS re-
frained from reporting in their periodicals
details on these destructive incidents, lest they
Living in the Year 1820
Chayei Adam (R.Avraham Danziger) b.1748, d.1820.
R.Chaim Volozhiner b.1749, d.1821.
Yismach Moshe (R.Moshe Teitelbaum) b.1759, d.1841.
Chavat Daat (R.Yakv.of Lissa/Netivot) b.1759?, d.1832.
R.Ephrayim Zalman Margolis b.1760, d.1828.
R.Akiva Eger b.1761, d.1837.
Chassam Sofer b.1762, d.1839.
Tiferet Yisrael (R.Yisrael Lipshutz) b.1782, d.1860.
Bnei Yissachar (R.Tzvi Elmlch.of Dynov) b.1783?, d.1841.
R.Mendel of Kotzk b.1787, d.1859.
Tzemach Tzedek (of Lubavitch) b.1789, d.1866.
Divrei Chaim (of Tzanz) b.1793, d.1876.
R.Yisrael of Ruzhin b.1797, d.1850.
Chidushei HaRim (of Gur) b.1799, d.1866.
Minchat Chinuch (R.Yosef Babad) b.1800?, d.1874.
Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (R.Shl.Ganzfried) b.1804, d.1886.
R.Shimshon Raphael Hirsch b.1808, d.1888.
Malbim (R.Meir Leib[ush]) b.1808?, d.1879.
R.Yisrael Salanter b.1810, d.1883.
Divrei Yechezkel (of Shinev) b.1811?, d.1899.
Pitchei Teshuva (R.Avraham Tzvi Hirsch) b.1813, d.1868.
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Chapter 14 The Acharonim - Later Scholars 265

14b Acharonim and Early Chassidim
ffzff 5600 1840 ffzff
Adm.R.Yisrael of Ruzhin
was released from imprisonment.
Adm.R.Yisrael of Ruzhin (Russia) a great-grandson
of the Maggid of Mezeritsch, and a grandson of
R.Nachum of Chernobyl was released from
prison, where he had been for almost two years.
He had been denounced on a charge of having
(revolutionary) ambitions to be ruler of the Jews
(his regal lifestyle was cited as evidence), and for
implication in the informers affair (see 5598\1838)
and although he was released, he was kept un-
der continuous surveillance. He subsequently left
Russia, and settled in Sadgora (Austrian Bukovina), where
he continued his regal lifestyle, which caused a
controversy with other Chasidim in the region.
Many Jews were arrested in a notorious BLOOD LIBEL
in Damascus (known as the Damascus Affair), in-
cluding over sixty children (in order to extract a
confession from their mothers). Two Jews died of
torture, a number confessed, and one converted
(to Islam). It became an international affair
involving the governments of Turkey, Egypt,
France, and Austria and on the island of
Rhodes, the rabbi and leading Jewish people
were also arrested (by the Turks). The release
of all the Jews was negotiated by a delegation
of international Jewish notables, including
Sir Moshe Montefiore (see 5587\1827).
This act of (successful) Jewish international
cooperation spurred the eventual formation of
the ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE (see 5620\1860).
ffzff 5601 1840 ffzff
R.Avraham David of Butshatsh (Buczacz, Austrian E.Galicia)
a disciple of R.Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev, author
of Daat Kedoshim (Halacha) among other works
died on Erev Rosh Chodesh Cheshvan 5601\1840.
ffzff 5601 1841 ffzff
The Bnei Yissachar, Adm.R.Tzvi Elimelech of Dynov
a disciple of the Maggid of Kozhnitz, the Chozeh
of Lublin, and R.Menachem Mendel of Rymanov,
and author of Bnei Yissachar, among many other
works was rabbi and REBBE (ADMUR, TZADIK) in
many towns, including Dynov (Austrian Galicia) and
Munkatch (Munkacevo, Austrian Hungary, near Galicia). He
died on the 18th Tevet 5601\1841.
The Yismach Moshe, Adm.R.Moshe Teitelbaum (see
5568\1808), died on the 28th Tammuz in Uhel
(Ujhely Satoraljaujhely N.E. Hungary). He was succeeded
as REBBE (ADMUR, TZADIK) by his only son,
Adm.R.Elazar Nisan who was the rabbi of
Drahavitsch (Drogobych, then Austrian E.Galicia) and by
his grandson (and disciple), Adm.R.Yekutiel Yehuda
of Sighet (Marmaros-Sziget, N.W.Rumania) (see 5618\1858),
who became rabbi of Uhel until he was forced to
leave by the Mitnagdim (opponents to Chasidim).
Some manuscripts of R. Chaim Palaji were de-
stroyed in a fire in Izmir (Turkey) neverthe-
less, 26 of his works survived. (He would make a
festive meal and ate a new fruit, for the blessing of
Shehecheyanu., each time he published a new book.)
Chapter 14c
Later Acharonim
& Changing Society
Living in the Year 1840
Yismach Moshe (R.Moshe Teitelbaum) b.1759, d.1841.
Tiferet Yisrael (R.Yisrael Lipshutz) b.1782, d.1860.
Bnei Yissachar (R.Tzvi Elmlch.of Dynov) b.1783?, d.1841.
R.Mendel of Kotzk b.1787, d.1859.
Tzemach Tzedek (of Lubavitch) b.1789, d.1866.
Divrei Chaim (of Tzanz) b.1793, d.1876.
R.Yisrael of Ruzhin b.1797, d.1850.
Chidushei HaRim (of Gur) b.1799, d.1866.
Minchat Chinuch (R.Yosef Babad) b.1800?, d.1874.
Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (R.Shl.Ganzfried) b.1804, d.1886.
R.Shimshon Raphael Hirsch b.1808, d.1888.
Malbim (R.Meir Leib[ush]) b.1808?, d.1879.
R.Yisrael Salanter b.1810, d.1883.
Divrei Yechezkel (of Shinev) b.1811?, d.1899.
Pitchei Teshuva (R.Avraham Tzvi Hirsch) b.1813, d.1868.
Aruch HaShulchan (R.Yechiel Epstein) b.1829, d.1908.
Sdei Chemed (R.Chaim Chizkyah Mdini) b.1832?, d.1904.
Ben Ish Chai (R.Yosef Chaim Al-Chakkam) b.1833?, d.1909.
Chafetz Chaim (R.Yisrael Meir Kagan) b.1838, d.1933.
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Chapter 14 The Acharonim - Later Scholars 271

14c Later Acharonim & Changing Society
despite having made many (mild) changes in
Russia was assassinated by revolutionaries
on 12th Adar-2. POGROMS (ANTI-JEWISH RIOTS) broke out
in southern Russia (see 5642\ 1882), and swept
across the whole country (often with the open
encouragement of local officials). The POGROMS
continued (sporadically) over the next three
years, resulting in many injuries, enormous
damage to Jewish property (including syna-
gogues), and the desecration of Torah scrolls.
MASKILIM were disillusioned by the attitude of
non-Jewish intellectuals, who often demon-
strated open support for the RIOTERS.
Assimilationists (mostly socialists) were disillusioned
at the expressions of rejection from all strata of the
Russian society (into which they believed they had
successfully assimilated).
Many Jews directed their thoughts to Eretz Yisrael.
Small groups were formed generally called
Chovevei Tzion (Lovers of Zion) to discuss emigration
(Aliya). They were supported and joined by some rabbis
(see 5653\1893, 5655\1895, 5656\1896). Others saw
Jewish nationalism as an alternative ideology giv-
ing momentum to a developing secular nationalis-
tic concept of the Return to Zion (see 5655\1895)
as distinct from those seeking only to emigrate, settle,
and work the land, with no political goals.
For many, living in Russia became untenable
2 million left in the next 32 years. Most emi-
grated to the economically appeal-
ing U.S.A., where approxi-
mately 280,000 Jews were
living at this stage (see
5660\1900, 5685\1925), and
(some say) 200 synagogues
already existed at this stage
only twelve of which were not REFORM (see 5605\1844).
Many of those arriving in the U.S.A. discontinued
religious observances work on Saturday was
mandatory (see 5698\1938) and focused on
Jewishness as a culture and ethnic identity.
Some of the idealistic Chovevei Tzion groups emi-
grated to Eretz Yisrael where over 20,000 Jews
at this stage (see 5675\1915) were living under harsh
economic conditions. These groups were small (the
famous Bilu group were only 53 immigrants and
number of them returned or left for the U.S.A.).
The YESHIVA (of Chabad) in Starodub (Russia) was
closed by the government after a denunciation by
one of the local MASKILIM (see 5590\1830).
ffzff 5642 1882 ffzff
The Jews were attacked in Algiers and other cities
of Algeria, in ANTI-JEWISH RIOTS that arose (sporadically)
over the course of a few years (see 5657\1897). Many
Jews were killed, some synagogues were sacked, and
Torah scrolls were desecrated.
An inquiry by the Russian government into the
POGROMS of 1881 concluded that Jews were to
blame, because of their economic exploitation
of others. Consequently, the government passed
a series of laws (called the May Laws) in which
among other discriminatory provisions all
Jews were expelled from the SHTETLACH (villages and
rural settlements) and were only allowed to live in
the towns (see 5603\1843, 5651\1891). Al-
though there is no evidence the expulsion was
fully accomplished, it was immortalized by the
YIDDISH writer Sholom Aleichem in a story to
become famous as Fiddler on the Roof (which
portrayed Jews as required to leave legendary
Anatevka.) (Shalom Rabinovitz (YIDDISH writers used
pseudonyms then, usually because they were spurned by the
intelligentsia and MASKILIM who idealized HEBREW) created (and
immortalized) in humorous satires many
characters and terms that became part of clas-
sic YIDDISH. (Among them: Shver tzu Zayn a Yid; Tsezeyt un
Tsershpreyt; Boiberick; Yehupetz.))
A number of Jews were accused in a BLOOD LIBEL in
Tisza-Eszlar (Hungary), and although they were
later acquitted the accusation led to many ANTI-
JEWISH RIOTS throughout the country.
ffzff 5643 1882 ffzff
Adm.R.Shmuel of Lubavitch, had travelled to
Western Europe a number of times, attempting
to influence large bankers to withhold much-
needed loans to the Russian government, until
there was a change in their Jewish policy (see
5641\1881, 5642\1882). He died on 13th Tishrei
5643\1882, and was succeeded ten years later
by his second son (twenty-two years old, at
this stage) Adm.R.Shalom Dov Ber.
ffzff 5643 1883 ffzff
R.Yisrael Salanter had lived in Paris for two
years (see 5617\1857) before returning to Ger-
many, where he died on the 25th Shvat.
The Yetev Lev, Adm.R.Yekutiel Yehuda Teitelbaum
(see 5618\1858), died on the 6th Elul, and he was
succeeded by his son Adm.R.Chananyah Yom Tov
Lipa, as rabbi and REBBE (ADMUR, TZADIK) in Sighet
(Marmaros-Sziget, N.W.Rumania).
R.Shmuel Ehrenfeld died. He was a grandson of the
Chassam Sofer, author of Chatan Sofer (Halacha), and
rabbi in Mattesdorf (Mattesburg-Nagymarton, Austria).
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Chapter 14 The Acharonim - Later Scholars 279

14c Later Acharonim & Changing Society
this stage (see 5685\1925, 5699\1939).
Many were killed in a clergy-incited Arab POGROM
(see 5681\1921) 60 in Hevron, where the commu-
nity was destroyed (see 5696\1936) and survivors
moved to Yerushalayim (see 5680\1920, 5685\1925).
After seven years of paralysis, Franz Rosenzweig
a German Jew who had become interested in
JUDAISM, after almost converting to Christianity
died (at the age of 43). After a fifteen-year search
for a meaningful Jewish expression, he arrived
at a full observance of Halacha. His works of those
years had a major impact on (German-Jewish)
secular-oriented scholars.
Adm.R.Yosef Yitzchak of Lubavitch
visited Eretz Yisrael and the
U.S.A. to encourage re-
ligious observance (see
5641\1881) and to collect
funds. He arrived on Elul
12th just weeks before
the great Wall Street stock-mar-
ket crash of 25th Tishrei (October
29th, 1929). He spent ten months in the U.S.A.
visited eight major cities, and had audience with
the President (Hoover) before he returned
to Europe and later settled in Warsaw.
ffzff 5693 1933 ffzff
R.Yechezkel Abramsky, author of Chazon Yech-
ezkel (commentary on Tosephta), had been released
after two of years of hard labor (see 5680\1920)
in Soviet Russia. He was permitted to leave and
he settled in London, where he became a very
influential rabbi.
The Nazis a virulently ANTI-JEWISH, extreme right-
wing political party, led by Adolph Hitler came to
power in Germany on the 3rd Shvat. The 500,000
Jews of Germany (see 5699\1939) began to suffer
immediate hardships (economic sanctions, ar-
rests, torture, and in some cases murder).
The Chafetz Chaim died on the 24th Elul.
Living in the Year 1930
Chafetz Chaim (R.Yisrael Meir Kagan) b.1838, d.1933.
Rogatchover Gaon (R.Yosef Rozin) b.1858, d.1936.
Torah Temima (R.Baruch Epstein) b.1860, d.1942.
Kaf HaChayim - R.Yaakov Chaim (Sofer) b.1870, d.1939.
Chazon Ish - R.Avraham Yeshaya Karelitz b.1878, d. 1953.
R.Meir Shapiro - Daf Yomi b.1887, d. 1934.
R.Shlomo Yosef Zevin - Talmud Encyclopedia b.1890, d. 1978.
Baba Sali [Praying Father] R.Yisroel Abuchatzeira b.1890, d. 1984
See also chart Noteworthy Contemporaries page 311
ffzff 5694 1934 ffzff
25 Jews were killed, and many were wounded
in attacks by the (French-incited) Muslim popu-
lation of Constantine (Algeria). The attacks ceased
when the Jews organized a resistance.
ffzff 5695 1935 ffzff
R.Avraham Yitzchak Kook (see 5680\1920) au-
thor of many works, who was considered a philoso-
pher and a mystic died on 3rd Elul. He had nar-
rowed the sphere of his influence as ASHKENAZI Chief
Rabbi of Yerushalayim (and Eretz Yisrael) by some
of his politically unpopular opinions.
On December 25, 5696\1935, the head
of the Liberal (REFORM) Rabbis Association
in the city of Offenbach (Germany) ordained
a woman (Regina Jonas) to serve as a rabbi.
ffzff 5696 1936 ffzff
18 Jews were killed in Arab RIOTS in Tel Aviv in Nis-
san (see 5689\1929) strikes, terror and unrest
continued for three years called the Arab Revolt
(against Jewish immigration (see 5699\1939)).
A total of almost 500 Jews were killed, despite well
organized HAGANA (Jewish-defense) units. The Jew-
ish community of recently resettled Hevron (see
5689\1929) ceased to exist again.
Nevertheless, some 60,000 Jews entered Eretz Yis-
rael (legally and illegally) during those three years
(164,000 had arrived in the previous 3 years).
Three Jews were killed and 60 wounded in a
POGROM in Przytyk (Poland).
Two Jews were killed in a bomb attack in
Timisoara (Temesvar, then Rumania).
ffzff 5698 1938 ffzff
The Jews were attacked in many cities of Poland
during this year.
The five day (forty-hour) working week
was introduced in
the U.S.A. other
countries fol-
lowed later.
This allowed for
increased levels
of Shabbat observance
in the industrialized West-
ern countries (see 5641\1881).
On the 7th Tammuz, delegates of 32 countries met
in Evian (France, near Swiss border, on Lake Geneva) at the
request of the U.S. President (Franklin D. Roosevelt) to
facilitate Jewish emigration from Germany and Aus-
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280 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

[5699\1939 continued in Chapter 15a.].

u
tria, and solve the growing refugee problem. All del-
egates expressed sympathy for the refugees, yet
all countries (except for the Dominican Republic)
offered excuses for not accepting refugees. Later
(in 1939 and 1940) a bill to admit 20,000 Jewish
refugee children was defeated in the U.S. Senate.
All Jews of foreign origin were expelled from
Italy in Elul (by the extreme right wing government of Mussolini,
who had been in power since 1922).
ffzff 5699 1938 ffzff
Jews were attacked in the
Kristallnacht POGROMS in Germany.
The Nazi government of Germany in-
cited a massive series of country-
wide POGROMS, which swept through
Germany and Austria on the
night of the 16th Cheshvan.
36 Jews were killed and
many hundreds took their
own lives 30,000 were ar-
rested and sent to CONCENTRATION
(prison) CAMPS. 300 synagogues and
over 1,000 private Jewish properties were com-
pletely destroyed. Hundreds of Torah scrolls were
desecrated and destroyed over 60 in the cities of
Bamberg and Darmstadt alone and many Jew-
ish cemeteries were ruined.
The POGROM was called Kristallnacht because of
all the broken glass.
ffzff 5699 1939 ffzff
In Shvat Hitler indicated that there would be a
war, and that all the Jews of Europe would be
exterminated.
There were over 400,000 Jews in Eretz Yisrael
(see 5689\1929, 5696\1936, 5709\1949) when the
British Government announced their new poli-
cies for Eretz Yisrael (called the White Paper), which
restricted Jewish immigration (see 5696\1936) to
10,000 a year, and also restricted the ability of
Jews to buy land there.
A German ship arrived in Cuba with 1,000 Jews
fleeing Europe, but they were not permitted to
disembark, and no country would agree to accept
them. They eventually returned to Europe only
287 were SURVIVORS of World War II.
300,000 German Jews had left the country
since the Nazi rise to power (see 5693\1933)
when the German troops started World War II
by invading Poland on the 17th Elul. 55,000
had gone to Eretz Yisrael; 70,000 to England
and France; and 65,000 to the U.S.A.
Over 100,000 Jews had left Austria since the
Nazi-German annexation in Adar-2 5698\
1938, and 66,000 had remained. 10,000 had
gone to Eretz Yisrael, 30,000 to England, and
28,000 to the U.S.A.

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284

See page 294

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290 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

killed, and only a few escaped to the forests.

The mass deportation of Jews from the Warsaw
ghetto (see Kislev 5700\1939, Sivan 5702\1942) to the DEATH
CAMPS began on Erev Tisha BAv, at a daily rate of
5,000 or more (see Elul 5702\1942). The Nazis lured
the starving people to the assembly points with
food and promises for resettlement although
most Jews had grave doubts. Adam Czierniakov,
the head of the Judenrat (Nazi approved Jewish self gov-
ernment of the ghetto), committed suicide rather than
co-operate in the deportations. Most of the Jews
were deported to the Treblinka DEATH CAMP 100
kilometers away where they were killed.
More than 200 Jews were killed in Ivye (Poland-
Lithuania) on the 9th Av (Tisha BAv); 10,000 Jews
of Minsk (Russia) were massacred on the 14th Av
(see Adar 5702\1942, Shvat 5703\1943); over 5,000 Jews
of Novardok (Novogrodek, Russia) (see Kislev 5702\1941)
were killed on the 24th Av; and 40,000 Jews from
Lvov (Lemberg, Poland) were killed in two weeks, com-
mencing the 27th Av (see Tammuz 5701\1941, Sivan
5703\1943).
700 Jews were killed in Gorlice (Poland) on the
1st Elul; on the 4th Elul 600 Jews were killed
when thousands were deported in Drogobych
(Drahavitsch, Poland) (see Tammuz 5701\1941); during five
days, commencing on the 6th Elul, 7,000 Jews
were killed on a hill outside Lutzk (Poland) (see Tam-
muz 5701\1941); and 1,000 were killed in
Minsk-Mazowiecki (Poland) on the 8th Elul. The
children, sick, and elderly 500 Jews were
killed in Chortkov (Czortkow, Poland) (see Tammuz
5701\1941) on the 15th Elul, when thousands of
others were transported to the DEATH CAMPS; 4,000
Jews were killed in the prison courtyard of Ludmir
(Vladimir Volynski, Poland) beginning the 19th Elul; and
outside of the town another 14,000 were killed
within two weeks. 1,000 Jews were killed in
Dzialoszyce (Poland) and thousands more were
deported on the 21st Elul, the same day that
over 600 Jews were killed in Lachva (Poland-Lithuania)
when they resisted the Nazi invasion of the ghetto
and many escaped to the forests.
The Nazis killed all of the 11,000 Jews of Stolin
(Russia) (in a nearby forest) including Adm.-
R.Moshe of Karlin-Stolin (see 5552\1792) on the
29th Elul, Erev Rosh HaShanah.
90,000 Jews were deported from the Warsaw
ghetto (see Av 5702\1942) on Erev Rosh HaShanah,
the 29th Elul, completing a total of 300,000 de-
portations and killings in 53 days (see Nissan
5703\1943).
Hillel Zeitlin, a writer and thinker who had
returned to Jewish religious observance wore
his Tallit at the deportation assembly point; his
exhortations of the young to fight created an
immediate skirmish. He was killed on that Erev
Rosh HaShanah in Treblinka; Shaindel the
daughter of Adm.R.Yosef Yitzchak of Lubavitch
(see Adar-2 5700\1940) was killed there on the
2nd day of Rosh HaShanah 5703\1942.
ffzff 5703 1942 ffzff
3,000 Jews of Baranowice (Poland-Lithuania) were
killed by the Nazi-Germans on the day after
Yom Kippur (11th Tishrei) 5703\1942.
The Jews of Kobrin (Poland) (see Sivan 5702\1942) at-
tacked their Nazi killers on the 3rd Cheshvan (see
Adar-2 5703\1943); the Jews of Bereza Kartuska (Po-
land) set their ghetto on fire on the 4th Cheshvan
when the Nazis came to remove them and
members of the Judenrat (see Av 5702\1942) took their
own lives. The Nazis killed many of the Jews in
the burning ghetto, and 1,800 Jews were killed
outside of the town.
The Nazi-Germans shot 300 Jewish children
of the orphanage in Cracow (Poland), together with
the patients and inmates of the Jewish hospi-
tal and the old age home (see 15th Elul 5702\1942)
when they were selecting 6,000 Jews to be
sent to Belzec DEATH CAMP, on the 17th Cheshvan
5703\1942.
The last 16,000 Jews in Pinsk (Russia) were killed
by the Nazis on the 18th Cheshvan 5703\1942,
and the last 3,000 Jews of Baranowice (see
Tishrei) were killed on the 9th Tevet.
ffzff 5703 1943 ffzff
250 Jewish children and old people were shot
by the Nazis (see Cheshvan 5703\1942) in the
ghetto of Chestochova (Czestochowa, Poland) on
the 27th Tevet (see Elul 5699\1939), the day after
some Jewish resistance fighters fought a battle
there; hundreds of Jews were shot in Radomsk
(Poland) on the 28th Tevet, when they resisted
the deportation of thousands of Jews to the
Treblinka DEATH CAMP. 10,000 Jews were killed
in Stanislav (Poland) (see Tishrei 5702\1941).
Nazi-Germany experienced massive losses in the
battle of Stalingrad.
The turning point of World War II came (see
5701\1941) when the Germans lost the battle for
Stalingrad (Volgograd, Russia) surrendering to the
Russians on the 25th Shvat a deciding fac-
tor being a new airplane (La-5) designed by a
Jewish engineer. (Another engineer Mikhail Gurevich
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292 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

An organized uprising began in the

Bialystok ghetto.
An organized uprising broke out in the ghetto of
Bialystok (Poland) on the 15th Av which was sup-
pressed after a few days, and the Nazis deported
all the remaining 40,000 Jews (see Tammuz
5701\1941) to the DEATH CAMPS. When the Jews of
Glubokoye (Poland) (see Tammuz 5702\1942) at-
tempted to resist deportation to the DEATH CAMPS
on the 19th Av the whole ghetto was set
afire by the Nazis, and over 1,000 Jews perished.
The Danish people quietly rescued
93% of their Jews to safety.
With the help of Danish captains and fishermen
in the three weeks before Rosh HaShanah
over 7,000 Jews escaped across the straits from
Denmark to neutral Sweden. When the Nazi-Ger-
mans came to round up the Jews on the night
after Rosh HaShanah less than 500 Jews re-
mained, most of whom were also fortunate and
became SURVIVORS of the war.
ffzff 5704 1943 ffzff
Jews escaped in the
Sobibor DEATH CAMP uprising.
When the transports of new victims to the Sobibor
DEATH CAMP had ceased, the remaining 300 forced
laborers realized that they were no longer needed
and would certainly be killed. They staged an
uprising on the 15th Tishrei, and 170 escaped
alive, although all but 30 were captured again,
and killed. (Estimated total killed in Sobibor: 250,000.)
The Nazi-Germans subsequently shut down the
Janowska Road CONCENTRATION CAMP (near Lvov, Ukraine)
on the 22nd Cheshvan, for fear of an uprising there.
They removed all traces of this particularly brutal
DEATH CAMP where Jews were tortured for the enter-
tainment of Nazi officers. (A laundry cleaner later
testified that she had regularly to clean the very
bloodied clothes of a German officer.)
Adm.R.Aharon (ben Yissachar Dov) of Belz (see
5615\1855) had managed to move from ghetto to
ghetto during the course of the war until he
escaped to Eretz Yisrael via Hungary.
ffzff 5704 1944 ffzff
300,000 Hungarian Jews were killed in 3 months.
The Germans invaded Hungary (their previous
ally (see Sivan 5701\1941)) on the 25th Adar, and
deportations of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz
started shortly thereafter. The Nazis convinced
these Jews with the assistance of Jewish col-
laborators (see Kislev 5705\1944) that because Ger-
many was losing battles in the war (the 933 day
siege of Leningrad had just been broken on the
2nd Shvat) they were no longer killing Jews but
merely resettling them. This tactic made for
smooth and accelerated deportations to the DEATH
CAMPS mainly Auschwitz and 300,000 Hun-
garian Jews were killed within three months.
When deportations to Auschwitz began, Carl Lutz
Swiss Vice-Consul to Hungary increased his
staff from 15 to 150 and started to issue tens of
thousands of protective letters, even though he
only had eight thousand official certificates. In
order to hide this, he always repeated the num-
bers 1 to 8,000, and then grouped each 1,000 to-
gether into one Swiss collective passport placing
them under formal Swiss protection. He helped
62,000 Jews survive the war including thou-
sands of Jewish children emigrating to Eretz
Yisrael and when the Budapest Jews were
herded into a ghetto, he placed some 30,000 people
into protected houses.
Many Jews escaped from the Koldychevo CON-
CENTRATION CAMP on the 27th Adar, and 10 Nazi
guards were shot.
The Nazis forced all the Jews of the ancient com-
munity of Canea (Crete) into a boat which was
towed out to sea and sunk, on the 9th Sivan.
Almost one year after the Italians had removed
Hitlers friend Mussolini from power, the Allied
forces that had landed in Italy pushed back
German armies, and entered Rome the first
capital city to be LIBERATED from the Nazis on
the 13th Sivan. Jews of Rome SURVIVORS of the
deportations emerged from their hiding
places. Two days later, on the 15th Sivan,
150,000 service-men of the Allied forces landed
on the beaches of Normandy (France) using over
5,000 ships and 11,000 airplanes to secure a
beach-head taking nearly 10,000 casualties,
with over 4,000 killed.
The retreating Nazi-Germans began evacuat-
ing some of the DEATH CAMPS and CONCENTRATION
CAMPS by marching the inmates to other loca-
tions in what became known as DEATH MARCHES,
as many of the captives died on the way. They
also began eliminating killing many of their
Jewish slave laborers, 3,000 of them at Ponary
(see Sivan 5701\1941) on the 12th Tammuz.
On the 15th Av the Nazis discovered the Amster-
dam family hideout of Anne Frank a 15 year old
girl of a family of Jewish-German refugees
whose diary of suffering (discovered and published
after the war) was later received internationally
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Chapter 15 The Melaktim & the Current Era 301

15b The Independent State of Israel
Yar (see Tishrei 5 7 0 2\ 19 4 1) . This was part of a se-
ries of such arrests, which did not succeed in
curbing the increasing courage with which the
Jews of Russia (see 5 7 12\ 19 5 2) began to speak
up, particularly in their petitions and requests
to leave for Eretz Yisrael. 1,000 Jews were per-
mitted to leave Russia in 1970, and 14,500
were permitted to leave in 1971 (see 5735\1975) .
ffzff 5734 1973 ffzff
2,500 Jewish soldiers were killed
in the Yom-Kippur-War.
Egyptian and Syrian troops had been gather-
ing at the frontiers of Eretz Yisrael for a number of
days, but the government of the State of Israel
was confident that this did not signal an immi-
nent war. In the early afternoon of Yom Kippur,
Egypt and Syria attacked. The Arab armies were
initially successful in advancing on both fronts,
due to surprise and numbers less than 500
Jewish soldiers were on duty (Yom Kippur) de-
fending 100 miles along the Suez Canal they
were attacked by 70,000 Egyptian soldiers. Never-
theless within days, the Israeli defense forces staged
a successful counter attack, crossed the Suez Ca-
nal into North Africa, and (in Syria) advanced to
within firing range of Damascus. Russia which
was continuously airlifting new supplies of arms to
the Arabs during the fighting used the United
Nations to intervene and stop the fighting, in which
the Arabs had lost very large numbers of soldiers
(18,500) and massive amounts of arms (2,100
tanks). The war was over after twenty days of fight-
ing, in which 2,522 Jewish soldiers were killed.
After the defeat in the Yom Kippur War, the Arab
countries threatened not to sell their crude-oil
to countries who supported the Jewish state
which proved an effective weapon, considering
they were the worlds largest oil suppliers and
the State of Israel became politically isolated par-
ticularly in the United Nations. It became increas-
ingly difficult to purchase armaments.
ffzff 5734 1974 ffzff
A group of mostly young religious nationalists
calling themselves Gush Emunim established
a settlement in the newly captured Syrian terri-
tory, in Iyar, in an attempt to pre-empt the Israeli
government from withdrawing from that territory.
They saw this as their first action towards their
goal of establishing settlements in all parts of
Biblical Eretz Yisrael, captured since 1967, that
the government of Israel had consistently main-
tained could be returned to the Arabs.
ffzff 5735 1975 ffzff
100,000 Jews from Russia had arrived in Eretz
Yisrael since 1967 (see 5 7 3 1\ 19 7 1, 5 7 5 2\ 19 9 2) .
The birthrate among Halacha-observant Jew-
ish families was very high, and there were great
Torah centers emerging in the U.S.A. par-
ticularly in and around New York City and in
Eretz Yisrael, only thirty years after the total de-
struction of the European Torah centers.
ffzff 5736 1976 ffzff
100 Jews who had been passengers on a
plane hijacked by Arab terrorists (see
5730\1970) were held as hostages in the
Entebbe airport near Kampala (Uganda, Africa) .
They were miraculously rescued from deep
in the African continent in a spectacular raid
by the Jewish army of Israel.
Arab infiltrators continued their constant at-
tacks on Jews in Eretz Yisrael, and all over
the world (see Iyar 5727\1967) .
ffzff 5737 1977 ffzff
Adm.R.Yisrael of Gur, the Beis Yisroel, who had
lost his family in the Holocaust of World War II
as did a many of his followers (CHASSIDIM) who were
a surviving minority of the pre-war predominant
Polish Chassidim died on the 2nd Adar, and
was succeeded by his brother, Adm.R.Simcha
Bunim, later called the Lev Simcha.
ffzff 5739 1979 ffzff
The president of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, had visited
Yerushalayim in Kislev 5778\1977 on the invi-
tation of the newly elected prime minister of Is-
rael, Menachem Begin and after long negotia-
tions, a peace treaty was signed on the 27th Adar
1979, supported by the U.S.A. Under the terms
of the agreement all Jewish forces and settlements
were withdrawn from Sinai (see 5734\1973). Men-
achem Begin then visited Cairo.
Adm.R.Yoel of Satmar who was vehement in
his opposition to the State of Israel (on religious
grounds, see Iyar 5708\1948) died on the
26th Av, and was succeeded by his nephew,
Adm.R.Moshe (ben Chaim Tzvi) of Sighet (see
5664\1904) .
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304 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

ffzff 5752 1991 ffzff

The United States government was successful
in arranging (some say co-ercing) for Israel to
meet with other Arab countries on the 22nd
Cheshvan, to discuss peace (see 5739\1979).
It was anticipated that this process would be
a long one; and was based on the assumption
that the Jewish State would deliver territories
west of the Jordan River (that had been sur-
rendered to Israel, see 5727\1967) to some
form of Arab rule. These territories had many
Jewish settlements by this time, and many
more were planned (see 5734\1974).
ffzff 5752 1992 ffzff
29 people were killed and 242 injured when a
car bomb exploded in the Israeli Embassy in
Buenos Aires,(Argentina) on 12th Adar-2.
The USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was dis-
banded as the formal government of Russia, and
was replaced by a Commonwealth of Indepen-
dent States (CIS) which included the newly inde-
pendent (Communist free) states of Russia,
Byelorussia and the Ukraine. This did not have
any immediate effect on the uncertain situa-
tion of Jews in these countries (see 5747\1987),
nor did the structure of commonwealth survive
the gravitation to localized national indepen-
dence.
Adm.R.Simcha Bunim (see 5737\1977) died on
the 7th Tammuz. He was succeeded by his half-
brother Adm.R.Pinchas Menachem, another son
of the Imrey Emess of Gur (see Sivan 5708\1948).
Some 350,000 Jews had left Russia (what was for-
merly the Soviet USSR) and settled in Eretz Yisrael in
the previous three years (see 5740\1980, 5747\1987).
There were 4,250,000 Jews living in Eretz
Yisrael at this time (see 5729\1969).
ffzff 5753 1993 ffzff
A secret agreement signed in Oslo.
A secret agreement (Declaration of Principles of future
peace) signed in Oslo (Norway) on the 3rd Elul,
between Israel and the PLO caused serious
controversy when it was publicly announced ten
days after the event. Diplomats in the non-Jew-
ish world were also startled that discussions would
be held with the murderous PLO with whom
every Jewish leader had vowed not to negotiate
with. In the next 5 years more Jews were killed
ffzff 5751 1990 ffzff
On 17th Cheshvan R.Meir Kahane was assassi-
nated by an Arab in New York City, where years
earlier he had founded a group of vigilantes
the Jewish Defense League. He had subsequently
moved to Eretz Yisrael where the political party
he formed was banned. It was considered ultra-
extreme for his fundamentalist application to
the contemporary situation of Biblical state-
ments of war and expulsion.
ffzff 5751 1991 ffzff
One person was killed and much damage was
caused when Iraq fired a total of 39 missiles
(with conventional explosive war-heads) into
Israel, as international forces led by the U.S.A.
swept into Kuwait to drive the Iraqis out.
From the 27th Nissan, Adm.R.Menachem
Mendel Schneersohn of Lubavitch (see 5710\1950)
significantly increased his predictions of the
imminent coming of the Mashiach (Messiah).
Many of his followers claimed that he was al-
ready here, and privately at first gave him
petitions proclaiming their allegiance to him
as Mashiach.
In a dramatic airlift (see 5710\1950) beginning on
the 11th Sivan, 15,000 Jews were flown out of
Ethiopia after 20,000 had arrived in previous
years, 7,000 of them in a similar operation in
5744\1984 and although they believed them-
selves to be of biblical Hebrew descent there was
considerable Rabbinic discussion about their
ultimate acceptance as full Jews.
On the 9th Elul an ANTI-JEWISH POGROM broke out in
the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn after a
non-Jewish black child was killed in a car acci-
dent and Yankel Rosenbaum, a Jewish student
visiting from Melbourne (Australia) was killed. For
three days the police (apparently under orders not
to further incite the attackers) stood by as ANTI-JEW-
ISH RIOTERS attacked Jews and their property. Although
virtually no Jews retaliated with violence, the
news-media described the event as Jews and
blacks fighting each other.
On the 18th Elul the absolute rule of the Commu-
nist party (see 5677\1917) in Russia was ended (see
5747\1987, 5752\1992), fundamentally changing the
formal structure of government there.
Jews from the former Soviet Union were offi-
cially offered the right to settle in Germany
to help rebuild Jewish communities, elimi-
nated by the countrys Nazi regime.
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306 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

when a Palestinian suicide bomber blew him-

self up in a Purim-holiday shopping crowd at a
Tel Aviv mall.
Adm.R.Pinchas Menachem Alter the Gerer
Rebbe (Pnei Menachem), last of the sons of the
Imrey Emess (see 5708\1948) died on 16th
Adar, and was succeeded by his nephew
Adm.R.Yisrael Aryeh Alter (son of Adm.-
R.Simcha Bunim (see 5752\1992).)
ffzff 5757 1997 ffzff
On 29th Tevet shortly after the Swiss par-
liament had prohibited the destruction of
documents relating to dormant accounts
(bank accounts belonging to Jews exterminated during the
HOLOCAUST, which the Swiss banks had refused to disclose
for more than fifty years) a security guard at a
bank found some documents in the shred-
ding room that were from the HOLOCAUST era.
Realizing the potential significance of these fi-
nancial records, he took some to authorities.
He was fired from his job, received death
threats, and forced to leave his country, find-
ing refuge in the United States where Con-
gress passed a special bill granting perma-
nent residence for him and his family. (After
extensive legal action by claimants, a payment settlement of
U.S. $1.25 billion was eventually reached.).
Seven school girls were murdered by a Jorda-
nian soldier at Naharayim on the 6th Adar-1
the Jordanian king (later) sent $1 million for
compensation to families
Suicide bombers killed 24 people in three sepa-
rate attacks one in Tel Aviv and two in
Yerushalayim on the 14th Adar-1 (Purim
Katan). On the 25th Tammuz two consecutive
suicide bombings in the Mahane Yehuda mar-
ket in Yerushalayim killed 16 people and
wounded 178.
ffzff 5759 1999 ffzff
The Reform Movements rabbinical body (num-
bering some 1,500 members) meeting in Pitts-
burgh in Sivan, encouraged (in a Statement of Prin-
ciples) performance of mitzvot and returning to
traditional practices (see Pittsburgh Platform
5645\1885, issued by less than 20 members.)
ffzff 5755 1995 ffzff
A commission of inquiry was established in
Eretz Yisrael on the 7th Shvat, to investigate
allegations of disappearance of (mostly)
Yemenite immigrant children between 1948
and 1954 (see 5710\1950), after reports sub-
mitted by two previous committees did not sat-
isfy the families and the Yemenite community
in Israel the accusations persisted that many
infants were spirited away from their parents
to be sold for adoption. Eventually this com-
mission (also) found no organized activity of
this nature had taken place. This did not sat-
isfy many, nor answer the numerous anecdotal
indications (especially of parents being told
their healthy infant had died, and being ignored
when requesting to visit a grave).
R.Shlomo Zalman Auerbach one of the fore-
most POSKIM (halacha decision makers) and ROSHEI YE-
SHIVA died on 20th Adar, and so many people
attended the levaya (funeral) (300,000, some say
500,000) that many secular Jews, who had
never heard his name (not having consulted
this independent and politically-low-profile
POSEK) wondered why they hadnt.
ffzff 5756 1995 ffzff
Yitzchak Rabin was Assassinated.
Yitzchak Rabin Prime Minister of the State
of Israel was assassinated on the 12th
Cheshvan and a young extremist was indicted
for the murder ostensibly his vengeful re-
sponse to the implementation of the Oslo Ac-
cords (see 5753\1993). As usual, many ques-
tions remained unanswered.
ffzff 5756 1996 ffzff
25 were killed and some 90 wounded when
Arab suicide bombers (from Hamas an ex-
tremel y radi cal fundamental i st-Isl ami c
group) attacked a Yerushalayim bus on 5th
Adar; another 20 were killed when a Hamas
suicide bomber blew up a bus in Yerusha-
layim on the 11th Adar; and 14 were killed
and 130 wounded on 13th Adar (Taanit Esther)
Chapter 15c The Post-Holocaust Era.
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Chapter 15 The Melaktim & the Current Era 309

15c The Post-Holocaust Era
28 people were killed and 134 injured when a
suicide bomber blew himself up at a Pesach
(Passover) SEDER (14th-15th Nissan) in a Netanya
resort hotel.
The Jewish population in Eretz Yisrael was
5.3 million in Iyar, and in Tammuz a record
number (400) of North American immigrants
arrived together to settle.
The total number of attacks in the 2nd Intafada
(from Elul 5760\2000) until Tammuz 14th was
13,421. 561 were killed and 4,208 persons
were injured.
ffzff 5763 2003 ffzff
Jewish astronaut with Torah scroll
in fiery return from space.
The first Israeli astronaut (Ilan Ramon) (who had
been a pilot in the air raid which destroyed the
Iraqi nuclear reactor, see 5741\1981) dis-
played to the world on the 28th Shvat, (during
a live tele-conference from a US space craft, be-
fore its tragic disentigration on re-entry into the
earths atmosphere) an exceptionally small To-
rah scroll that he was given to take into space.
(It had originally been given by a rabbi to a thir-
teen year old bar mitzvah boy in Bergen Belsen
(Nazi CONCENTRATION CAMP) who was now a scientist.)
He also took a silver kiddush cup for use on
Shabbat (and later, together with the remains
of his diary found strewn on the Texas land-
scape, was a page on which he had written a
Shabbat prayer so that he could recite it prop-
erly while in space.)
ffzff 5764 2003 ffzff
The Neve Shalom Synagogue (see 5746\1986)
in Istanbul (Turkey) and another nearby syna-
gogue were attacked by car bombs on 20th
Cheshvan during Shabbat prayer services. 21
Jewish people (and 3 non-Jews) were killed
and 60 were wounded.
ffzff 5764 2004 ffzff
Total Casualties in Eretz Yisrael.
Since the establishment of the State of Israel
in 1948, 22,700 people were killed in traffic
accidents on the countrys roads; in the same
time span 21,600 lost their lives in wars and
security-related incidents.
A fence was erected (a massive wall, in places)
along the border of Jewish and Arab habitation,
and the casualties from terrorism were down by
44% in this year compared to the previous year,
although the project was not yet complete.
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319
Accuracy is not possible in this map due to:
limited space,
changing borders,
referenced maps with differing borders,
many duplicate (or very similar) names
Besides the gubernias (provinces) and their capitals,
other cities/towns/villages shown are either famous, of
interest, or at random.

C
O
D
E
X

J
U
D
A
I
C
A



2
0
0
5
Village/Town/City Minsk
Gubernia (Province) MINSK
Minsk Capital City
LEGEND:
Kiev
Vitebsk
Mogilev
Grodno
Chernigev
Yekaterinoslav
Lublin
Kovno
Moskova
Kharkov
Prague
Riga
Budapest
Vienna
Pressburg
Zhitomir
Suwalki
Lomza
Kamenetz-Podolski
Poltava
Smolensk
VITEBSK
Vilna
Orsha
Minsk
Radom
LUBLIN
Kielce
Germany
(Prussia)
Koursk
(Dnepropetrovsk)
Kherson
Kishinev
MINSK
GRODNO
CHERNIGOV
MOGILEV
VILNA
KOVNO
VOLHYNIA
PODOLIA
KIEV
POLTAVA
KHERSON
YEKATERINESLAV
RADOM
B
E
S
S
E
R
A
B
I
A
S
U
W
A
L
K
I
KIELCE
SHEDLITZ
P
I
O
T
R
O
K
O
V
KALISH
PLOCK
LOMZA
WARSAW
Warsaw
Crimea
Black
Sea
(Czech-Slovakia)
Austria-Hungary
Rumania
Baltic
Sea
Latvia
Sea of
Azov
Ostrog
Mezeritch
Berditchev
Rovno
Kremenetz
Lutzk
Koretz
Ovruch
Chernobyl
Zambrow
S
zczu
czyn
Kolno
Bratzlav
Uman
Brody
Kolomea
Medzibuzh
Shpola
Radomisl
Skvira
Byelaya
Tzerkov
Machnovka
Zlochiv
Zydochiv
Premyshlany
Dubno
Chernovitz Kosiv
Vyzhnytzia
Brisk
Kamenetz
Kobryn
Nemirow
Litevsk
Bialystok
Slonim
Pruzhany
Novardok
Slutzk
Bobroisk
Porietche
Pinsk
Horki
Krasnaya
Horodok
Polotzk
Nevel
Opotchka
Rechitza
Starodub
Smorgon
Rogatchev
Dubrovna
Lubavich
Babinovich
Lyady
Staroseli
Kopys
Rudnia
Liozhna
Homel
Klimovitchi
Rejitsa
Dinaburg
Courland
D
v
i
n
s
k
Borisov
Khalopenich
Kletzk
Volozhin
Nezhvij
Telsh
Kelm
Memel
Podprozie
Sventzian
Komai
Pozvol
Krupie
Shaty Doblai
Malati
Troki
Ostryna
Strielsk
Stolin
Kamenka
Svarin
Dombrova
Mir
Volpa
Rechitza
Alexandriv
Zabludov
Gadiytch
Niejin
Makarov
Ortchek
Kremenchug
Nikolayev
Odessa
Yampol
Konotop
Vinnitzya
Cherkassy
Zhlobin
Monastyrchina
Bychov
Tolna
Kaslovici
ffzff
THE PALE
OF SETTLMENT
RUSSIAN EMPIRE
ffzff
Doksyci
Zembin
RUSSIA
Beyond the Pale
of Settlement
For more detail over here
see maps of Poilen
(Poland) and Galicia
[next page 320]
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rowser
the
for
B
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ient
ersia
A
P
ncient
&

B
nia nia abylonia abylonia

322
Map 1
CODEX JUDAICA - Chronological Index of Jewish History
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Note:
The conquests include
Bavel, which was the
center of Jewish
learning (see
4397\637)
in in
the irst the irst
100 100
YY
onquests onquests
I
C
I
C
ears ears
F
slamic

325
Map 4
CODEX JUDAICA - Chronological Index of Jewish History
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Note:
Provence (south-east France), see Index.
Change of rule in Spain, see other maps
Size of Lithuania, Poland and Hungary
E
1360
urope
E
1360
urope
Population of Europe
1300 to 1600 showing affects of the Black Death Plague
CODEX JUDAICA - Chronological Index of Jewish History

328
Map 7
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E EE
urope urope
1815 1815 1815

333
Map 12
CODEX JUDAICA - Chronological Index of Jewish History
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War 1
Note:
The extent of Russia that included parts of Poland.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire which also included parts of Poland,
Galicia and the Ukraine.
World
before
War 1

1913
E
urope
1913 1913
CODEX JUDAICA - Chronological Index of Jewish History

334
Map 13
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Section Page with arrow keys < > View < >
C

X
E
D
O
J

A
C
I
A
D
U
5
0
0
2


r
e
p
i
e
n
D
Romania
Moldavia
Ukraine
Slovakia
Czech
Republic
Austria
Hungary
Poland
Belarus
Latvia
Estonia
Russia
Lithuania
Sweden
Ger-
many
Finland
Russia
VILNA
Slutsk
Kovno
Baranovich
Vitebsk
Mohilev
Grodno
Mir
MINSK
Brisk
Novardok Volozhin
Radun
Slonim
Slobodka
Dvinsk
Ponevitch
Telz
Shklov
Pinsk
Lubavich
Smorgon
Kletsk
Kelem
Zhlobin
Lublin
Bialystok
RIGA
KIEV
VIENNA
PRESSBURG
BUDAPEST
HELSINKI
STOCKHOLM
(Bratislava)
Lodz
Breslau
(Wroclaw)
Pozen
Gdansk
PRAGUE
Brno
Lemberg
(Lvov)
Rovno
KISHINEV
Yassi
(Cluj)
Klausenburg
TALLINN
WARSAW
Kamenetz-
Podolski
Cracow
Kamentez-Litovsk
Katowice
Osweicim
(Auschwitz)
Kajdanow
KALININGRAD
TORAH TOWNS
OF GREATER
LITHUANIA
DER ITTEH L
ffzff
ffzff
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338
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3

Glossary 4 ILLUSTRATIONS Classical Texts 363

3
4
1
2
(Talmud)
with commentaries
Gemara
Illustration: Talmud Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Talmud,
also called Talmud Eretz Yisrael).
1. Text of the Mishna (Talmud)
2. Text of the Gemara (Talmud)
3. Pnei Moshe (see 5541\1780)
4. Korban HaEida (see 5503\1743)

Text F.
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3 368 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

7
5
6
3
Text
J
.
1
2
1. Shulchan Aruch - R.Yosef Karo (Beit Y osef) (see 5330\1570)
2. Hagahot of the Ramo (Mappah) (see 5330\1570)
3. Taz (see 5406\1646)
4. Magen Avraham (see 5433\1673)
5. Ba'er Heitev (see 5483\1723)
6. Gra (see 5558\1797)
7. Machatzit HaShekel (see 5567\1807)
4
with commentaries
Shulchan Aruch
O OO OORA RA RA RA RACH CH CH CH CH C CC CCHA HA HA HA HAYIM YIM YIM YIM YIM
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3 372 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

1
3
Text N.
1. Maharshal (see 5334\1573)
2. Maharsha (see 5374\1614)
3. Maharam (see 5376\1616)
Commentaries
of the Talmud
on the earlier commentaries
Illustration: Later commentaries of the
Talmud who focused on delving into the
commentaries of Rashi and Tosaphot addendum
to standard edition of the Talmud (Vilna Shas).

2
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3 7 3
INDEX

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374 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

(A) = Amora
(E) = Exilarch
(G) = Gaon
(K) = King
(L) = Acharon
(P) = Prophet
(Q) = Queen
(R) = Rishon
(S) = Shofet (Judges)
s. = son of
(T) = Tanna
(V) = Savurai

This index gives the YEAR as the reference, not the PAGE.
It is advisable to read the whole entry for the year given, because in
some instances the reference to a specific year may relate to more than
one occurence (and entry) in that year (see page vi).
An asterisk *denotes that the JEWISH CALENDAR YEAR is used on that
listing.
The JEWISH CALENDAR YEAR is used until the beginning of Section IV
(Chapter 12) Universal Dispersion, which begins with the year
4800\1040.
Subjects which appear in earlier years in Sections I to III as
well as also appearing in Section IV, (e.g. Yerushalayim, which
appears throughout), are listed in the index twice in both formats,
JEWISH CALENDAR YEAR and SECULAR CALENDAR YEAR, as separate listings to
retain clarity.
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375 Index
I II IINDEX NDEX NDEX NDEX NDEX
A AA AA
Aaron (see Aharon).
Abarbanel (see R.Yitzchak).
Abayey *: 4085, 4098, 4111.
R.Abba (G) *: 4628, 4631.
Abba Aricha (see Rav).
R.Abba Mari of Montpellier: 1305.
Abel (see Hevel).
AbiChatzira (R.David): 1920.
AbiChatzira (R.Yaakov): 1880.
AbiChatzira (R.Yitzchak): 1980.
Abohab (see R.Yitzchak).
Abraham (see Avraham).
Abraham Geiger: 1851.
Abramsky (R.Yechezk'el): 1933.
Absalom (see Avshalom).
Abudraham: 1342.
Acco: 1291, 1747, 1799.
Ach'av (K) *: 3021, 3041, 3047,
3055.
Mar R.Acha I (G) *: 4519.
R.Acha II (G) *: 4617.
R.Achai (V) *: 4236.
R.Achai Gaon *: 4515.
Achashverosh I *: 3389.
Achashverosh II *: 3395, 3404,
3405, 3406.
Achaz (K) *: 3183, 3187, 3303.
Achazyahu I (K) *: 3041, 3043.
Achazyahu II (K) *: 3055, 3056.
Acher *: 3909.
Achi'ezer: 1941.
Achille Lauro: 1985
Achitofel *: 2921.
Achiyah Hashiloni *: 2406, 2964,
2985.
Mar R.Achunai *: 4523, 4528.
Acre (see Acco).
Adam *: 1, 235, 930, 2255.
Adam VeChava (Sefer): 1334.
Aden (Egypt): 1947.
R.Adin Steinsaltz: 1967.
Adina *: 2218.
Adler (R.Natan): 1782.
Adler, R.Nathan (Marcus): 1890
Admon *: 3715.
Adolph Eichmann: 1962.
Adolph Hitler: 1939.
Adon *: 2218.
adult bris mila: 1987
Adoniyahu *: 2924.
Africa (North): 1198, 1391, 1435,
1492.
Africa (North) *: 3883.
Agadir (Morocco): 1960.
Agrippa I *: 3781.
Agrippa II *: 3804, 3815, 3825,
3826, 3830.
Aguda (Sefer): 1349.
Agudat Yisrael: 1912, 1988.
afikoman *: 2171.
Ahalivamah *: 2192.
R.Aharon (G) *: 4704, 4720.
Aharon *: 2365, 2487.
Aharon ben Meir *: 4683.
R.Aharon HaLevi (see Ra'ah).
R.Aharon Kotler: 1941, 1962.
Adm.R.Aharon of Belz: 1943.
R.Aharon of Karlin: 1772, 1792.
R.Aharon of Lunel: 1306.
R.Aharon of Neustadt: 1421.
R.Aharon Shmuel Kaidanover: 1655.
R.Aharon Te'omim: 1690.
Ahasueras (see Achashverosh).
R.Aisik(el) of Komarno: 1874.
Akeda *: 2084.
R.Akiva *: 3856, 3864, 3880, 3887,
3893, 3894.
R.Akiva Eger: 1814, 1821, 1825, 1836.
Al-Chakkam (R.Yosef Chaim): 1869.
Albuker (R.Yitzchak): 1815.
Aleppo (Syria): 1947.
R.Alexander (Susskind) Wimpen: 1307.
Alexander (the Great) *: 3448, 3449,
3454.
Alexander (Yannai II) (K) *: 3668,
3670, 3680, 3686, 3688.
Alexander II (s. Aristoblus) *: 3715.
R.Alexander Sender Schorr: 1733.
R.Alexander Zisslin: 1349.
Alexandria *: 3454, 3874, 3877,
4174, 4715.
Alfasi (see Rif).
Alfasi Zuta: 1570.
Alfred Dreyfus: 1895.
Algeria: 1805, 1811, 1815, 1882,
1960.
Algiers: 1391, 1882.
Ali (Caliph)*: 4420.
aliya: 1187, 1203, 1211, 1260,
1267, 1336, 1510, 1516, 1536,
1553, 1621, 1700, 1723, 1741,
1747, 1764, 1777, 1809, 1837,
1860, 1861, 1878, 1880, 1881,
1900, 1909, 1915, 1925, 1929,
1939, 1945, 1947, 1949, 1958,
1960, 1969, 1975, 1980, 1992.
aliya *: 3908, 3925, 4058, 4085,
4349, 4515.
Alkabetz (R.Shlomo): 1570.
Alliance Israelite Universelle: 1860.
Alsace: 1336, 1525, 1789.
Alshich (see R.Moshe).
Alter (see Gur/Admurim).
Altshuler (R.Yechi'el Hillel): 1770.
Alusina (Spain): 1088.
Amalek *: 2216.
Amathla'a *: 1948.
Amatzya (K) *: 3100, 3115, 3130,
3142.
Ameimar *: 4112.
American Civil War: 1862.
American Revolution: 1776.
R.Ami *: 4050, 4060.
R.Amittai *: 4631.
R.Amnon (martyr) *: 4772.
Amnon *: 2912, 2921.
Amon (K) *: 3283.
Amon *: 2048.
Amora'im *: 3990, 4050, 4085,
4111, 4187, 4235.
Amoram *: 2218.
Amorrah *: 2006, 2048.
Amos (P) *: 3115, 3142, 3167.
Amotz *: 3142.
Amram *: 2255, 2368, 2406.
R.Amram Gaon *: 4613, 4618, 4636.
Amshinover Rebbe (see R.Shimon
Sholom.)
Amsterdam: 1710.
Amudei HaGola: 1280.
Anah *: 2192.
Anan ben David *: 4523.
Anarchy (Eretz Yisrael) *: 3761,
3770, 3781, 3815, 3825.
Anatevka: 1882
Anatoly Sharansky: 1986
Ancona (Italy): 1556, 1577, 1798.
Andalusia (Spain): 1483.
Aneinu (prayer) *: see chart TAKKANOT
HAGE'ONIM
Aner *: 1693.
Anilevitch (Mordechai): 1943.
Anjou Maine (France): 1289.
Anne Frank: 1944.
Anshei Knesset Hagdola *: 3406,
3413, 3426, 3448.
Antigonus (Ish Socho) *: 3488, 3530.
Antigonus (s. Aristoblus) *: 3721.
Antigonus (s. Yannai I) *: 3668.
anti-Jewish rioters: 1991
Antiochus *: 3454, 3610.
Antipas (s. Herod I) *: 3770.
Antipater *: 3700, 3715.
Anussim (see Marranos).
Aphlala *: 2218.
Appey Ravrevei: 1613.
Apta (Poland): 1656.
Apta Rav (see R.Avraham Yehoshua).
Apustomus *: 3610.
Aquinas (Thomas): 1271.
Arab settlers (Eretz Yisrael) *: 4421.
Arabia (North) *: 4392.
Arabia (South) *: 4285.
Arabia *: 4234, 4392.
Arabic: 1167, 1204.
Arabs *: 4397.
Arafat, Yasser: 2000, 2004.
Aragon: 1263, 1391.
Aram *: 1558, 2000, 2218.
Archelaus (s. Herod I) *: 3761, 3770.
Argentina: 1992, 1994.
Ari Halberstam: 1994.
Ari'zal: 1553, 1570, 1572.
Arida *: 2218.
Aristoblus II (K) *: 3688, 3696,
3700.
Aristotle *: 3448.
Arles (Provence): 1494.
Armledder bands: 1336.
Arnhem (Holland): 1451.
Arnstadt (Germany): 1264, 1466.
Arpachshad *: 1558, 1658, 1693,
2096.
Aruch HaShulchan: 1874.
R.Aryeh Leib (Der Shpoler Zeideh):
1811.
R.Aryeh Leib Gunzberg (`Sha'agas
Aryeh'): 1785.
R.Aryeh Leib Heller (Ketzot
HaChoshen): 1788.
R.Aryeh Levin (Tzadik of
Yerushalayim): 1969.
Asara Harugei Malchut *: 3893,
3894.
Asher *: 2195, 2218.
R.Asher ben Yechi'el (see Rosh).
Adm.R.Asher of Stolin: 1792, 1798.
R.Ashi *: 4131, 4152, 4187, 4235.
Ashkenaz *: 1787.
Ashkenazi (see R.Betzal./
Shitta.Mekub.).
Ashkenazi (see R.Elchan./Sidrei
Tahara).
AB C DE F G HI J KL MNOP QR T UV WX Y Z S
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376 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

Ashkenazi (see R.Gershon/

Avdat.HaGersh.).
Ashkenazi (see R.Tzvi/Chacham
Tzvi).
Ashkenazi (see R.Yaakov).
Ashkenazim *: 4715
Ashkenazim: 1298
Ashmua *: 1056.
Ashur *: 1558, 1996.
Ashurit (Ktav) *: 3389, 3448.
Assa (K) *: 2983, 2986, 2993, 2998,
3024.
Assyria: (see Ashur)
Astorga (Spain): 1230.
astronaut: 2003.
Ateret Zekeinim: 1689.
Athalya (Q) *: 3047, 3056, 3061.
Attila (the Hun) *: 4215.
Atzei Chayim: 1904.
Auerbach (R.Menachem Mendel):
1689.
Augsburg (Germany): 1349, 1435.
Augustow (Poland): 1941.
Augustus *: 3725.
Auschwitz Album: 1945.
Auschwitz: 1940, 1941, 1942, 1944,
1945.
Australian: 1917
Austria: 1146, 1267, 1350, 1421,
1496, 1551, 1670, 1686, 1745,
1772, 1782, 1820, 1938, 1939,
1941.
auto da fe: 1481.
R.Avahu *: 4060.
Avdon (S) *: 2802.
Avi Assaf: 1217.
Avi HaEzri: 1217.
Avigayil *: 2884.
Avigdor (Moshe) *: 2368.
R.Avigdor Miller: 2001.
Avihu *: 2449.
Avila (Spain): 1491, 1499.
Avimael *: 1757, 2218.
Mar R.Avimai *: 4571, 4575.
Avimelech (ben Gideon) (S) *: 2734.
Avimelech *: 2048, 2084, 2123.
R.Avina *: 4235.
Avinadav *: 2871.
Aviyah (K) *: 2981.
Aviyah *: 2881.
Avnei Millu'im: 1788.
Avnei Nezer: 1910.
Avner *: 2884, 2892.
Avodat HaGershuni: 1670.
Avodat HaKodesh: 1310, 1492.
Avot D'Reb Natan *: 3908.
Avraham *: 1693, 1723, 1948,
1958, 1973, 1996, 2000, 2018,
2023, 2033, 2048, 2061, 2084,
2096, 2123, 2255, 2332.
R.Avraham Abele (see Magen
Avraham).
R.Avraham Abulafia: 1280.
R.Avraham ben David (see Ra'avad).
R.Avraham ben Ismael: 1334.
R.Avraham ben Natan HaYarchi: 1203.
R.Avraham Binyamin (Wolf) Hamburg:
1830.
R.Avraham Danziger: 1810.
R.Avraham David of Butshatsh: 1841.
R.Avraham di Boton: 1575.
R.Avraham Gershon of Kitev: 1747.
R.Avraham HaNagid (Maimuni): 1204,
1237.
R.Avraham I (G) *: 4519, 4521.
R.Avraham ibn Ezra: 1158, 1164.
Mar R.Avraham II (G) *: 4577, 4588.
Adm.R.Avraham Mordechai of Gur: 1905,
1912, 1925, 1940, 1948.
R.Avraham of Kalisk: 1772, 1777,
1809.
Adm.R.Avraham of Slonim: 1884.
Adm.R.Avraham of Sochatchev: 1910, 1925.
R.Avraham Shmuel Binyamin Sofer:
1839.
R.Avraham Tzvi Hirsch Eisenstadt:
1856.
R.Avraham Yaakov Pam: 2001.
Adm.R.Avraham Yehoshua of Apta: 1825,
1855.
R.Avraham Yeshayahu (see Chazon
Ish).
R.Avraham Yitzchak Bloch: 1941.
R.Avraham Yitzchak Kook: 1920, 1935.
R.Avraham Zacuto: 1491, 1492, 1496,
1504.
Avram *: 2048.
Avshalom *: 2921, 2935.
Avtalyon *: 3696, 3715.
R.Avumai *: 4573, 4581.
Azaryah (Uziyahu) (K) *: 3115.
Azaryah *: 3319, 3340, 3426.
Azkiri (R.Elazar): 1592.
R.Azriel Hildesheimer: 1869.
R.Azriel Rabinovitz: 1941.
Azulai (R.Chaim Yosef David - see
Chida).
B BB BB
Ba'al HaIttur: 1179.
Ba'al HaMa'or: 1150.
Ba'al HaTanya VeShul.Aruch (see
R.Shneu).
Ba'al HaTurim (see Tur).
Ba'al Shem (R.Eliyahu): 1636.
Ba'al Shem (R.Yisrael/see Ba.Sh.Tov).
Ba'al Shem (R.Yoel): 1713.
Ba'al Shem of Michelstadt: 1782.
Ba'al Shem of Virmyze: 1636.
Ba'al Shem Tov: 1698, 1734, 1757,
1759, 1760, 1764, 1772.
Ba'asha (K) *: 2986, 2993, 3009.
Ba'er Heitev 1: 1723.
Ba'er Heitev 2: 1723.
Ba'er Heitev 3: 1723.
Ba'er Heitev 4: 1723.
Babad (R.Yosef): 1874.
Babi Yar: 1941, 1971.
Babylon (city) *: 4234.
Babylonia (see Bavel).
Bach (R.Yoel Sirkes): 1619, 1640,
1646, 1661, 1670, 1689.
Bacharach (R.Yair): 1689.
Bachrach (Germany): 1096, 1147,
1283, 1286.
Rbnu.Bachya I (ibn Paquda): 1161.
Rbnu.Bachya II (ben Asher): 1291.
Baden (Germany): 1470.
badge (see Jews badge).
Baghdad: 1190, 1393, 1941.
Baghdad *: 4234.
BaHaG *: 4519.
Bahia (Brazil): 1625.
Bakri (David): 1805, 1811.
Bakri (Joseph): 1811.
Balak *: 2487.
Balbira *: 41.
Balta (Poland): 1768.
Bamberg (Germany): 1478.
baptism, forced: see forced
conversions
Bar (Ukraine): 1651.
Bar Kappara *: 3949.
Bar Kochba *: 3887, 3893.
Barak *: 2654.
Baranowice (Poland-Lithuania):
1942.
Barbarians *: 4155, 4215.
Barcelona: 1303, 1367, 1391.
Bari (Italy): 1290.
Bari (Italy) *: 4692, 4715.
Baruch (ben Neriyah) (P) *: 3321,
3346, 3413.
Adm.R.Baruch (of Vizhnitz): 1884.
R.Baruch ben Yitzchak I: 1126.
R.Baruch ben Yitzchak II: 1203.
R.Baruch Epstein (Torah Temima):
1874.
R.Baruch Frankel: 1830.
R.Baruch of Medzibuzh: 1811.
Baruch Spinoza: 1656.
Baruch Ta'am (Sefer): 1830.
Basel (Switzerland): 1349, 1397.
Basil *: 4631.
Basmat *: 2158.
Bass (see R.Shabbetai).
bat-mitzva: 1922
Bat Sheva *: 2912, 2924.
Bava (ben Buta) *: 3742.
Bavaria: 1450, 1551.
Bavel *: 3319, 3327, 3338, 3339,
3342, 3390, 3413, 3610, 3721,
3775, 3874, 3894, 3979, 3986,
4019, 4111, 4215, 4246, 4311,
4318, 4349, 4397, 4705, 4798.
Bayit Chadash (Bach): 1640.
Baytuss *: 3530.
Baytussim *: 3530.
Bazin (Hungary): 1529.
Be'er HaGola: 1655.
Be'er LaChay Ro'i: 1913.
Beersheeba.: 1917
Bedek HaBayit: 1293.
Bedzin (Poland): 1939, 1943.
Begin (Menachem): 1979.
Bei Rav (see Yaakov).
Beilis (Mendel): 1911.
Beit Ephrayim: 1828.
Beit HaBechira: 1270.
Beit Hamikdash *: 3835, 3877,
3883, 4121, 4215, 4421.
Beit Hamikdash I *: 2892, 2928,
2935, 2964, 2969, 3084, 3187,
3303, 3338.
Beit Hamikdash II *: 3390, 3391,
3395, 3408, 3412, 3610, 3622,
3742, 3750, 3829.
Beit Hillel: 1655.
Beit Shmuel: 1689.
Beit Yisrael: 1977.
Beit Yosef: 1522, 1542.
Belaya Tzerkov (Poland): 1703.
Belgium: 1350, 1940, 1943.
Belitz (near Berlin): 1243.
Belshatzar *: 3386, 3389.
Belz (Admurim/see Adm.R.Aharon).
Belz (Admurim/see Adm.R.Shalom).
Belz (Admurim/see
Adm.R.Yehoshua).
Belzec: 1942.
Ben Ami *: 2048.
Ben Gurion (David Green): 1948.
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377 Index
Ben Ish Chai: 1869.
Ben Sira (Yehoshua) *: 3488.
Adm.R.Ben Tziyon of Bobov: 1941.
Benayahu *: 2924.
Bendin (Poland): 1939, 1943.
Benet (see R.Mordechai).
Benjamin (see Binyamin).
Benmelech *: 2084.
Benveniste (R.Chaim): 1673.
Beraitot *: 3949.
Berbers *: 4773.
Berditchev (Russia): 1941.
Berditchev (see R.Levi Yitzchak).
Bereza Kartuska (Poland): 1942.
Bergen Belsen: 1944, 1945.
Berlin: 1446, 1510, 1571, 1573,
1670, 1945.
Berlin (R.Chaim): 1909.
Berlin (R.Naftali Tzvi): 1893.
Berne (Switzerland): 1294, 1349,
1427.
Bertinura (see R.Ovadya).
Berurya *: 3909.
Besht (see Ba'al Shem Tov).
Betar *: 3893.
Beteira (Family) *: 3715, 3729.
Betuel *: 2049.
Betzalel *: 2449.
R.Betzalel Ashkenazi: 1553.
Beziers (Provence): 1209.
Bialystock (Russia): 1906, 1941,
1943.
Mar R.Bibi HaLevi *: 4540, 4548, 4550.
Bichov (Poland-Lithuania): 1659.
Bil'am *: 2487.
Bilhah *: 2192.
Binyamin *: 2195, 2208, 2218.
R.Binyamin HaLevi: 1697.
Binyamin of Tudela: 1173.
Birkat HaMazon *: 3908.
Birkat HaZevach: 1655.
Birkei Yosef: 1806.
Birkenau: 1941, 1944.
Bilu: 1881.
Bischofsheim (Germany): 1235,
1298.
Bisenz (Moravia): 1605.
Bitul Ikarey HaNotzrim: 1391.
Black Death massacres: 1349, 1350,
1435.
Bloch (R.Avraham Yitzchak): 1941.
Blois (France): 1171.
blood libel: 1144, 1167, 1171, 1181,
1182, 1192, 1235, 1243, 1247,
1255, 1278, 1281, 1283, 1285,
1286, 1288, 1290, 1294, 1312,
1332, 1401, 1407, 1430, 1435,
1467, 1470, 1474, 1475, 1478,
1480, 1491, 1494, 1506, 1529,
1537, 1590, 1619, 1636, 1639,
1650, 1659, 1670, 1710, 1726,
1736, 1737, 1747, 1753, 1755,
1761, 1763, 1790, 1801, 1840,
1882, 1899, 1903, 1911, 1948.
Bnei Yissachar: 1841.
Bo'az *: 2785, 2854.
Bobov (Admurim/see Adm.Ben
Tziyon; Adm.R.Shlomo;
Adm.R.Naftali).
Bochnia (Poland): 1605.
Bohemia: 1241, 1310, 1337, 1541,
1557, 1899.
Boiberick: : 1882
Bologna (Italy): 1569.
book burning: 1559, 1601, 1656,
1686, 1720, 1757, 1793, 1938.
book burning (see Talmud).
Borislav (Poland): 1941, 1943.
Born (Netherlands): 1309.
R.Boruch Ber Leibovitz: 1941.
Boskowitz (Moravia): 1715.
Brabant (province): 1271.
Brailov (Russia): 1942.
Brandenburg (Germany): 1446,
1510, 1543, 1573, 1670.
Braslav (Poland): 1942, 1943.
Bratislava: 1806.
Bratslav (Poland): 1551, 1664.
Bratslav (R.Nachman of): 1810.
Brazil: 1647.
Brescia (Italy): 1494.
Breslau (Silesia): 1349, 1360, 1453,
1749.
Brest Kuyavsk (Poland): 1656.
Brest-Litovsk (Lithuania): 1636,
1941.
Breuer, R.Yosef: 1980.
Brisk (Lithuania): 1636, 1892, 1941.
Brisker (see R.Chaim).
Brit Bein Habetarim *: 2018, 2418,
2448.
British: 1940, 1942, 1945, 1947.
Brittany (France): 1240.
Brno (Moravia): 1454.
Brody (Poland-Russia): 1696, 1757.
Broin (R.Shlomo Zalman): 1948.
Brussels: 1349, 1370.
Brzesc Kujawski (Poland): 1656.
Brzeziny (Poland): 1656.
Buber (Martin): 1965.
Bucharest: 1593, 1801, 1822, 1897,
1941.
Buchenwald: 1945.
Buczacz (Poland): 1943.
Budapest: 1686, 1720, 1746.
Bugoslav (Ukraine): 1919.
Bulgaria: 1941.
Buenos Aires: 1992, 1994.
Burgsdorf (Switzerland): 1349.
burning (see book burning).
Bury S.Edmunds (England): 1181,
1190.
Busnach (Naftali): 1805.
Bustenai (E) *: 4420.
R.Bustenai (G) *: 4410, 4449.
Butshatsh (Poland): 1943.
Bzenec (Moravia): 1605.
C CC CC
Caesaria *: 3727.
Caf HaChayim: 1904.
Cain *: 41.
Cairo: 1165, 1524, 1948.
Cairo *: 4715.
calendar *: 4121.
Caligula *: 3800.
Calvin (John): 1543.
Campo S.Pietro (Italy): 1494.
Canaan *: 1557, 1658, 2495.
Canea (Crete): 1944.
Cantonists: 1827, 1853.
Carinthia (Austria): 1496.
Carlebach, Shlomo: 1994
Carnival: 1466, 1667.
Carpentras (Provence): 1269, 1459,
1525, 1569.
Casablanca (Morocco): 1907.
Castille: 1370, 1391.
Catalonia (Spain): 1358, 1391.
Catherine the Great: 1791
censored: 1263
Chabad (Chasidut): 1798.
Chabakuk (P) *: 3228.
Chacham Tzvi: 1660, 1686, 1710,
1718, 1750.
Chafetz Chaim: 1873, 1912, 1925,
1933.
Chagay (P) *: 3392, 3408, 3426,
3448.
R.Chaim (ib)n Attar: 1741.
R.Chaim Benveniste: 1673.
R.Chaim Berlin: 1909.
R.Chaim Brisker: 1892, 1912, 1925.
R.Chaim Chizkiyah Medini: 1899.
Adm.R.Chaim Elazar of Munkatch: 1913.
R.Chaim HaKohen Rappaport: 1759.
Adm.R.Chaim Halberstam (Divrei Chaim):
1830 1876, 1913.
R.Chaim Mordechai Margolis: 1828.
R.Chaim Ozer Grodzinski: 1941.
R.Chaim Palaji: 1841
R.Chaim Solovetchik (see R.Ch.
Brisker).
Adm.R.Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum of Sighet:
1904.
R.Chaim Vital: 1572.
R.Chaim Volozhiner: 1821.
R.Chaim Yeshayahu Halbesberg: 1886.
R.Chaim Yosef David Azulai (see Chida).
Chaluka: 1878.
Cham *: 1557, 1658.
Chamudan *: 2218.
R.Chana (G) *: 4380, 4400.
Chanah (and 7 sons) *: 3610.
Chanah *: 2830.
Chanah Senesh: 1944.
R.Chanan (from Ishkiya) *: 4349,
4368.
Chanan *: 3715.
Rbnu.Chananel: 1050, 1088, 1105.
Chananyah (ben Azur) *: 3331.
Chananyah *: 3319, 3340, 3426.
Adm.R.Chananyah Yom Tov Lipa of Sighet:
1883, 1904.
R.Chanina ben Tradyon *: 3909.
R.Chanina I (G) *: 4368, 4396.
R.Chanina II (G) *: 4380, 4400.
Mar R.Chanina III (G) *: 4449, 4457.
Mar R.Chanina IV (G) *: 4524, 4531.
Mar R.Chanina V (G) *: 4528, 4536.
R.Chanina VI (G) *: 4543, 4546.
R.Chanina VII (G) *: 4699, 4704.
R.Chanoch (HaShavui): 1055.
R.Chanoch (HaShavui) *: 4715, 4785.
Chanoch I *: 130, 987.
Chanoch II *: 622.
Chanuka *: 3623.
Charkov (Russia): 1942.
Charlemagne *: 4560.
Chartumim (see Khartumim).
Chashmona'im *: 3621, 3623, 3628,
3686, 3688, 3721, 3725.
Chassam Sofer: 1782, 1806, 1839,
1861.
Chassidei Ashkenaz: 1217,
Chasidim: 1734, 1760, 1772, 1781,
1798, 1814.
Chatam Sofer (see Chassam Sofer).
Chatan Sofer: 1883.
Chava *: 1.
Chavat Da'at: 1809, 1821, 1822,
1836.
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378 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

Chavat Ya'ir: 1689.

Chaver *: 2368.
Chayei Adam: 1810, 1872.
Chayes (R.Yitzchak): 1613.
Chazon Ish: 1911, 1953.
Chazon Yechezk'el: 1933.
Cheb (Bohemia): 1350, 1421, 1430.
Checiny (Poland): 1656.
Chelkat Mechokek: 1640, 1655.
Chelm (Poland): 1940.
Chelmno: 1942.
Chemdat Shlomo: 1821.
Cherkassy (Ukraine): 1919.
Chernobyler Maggid: 1837
Chernovitz (Rumania): 1941.
Cheshanov (Poland): 1656.
Chestochova (Poland): 1939, 1943.
Chetzron *: 2410.
Chevron: 1518, 1929, 1936.
Chevron *: 930, 1996, 2084, 2884,
2921.
Chida: 1754, 1781, 1806.
Chidushei HaRadal: 1838.
Chidushei HaRim: 1821, 1846, 1859,
1866.
Chilkiyahu (KG) *: 3298, 3303.
R.Chinena *: 4280, 4298, 4318.
Chinon (France): 1321.
R.Chisda *: 4058, 4060, 4069.
R.Chisdai Crescas I: 1367.
R.Chisdai Crescas II: 1367, 1388, 1391,
1413.
Chisdai ibn Shaprut *: 4692, 4715.
Chiune Sugihara: 1941
Chivi *: 2216.
Mar R.Chiya (G) *: 4479.
R.Chiya *: 3949.
R.Chizkiyah (Gaon): 1038, 1040.
R.Chizkiyah (Gaon) *: 4798.
R.Chizkiyah da Silva: 1692.
Chizkiyahu (Hezekiah) (K) *: 3199,
3213.
Chmielnick (Poland): 1655.
Chmielnitzki: 1650, 1655, 1683.
Chmielnitzki massacres: 1648, 1650,
1651, 1652, 1683.
Chochmat Shlomo: 1573.
Chofetz Chaim: 1873
Chok Yaakov: 1733.
Chomutov (Bohemia): 1421.
Choni Ham'agel *: 3680.
Chonyo I (KG) *: 3488.
Chonyo II (KG) *: 3488, 3550, 3580,
3610.
Chonyo III (KG) *: 3600, 3610.
Chonyo's Temple *: 3610.
Chortkov (Poland): 1941, 1942.
Chovat HaLevavot: 1161, 1167.
Chovevei Tzion: 1881
Chozeh of Lublin: 1808, 1814, 1815,
1823, 1827, 1841, 1855, 1859,
1874.
Chuldah (Prophetess) *: 3285, 3303.
ChurvatR.Yehuda Chasid: 1720,
1837, 1948.
Rbnu.Chushiel: 1050.
R.Chushiel *: 4715.
Chushim *: 2255.
Civil War *: 3696, 3700, 3827.
Clermont-Ferrand (France) *: 4336.
Cleveland (Ohio): 1941.
Cluny (France): 1254.
Cochem (Germany): 1418, 1589.
Cochin (India): 1523, 1662.
coliseums *: 3829.
collaborators *: 3600, 3610, 3804.
Colmar (Alsace): 1349, 1510.
Cologne (Germany): 1096, 1147,
1217, 1266, 1349, 1424.
Coltbus (Germany): 1510.
Columbus (Christopher): 1491.
communism: 1920
Communist party: 1991
communists: 1991
concentration camps : 1940
Conservative: 1885, 1896, 1922,
1983, 1988.
Constance (Germany): 1326, 1430,
1533.
Constanta (Rumania): 1940.
Constantine (Algeria): 1934.
Constantine I *: 4073.
Constantinople: 1453, 1665.
Constantinople *: 4482.
conversion sermons: 1241, 1278,
1428, 1577, 1630.
Conversos (see Marranos).
Copenhagen: 1807.
copyright: 1487.
Cordova: 1148, 1473, 1483.
Cordova *: 4715, 4773.
Cordovero (see Ramak).
Coresh (see Cyrus).
Corfu: 1406.
Corinth *: 4155.
Cosenza (Italy): 1495.
Cossacks: 1648, 1650, 1651, 1652,
1664, 1919.
Council of Four Lands (see Va'ad
Arba).
Courland (Latvia): 1760.
Cracow (Poland): 1407, 1454, 1464,
1503, 1580, 1640, 1655, 1658,
1677, 1682, 1939, 1942, 1943.
Cranganore (India): 1523.
Cremieux (Isaac): 1827.
Cremona (Italy): 1225, 1559.
Crete: 1944.
Creti UPeleti: 1741.
Crimea: 1942.
Croatia: 1941.
Cromwell (Oliver): 1656.
Crusaders: 1197, 1236, 1320.
Crusaders (1st): 1096.
Crusaders (2nd): 1147.
Crusaders (3rd): 1190, 1196.
Ctesiphon *: 4318.
Cuba: 1939.
Culi (R.Yaakov): 1724.
Cyprus: 1945, 1947, 1949.
Cyprus *: 3874.
Cyrene *: 3874.
Cyrus (Coresh) *: 3389, 3390, 3391,
3395.
Czar (Nicholas II): 1905, 1917
Czarnetzki (Stefan): 1655.
Czechoslovakia: 1942.
Czestochowa (Poland): 1939, 1943.
Czortkow (Poland): 1941, 1942.
D DD DD
da Silva (R.Chizkiyah): 1692.
Da'at Kedoshim: 1841.
Dachau: 1945.
Daf HaYomi: 1923.
Damascus: 1392, 1840, 1969.
Dan *: 2195, 2218.
Daniel *: 3319, 3327, 3340, 3352,
3386, 3389, 3392, 3404, 3426.
Danube (River): 1942.
Danziger (R.Avraham): 1810.
Darius I (Daryavesh I) *: 3389,
3390.
Darius II (Daryavesh II) *: 3408,
3426, 3438.
Darkei Moshe: 1570.
Darkei Teshuva: 1828, 1913.
Daryavesh (see Darius).
David (Green) Ben Gurion: 1948.
David (King) *: 2854, 2883, 2884,
2892, 2912, 2924, 2928, 3729,
3769.
David (Mickey) Marcus: 1948.
R.David AbiChatzira: 1920.
R.David Abudraham: 1342.
David Bakri: 1805, 1811.
R.David ben Shmuel (see Taz).
David ben Zakkai (E) *: 4677, 4687,
4688, 4690.
R.David Frankel (Korban HaEida): 1743
1783.
R.David Gans: 1613.
R.David HaNagid (Maimuni): 1237,
1285, 1290.
R.David ibn Zimra (see Radvaz).
R.David Kimchi (see Radak).
R.David Luria: 1838, 1846.
Adm.R.David of Skvira: 1919.
David Re'uveni: 1532.
R.Davidai (G) *: 4521, 4524.
death march : 1940
de Medina (R.Shmuel): 1575.
De'Min Acco: 1291.
de Vidas (R.Eliyahu): 1575.
debate: 1240, 1254, 1263, 1413,
1530, 1543, 1757.
Deborah (see Devorah).
Deggendorf (Germany): 1336.
Demetrius *: 3454.
Denmark: 1940, 1943.
deniers (Holocaust): 2000.
DeRashotR.David: 1237.
Derisha: 1614.
desecration libel (see libel).
desecration of the host (see libel).
Devorah (S) *: 2654, 2694.
di Boton (R.Avraham): 1575.
R.Dimi Surgo (V) *: 4320.
Dinah *: 2195, 2205, 2208.
Diskin (R.Yitzchak Yerucham): 1920.
Disna (Lithuania): 1943.
displaced persons: 1945, 1946
Disputation (see debate).
Divrei Chaim: 1830.
Divrei Yechezk'el: 1876.
Dnepropetrovsk (Russia): 1905.
Do'eg Ha'Adomi *: 2884.
Dokshytz (Poland): 1942.
Dolhinov (Poland): 1942.
Dominican Republic: 1938
Domitian *: 3841.
Don Yitzchak Abarbanel (see
R.Yitzchak).
Dona Gracia: 1553.
R.Donash ben Lavrat *: 4715.
Dorot HaRishonim: 1914.
R.Dov Ber (see Maggid of Mezeritsch).
Adm.R.Dov Ber of Lubavitch: 1812, 1825,
1827, 1837.
R.Dov Ber Wiedenfeld: 1939.
Dovev Mesharim: 1939.
Drahavitsch (Ukraine): 1941, 1942.
Dreyfus (Alfred): 1895.
Drobitzky Yar: 1942.
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379 Index
Drogobych (Ukraine): 1941, 1942.
Druya (Lithuania): 1942.
Dubno (Poland): 1648.
Dubno (see Maggid of).
Dubnow (Simon): 1941.
Dubrovnik (Yugoslavia): 1502.
Dunayevtsy (Ukraine): 1942.
Dynov (Admur of/see R.Tzvi
Elimelech).
Dzialoszyce (Poland): 1942.
E EE EE
earthquake: 1759, 1837, 1960.
earthquake *: 4508.
Edels (see Maharsha).
Edward VII (King, England): 1890.
Eger (Bohemia): 1350, 1421, 1430.
Eger (see R.Akiva).
Eglei Tal: 1910.
Eglon *: 2573, 2854.
Egypt: 1250, 1303, 1948, 1956,
1967, 1969, 1973.
Egypt *: 3346, 3454, 3610, 3628,
3668, 3800, 3874, 3877, 4234.
Ehrenfeld (R.Shmuel): 1883.
Ehud (S) *: 2573, 2654.
Ehvil M'rudach *: 3364, 3386.
Eichmann (Adolph): 1962.
Eilat *: 2218.
Einstein, Albert: 1945.
Eisav *: 2108, 2123, 2158, 2171,
2192, 2205, 2216, 2255.
Eisenstadt (R.Tzvi Hirsch): 1856.
Elah (K) *: 3009, 3010.
Elazar (ben Aharon) (KG) *: 2487,
2495, 2516.
R.Elazar (ben Shimon) (T) *: 3909.
R.Elazar HaKalir *: 3909.
Elazar (Chashmona'i) *: 3621, 3628.
R.Elazar Azkiri: 1592.
R.Elazar ben Azaryah *: 3844, 3856,
3864, 3867, 3878.
Adm.R.Elazar Nissan Teitelbaum: 1841.
R.Elazar Roke'ach: 1197, 1237.
R.Elchanan: 1184.
R.Elchanan Ashkenazi: 1780.
R.Elchanan Wasserman: 1941.
Eldad (P) *: 2449, 2516.
Eldad HaDani *: 4631.
Eli *: 2779, 2830, 2854, 2870.
Elie Wiesel: 1986
R.Eliezer (ben Hyrkanos) *: 3834,
3841, 3842.
Eliezer *: 2061.
R.Eliezer ben Natan: 1161.
R.Eliezer ben Yaakov I *: 3834.
R.Eliezer ben Yoel HaLevi: 1217.
R.Eliezer of Chinon: 1306, 1321.
R.Eliezer of Metz: 1161, 1217.
R.Eliezer of Touques: 1290.
R.Eliezer Silver: 1941.
R.Eliezer Yehuda Finkel: 1941.
R.Eliezer Yehuda Waldenberg: 1945.
Adm.R.Eliezer Zusia Portugal: 1982
Elijah (see Eliyahu).
R.Elimelech of Lizensk (No'am
Elimelech): 1772, 1781, 1786,
1814, 1815, 1823, 1825, 1827.
Eliphaz *: 2216.
Elisha (P) *: 3043, 3055, 3083,
3098.
Elisha ben Avuya *: 3909.
Elishua *: 1056.
Eliyahu (Elijah) *: 2964, 3021,
3041, 3043, 3055.
R.Eliyahu (see Vilna Gaon).
R.Eliyahu Ba'al Shem: 1636.
R.Eliyahu (ben Shemayahu) *: 4772.
R.Eliyahu de Vidas: 1575.
R.Eliyahu Menachem of London: 1255.
R.Eliyahu Mizrachi: 1525.
Eliyahu Rabba and Zuta: 1712.
R.Eliyahu Shapiro: 1712, 1754.
Elkana *: 2830.
Elyakum *: 1656.
Elyoram *: 2216.
emancipation: 1787.
Emden (Germany): 1762.
Emden (see R.Yaakov).
Emden-Eybeshutz controversy: 1750,
1753, 1754, 1764.
Emunot VeDeyot: 1167.
Emunot VeDeyot *: 4690.
Endingen (Germany): 1470.
Engel (R.Yosef): 1906.
England: 1211, 1216, 1255, 1278,
1290, 1656, 1939.
Enlightenment (Jewish): 1783.
Enns (Austria): 1421.
Enosh *: 235, 1140.
Ensisheim: 1286.
Ephrayim *: 2235.
R.Ephrayim AlNakava: 1391.
R.Ephrayim HaKohen: 1655, 1660.
R.Ephrayim Karo: 1492, 1522.
R.Ephrayim Zalman Margolis: 1828.
epidemic: 1558, 1572, 1750, 1848.
Epstein (R.Baruch/Torah Temima):
1874.
Epstein (R.Yechi'el M./Aruch
HaShulchan): 1874.
Eretz Yisrael: 1165, 1516, 1799,
1836, 1878, 1881, 1900, 1915,
1917, 1920, 1925, 1929, 1939,
1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1967,
1969, 1992.
Eretz Yisrael *: 3883, 3893, 3925,
3979, 4046, 4085, 4111, 4123,
4374, 4389, 4397, 4421, 4508,
4690, 4764.
Erev Rav :* 2448; 2448
Erfurt (Germany): 1221, 1349,
1458.
Esau (see Eisav).
Eshkol *: 1693.
R.Eshtori HaParchi: 1306.
Essenes *: 3580.
Estella (Spain): 1328.
Esther *: 3399, 3404, 3405, 3408.
Ethiopia: 1991
Ethiopian Jews: 1991
Etz Chaim: 1572.
Europe: 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942,
1943, 1944, 1945, 1947.
Europe *: 2573, 4234.
Eve *: 1.
Even HaEzel: 1925.
Even HaEzer (Sefer): 1161.
Ever *: 1723, 1757, 2048, 2171,
2187.
Evian: 1938
Exilarch (see Reish Galuta).
expulsion (major): 1290, 1306,
1394, 1421, 1435, 1492, 1496,
1670, 1678, 1950.
expulsion (minor): 1125, 1182, 1206,
1225, 1240, 1252, 1269, 1275,
1294, 1320, 1322, 1360, 1370,
1397, 1404, 1418, 1424, 1426,
1427, 1428, 1430, 1435, 1436,
1442, 1446, 1453, 1454, 1457,
1458, 1460, 1466, 1470, 1472,
1475, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1483,
1485, 1489, 1490, 1492, 1493,
1494, 1495, 1496, 1498, 1501,
1504, 1505, 1510, 1515, 1516,
1519, 1526, 1529, 1539, 1541,
1550, 1551, 1557, 1563, 1567,
1569, 1573, 1589, 1590, 1597,
1620, 1630, 1655, 1668, 1709,
1710, 1742, 1760, 1774, 1778,
1804, 1822, 1829, 1862, 1867,
1882, 1891, 1938.
expulsion (minor) *: 4174, 4372,
4392.
expulsion (minor/many): 1349,
1350, 1435, 1450, 1491.
expulsion (Yerushalayim) *: 3893,
4389.
Eybeshutz (see Emden controversy).
Eybeshutz (see R.Yonatan).
Eylam *: 1558.
Eylon (S) *: 2792.
Eyn Yaakov: 1516.
R.Eyna *: 4280, 4300.
Ezekiel (see Yechezk'el).
R.Ezra (HaNavi): 1227.
Ezra *: 3392, 3413, 3414, 3426,
3448.
F FF FF
Falk (R.Yaakov Yehoshua/see Pnei
Ysh.II).
Falk (R.Yehoshua/see Meginei
Shlomo).
Falk (R.Yehoshua/see Sma).
Family of Beteira *: 3715, 3729.
famine: 1648
Fastov (Ukraine): 1768, 1919.
Fatima *: 2061.
Felix Mendelssohn: 1783
Feinstein (R.Moshe): 1959.
Ferrara (Italy): 1583, 1756.
Fez (Morocco): 1088, 1165, 1465.
Fez (Morocco) *: 4795.
Fiddler on the Roof : : 1882
Finkel (R.Eliezer Yehuda): 1941.
fire: 1360, 1689, 1696, 1706, 1708,
1711, 1719, 1723, 1754, 1767,
1822, 1827, 1917.
Firuz *: 4229, 4246.
Firuz-Shabur *: 4320, 4396, 4420.
Five kings *: 2006.
Fiyorda (Germany): 1689.
Flanders: 1125.
Florence (Italy): 1790.
Forced baptism: 1096, 1190, 1290,
1309, 1349, 1421, 1475, 1495,
1496, 1497, 1563, 1630, 1666,
1827, 1858.
forced conversion: 1096, 1126, 1148,
1165, 1190, 1230, 1247, 1290,
1293, 1303, 1309, 1320, 1349,
1391, 1407, 1413, 1421, 1435,
1475, 1489, 1495, 1496, 1497,
1563, 1573, 1630, 1661, 1666,
1753, 1792, 1827, 1839, 1858.
forced conversion *: 4178, 4234,
4295, 4336, 4342, 4372, 4389,
4454, 4482, 4692, 4764, 4767,
4772.
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380 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

Fostat (Egypt): 1165.

Four Captives *: 4715.
Four Lands, The: 1580
France: 1190, 1198, 1211, 1236,
1242, 1269, 1290, 1306, 1315,
1320, 1350, 1363, 1388, 1394,
1789, 1793, 1939, 1940, 1960.
France *: 3338, 4336, 4560, 4767.
Frank (Anne): 1944.
Frank (see Jacob).
Frankel (see R.Baruch/Baruch
Ta'am).
Frankel (see R.David/Korban
HaEida).
Franklin D. Roosevelt: 1938
Frankfort: 1241, 1349, 1510, 1614,
1 71 1 .
Frankfurter (R.Moshe): 1723.
Frankists: 1757, 1759, 1761, 1773.
Franz Rosenzweig: 1929.
Freiburg (Germany): 1349.
French `Sanhedrin': 1807.
French Revolution: 1789, 1793.
Fribourg (Switzerland): 1428.
Fuerstenfeld (Austria): 1312.
Fuerth (Germany): 1689.
Fulda (Germany): 1235.
G GG GG
Gad (P) *: 2884.
Gad *: 2195, 2218.
Galati (Rumania): 1812, 1859.
Gallus *: 4111.
Rbn.Gamliel I *: 3769, 3810.
R.Gamliel II *: 3828, 3829, 3834,
3835, 3836, 3841, 3842, 3844,
3846, 3856, 3864.
R.Gamliel III *: 3949.
R.Gamliel IV *: 3990.
R.Gamliel V *: 4060, 4069.
R.Gamliel VI *: 4189.
Gans (R.David): 1613.
Ganzfried (R.Shlomo): 1886.
Gaon *: 4349.
Gaon of Vilna (see Vilna Gaon).
R.Gavriel Zinner: 1988.
Ge'onim *: 4349, 4617.
Gedalyah (ben Achikam) *: 3338,
3339.
R.Gedalyah ibn Yachya: 1575.
Geiger (Abraham): 1851.
Gemara *: 4152, 4187, 4235, 4236,
4320.
Geneva: 1490.
Geniza: 1896.
Genoa (Italy): 1493, 1515, 1550,
1567.
Georgia (U.S.A.): 1915.
Ge'onim *: see chart TAKKANOT
HAGE'ONIM
German Reparation Payments: 1952.
Germany: 1211, 1286, 1290, 1303,
1328, 1336, 1442, 1446, 1450,
1478, 1530, 1589, 1614, 1630,
1648, 1648, 1655, 1691, 1810,
1933, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941,
1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1952,
1991.
Germany *: 2495, 3338, 4560.
Gerona (Spain): 1194, 1391.
Rbnu.Gershom Me'or HaGola: 1040, 1105.
R.Gershon Ashkenazi: 1670.
Gershon Jacobson: 1959.
Gersonides (see Ralbag).
Gestapo: 1942
Get (divorce document) *: see chart
TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
Geviha *: 3448.
Gezerot Tach VeTat: 1648.
Ghent (Belgium): 1125.
ghetto: 1516.
Gibraltar: 1860.
Gideon (S) *: 2694.
Gifter (R.Mordechai): 1945, 2001.
R.Giza *: 4320.
Glikl (Glueckel) of Hameln: 1691.
Gloucester (England): 1167.
Glubokoye (Poland): 1942, 1943.
Glueckel (Glikl) of Hameln: 1691.
Goldmann, Nachum: 1952.
Goldstein, Baruch: 1994.
Golem: 1599.
Goliath (see Golyath).
Golyath (Goliath) *: 2883.
Gomel (Russia): 1903.
Gomer *: 1556.
Gon *: 2418.
Gorbachev, Mikhail: 1987
Gorlice (Poland): 1942.
Gorodenka (Poland): 1942.
Gotha (Germany): 1303.
Gra (see Vilna Gaon).
Gracia Nassi: 1553.
Graetz (Heinrich): 1851.
Granada: 1055, 1066, 1491.
Granada *: 4773.
Great Poland: 1580
Greece: 1941.
Greek revolution: 1821, 1822.
Gregorian calendar: 1577.
Grodno (Lithuania): 1790.
Grodzinski (R.Chaim Ozer): 1941.
Groningen (Netherlands): 1710.
Gubbio (Italy): 1485.
Guide for Perplexed: 1204.
Gunzberg (R.Aryeh Leib): 1785.
Gur (Admurim/see Adm.R.Avraham
Mord.).
Gur (Admurim/see Adm.R.Simcha
Bunim).
Gur (Admurim/see Adm.R.Yisrael).
Gur (Admurim/see Chidushei
HaRim).
Gur (Admurim/see Sfass Emess).
Gur Aryeh: 1599.
Gurevich, Mikhail: 1943.
H HH HH
Ha'amek Davar: 1893.
HaChinuch: see Sefer HaChinuch.
Hadassa *: 3399.
Hadrian *: 3877, 3883, 3893, 3903.
Hadura *: 2218.
Hagaddah *: 4236
Hagahot (Ramo - Shulchan Aruch):
1570.
Hagahot Ashri: 1380.
Hagahot HaRaShash: 1872.
Hagahot HaShas: 1689.
Hagahot Maimoniyot: 1298.
Hagar *: 2033, 2096.
R.Hai Gaon (III): 1050.
R.Hai Gaon (III) *: 4757, 4798.
R.Hai I (G) *: 4640, 4648.
Mar R.Hai II (G) *: 4652, 4658.
Haidamack massacres: 1703, 1734,
1736, 1768.
Haifa: 1940.
Hakdama (Introduction to sefer) *:
4519.
Halachot Gedolot *: 4519.
Halberstam (see Adm.R.Chaim).
Halberstam, Ari: 1994.
Halbesberg (R.Chaim Yeshayahu):
1886.
HaLevi (R.Yitzchak/Dorot
HaRishonim): 1914.
Halle (Germany): 1206.
HaMa'or: 1150.
Haman *: 3404.
Hamas: 1996.
Hamburg (R.Avraham Binyamin):
1830.
Hanover: 1349, 1451.
Hanover (R.Natan Nata): 1683.
Haran *: 1948.
Haskala: 1783.
Haskala (see maskilim).
Haskamot (approbations): 1487.
Hasmoneans (see Chashmona'im).
Hatach *: 3404.
HeAruch (Sefer): 1105.
Hebrew Language: 1782, 1861,
1882, 1890, 1914.
Hebrew Language*: 2023.
Hebrews *: 1723, 3338.
Hebron (see Chevron).
Heilbronn (Germany): 1298, 1490.
Heilprin (R.Yechi'el): 1711.
Heinrich Graetz: 1851.
Heinrich Himmler: 1942.
Helena *: 3810.
Hellenists *: 3570, 3600, 3610,
3628, 3634.
Heller (R.Aryeh Leib - Ketzot
HaChoshen): 1788.
Heller (see Tos.Yom Tov).
Hep! Hep! riots: 1819.
Herod I (K) *: 3715, 3725, 3727,
3729, 3742, 3750, 3760, 3761.
Herod II *: 3804.
Hertzog (R.Yitzchak): 1947.
Heydrich, Reinhard: 1942
Herzl (Theodore): 1895.
R.Heschel (`the RebbeR.Heschel'): 1654.
Heshiv Moshe: 1808.
Heter Iskah: 1599.
Hevel *: 41.
Hezekiah (see Chizkiyahu).
Mar R.Hilai I *: 4550, 4558.
R.Hilai II *: 4583, 4587.
Mar R.Hilai III *: 4658, 4665.
Hilchot Nida (Sefer): 1421.
Hildesheim (Germany): 1457.
Hildesheimer (R.Azriel): 1869.
R.Hillel: 1655.
Hillel (HaZaken) *: 3696, 3729,
3769, 3829.
Hillel II *: 4119, 4121.
Hillel Zeitlin: 1942.
Himmler (Heinrich): 1942.
Hiram *: 2928, 2964.
Hirsch (see R.Shimshon Rapha'el).
Hitler (Adolph): 1939.
Hodonin (Moravia): 1774.
Holland: 1940, 1942.
Holocaust: see survivors; deniers.
Holy Ark *: 2870, 2871, 2884,
2892, 2935, 3285.
Homel (Russia): 1903.
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381 Index
Hoover, President U.S.A.: 1927
Horodenka (Poland): 1942.
Horowitz (R.Yaakov Yitz. - see
Chozeh).
Horowitz (see R.Pinchas Ba'al
HaHafla.).
Horowitz (see R.Pinchas).
Horowitz (see R.Yeshayahu - Shaloh).
Horowitz (see R.Yisrael).
Horowitz (see R.Yitz.
-R.Itzik.Hamburg).
Hoshea (K) *: 3187, 3195.
Hoshea (P) *: 3142, 3167.
Hotin (Bessarabia): 1941.
Huesca (Spain): 1377.
Huns *: 4215.
R.Huna (A) *: 4018, 4050, 4058.
Huna (bar Kahana) (E) *: 4280.
R.Huna (V) *: 4320.
R.Huna Brei D'R.Yehoshua (A) *: 4112.
R.Huna I (G) *: 4400, 4405, 4410.
Mar R.Huna II (G) *: 4449, 4479.
Mar R.Huna III (G) *: 4546, 4548, 4549.
Hungarian rebels: 1683, 1704.
Hungary: 1360, 1526, 1648, 1882,
1941, 1944, 1956.
Hurodno (Lithuania): 1790.
Hussites: 1421.
Hutzal *: 3342.
Hymarites *: 4285.
Hyrkanos (Yoch.) (K) *: 3642.
Hyrkanos II (K) *: 3688, 3696, 3700,
3713, 3715, 3725.
I II II
ibn Attar (see R.Chaim).
ibn Chaviv (see Levi/Yaakov).
ibn Ezra (see R.Avraham).
R.Iddi (bar Avin) *: 4191, 4211.
Ido (KG) *: 3488.
Ido (P) *: 2985.
Ifhauben (Austria): 1298.
Ifran (Morocco): 1792.
IggeretR.Sherira Gaon *: 4757.
Iggrot Moshe: 1959.
Iglau (Bohemia): 1421, 1426.
Ilan Ramon: 2003.
Ilya (Poland): 1942.
Imrey Emess: 1948.
Industrial Revolution: 1740.
Inquisition: 1252, 1278, 1288, 1319,
1320, 1553, 1559, 1570, 1756.
Inquisition (Portuguese): 1540.
Inquisition (Spanish): 1481, 1485,
1488, 1492.
Intafada: 1987, 2000, 2001, 2004.
Irad *: 130.
Iraq: 1293, 1948, 1950, 1990, 1991,
2003.
Iraq (see also Bavel).
Iraq *: 4705.
Irith *: 2048.
Isaac Mayer Wise: 1844.
Ish Boshet (K) *: 2892.
Isaiah (see Yeshayahu).
Islam*: 4392, 4420, 4421.
Islamic radicals: 1148, 2001.
Israel (see Yisrael).
R.Isser Zalman Meltzer: 1925, 1947,
1953.
Isserles (see Ramo).
Istanbul: 1453, 1665, 1986, 2003.
Italy: 1260, 1475, 1492, 1553, 1569,
1798, 1938.
Italy *: 2573, 4631, 4692, 4715.
Ithamar (ben Aharon) *: 2830.
Ivan the Terrible: 1563.
Ivtzan (S) *: 2785.
Ivye (Poland-Lithuania): 1942.
Iyov (Job) *: 2049, 2208, 2449.
Izevel (Jezebel) *: 3021, 3041, 3055.
Izmir (Turkey): 1665, 1841.
Izyaslav (Poland): 1747.
J JJ JJ
Ja'en (Spain): 1391.
Jacob (see Yaakov).
Jacob Frank: 1757, 1759, 1772.
Jacobson, Gershon: 1959.
Jaffa (see Yaffo).
Japan: 1941.
Japanese diplomat: 1941
Jason (Yeshua) *: 3610.
Jassy (Moldavia): 1650, 1652, 1726,
1821, 1827, 1941.
Jastrow (Marcus): 1903.
Jeremiah (see Yirmiyahu).
Jeroboam (see Yerav'am).
Jerusalem (see Yerushalayim).
Jesus *: 3671, 3790.
Jethro (see Yitro).
Jews/Hebrews *: 3338
Jewish `Enlightenment': 1783.
Jewish clothing/dress (see Jews
badge).
Jewish Theological Seminary: 1983
Jews badge: 1198, 1216, 1221, 1250,
1257, 1266, 1267, 1269, 1271,
1278, 1303, 1393, 1406, 1412,
1418, 1435, 1451, 1468, 1472,
1517, 1525, 1530, 1551, 1555,
1566, 1941.
Jews badge *: 4610, 4764.
Jews Tax (see tax).
Jezebel (see Izevel).
Jihlava (Bohemia): 1421, 1426.
Job (see Iyov).
Joel (see Yoel).
John Calvin: 1543.
Jonathan (see Yehon./Yon.).
Jordan: 1948, 1967, 1994.
Joseph (king of Khazars) *: 4715.
Joseph (see Yosef).
Joseph II: 1774
Joseph Bakri: 1811.
Joseph Lieberman (Senator): 2000.
Josephus *: 3530, 3580, 3826, 3830.
Joshua (see Yehoshua).
Josiah (see Yoshiyahu).
Judah (see Yehuda).
Judenberg (Austria): 1312.
Judith (see Yehudit).
Julian *: 4121, 4123.
Julius Caesar *: 3713.
Justinian I *: 4295.
K KK KK
Kabbala: 1290, 1730, 1757.
Kadan (Bohemia): 1650.
Kaftor VaPherach: 1306.
Kagan (R.Yisrael Meir/see Chafetz
Chaim).
R.Kahana (A) *: 4112.
Mar R.Kahana (G) *: 4565, 4571.
Kahane (Meir): 1990, 2001.
Kahaneman (R.Yosef): 1941.
Kaidanov (Russia): 1941.
Kaidanover (see R.Aharon Shmuel).
Kairou'an (Tunisia): 1050.
Kairou'an (Tunisia) *: 4715.
Kalev *: 2410, 2488, 2516, 2533.
Kalisch (Poland): 1542, 1655, 1659,
1706, 1708, 1763, 1914, 1919.
Kalischer (R.Tzvi Hirsch): 1836.
Kalliver Rebbe: 1781.
Kalmana *: 41.
Kamenka-Bugskaya (Poland): 1943.
Kaminetz-Podolski (Poland): 1757.
Kanpanton (see R.Yitzchak).
Kanyev (Poland): 1768.
Kaplan, Mordechai: 1922
Kara'ites (see Kra'im).
Karelitz (R.Avrm.Yeshyhu/see
Chazon Ish).
Karlin (Admurim/see R. Aharon).
Karlin (Admurim/see R.Asher of
Stolin).
Karlin (Admurim/see R.Moshe).
Karlin (Admurim/see R.Shlomo).
Karo (see R.Ephrayim).
Karo (see R.Yitzchak).
Karo (see R.Yosef).
Kasher (R.Menachem): 1925.
Kasztner (Rudolf): 1944.
Katz (R.Reuven): 1673.
Kaunus (Lithuania): 1941.
Kayin *: 41, 130, 622, 1656.
Kazmierz (Cracow): 1677.
Kedarla'omer *: 2006.
Kedushat Levi (see R.Levi Yitz.Berd.).
kehilla : 1851
Kehot *: 2235, 2368.
Kelin (R.Shmuel): 1807.
Kesef Mishneh: 1575.
Kessarin (Caesaria) *: 3995, 4060.
Kesset HaSofer: 1886.
Keturah *: 2096.
Ketzot HaChoshen: 1788.
Keynan *: 325, 1235.
Khartumim *: 2229; 2448.
Khazars *: 4500, 4715.
Khrushchev: 1959.
Kielce (Poland): 1946.
Kiev (Russia): 1829, 1911, 1919,
1941.
Kimchi (R.David - see Radak).
Kishinev: 1903, 1907, 1941.
Kitev (Poland): 1942.
Kitev (see R. Avraham Gershon).
kitniyos on Pesach *: see chart
TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
Kitzingen (Germany): 1243, 1778.
Kitzur Shulchan Aruch: 1886.
Mar R.Kiyumi I *: 4587, 4590.
Mar R.Kiyumi II *: 4648, 4666.
Klausenberg (Adm.R.Yekutiel Yehuda
of): 1945.
Kletzk (Lithuania): 1941, 1942.
Kli Yakar: 1619.
Adm.R.Klonymos Kalman of Cracow: 1823.
R.Klonymos of Rome: 1096.
Kluger (see R.Shlomo).
knass *: see chart TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
Knesset HaGedola: 1673.
Koblenz (Germany): 1265, 1418.
Kobrin (Poland): 1942.
Kobrin (see R.Moshe of).
Kohen Gadol *: 3550, 3648, 3668,
3680, 3729, 3781.
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382 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

R.Kohen Tzedek I *: 4603, 4608.

Mar R.Kohen Tzedek II *: 4677, 4686,
4695.
Koldychevo: 1944.
Komarno (Adm.R.Aizik(el) of): 1874.
Kook (see R.Avraham Yitzchak).
Korach *: 2449.
Korban HaEida: 1743.
Korban Netanel: 1769.
Koretz (Poland): 1941, 1942.
Korneuburg (Austria): 1298.
Korsun (Poland): 1734, 1768.
Kosciuszko: 1794.
Kossov (Poland): 1941.
Kotler (see R.Aharon).
Kotzk (see Adm.R.Menachem
Mendel).
Kovno (Lithuania): 1941.
Kozhnitz (see R.Yisrael/Maggid of).
Kra'im (Kara'ites): 1165, 1791, 1827,
1863, 1853, 1942.
Kra'im (Kara'ites) *: 3628, 4523,
4690.
Krantz (R.Yaakov): 1804.
Krems (Austria): 1349.
Kremieniec: 1580
Krochmal (see R.Menachem M.).
Krotoszyn (Poland): 1656, 1704.
Ktav Sofer: 1839, 1869, 1920.
Kurt Waldheim : 1987
Kush *: 1557.
Kuthim (Samaritans) *: 3391, 3395,
3426, 3448, 3570, 3580, 3648,
3810, 4046.
Kuty (Poland): 1942.
Kuwait: 1990
Kuzari: 1105, 1167.
L LL LL
Lachva (Poland-Lithuania): 1942.
Ladino: 1724.
Laibach (Austria): 1515.
Lakewood (New Jersey): 1941.
Lampronti (R.Yitzchak): 1756.
Landau (Germany): 1468.
Landau (R.Yech. - see Noda
BiYehuda).
Lapidut *: 2654.
Lau, R.Yisrael Meir: 1993
Lausanne (Switzerland): 1349.
Lavan *: 2049, 2192, 2205.
Le Brule (France): 1321.
Le Mans (France): 1289.
Leah *: 2192, 2216.
learned women: 1190, 1585, 1614,
1646, 1689, 1733, 1745, 1917.
learned women *: 3909.
Lebanese Invasion: 1982.
Lebanon: 1948, 1982, 1985, 2000.
Lecha Dodi (piyut): 1570.
Lechem Mishneh: 1575.
Leczyca (Poland): 1639, 1656.
Lehman (Marcus): 1854.
R.Leibele Eger: : 1900
Leibovitz (R.Boruch Ber): 1941.
Lemberg (see Lvov).
Lemech I *: 130, 395, 1656.
Lemech II *: 874, 1651, 2255.
R.Lemlein: 1500.
Leningrad: 1944.
Leo Baeck: 1945
Leon Klinghoffer: 1985
Rbnu.Leontin: 1040.
Leszno (Poland): 1706, 1709, 1767.
Levi *: 2195, 2218, 2332.
R.Levi ben Gershom (see Ralbag).
R.Levi ibn Chaviv: 1516, 1538.
R.Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev: 1772,
1781, 1809, 1841.
R.Levi Yitzchak Schneersohn: 1944.
Levin (R.Aryeh/Tzadik of
Yerushalayim): 1969.
Levushim (Sefer): 1557.
Libava (Latvia): 1941.
libel: 1663, 1728, 1755, 1857.
libel (desecration): 1243, 1298,
1312, 1326, 1336, 1338, 1367,
1370, 1377, 1404, 1421, 1453,
1478, 1492, 1504, 1510, 1556,
1605, 1630.
libel (see blood libel).
Libya: 1970.
Lieberman, Joseph (Senator): 2000.
Liepaja (Latvia): 1941.
Lifshitz (R.Shlomo Zalman/Chemdat
Shlo.): 1821.
Likutei MoHoran: 1810.
Lilienthal (Max): 1843.
Lilli (Jacob) Meier: 1945.
Lima (see R.Moshe).
Limburg (Netherlands): 1309.
Lincoln (England): 1255.
Lindau (Germany): 1430.
Lipshutz (R.Yisrael/Tiferet Yisrael):
1837.
Lisbon: 1449, 1506, 1540.
Lissa (Poland): 1706, 1709, 1767.
Lithuania: 1495, 1503, 1566, 1648,
1650, 1941.
Little Poland: 1580
Ljubjana (Yugoslavia): 1515.
Lod (Lydda) *: 3858, 3867.
R.Loew (see Maharal).
London: 1158, 1189, 1278.
Lorraine (France): 1477.
Lot *: 2048.
Louvain (Belgium): 1309.
Lowicz (Poland): 1516.
Lubavitch (Admurim/see R.Dov Ber).
Lubavitch (Admurim/see R.Shneur
Zalman).
Lubavitch (Admurim/see
Schneersohn).
Lubavitch (Russia): 1941.
Lublin (Poland): 1580, 1636, 1655,
1939, 1945.
Lucca (Italy): 1489.
Lucene (Spain) (see Alusina).
Lud *: 1558.
Ludmir (Poland): 1942.
Lunel (Provence): 1148, 1150, 1202,
1203.
Lunshitz (Poland): 1639, 1656.
Luria (see R.David/Radal).
Luria (see R.Shlomo/Maharshal).
Luria (see R.Yitzchak/Ari'zal).
Luther Martin: 1543.
Lutz, Carl: 1944.
Lutzk (Poland): 1941, 1942.
Luzzatto (see R.Moshe Chaim).
Lvov (Poland): 1580, 1664, 1702,
1757, 1918, 1941, 1942, 1943.
Lysyanka (Poland): 1768.
M MM MM
Ma'or VaShemesh: 1823.
R.Maari Surgo *: 4349, 4368, 4380.
Maccabees (see Chashmona'im).
Macedonians: 1940.
Machalat *: 2000, 2171, 2218.
Machatzit HaShekel: 1807.
Machazik Bracha: 1806.
Machberet *: 4715.
machines: 1857.
Machzor Vitry: 1105, 1290.
Maday *: 1556.
maftir *: see chart TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
Magen Avot: 1407.
Magen Avraham: 1648, 1660, 1673,
1 71 2.
Maggid Mishneh: 1344.
Maggid of Dubno: 1804, 1820.
Maggid of Kozhnitz (see R.Yisrael).
Maggid of Mezeritsch: 1770, 1772,
1783, 1786, 1809, 1814, 1827.
Magog *: 1556.
Maharal of Prague: 1573, 1592,
1599, 1609, 1616.
Maharam (Lublin): 1616, 1640.
Maharam Alashkar: 1492, 1510.
Maharam Esh: 1714, 1741.
Maharam Levi: 1388.
Maharam Lublin: 1616, 1640.
Maharam MeRothenburg: 1286,
1293, 1298, 1303, 1307.
Maharam Mintz I: 1460.
Maharam Mintz II: 1831.
Maharam Padua: 1565.
Maharam Schick: 1861, 1869.
Maharam Schiff: 1631.
Maharashdam: 1575.
Maharay: 1421, 1454, 1460.
Mahari Mintz: 1565.
Maharik: 1480, 1488.
Maharil: 1427, 1451.
Mahariv: 1451, 1454, 1460.
Maharsha: 1614, 1631.
Maharshak: 1655.
Maharshal: 1557, 1573, 1614, 1619.
Maharyah: 1491, 1492, 1493.
Maidanek: 1942.
R.Maimon ben Yosef: 1148.
Maimonides (see Rambam).
Mainz (see Mayence).
Majorca: 1435.
R.Malachi: 1767.
Malachi (P) *: 3392.
Malbim: 1858, 1864.
Malchut *: 2061.
R.Malka I *: 4531, 4533.
R.Malka II *: 4652.
Malka Roth (Keren Malki): 2001.
Malkiel *: 2218.
Malkitzedek *: 1558.
Mantua (Italy): 1478, 1602, 1630.
R.Mar (barR.Huna) *: 4369, 4380.
Mar bar Rav Ashi *: 4214, 4227.
Mar Zutra (I) (E) *: 4280, 4298,
4311, 4318.
Mar Zutra (II) *: 4318, 4349.
Mar Zutra (V) *: 4236.
Marcus (David/'Mickey'): 1948.
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus *: 3925.
Marcus Jastrow: 1903.
Marcus Lehman: 1854.
Mareimar *: 4187, 4191.
Margolis (R.Ephrayim Zalman):
1828.
Margolis (R.Mordechai - Darkei
Teshuva): 1828.
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383 Index
Margolis (R.Moshe - Pnei Moshe):
1781.
R.Mari I (G) *: 4511, 4519.
Mar R.Mari II (G) *: 4536, 4540.
Maria Theresa: 1745, 1746, 1774.
Marijampole (Lithuania): 1941.
Marrakesh (Morocco): 1232, 1558.
Marranos: 1391, 1481, 1483, 1488,
1489, 1492, 1497, 1540, 1553,
1583, 1593, 1625, 1630, 1644,
1647, 1649, 1652, 1655, 1656.
Marranos (see also secret Jews).
Martha (bat Baytuss) *: 3680.
Martin Buber: 1965.
Martin Luther: 1543.
Masechtot Ketanot *: 4320.
maskilim: 1814, 1819, 1820, 1838,
1843, 1844, 1857, 1864, 1879,
1881, 1882.
massacre: 1066, 1096, 1099, 1189,
1190, 1196, 1197, 1206, 1209,
1221, 1230, 1232, 1235, 1236,
1241, 1244, 1247, 1260, 1264,
1265, 1266, 1283, 1286, 1290,
1291, 1298, 1301, 1303, 1309,
1320, 1321, 1328, 1336, 1337,
1338, 1349, 1350, 1355, 1358,
1360, 1370, 1389, 1391, 1399,
1400, 1401, 1421, 1449, 1453,
1454, 1459, 1464, 1465, 1473,
1474, 1510, 1518, 1534, 1535,
1541, 1547, 1556, 1563, 1577,
1593, 1595, 1605, 1648, 1649,
1655, 1656, 1659, 1664, 1667,
1682, 1683, 1686, 1687, 1734,
1736, 1749, 1753, 1761, 1767,
1792, 1795, 1801, 1805, 1822,
1839, 1859, 1860, 1864, 1882,
1903, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1918,
1919, 1920, 1921, 1929, 1934,
1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941,
1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1948,
1952.
massacre *: 3874, 3894, 3903, 4111,
4692, 4795.
massacres (major)*: 3829, 3874,
3893, 4020.
Massada *: 3727, 3831.
Mata Mechassiya *: 4131.
Matanot Kehuna: 1584.
Mathausen: 1945.
Matteh Aharon: 1690.
Matteh Ephrayim: 1828.
Mattityahu (Chashmona'i) *: 3621,
3622.
R.Mattityahu (G) *: 4617, 4619, 4628.
R.Mattityahu Treves: 1363.
Mavoh LaTalmud: 1055.
Max Lilienthal: 1843, 1844.
Mayence (Germany): 1040, 1096,
1257, 1281, 1283, 1298, 1349,
1460, 1483.
Mayence (Germany) *: 4772.
Mayer Anschel Rothschild: 1836.
Me'am Lo'ez: 1724.
Me'ir Eynei Chachamim: 1616.
Me'iri (R.Menachem): 1270.
Mechilta *: 3894.
Mechuyael *: 130.
Mechuza *: 4058, 4098, 4318.
Mecklenburg (Germany): 1492.
Medad (P) *: 2449, 2516.
Medan *: 2096.
Medini (R.Chaim Chizkiyah): 1899.
Medzibuzh (Poland): 1648.
Megaleh Amukot: 1640.
Meginei Shlomo (R.Yehoshua Falk):
1640, 1670.
Mehalalel *: 395, 1290.
Mehr (Germany): 1096.
Meier (Jacob), Lilli: 1945.
R.Meir (ben Yekutiel): 1298.
R.Meir (ib)n Gabbai: 1492.
Meir (Marcus) Lehman: 1854.
R.Meir (T) *: 3908, 3925.
R.Meir Abulafia: 1202.
R.Meir ben Baruch (Maharam Levi):
1388.
R.Meir ben Baruch (see Maharam
Roth.).
R.Meir Eisenstadt (see Maharam Esh).
R.Meir Kahane: 1990
R.Meir Leib(ush) (see Malbim).
Adm.R.Meir of Apta: 1827, 1866.
R.Meir of Lublin (see Maharam).
R.Meir Shapira (the Lubliner Rav):
1923.
R.Meir Simcha: 1888.
Adm.R.Meir(el) Premishlaner: 1850.
Meiri: 1270.
Meisharim (Sefer): 1334.
Meishiv Davar: 1893.
Meknes (Morocco): 1247.
Meltzer (see R.Isser Zalman).
R.Menachem (G) *: 4617, 4619.
Menachem (K) *: 3154.
Menachem (Noach) *: 1056.
R.Menachem Azaryah of Fano: 1570.
Menachem Begin: 1979.
R.Menachem ben Saruk *: 4715.
R.Menachem ibn Zerach: 1306, 1328,
1370.
R.Menachem Kasher: 1925.
R.Menachem Mann Shach: 1988, 2001.
R.Menachem Me'iri: 1270.
R.Menachem Mendel Auerbach: 1689.
Menachem Mendel Beilis: 1911.
R.Menachem Mendel Krochmal: 1661,
1670.
Adm.R.Menachem Mendel of Kossov: 1884.
Adm.R.Menachem Mendel of Kotzk: 1827,
1859, 1900, 1910.
Adm.R.Menachem Mendel of Lubavitch:
1827.
Adm.R.Menachem Mendel of Rymanov:
1812, 1815, 1827, 1841.
R.Menachem Mendel of Shklov: 1809.
R.Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk: 1772,
1 777.
Adm.R.Menachem Mendel of Vizhnitz: 1884.
Adm.R.Menachem Mendel Schneersohn:
1940, 1944, 1950, 1988, 1991;
1994.
R.Menachem of Recanti: 1290.
R.Menachem Zemba: 1943.
R.Menasheh (G) *: 4548, 4549, 4556.
Menasheh (K) *: 3228, 3283.
Menasheh *: 2235.
Menasheh ben Yisrael: 1656.
Mendelovitz (R.Shraga Faivel): 1921.
Mendelssohn (Moshe): 1783.
Menelaus *: 3610.
Menora *: 3622.
Menorat HaMa'or: 1389.
Merimat *: 2218.
Meriva *: 2061.
Merusha *: 2218.
R.Mesharshiya (G) *: 4590, 4601.
Mesharshiya bar Tachlifa *: 4410.
Meshech *: 1556.
Meshed (Persia): 1839.
Mesilat Yesharim: 1747.
Mesivta (see Metivta).
Mesorat HaShas: 1689.
Metivta *: 3995, 4349.
Metushael *: 130.
Metushelach *: 687, 987, 1056,
1656.
Metz (France): 1096, 1670, 1793.
Metzudat David: 1770.
Metzudat Tzion: 1770.
R.Mevasser *: 4677.
Mexico: 1528, 1649.
Mexico City: 1550.
Mey Shiloah: 1900
Michah (P) *: 3167.
Michah *: 2573, 2964.
Michal *: 2883.
R.Michal Dov Weismandel: 1944.
Michiyahu (P) *: 3024, 3041.
Michlal Yofi: 1636.
Midrash David: 1237.
Midrash Rbnu.Bachya: 1291.
Midyan *: 2096, 2218.
Miedzyborz (Poland): 1648.
Miessen (Germany): 1430.
MiG (airplane): 1943.
Migdal Oz: 1336.
Mihu Yehudi: 1958, 1988.
Mikhail Gorbachev: 1987
Mikra'ot Gedolot: 1516.
Mikulov (Moravia): 1719.
Milan (Italy): 1320, 1597.
Milchamot HaShem: 1338.
Milka *: 2049.
Miller, R.Avigdor: 2001.
Minchat Chinuch: 1874.
Minchat Yaakov: 1733.
minhag ASHKENAZIM *: see chart
TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
minhag SEPHARDIM *: see chart
TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
Minhagey Maharil: 1427.
Minorca *: 4178.
Minsk (Russia): 1941, 1942, 1943.
Minsk-Mazowiecki (Poland): 1942.
Mintz (R.Moshe/Maharam): 1831.
Minyan Shtarot: 1517.
Minyan Shtarot *: 3449.
Mir (Lithuania): 1941.
Miriam (and 7 sons) *: 3610.
Miriam (Herod's wife) *: 3725.
Miriam *: 2361, 2487.
Miriam Beilla: 1585.
Misgeret HaShulchan: 1886.
Misha'el *: 3319, 3340, 3426.
Mishkan *: 2449, 2488, 2503, 2870,
2871, 2884, 2928.
Mishmeret HaBayit: 1293, 1310.
Mishna *: 3925, 3949.
Mishna Berura: 1873.
Mishneh LeMelech: 1724, 1727.
Mishneh Torah: 1204.
missiles: 1991
Mitnagdim: 1760, 1772, 1798, 1841.
Mitzrayim *: 1557.
Mizrachi (R.Eliyahu): 1525.
Mo'av *: 2048.
Mohammed (see Muhammad.)
Mogilev (Poland-Russia): 1645, 1655,
1723, 1825.
Mogilev-Podolski (Poland): 1761.
Molcho (Shlomo): 1532.
Moldavia: 1648
Mongols: 1260, 1291.
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384 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

Montefiore (Sir Moses): 1827, 1840,

1846, 1858, 1864.
Moors *: 4471.
Moravia: 1454.
Mordechai (Pirush): 1298.
Mordechai *: 3327, 3390, 3399,
3404, 3405, 3406, 3426.
Mordechai Anilevitch: 1943.
R.Mordechai ben Hillel Ashkenazi:
1298.
R.Mordechai Benet: 1817, 1827.
R.Mordechai Gifter: 1945, 2001.
Mordechai Kaplan: 1922.
Adm.R.Mordechai of Chernobyl: 1797, 1837.
Adm.R.Mordechai of Lechevitch: 1798, 1884.
R.Mordechai Yaffe: 1557, 1592, 1599.
Adm.R.Mordechai Yosef Izbitzer: 1900.
Moreh Nevuchim: 1204.
Morgentheim (Austria): 1298.
Morocco: 1465, 1493, 1668, 1741,
1860, 1960.
Morocco *: 4454.
Morteira (see R.Shaul L.).
Moscow: 1891.
Moses (see Moshe).
R.Moshe (G) *: 4590, 4601.
R.Moshe (HaShavui) *: 4715.
Moshe *: 2368, 2410, 2447, 2448,
2488.
R.Moshe Alshich: 1572, 1575.
R.Moshe ben Maimon (see Rambam).
R.Moshe ben Nachman (see Ramban).
R.Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (Ramchal):
1738 1747.
R.Moshe Cordovero (see Ramak).
R.Moshe de Leon: 1290.
R.Moshe Feinstein: 1959.
R.Moshe Frankfurter: 1723.
R.Moshe HaDarshan: 1055, 1105.
R.Moshe Isserles (see Ramo).
R.Moshe Lima: 1640, 1655.
R.Moshe Margolis: 1781.
Moshe Mendelssohn: 1783.
R.Moshe Mintz (Maharam Mintz): 1831.
Moshe Montefiore (Sir) (see
Montefiore).
R.Moshe of Coucy: 1236, 1240.
Adm.R.Moshe of Karlin/Stolin: 1942.
Adm.R.Moshe of Kobrin: 1884.
Adm.R.Moshe of Sighet: 1979.
R.Moshe Rivkes: 1655.
R.Moshe Schick: 1861.
R.Moshe Sofer (see Chassam Sofer).
Adm.R.Moshe Teitelbaum (Yismach Moshe):
1808, 1841.
R.Moshe Zacuto: 1697.
Moslem (see Islam.)
mosque *: 4421.
Mostaganem (Algeria): 1897.
R.Mottel of Chernobyl: 1797.
Muehlhausen (Germany): 1349,
1472, 1543.
Muenz (R.Moshe): 1831.
Muhammad *: 4392, 4420.
Munbaz *: 3810.
Munich: 1285.
Munkatch (Admurim/see
Adm.R.Chaim Elaz.).
Munkatch (Admurim/see
Adm.R.Tzvi Hirsch).
Mussar: 1540, 1848.
Mussolini: 1938.
N NN NN
Na'ama *: 395, 974, 1554.
R.Nachman I (A) *: 4058.
R.Nachman II (bar Yitzchak) (A) *:
4112.
R.Nachman III (bar Huna) (A) *: 4211,
4214.
R.Nachman of Bratslav: 1810.
R.Nachman of Horodenka: 1764.
Nachmanides (see Ramban).
Nachor I *: 1849, 1997, 2049.
Nachor II *: 1948, 2048, 2049,
2084.
Nachshon (ben Aminadav) *: 2449,
2785.
R.Nachshon (G) *: 4636, 4644.
Nachum (P) *: 3228.
Nachum Goldmann: 1952
R.Nachum of Chernobyl: 1772, 1797.
Nadav (K) *: 2985, 2986.
Nadav *: 2449.
Nadvorna (Poland): 1941.
Naftali *: 2195, 2218.
Naftali Busnach: 1805.
Adm.R.Naftali of Ropshytz: 1812, 1827,
1830.
Adm.R.Naftali Tzvi of Bobov: 2000.
R.Naftali Tzvi Yehuda Berlin: 1893.
Nagyszombat: 1494., 1537, 1539.
Mar R.Nahilai *: 4457, 4475.
Nancy (France): 1477.
Naples (Italy): 1290, 1487, 1510,
1541.
Napoleon: 1798, 1799, 1807, 1812.
Narbonne (Provence): 1148, 1236.
Narol (Poland): 1648.
Nassi *: 3550.
R.Natan (HaBavli) (T) *: 3908, 3925.
Natan (P) *: 2892, 2924.
R.Natan Adler: 1782, 1806.
R.Natan ben Yechi'el: 1105.
R.Natan Nata Hanover: 1683.
R.Natan Shapiro: 1640.
Nathanson (R.Yosef Shaul): 1857.
R.Natroy *: 4515, 4519.
Natrunai (E) *: 4531.
Mar R.Natrunai I (G) *: 4479, 4499.
R.Natrunai II (G) *: 4613, 4618.
Navarre (Spain): 1328, 1498.
Navot *: 3041.
Nazis: 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942,
1943, 1944, 1945.
Nebuchadnetzar *: 3319, 3327,
3336, 3338, 3340, 3346, 3352,
3364.
R.Nechemyah (G) *: 4720, 4728.
Nechemyah *: 3390, 3426, 3438.
Nefesh HaChayim: 1821.
Neharde'a *: 3342, 3979, 3990,
4019, 4058, 4396, 4420.
R.Nehorai *: 3909.
Nemirov (Poland): 1648.
Nero *: 3826.
Nesvizh (Lithuania): 1941, 1942.
R.Netanel Weil: 1769.
Netanya: 1945
Netherlands: 1350.
Netivot HaMishpat: 1809.
Netziv: 1893.
Neuchatel (Switzerland): 1288.
Neuss: 1096, 1197.
Neutitschein (Moravia): 1563.
Nevat *: 2964.
Neve Shalom synagogue: 1986, 2003.
New Amsterdam: 1654.
New York: 1654, 1776, 1888, 1991
Newton, (Sir Isaac): 1664
Nicholas II: : 1905, 1917
niddui *: see chart TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
Nikolayev (Russia): 1829.
Nikolsburg (Moravia): 1719.
Nimrod *: 1787, 1958, 1996, 2000,
2123.
Nimukei Yosef: 1393.
R.Nissim ben Reuven (see Ran).
Rbnu.Nissim Gaon: 1050, 1088.
Nitai (Ha'arbeli) *: 3610, 3623,
3688.
Nitey Gavriel: 1988.
No'am Elimelech (see R.Elimel. of
Liz.).
Noach *: 1056, 1536, 1554, 1656,
1657, 1658, 1958, 2006, 2255.
Noah (see Noach).
Noda BiYehuda: 1754, 1782, 1783,
1810.
North Africa: 1198, 1391, 1435,
1492, 1864, 1973.
North Africa *: 3883, 4234, 4715.
Norway: 1940.
Norwich (England): 1144, 1190.
Novardok (Russia): 1941, 1942.
Novgorod-Seversk (Ukraine): 1918.
Novi Sad (Yugoslavia): 1942.
Novogrodek (Russia): 1941, 1942.
Novoselitsa (Bessarabia): 1941.
Novy Jicin (Moravia): 1563.
Nuremberg (Germany): 1298, 1349,
1467, 1498, 1946.
Nussach *: 4715.
O OO OO
oath more judaico: 1827.
Oberwesel (Germany): 1286.
Odessa (Russia): 1821, 1859, 1871,
1905, 1941.
Ofran (Morocco): 1792.
Og *: 1656, 2487.
Oheiv Yisrael: 1825.
Olesnica (Silesia): 1492.
Oliver Cromwell: 1656.
Ollelot Ephrayim: 1619.
Omri (K) *: 3010.
Onias (Chonyo) *: 3610.
Onkelus I *: 3841.
Onkelus II *: 3841.
Opatow (Poland): 1656.
Or HaChayim: 1741.
Or HaShem: 1391.
Or Same'ach: 1888.
Or Zaru'a: 1244.
Orange (France): 1505.
Orchot Chayim: 1306.
Orchot Tzadikim: 1540
Oria (Italy) *: 4631, 4685.
R.Oshiya *: 3949, 3995, 4060.
Oshmyany (Lithuania): 1831, 1941.
Oslo agreement: 1993, 1995.
Oslo (Norway): 1993
Osnat *: 2205, 2229.
Ostraha (Poland): 1941.
Ostrog (Poland): 1580, 1941.
Ostrov Mazovyetzka (Poland): 1939.
Oswiecim (Poland) (see Auschwitz).
Othniel (S) *: 2533, 2573.
Otzar HaPoskim: 1947.
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385 Index
Ovadya (P) *: 3021, 3024.
R.Ovadya Bertinura: 1488.
R.Ovadya Seforno: 1542.
P PP PP
P.L.O.: 1964, 1969, 1970, 1982,
1993.
Pachad Yitzchak: 1756.
Pale of Settlement: 1791, 1853, 1917.
Palestine Liberation Org. (see P.L.O.).
Palestine Mandate: 1920.
Palma (Majorca): 1391.
Palmyra *: 4019.
R.Paltui *: 4601, 4617.
Pam (R.Avrohom Yaakov ): 2001.
Pamplona (Spain): 1277.
Panevezys (Lithuania): 1941.
R.Pappa *: 4112, 4131.
Pappa bar Nazer *: 4019.
Pardes Rimmonim: 1570.
Paris: 1181, 1242, 1380, 1394.
Parthian *: 3986.
partisan groups: 1942, 1943, 1944.
Passau (Germany): 1478.
Pastoureaux Crusaders: 1320.
Patras (Greece): 1595.
Patria: 1940.
patrilineal descent: 1983
Pavia (Italy): 1225.
Pavoloch (Poland): 1736.
Pe'at HaShulchan: 1809.
Peasants War: 1525.
Pekach (K) *: 3166, 3183, 3187.
Pekachya (K) *: 3164, 3166.
Peleg *: 1757, 1996.
Peliliah *: 2000.
Penijel, R.Raphael Meir : 1869.
Pentagon (Washington D.C.) :2001.
Peremyshlany (Ukraine): 1941.
R.Peretz (ben Yitzchak): 1349.
Peretz *: 2410.
R.Peretz HaKohen: 1391.
R.Peretz of Corbeil: 1290, 1298.
Perisha: 1614.
Perpignan (France): 1319, 1391,
1485, 1493.
Pershisskha (Admurim/see
Adm.R.Simcha).
Pershisskha (Admurim/see Yehudi).
Persia: 1291, 1661.
Persia (see also Bavel after 3390).
Persia *: 3390, 3412, 3448, 3721,
3986.
Persian Empire *: 3986.
Peru: 1570.
Perugia (Italy): 1485.
Perushim *: 3570, 3634, 3648,
3680, 3688, 3700.
Pesaro (Italy): 1798.
Pessel Michah *: 2573, 2870.
Petach Tikva: 1921.
Peter Stuyvesant: 1654.
Peter the Great: 1706
Petrokov (Poland): 1590, 1939.
Pezinok (Hungary): 1529.
Pharaoh *: 2033, 2229.
Pharisees (see Perushim).
Philo(n) *: 3800.
philosophy: 1305.
pidyon haben *: see chart TAKKANOT
HAGE'ONIM
Pilegesh BeGiv'a *: 2573.
Pilsen (Bohemia): 1504.
Pinchas (ben Elazar) *: 2488, 2516,
2830.
R.Pinchas Horowitz: 1585.
R.Pinchas Horowitz (Ba'al HaHafla'a):
1772, 1782, 1783, 1806.
R.Pinchas of Koretz: 1760.
Adm.R.Pinchas Menachem of Gur: 1992
Pinsk: 1919.
Pinsk (Russia): 1942.
Piotrkow (Poland): 1590, 1939.
Piove Di Sacco: 1475.
Pirkei D'Rebbi Eliezer *: 3834.
Pirush Rash: 1187.
Pisa (Italy): 1221.
Piskei HaRecanti: 1290.
Pitchei Teshuva: 1856.
piyutim *: 3909, 4690, 4715, 4631,
4772
piyutim: 1040, 1055, 1105, 1171,
1184, 1191, 1197, 1217, 1570,
1869.
plague: 1342, 1349, 1677, 1680,
1708, 1709, 1715, 1716, 1741,
1747, 1770.
Plato *: 3339.
Plonsk (Poland): 1948
Plunge (Lithuania): 1948.
Plungyan (Lithuania): 1948.
Pnei Moshe: 1781.
Pnei Yehoshua I: 1640.
Pnei Yehoshua II: 1702, 1718, 1730,
1733, 1741, 1754, 1772.
Podgaitsy (Poland): 1667.
Podhayetz (Poland): 1667.
Poesing (Hungary): 1529.
Pogrebishche (Poland): 1736.
pogrom: 1881, 1897, 1903, 1905,
1906, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1929,
1938, 1941, 1946, 1991.
pogrom (see massacre).
Poland: 1266, 1267, 1278, 1334,
1407, 1454, 1464, 1483, 1537,
1580, 1648, 1655, 1659, 1736,
1757, 1764, 1772, 1791, 1792,
1794, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1942,
1943, 1944, 1945.
Poland-Lithuania: 1096, 1350, 1580,
1648.
Polannoe (Poland): 1648.
Pollak (see R.Yaakov).
Polonnoye (Poland): 1648.
Polotzk (Lithuania): 1563.
Pompey *: 3700.
Ponary: 1941, 1944.
Ponevitch (Lithuania): 1941.
Pope : i946.
Pope (John Paul II): 1986, 1993
Portugal: 1391, 1483, 1492, 1496.
Portugal: (see Skulener): 1982
Posen (Poland): 1577, 1580, 1590,
1592, 1620, 1687, 1716, 1736,
1755, 1821.
Posquieres (Provence): 1198.
Potiphar *: 2216.
Potiphera *: 2205, 2229.
Poznan (see Posen).
Prague: 1096, 1389, 1399, 1400,
1557, 1568, 1592, 1613, 1629,
1630, 1648, 1680, 1689, 1741,
1745, 1754.
Premishlaner (R.Meir(el)): 1850.
Premyshl (Poland): 1939.
Pressburg (Hungary): 1096, 1806.
Pri Chadash: 1692.
Pri Etz Chaim: 1572.
Pri Megadim: 1773.
Pri Tzadik : 1900
printing: 1475, 1487.
prisoner exchange: 1983, 1985
Procurator *: 3770.
R.Profiat (Yitzchak) Duran: 1391.
Proskurov (Ukraine): 1919.
Provence (S.E.France): 1172, 1350,
1485, 1489, 1501.
Prussia (Germany): 1772.
Przemysl (Poland): 1630, 1659,
1939.
Przytyk (Poland): 1936.
Ptolemy *: 3454.
Pulkau (Austria): 1338.
Pum Nahara *: 4112.
Pumpedita *: 4019, 4058, 4320,
4349, 4479, 4671, 4798.
Purim (local): 1236, 1524, 1648.
Put *: 1557.
Q QQ QQ
R RR RR
Ra'ah: 1293, 1319.
Ra'avad: 1198.
Ra'avad I: 1126.
Ra'avad II: 1198.
Ra'avad III: 1150, 1172, 1198.
Rabbah (bar Nachmani) *: 4060,
4069, 4081.
Rabbah Tospha'a *: 4227, 4234.
Rabbanan Savurai (see Savurai).
Rabbenu Tam: 1147, 1161, 1164,
1171, 1175, 1187, 1189, 1190,
1191, 1192.
Rabin, Yitzchak: 1948, 1995
Rabinovitz (R.Azriel): 1941.
Rabinowitz (R.Yitzchak HaLevi):
1914.
Rachav *: 2488.
Rachel *: 2192, 2208.
Radak: 1148, 1191, 1232.
Radin (Lithuania): 1942.
Radomsk (Adm.R.Shlomo of): 1866.
Radomsk (Poland): 1943.
Radomyshl (Poland): 1941.
Radoshkovichi (Poland): 1942.
Radvaz: 1492, 1517, 1553.
Radziwillow (Poland): 1942.
Ralbag (Gersonides): 1338, 1344.
Rama MiFano: 1570.
Ramah: 1202, 1232, 1244.
Ramak (Cordovero): 1570, 1572,
1575.
RaMaZ: 1697.
Rambam (controversy): 1202, 1232,
1305.
Rambam (Maimonides): 1135, 1148,
1150, 1165, 1187, 1202, 1204,
1232, 1285, 1305, 1310.
Ramban (Nachmanides): 1194,
1227, 1232, 1244, 1263, 1267,
1270, 1291, 1293, 1310.
Ramchal (see R.Moshe C. Luzzatto).
Ramerupt (France): 1147.
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386 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

Ramo (R.Moshe Isserles): 1557, 1563,

1573 , 1570, 1613, 1614.
Ramon, Ilan: 2003.
Ran (R.Nissim): 1344, 1349, 1367,
1391.
ransom: 1216, 1286, 1294, 1450,
1521, 1625, 1794, 1827.
Raoul Wallenberg: 1945.
Rappaport (R.Chaim HaKohen):
1759.
Rashba: 1270, 1291, 1293, 1305,
1310, 1319, 1336.
Rashbam: 1105, 1161, 1171, 1175.
Rashbatz: 1391, 1407, 1444.
Rashi: 1105, 1475.
Rav (A) *: 3949, 3979, 4007.
Rav of Lyady (see R.Shneur Zalman).
Rava *: 4098, 4111, 4112.
R.Rava I (G) *: 4400, 4405, 4410.
Mar R.Rava II (G) *: 4479.
Mar R.Rava III (G) *: 4533, 4542.
Ravan: 1161, 1217.
Ravenna (Italy): 1491.
Ravensburg (Germany): 1430.
Ravina I (A) *: 4152, 4181.
Ravina II (A) *: 4234, 4235.
Raviyah: 1217, 1244.
Razah: 1150.
Re'u *: 1787, 2026.
Reb Itzikel MeHamburg: 1764.
RebbeR.Ber (see Maggid of
Mezeritsch).
Rebbi (see R.Yehuda HaNassi).
Rebecca (see Rivka).
Recanti (Italy): 1569.
Rechav'am (K) *: 2964.
Rechitsa (Russia): 1905.
R.Rechumai *: 4236.
Recife (Brazil): 1630, 1654.
Reconstructionist movement: 1922
Reform movement: 1810, 1817,
1824, 1827, 1824, 1830, 1851,
1885 1983, 1988.
Refusenik: 1986
Regensburg (Germany): 1096, 1519.
Reggio di Calabria (Italy): 1475.
Reggio Emilia (Italy): 1630.
Reinhard, Heydrich: 1942
Reish Galuta (Exilarch): 1190.
Reish Galuta (Exilarch) *: 3990,
3995, 4420, 4515, 4523, 4531,
4546, 4577, 4677, 4690.
Reish Lakish *: 4050.
Reisher (R.Yaakov): 1733.
Reishis Chochma: 1575.
Rembrandt: 1656.
ReMeZ: 1697.
Renchen (Germany): 1301.
R.Raphael Meir Penijel: 1869.
Reuven *: 2195, 2216, 2218.
R.Reuven Katz: 1673.
R.Reva'i *: 4300, 4320.
Rhodes: 1498, 1522, 1840.
Ri (R.Yitzchak): 1161, 1175, 1184,
1187, 1203, 1217.
Ri MiGash: 1103, 1105, 1135, 1141.
Ribeuville (Germany): 1336.
rice on Pesach*: see chart TAKKANOT
HAGE'ONIM
Richard the Lion Hearted: 1189.
Rif (Alfasi): 1088, 1103, 1105, 1126.
Riga (Latvia): 1941.
Rindfleisch massacres: 1298.
Ritva: 1319.
Ritzba: 1187.
Riva: 1105, 1161.
Rivam: 1171.
Rivan: 1105.
Rivash: 1367, 1388, 1391, 1407.
Rivevan: 1260.
Rivka *: 2049, 2084, 2123, 2208.
Rivkes (see R.Moshe).
Rogatchover Gaon (R.Yosef Rozin):
1889, 1943.
Rogatyn (Poland): 1942.
Roke'ach (Sefer): 1197, 1237.
Roman Annexation *: 3770.
Roman Empire *: 3874.
Roman Empire divided East/West *:
4046.
Romans *: 3628, 3648, 3700, 3715,
3721, 3725.
Rome: 1105, 1257, 1320, 1322,
1466, 1553, 1555, 1577, 1583,
1667, 1798, 1944.
Rome *: 3688, 3829, 3830, 3841,
3856, 3908.
Rosannes (R.Yehuda) (see Mishneh
LeMel.).
Rosenzweig (Franz): 1929.
Rosh (R.Asher): 1303, 1305, 1306,
1310, 1327, 1328, 1334, 1342.
Rosh Emanah: 1508.
Roth, Malka (Keren Malki): 2001.
Rothenburg (Germany): 1298.
Rothschild: 1827, 1836.
Rottingen (Germany): 1298.
Roudnice (Bohemia): 1745.
Rovno (Poland): 1941, 1942.
Rozin (R.Yosef/see Rogatchover).
Rudolf Kasztner: 1944.
Rumania: 1648, 1867, 1941.
Russia: 1310, 1655, 1742, 1772,
1791, 1804, 1812, 1822, 1827,
1831, 1838, 1924, 1939, 1941,
1945, 1952, 1969, 1971, 1973,
1980, 1987, 1991, 1992.
Russian Revolution: 1917, 1918.
Ruth *: 2785, 2854.
Ruzhany (Poland): 1659.
Ruzhin (see Adm.R.Yisrael of).
Rymanov (see Adm.R.Men.Mendel
of).
S SS SS
S.S.: 1942
Rbnu.Saadya Gaon *: 4683, 4688, 4690,
4702, 4715.
Sadducees (see Tzedukim).
Safed (see Tzfat).
Safov (Moravia): 1822.
Sak (see R.Yaakov).
Salant (R.Shmuel): 1909.
Salanter (see R.Yisrael).
Salome I (see Shalomit).
Salome II *: 3760, 3761.
Salonika (Greece): 1545, 1665, 1917,
1943.
Salzburg (Austria): 1404, 1418,
1498.
R.Sama *: 4320.
Samaria (see Shomron).
Samaritans (see Kuthim).
Sambor (Poland): 1943.
Samson (see Shimshon).
Samuel (see Shmuel).
Sancheriv *: 3213.
Sandomierz (Poland): 1655.
Sanhedrin *: 3670, 3715, 3729,
3769, 3789, 3828, 3829, 3834,
3841, 3844, 3846, 3867, 3903,
3908, 3925, 3990, 3995.
R.Sar Shalom *: 4608, 4613.
Saragossa (Spain): 1182, 1349.
Sarah *: 1958, 1973, 2023, 2048,
2084.
Sarah Schenirer: 1917.
Sarai *: 2048.
Sardinia: 1492.
Sassanids *: 3986.
Satmar (Admurim/see Teitelbaum).
Saudi Arabia: 1948.
Saul (see Shaul).
Savurai *: 4236, 4320.
Schaffa (Moravia): 1822.
Schaffhausen (Switzerland): 1401,
1472.
Schechter (Solomon): 1896.
Schenirer (Sarah): 1917.
Schick (Maharam): 1861.
Schneersohn (R.Levi Yitzchak): 1944.
Schneersohn (see Adm.R.Menachem
Mendel).
Schneersohn (see Adm.R.Shmuel).
Schneersohn (see Adm.R.Sholom
DovBer).
Schneersohn (see Adm.R.Yosef
Yitzchak).
Schneersohn (see Tzemach Tzedek II).
Schorr (R.Alexander): 1733.
Schwab, R.Shimon: 1980.
Schweidnitz (Silesia): 1453.
science: 1305, 1664,
Sdei Chemed: 1899.
Sdom *: 2006, 2048.
secret Jews: 1096, 1148, 1198, 1311,
1391, 1661, 1839.
secret Jews (see Marranos).
secret Jews *: 4342, 4471.
seder *: 2171.
Seder HaDorot: 1711.
Seder Olam *: 3909.
Sefer Charedim: 1592.
Sefer HaAgur: 1487.
Sefer HaChasidim: 1217.
Sefer HaChinuch: 1285
Sefer HaIkkarim: 1413.
Sefer HaIttur: 1179.
Sefer HaKabbala: 1126.
Sefer HaManhig: 1203.
Sefer HaNitzachon: 1399.
Sefer HaTeruma: 1203.
Sefer HaTerumot: 1227.
Sefer HaYashar: 1171.
Sefer Keritut: 1306.
Sefer Me'irat Enayim (Sma): 1614.
Sefer Mitzvot Gadol: 1236.
Sefer Mitzvot Katan: 1280.
Sefer Or Zaru'a: 1244.
Sefer Yere'im: 1161.
Sefer Yuchasin: 1504.
Seforno (R.Ovadya): 1542.
Segovia (Spain): 1474.
Selestat (Germany): 1479.
Seleucius *: 3454.
Semicha: 1388, 1538.
Senesh (Chanah): 1944.
Senigallia (Italy): 1798.
Sephardim *: 4715
Sepphoris (Tzippori) *: 3867.
Septuagint *: 3515.
Serach *: 2218.
Serayah (KG) *: 3339.
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387 Index
Serug *: 1819, 2049.
Seth *: 130.
Sevastopol (Russia): 1829.
Seville: 1391, 1464, 1481, 1483.
Seyir *: 2216.
Sfass Emess: 1866, 1905.
Sh'chem *: 2205.
Sh'elot UTeshuvot Min HaShamayim:
1203.
Sha'agat Aryeh: 1785, 1821.
Sha'ar Ephrayim: 1655.
Sha'arei Dura: 1303.
Sha'arei Ora: 1290.
Sha'arei Teshuva: 1263.
Shabbateans: 1676, 1683, 1718,
1730, 1757, 1759.
R.Shabbetai Bass: 1655, 1689, 1712.
R.Shabbetai HaKohen (see Shach).
Shabbetai Tzvi: 1665, 1666, 1676,
1895.
Shabur I *: 4020.
Shach (R.Shabbetai Kohen): 1640,
1646, 1654, 1655, 1660.
Shach, R.Menachem Mann: 1988,
2001.
Shalmanessar *: 3195, 3205.
Shaloh (R.Yeshayahu Horowitz):
1615 1619, 1621, 1625.
Mar R.Shalom (G) *: 4665, 4671.
Shalom (K) *: 3154.
Adm.R.Shalom DovBer of Lubavitch: 1882,
1920.
Adm.R.Shalom of Belz: 1855.
R.Shalom of Vienna: 1393, 1421, 1427.
Shalom Rabinovitz: 1882
R.Shalom Shachna: 1570.
R.Shalom Shar'abi: 1777.
Shalomit (Salome I) (Q) *: 3668,
3670, 3686, 3688, 3696, 3700.
Shalshelet HaKabbala: 1575.
Shamai *: 3715, 3729.
Shamgar (S) *: 2654.
Shanghai (China): 1941.
R.Shanui *: 4542, 4543.
Shapira (R.Meir/Lubliner Rav):
1923.
Shapira (see Munkatch/Admurim).
Shapiro (R.Eliyahu): 1712.
Shapiro (R.Natan): 1640.
Shapiro (see R.Eliyahu).
Shar'abi (R.Shalom): 1777.
Sharansky, Natan: 1986
Shaul *: 2870, 2882, 2883, 2884.
R.Shaul Levi Morteira: 1655, 1656,
1697.
She'arim BeIssur VeHeter: 1303.
She'arim HaMetzuyanim BeHalacha:
1948.
She'ilat Yavetz: 1776.
She'iltot D'R.Acha(i) *: 4515.
Shechitot UBedikot (Sefer): 1451.
Shedlitz (Russia): 1906.
R.Shephatia *: 4631.
Sheit *: 130, 1042.
Shelach *: 1693, 2126.
Shem *: 1558, 1958, 2048, 2158.
Shem HaGedolim: 1806.
R.Shem Tov ibn Gaon: 1336.
Shem'aya *: 3696, 3715.
R.Shemaryahu (HaShavui) *: 4715.
Shepharam *: 3908.
R.Sherira Gaon *: 4728, 4757.
R.Sheshna *: 4410, 4420.
Sheva (ben Bichri) *: 2924, 2964.
Shibbolei HaLeket: 1260.
Shi'ite's*: 4420.
R.Shila *: 3979, 3990.
Shim'i (ben Gerah) *: 2935.
Shim'i (KG) *: 3488.
Shimon (ben Hillel) (T) *: 3769.
Shimon (ben Shatach) *: 3668,
3670, 3680, 3688, 3696.
R.Shimon (ben Yochai) *: 3908, 3909.
Shimon (Chashmona'i) *: 3621,
3634.
Shimon *: 2195.
Shimon Bar Kuziba *: 3887, 3893.
R.Shimon ben Gamliel I *: 3810, 3826,
3827.
R.Shimon ben Gamliel II *: 3878, 3908,
3925.
R.Shimon ben HaSgan *: 3893.
R.Shimon ben Lakish *: 4050.
R.Shimon ben Tzadok: 1286.
R.Shimon Duran I (see Rashbatz).
R.Shimon Duran II: 1467.
R.Shimon HaGadol *: 4772
Shimon HaPakuli (T) *: 3836.
Shimon Hatzadik *: 3426, 3448,
3449, 3488, 3580.
Shimon II (KG) *: 3580, 3600.
R.Shimon Ish HaMitzpeh (T) *: 3834.
R.Shimon Kaira *: 4519.
R.Shimon Schwab: 1980.
R.Shimon Shkop: 1941.
Adm.R.Shimon Sholom (Amshinov): 1941.
R.Shimon Sofer: 1879.
R.Shimshon (Count of Coucy): 1236.
Shimshon (S) *: 2810, 2830.
R.Shimshon of Chinon: 1306.
R.Shimshon of Ostropole: 1648.
R.Shimshon of Shantz: 1187, 1202,
1 21 1 .
R.Shimshon Rapha'el Hirsch: 1851,
1869.
Shimshon Wertheimer: 1719.
Shimusha Rabba: 1290.
Shinev (see Adm.R.Yechezk'el).
Shitta MeKubetzet: 1553.
Shkop (R.Shimon): 1941.
Shlettstadt (Germany): 1479.
Shlomo (Solomon) *: 2912, 2924,
2928, 2935, 2964, 3338.
R.Shlomo Alkabetz: 1570.
Shlomo bar Chisdai (E) *: 4515, 4519.
R.Shlomo ben Shimon Duran: 1444,
1467.
R.Shlomo Ephrayim: 1609, 1616, 1619.
R.Shlomo Ganzfried: 1886.
R.Shlomo HaBavli *: 4772.
R.Shlomo ibn Aderet (see Rashba).
R.Shlomo ibn Gvirol: 1055.
R.Shlomo Kluger: 1820.
R.Shlomo Luria (see Maharshal).
Shlomo Molcho: 1532.
R.Shlomo Montpellier: 1232, 1263.
Adm.R.Shlomo of Bobov: 1876.
Adm.R.Shlomo of Bobov (2): 1941, 2000.
R.Shlomo of Karlin: 1772, 1781, 1792.
Adm.R.Shlomo of Radomsk: 1866.
R.Shlomo Yitzchaki (see Rashi).
R.Shlomo Yosef Zevin: 1947.
R.Shlomo Zalman Aurbach: 1995.
R.Shlomo Zalman Broin: 1948.
R.Shlomo Zalman Lifshitz: 1821.
Shma Yisrael *: 4295.
R.Shmelke of Nikolsburg: 1772, 1781,
1814.
Shmona Esrei *: 3836.
Shmuel (A) *: 3990, 4007, 4014.
R.Shmuel (Beit Shmuel): 1689.
Shmuel *: 2830, 2854, 2871, 2881,
2883, 2884.
R.Shmuel ben Eli: 1190.
R.Shmuel ben Klonymos: 1217.
R.Shmuel ben Meir: 1105.
R.Shmuel ben Natrunai: 1197.
R.Shmuel de Medina: 1575.
R.Shmuel Edels (see Maharsha).
R.Shmuel Ehrenfeld: 1883.
R.Shmuel HaChasid: 1217
Shmuel HaKatan (T) *: 3836.
R.Shmuel HaNagid: 1055.
R.Shmuel HaNagid *: 4773.
R.Shmuel HaSardi: 1227.
Mar R.Shmuel I (G) *: 4493, 4511.
R.Shmuel ibn Tibbon: 1204.
R.Shmuel II (G) *: 4508, 4515.
R.Shmuel Kelin: 1807.
Adm.R.Shmuel of Lubavitch: 1866, 1882.
R.Shmuel Salant: 1909.
R.Shmuel Strashun: 1872.
R.Shmuel Uceda (Uzida): 1575.
R.Shmuel Yaffe: 1584.
Shnei Luchot HaBrit (Sefer): 1621.
R.Shneur Zalman (Rav of Lyady): 1745,
1770, 1772, 1798, 1800, 1812,
1827.
Sho'el UMeshiv: 1857.
Shomron *: 3010, 3205, 3648.
Shomronim (see Kuthim).
Sholom Aleichem: 1882
Shpoler Zeideh: 1811.
R.Shraga Faivel Mendelovitz: 1921.
Shua *: 2218.
Shuach *: 2096.
Shulchan Aruch: 1563, 1570, 1575,
1614, 1646.
Shulchan Aruch HaRav: 1770.
Shvut Yaakov: 1733.
Sichon *: 1656, 2487.
Sicily: 1221, 1428, 1474, 1492.
Siddur *: 4618.
Sidrei Tahara: 1780.
Siedlice (Russia): 1906.
Siena (Italy): 1798.
Sifra *: 3949.
Sifri *: 3949.
Siftei Chachamim (see R.Shabbetai
Bass).
Siftei Kohen (Shach): 1646.
Siftei Yesheinim: 1689.
Sighet (Admurim/see Teitelbaum).
Silesia: 1267.
R.Silano *: 4631.
Silva (R.Chizkiyah da): 1692.
Silver, R.Eliezer: 1941.
R.Simcha `Machzor Vitry': 1105.
Adm.R.Simcha Bunim of Gur: 1977, 1992.
Adm.R.Simcha Bunim of Pershisskha: 1814,
1827, 1859, 1866.
Simferopol (Crimea): 1905.
Simla Chadasha: 1733.
Simon (see Shimon).
Simon Dubnow: 1941.
R.Simuna *: 4280, 4300.
Sinai Campaign: 1956.
Sir Moses Montefiore (see Montefiore).
Sisra *: 2654.
Sivuv (Sefer): 1173.
Six Day War: 1967.
Skalat (Poland): 1943.
Skulener Rebbe: 1982
Slonim (Poland): 1941.
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388 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

Sma (R.Yehoshua Falk): 1614, 1640.

SMaG (Sefer Mitzvot Gadol): 1236.
SMaK (Sefer Mitzvot Katan): 1280.
Smyrna (Turkey): 1665.
Sobibor: 1942, 1943.
Sochatchev (Adm.R.Avraham of):
1910.
Sochatchev (Poland): 1556, 1619.
Sofer (R.Avraham Shmuel
Binyamin): 1839.
Sofer (R.Moshe - see Chassam Sofer).
Sofer (R.Shimon): 1879.
Sofer (R.Yaakov Chaim/Caf
HaChayim): 1904.
Solomon (see Shlomo).
Solomon Schechter: 1896.
Solovetchik (see R.Chaim Brisker).
Solovetchik (see R.Yosef Ber).
Sonnenfeld (R.Yosef Chaim): 1920.
South America: 1570, 1630.
space travel: 1961, 1969, 2003.
Spain: 1216, 1241, 1269, 1350,
1391, 1481, 1492, 1493.
Spain *: 3338, 4372, 4454, 4471,
4618, 4715.
special Jewish dress (see Jews badge).
Spektor (R.Yitzchak Elchanan): 1896.
Speyer (Bavaria): 1096, 1196, 1349,
1435.
Spinoza (Baruch): 1656.
Stamfordfair (England): 1190.
Stanislav (Poland): 1941, 1943.
Staro-Konstantinov (Poland): 1648.
Stefan Czarnetzki: 1655.
Steinsaltz (R.Adin): 1967.
Stolin (Russia): 1942.
Strasbourg: 1349, 1793.
Strashun (R.Shmuel): 1872.
Stry (Poland): 1943.
Stuyvesant (Peter): 1655.
Styria (Austria): 1421, 1496.
Sura *: 3990, 4300, 4369, 4671,
4687, 4702.
survivors: 1939, 1941, 1943, 1944,
1945, 1946, 1947, 1948
Survivors' Talmud: 1946
Sweden: 1655, 1659, 1943.
Swiss banks: 1997.
Switzerland: 1436, 1472, 1491.
Syria: 1260, 1400, 1948, 1967,
1973.
T TT TT
R.Tachana *: 4236.
Tadmor *: 4019.
Takkanot: 1040.
Takkanot HaGe'onim *: 4405, 4548.
Takkanot HaGe'onim *: see chart
TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
Talmud (censored): 1263, 1413.
Talmud *: 4320.
Talmud Bavli *: 4111, 4152, 4187,
4235, 4236.
Talmud burning: 1240, 1242, 1244,
1319, 1322, 1553, 1559, 1757.
Talmud Encyclopedia: 1947.
Talmud, Survivors': 1946
Talmud Yerushalmi *: 4050, 4111.
Tamar *: 2912, 2921.
Tanna'im *: 3729, 3949.
Tanya (Sefer): 1798.
Tarnobrzeg (Poland): 1655.
Tarnopol (Poland): 1941, 1942.
Tarrega (Spain): 1349.
Tartars: 1241, 1393, 1400, 1551,
1648, 1651, 1667.
Tashbatz: 1407.
Tashbetz: 1286.
tax: 1255, 1271, 1278, 1456, 1492,
1524, 1791.
Tax Collectors *: 3550, 3570, 3600.
Taz (R.David ben Shmuel): 1648,
1654, 1664, 1665.
Te'omim (Pri Megadim - see R.Yosef).
Te'omim (R.Aharon): 1690.
Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Chaim Tzvi).
Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Chananyah
Yom Tov).
Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Elazar
Nissan).
Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Moshe).
Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Moshe/
Yisma.Moshe).
Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Yekutiel
Yehuda).
Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Yoel(ish)).
Tel Aviv: 1909, 1936, 1948, 1984.
Tel Aviv *: 3342.
Tel Chai: 1920.
Telz (Lithuania): 1941.
Temesvar (Rumania): 1936.
Temple (see Beit Hamikdash).
Ten Martyrs (see Appendix C).
Ten Martyrs *: 3893, 3894.
Ten Tribes *: 3187, 3195, 3205,
3298.
Tennessee (U.S.A).
Terach *: 1878, 1948, 1958, 2000,
2048, 2083.
Terumat HaDeshen: 1460.
Tetiyev (Ukraine): 1768, 1920.
Tetuan (Morocco): 1860.
Teverya: 1837.
Teverya *: 3846, 3995.
Tevu'ot Shor: 1733.
Theodore Herzl: 1895.
Theodosius II *: 4189.
Theresienstadt: 1945.
Thirty Year War: 1629, 1648, 1655.
Thurgau (Switzerland): 1491.
Thuringa (Germany): 1430.
Tiberius (see Teverya).
tidal wave (see tsunami).
Tiferet Shlomo: 1866.
Tiferet Yisrael: 1837.
Tiglath Pil'esser *: 3187.
Tikkun Middot HaNefesh: 1055,
1 1 67.
Tiktin (Poland-Lithuania): 1941.
Timisoara (Rumania): 1936.
Timna *: 2216.
Tiras *: 1556.
TiszaEszlar (Hungary): 1882.
Titus *: 3825, 3828, 3829, 3830,
3841.
Tivni *: 3010.
Tivyumi (A) *: 4214, 4227.
Tlemcen (Algeria): 1517, 1534.
Tluste (Poland): 1943.
Todos (Theodus) *: 3688.
Tolah (S) *: 2737, 2758.
Toldot Adam: 1713.
Toldot Yaakov Yosef: 1760, 1781.
Toledo (Spain): 1355, 1391, 1488,
1490.
Tolstoye (Poland): 1943.
Tomas de Torquemada: 1483.
Torah Sheleima: 1925.
Torah Temima: 1874.
Torat HaBayit: 1293, 1310.
Torat Moshe Alshich: 1575.
Torquemada: 1483.
Tortosa (Spain): 1413.
Tosaphot: 1105, 1147, 1175, 1187,
1286, 1290, 1553.
Tosaphot HaRosh: 1327.
Tosaphot Rbnu.Peretz: 1290.
Tosaphot Rid: 1244.
Tosaphot Shantz: 1290.
Tosaphot Tuch (Touques): 1290.
Tosaphot Yom Tov: 1616, 1629,
1640, 1654.
Toulouse (France): 1278, 1319.
Tours (France): 1321.
Trajan *: 3858, 3874.
Transylvania: 1648
Treblinka: 1942, 1943.
Trent (Italy): 1475.
Treves (see Matt./see Yoch.).
Treviso (Italy): 1547.
Tripoli: 1864.
Trnava (Czechoslovakia): 1494,
1537, 1539.
Trostyanets (Ukraine): 1919.
Troyes (France): 1096, 1105, 1288.
Trumpeldor (Yosef): 1920.
tsunami *: 235
Tuchin (Poland): 1941.
Tudela (Spain): 1319.
Tuebingen (Germany): 1477.
Tulchin (Ukraine): 1648, 1919.
Tunis: 1535, 1864.
Tunisia: 1250.
Tur (R.Yaakov ben Asher): 1327,
1328, 1340, 1342, 1475.
Turei Zahav (Taz): 1646.
Turkey: 1492, 1986, 2003.
Tuval Kayin *: 395, 1656.
Tykocin (Poland-Lithuania): 1941.
Tyrnau (Czechoslovakia): 1494,
1537, 1539.
Tzadikim Nistarim: 1734.
Mar R.Tzadok (G) *: 4581, 4583.
Tzadok (KG) *: 2924.
R.Tzadok (T) *: 3789.
Tzadok *: 3530.
Adm.R.Tzadok HaKohen: 1900
Tzal'lephunit *: 2810.
Tzanzer (see Adm.R.Chaim
Halberstam).
Tzaphnat Pane'ach (Sefer): 1889.
Tzaphnat Pane'ach *: 2229.
Tzedukim *: 3530, 3570, 3628,
3634, 3648, 3668, 3670, 3696,
3770, 3815.
Tzeida LaDerech: 1328.
Tzemach David: 1613.
R.Tzemach Duran: 1467.
R.Tzemach I (G) *: 4631, 4640.
R.Tzemach II (G) *: 4644, 4652.
R.Tzemach III (G) *: 4695, 4699.
Tzemach Tzadik: 1884.
Tzemach Tzedek (II): 1827, 1843,
1866.
Tzemach Tzedek I (see Krochmal).
Tzena URena: 1622.
Tzephanya (P) *: 3298.
Tzfat: 1747, 1759, 1837.
R.Tzidkiyah HaRofeh: 1260.
Tzidkiyahu (K) *: 3327, 3331, 3336,
3337, 3338, 3339, 3364.
Tzippori (Sepphoris) *: 3867.
Tzivon *: 2192.
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389 Index
Tzoozmir: 1655
Tzova *: 2000.
Tztitz Eliezer: 1945.
R.Tzvi Ashkenazi (see Chacham Tzvi).
Adm.R.Tzvi Elimelech of Dynov: 1841.
R.Tzvi Hirsch Kalischer: 1836.
Adm.R.Tzvi Hirsch of Zydachov: 1830, 1874.
Adm.R.Tzvi Hirsch Shapira of Munkatch:
1913.
U UU UU
U.N.: see United Nations
U.S.A.: 1824, 1881, 1888, 1900,
1915, 1925, 1939, 1940, 1975,
1980, 1991.
USSR: 1987, 1992
Uberlingen: 1332, 1349.
Uhel (Admurim/see Teitelbaum).
Uhersky (Moravia): 1683.
Ukraine: 1736, 1918, 1919, 1941.
Ukva (E) *: 4603.
Ulysses S. Grant: 1862.
Uman (Poland): 1768.
Ungarish Brod(a) (Moravia): 1683.
United Nations: 1948, 1980, 1981,
1 991
Urim VeTumim: 1741.
Uriyahu (P) *: 3327.
Uriyah *: 2912.
Ursicinus *: 4111.
Usha *: 3846, 3878, 3908.
Utz *: 2049, 2218.
utensids, holy*: 3829, 4215.
utensils, holy: 1869.
Utzit *: 2218.
Uziyahu (K) *: 3115, 3130, 3142.
V VV VV
Va'ad Arba A. (participants/
activity): 1557, 1585, 1599,
1614, 1640, 1650, 1654, 1690,
1753, 1760.
Va'ad Arba Aratzot: 1580, 1650,
1753, 1764.
Valencia (Spain): 1391.
Valreas (France): 1247.
Vandals *: 4215.
Vasco da Gama: 1496.
Vashti *: 3395.
Vatican: 1869.
Vehu Rachum (prayer) *: see chart
TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
Venice: 1393, 1480, 1506, 1516,
1553, 1630.
Venosa (Italy) *: 4631.
Verdun (France): 1320.
Vespasian *: 3825, 3826, 3827,
3828, 3831.
Vicenza (Italy): 1485.
Victoria (Queen, England): 1890.
R.Vidal di Tolose: 1344.
R.Vidal Ephrayim Gerondi: 1391.
Vienna: 1196, 1349, 1670.
Vienne (France): 1252.
Vilkovishk (Lithuania): 1941.
Vilna: 1592, 1635, 1655, 1687,
1795, 1919, 1941, 1943.
Vilna Gaon: 1772, 1781, 1797, 1798,
1809, 1821.
Vinitza (Russia): 1941.
Virmyze (Germany): 1096, 1197,
1349, 1614, 1689.
Visigoths *: 4155, 4372, 4454.
Vital (R.Chaim): 1572.
Vitebsk (Poland-Russia): 1708, 1825.
Vitry (France): 1321.
Vitry (see Machzor).
Vizhnitz (Adm.R.Baruch of): 1884.
Vizhnitz (Adm.R.Menachem Mendel
of): 1884.
Vladimir Volynski (Poland): 1942.
Volhynia: 1580
Volozhiner (see R.Chaim).
Volozhiner (see R.Yitzchak).
W WW WW
Waldenberg (R.Eliezer Yehuda):
1945.
Wallenberg (Raoul): 1945.
War of Independence: 1949.
Warsaw: 1483, 1790, 1795, 1939,
1943.
Warsaw ghetto: 1942, 1943.
Wasserman (R.Elchanan): 1941.
Weil (R.Netanel): 1769.
Weissensee (Germany).
Wertheimer (Shimshon): 1719.
Wiedenfeld (R.Dov Ber): 1939.
Wiener-Neustadt (Austria): 1230,
1298.
Wienner Gezera: 1421.
Wiesel, Elie: 1986
Winchester (England): 1192.
Wise (Isaac Mayer): 1844.
Wittenberg (Yitzchak): 1943.
Wojslawice (Poland): 1761.
woman (learned): 1190, 1585, 1614,
1646, 1689, 1733, 1745, 1917.
woman (learned) *: 3909.
Worcester (England): 1275.
World Jewish Congress: 1952.
World Trade Center (N.Y.): 2001
World War I: 1914.
World War II: 1939, 1943, 1945.
World War III: 2001.
Worms (Germany) (see Virmyze).
Wormser (Sekel): 1782.
Wuertemberg (Germany): 1519.
Wurtzburg (Germany): 1147, 1298.
X XX XX
Xanten (Germany): 1096.
Y YY YY
Ya'ir (S) *: 2758.
R.Ya'ir Chaim Bacharach: 1689.
Yaakov *: 2108, 2123, 2171, 2185,
2192, 2205, 2208, 2238, 2255.
R.Yaakov AbiChatzira: 1880.
R.Yaakov Ashkenazi: 1622.
R.Yaakov Bei Rav: 1492, 1536, 1538.
R.Yaakov ben Asher (see Tur).
R.Yaakov ben Meir (see Rbnu.Tam).
R.Yaakov ben Yakar: 1096, 1105.
R.Yaakov Chaim (Sofer): 1904.
R.Yaakov Culi: 1724.
R.Yaakov D'Orleans: 1189.
R.Yaakov Emden: 1750, 1776, 1783.
Mar R.Yaakov I (G) *: 4475, 4493.
R.Yaakov ibn Chaviv: 1492, 1516.
R.Yaakov II (G) *: 4558, 4573.
R.Yaakov III (G) *: 4671, 4683.
R.Yaakov Krantz: 1804.
R.Yaakov Landau: 1487.
R.Yaakov Moellin (see Maharil).
R.Yaakov of Corbeil: 1192.
R.Yaakov of Marvege: 1203.
R.Yaakov Pollak: 1503, 1565, 1570.
R.Yaakov Reisher: 1733.
R.Yaakov Sak: 1655, 1660.
R.Yaakov Weil: 1451.
R.Yaakov Yehoshua Falk (see Pnei
Ysh.II).
R.Yaakov Yitzchak Horowitz (see
Chozeh).
Adm.R.Yaakov Yitzchak of Pershisskha: 1814.
R.Yaakov Yosef (of New York): 1888.
R.Yaakov Yosef of Polannoe: 1760.
Yachin UBo'az: 1467.
Yad Ephrayim: 1828.
Yad HaChazaka: 1204.
Yad Malachi: 1767.
Yad Ramah: 1244.
Yaffe (see R.Mordechai/Ba'al
Levushim).
Yaffe (see R.Shmuel/Yefei To'ar).
Yaffo (Jaffa): 1921.
Yakshan *: 2096.
Yaktan *: 1757.
Yalkut Re'uveni: 1673.
Yam Shel Shlomo: 1573.
Mar R.Yaneka *: 4479.
Yannai I (see Yoch.).
Yannai II (Alexander) *: 3670.
Yaphet *: 1556.
Yarchei Kalla *: 3995.
Yaroslav (Poland): 1737.
Yasser (see Arafat).
Yaval *: 395.
Yavan *: 1556.
Yavetz *: 2533.
Yavetz - (see R.Yaakov Emden).
Yavneh *: 3828, 3829, 3834, 3841,
3846, 3856, 3858.
Yechanya (see Yehoyachin).
Yechezk'el (P) *: 3327, 3332, 3339,
3340, 3352.
R.Yechezk'el Abramsky: 1933.
R.Yechezk'el Landau (see Noda
BiYehuda).
Adm.R.Yechezk'el Shraga of Shinev: 1876.
R.Yechi'el Heilprin: 1711.
R.Yechi'el Hillel Altshuler: 1770.
R.Yechi'el Michel Epstein: 1874.
R.Yechi'el Michel of Zlotchov: 1760,
1781.
R.Yechi'el of Paris: 1240, 1260, 1280,
1286, 1290.
Yefei To'ar: 1584.
Yefuneh *: 2410.
Yeho'achaz I (K) *: 3083.
Yeho'achaz II (K) *: 3316.
Yeho'ash I (K) *: 3056, 3061, 3084,
3098, 3100.
Yeho'ash II (K) *: 3083, 3098, 3100,
3115.
Yehonatan (ben Shaul) *: 2884.
Yehoram I (K) *: 3043, 3055, 3056.
Yehoram II (K) *: 3047, 3055.
Yehoshaphat (K) *: 3024, 3047.
Yehosheva *: 3056.
R.Yehoshua (ben Chananyah) (T) *:
3830 3834, 3841, 3842, 3844,
3856, 3878, 3880.
Yehoshua (ben Gamlah) *: 3680.
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390 CODEX JUDAICA Chronological Index of Jewish History

Yehoshua (ben Perachya) *: 3610,

3623, 3668, 3671, 3680, 3688.
Yehoshua (Joshua) *: 2406, 2488,
2495, 2516.
Yehoshua (KG) *: 3390, 3391, 3408.
Yehoshua ben Sira *: 3488.
R.Yehoshua Falk (see Meginei Shlomo).
R.Yehoshua Falk (see Sma).
R.Yehoshua Heschel (RebbeR.Heschel):
1654, 1689.
Adm.R.Yehoshua of Belz: 1855, 1879.
Yehoyachin (Yechanya) (K) *: 3316,
3327, 3364.
Yehoyada (KG) *: 3056, 3061, 3098.
Yehoyakim (K) *: 3316, 3319, 3321,
3327.
Yehu (ben Chanani) (P) *: 3009.
Yehu (K) *: 3055, 3056, 3083.
Yehuda (Aristoblus I) (K) *: 3670.
R.Yehuda (bar Yechezk'el) (A) *: 4019
4050, 4058, 4060.
R.Yehuda (ben HaRosh): 1327, 1328,
1349.
R.Yehuda (ben Ila'i) (T) *: 3909, 3925.
Yehuda (HaMaccabi) *: 3621, 3622,
3628.
Yehuda *: 2195, 2218, 2785.
Yehuda Aristoblus (K) *: 3668.
R.Yehuda ben Beteira *: 3894.
R.Yehuda ben Binyamin: 1260.
R.Yehuda ben Natan: 1105.
Yehuda ben Tabbai *: 3688, 3696.
R.Yehuda Chasid: 1700.
R.Yehuda HaChasid: 1217, 1237, 1244.
R.Yehuda HaKohen (Rbnu.Leontin):
1040.
R.Yehuda HaLevi: 1105, 1164.
Yehuda HaMa'amin: 1644.
R.Yehuda HaNassi *: 3925, 3949,
3979, 4050.
R.Yehuda I (G) *: 4499.
R.Yehuda ibn Tibbon: 1148, 1167.
R.Yehuda II (G) *: 4519, 4523.
R.Yehuda III (G) *: 4666, 4677.
Adm.R.Yehuda Leib (see Sfass Emess).
R.Yehuda Liva (see Maharal).
R.Yehuda Nessia I *: 3949, 3990.
R.Yehuda Nessia II *: 3990, 4060.
R.Yehuda Nessia III *: 4069, 4119.
R.Yehuda of Paris: 1240, 1244.
R.Yehuda of Tiktin: 1723.
R.Yehuda Rosannes (see Mishneh
LeMelech).
R.Yehudai Gaon (see R.Yehuda II).
Yehudi of Pershisskha: 1814, 1827,
1859.
Yehudit (Chashmona'it) *: 3622.
Yehudit *: 2158.
Yehupetz:.: 1882
Yekaterinoslav (Russia): 1905.
R.Yekutiel (ben Moshe) *: 4772.
Adm.R.Yekutiel Yehuda of Klausenberg:
1945.
Adm.R.Yekutiel Yehuda of Sighet: 1841,
1858, 1883.
yellow badge/patch/star (see Jews
badge).
Yemen: 1678, 1948, 1950.
Yemen *: 4285.
Yemeni children: 1995.
Yerav'am I (K) *: 2964, 2981, 2985,
2986, 3009.
Yerav'am II (K) *: 3115.
Yered *: 460, 1422.
Yerubaal *: 2694.
Rbnu.Yerucham: 1306, 1334.
Yerushalayim: 1099, 1187, 1244,
1267, 1488, 1521, 1625, 1720,
1741, 1878, 1909, 1948, 1949,
1958, 1967, 1984.
Yerushalayim *: 1558, 2084, 2892,
3319, 3327, 3336, 3338, 3426,
3438, 3727, 3828, 3829, 3835,
3883, 3887, 3893, 4374, 4389,
4421, 4560.
Yesdegerd II *: 4215.
Mar R.Yeshayah HaLevi (G) *: 4556, 4558.
Yeshayahu (Isaiah) (P) *: 3142,
3167, 3213, 3228.
R.Yeshayahu ben Abba Mari: 1388.
R.Yeshayahu ben Avraham (Ba'er
Heitev 1): 1723.
R.Yeshayahu Horowitz (see Shaloh).
R.Yeshayahu of Trani: 1244.
yeshiva : 1821, 1941
Yeshu (Jesus) *: 3671, 3790.
Yeshua (ben Sitda) *: 3671.
Yeshua (see Jason).
Yetev Lev: 1858.
Yeven Metzula: 1683.
Yevesektzia: 1920.
Yibum*: 3670
Yiddish: 1096, 1540, 1559, 1622,
1724, 1782, 1783, 1861, 1882,
1897, 1940, 1952.
Yiphtach (S) *: 2758, 2779.
Yir'iyah *: 3337.
Yirmiyahu (P) *: 3298, 3321, 3331,
3332, 3337, 3338, 3339, 3346,
3352.
Yishai *: 2854.
Yishbak *: 2096.
Yishmael (ben Netanya) *: 3339.
Yishmael *: 2034, 2048, 2061, 2171,
3893.
Yismach Moshe: 1808.
R.Yisrael (Maggid) of Kozhnitz: 1772,
1812, 1814, 1827, 1841, 1866.
Yisrael (see Eretz).
Yisrael *: 2205.
R.Yisrael Ba'al Shem (see Ba'al Shem
Tov).
R.Yisrael Brunna: 1453, 1454, 1456.
R.Yisrael Horowitz: 1568.
R.Yisrael Isserlein (see Maharay).
R.Yisrael Lipshutz: 1837.
R.Yisrael Meir Kagan (see Chafetz
Chaim).
R.Yisrael Meir Meir Lau: 1993
Adm.R.Yisrael of Gur: 1948, 1977.
R.Yisrael of Krems: 1380, 1393.
Adm.R.Yisrael of Ruzhin: 1840, 1884.
R.Yisrael of Shklov: 1809.
R.Yisrael Salanter: 1848, 1857, 1883.
Yissachar *: 2195, 2218.
R.Yissachar Berman: 1584.
Yitro *: 2449.
R.Yitzchak (Ai)Sekel Wormser: 1782.
R.Yitzchak (R.Profiat) Duran: 1391.
R.Yitzchak (Ritzba): 1187.
R.Yitzchak (V) *: 4311.
Yitzchak *: 2048, 2084, 2123, 2171,
2228, 2332, 2448.
R.Yitzchak Abarbanel: 1483, 1492,
1493, 1494, 1508.
R.Yitzchak Abohab I: 1389.
R.Yitzchak Abohab II (see Maharyah).
R.Yitzchak Abohab III: 1642, 1655,
1656.
Adm.R.Yitzchak Aisik of Kalliv: 1781.
R.Yitzchak Albuker: 1815.
R.Yitzchak Alfasi (see Rif).
R.Yitzchak Ba'al HaChotem: 1280.
R.Yitzchak ben Abba Mari: 1179.
R.Yitzchak ben Asher I: 1105.
R.Yitzchak ben Asher II: 1105.
R.Yitzchak ben Asher III: 1196.
R.Yitzchak ben Sheshet (see Rivash).
R.Yitzchak ben Shmuel (see Ri).
R.Yitzchak Chayes: 1613.
R.Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor: 1896.
R.Yitzchak HaLevi Rabinowitz: 1914.
R.Yitzchak Hertzog: 1947.
R.Yitzchak Horowitz: 1764.
R.Yitzchak I (G) *: 4396, 4420.
Mar R.Yitzchak II (G) *: 4593, 4598.
R.Yitzchak Kanpanton: 1463, 1493.
R.Yitzchak Karo: 1496, 1522.
R.Yitzchak Lampronti: 1756.
R.Yitzchak Luria (see Ari'zal).
Adm.R.Yitzchak Meir (see Chidush.HaRim).
R.Yitzchak of Acco: 1291.
R.Yitzchak of Corbeil: 1280.
R.Yitzchak of Dura: 1303, 1349.
Adm.R.Yitzchak of Skvira: 1837.
R.Yitzchak of Vienna: 1244, 1286.
Yitzchak Rabin: 1948, 1995
R.Yitzchak Sagi Nahor: 1227.
R.Yitzchak Volozhiner: 1843, 1846,
1848, 1893.
Yitzchak Wittenberg: 1943.
Adm.R.Yitzchak Yehuda Yechi'el of Komarno:
1874.
R.Yitzchak Yerucham Diskin: 1920.
Yo'av *: 2921, 2924.
Yoch. Hyrk. (Yannai I) (K) *: 3642,
3648, 3668.
R.Yochanan (A) *: 3995, 4007, 4014,
4050.
Yochanan (ben Kareyach) *: 3339.
Yochanan (KG) *: 3621, 3622, 3623,
3628, 3642.
R.Yochanan ben Zakkai *: 3713, 3810,
3828, 3829, 3834.
R.Yochanan HaSandlar *: 3894.
R.Yochanan Treves: 1388.
Yocheved *: 2238, 2255, 2368.
Yoel *: 2881.
R.Yoel Ba'al Shem: 1713.
R.Yoel Sirkes (see Bach).
Adm.R.Yoel(ish) of Satmar: 1904, 1928,
1944, 1979.
Yom Kippur War: 1973.
R.Yom Tov (ibn Ashvili) (see Ritva).
R.Yom Tov Kahana (G) *: 4683, 4687.
R.Yom Tov Lipman Heller (see Tos.Y.T.).
R.Yom Tov Lipman Millhousen: 1399.
Rbnu.Yona (Gerondi): 1263, 1310.
Yona (P) *: 3083, 3115, 3154.
Yonatan (ben Uziel) *: 3769.
Yonatan (Chashmona'i) *: 3621,
3628, 3634.
R.Yonatan Eybeshutz: 1741, 1750,
1753, 1764.
York: 1190, 1191.
Yosee, ben Yo'ezer *: 3550, 3610.
Yosee, ben Yochanan *: 3530, 3550,
3570.
R.Yosef (A) *: 4060, 4081, 4085.
Yosef (ben Tuviyah) *: 3550.
R.Yosef (V) *: 4236, 4280.
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391 Index
Yosef *: 2195, 2199, 2216, 2229,
2238, 2309.
R.Yosef Albo: 1413.
R.Yosef Babad: 1874.
R.Yosef ben Avraham Gikatilya: 1290.
R.Yosef Ber Solovetchik I : 1892.
R.Yosef Ber Solovetchik II (see charts).
R.Yosef Breuer: 1980.
R.Yosef Chaim Al-Chakkam: 1869.
R.Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld: 1920.
R.Yosef Chaviva (see Nimukei Yos.).
R.Yosef Engel: 1906.
R.Yosef HaNagid: 1055, 1066.
R.Yosef I (G) *: 4499, 4508.
R.Yosef ibn MiGash: 1103.
Mar R.Yosef II (G) *: 4558, 4565.
Mar R.Yosef III (G) *: 4575, 4577.
R.Yosef IV (G) *: 4577, 4588, 4593.
R.Yosef Kahaneman: 1941.
R.Yosef Karo: 1488, 1492, 1522, 1536,
1538, 1542, 1563, 1570, 1572,
1575.
R.Yosef Kolon: 1480.
R.Yosef Rozin (see Rogatchover).
R.Yosef Saragossi: 1492.
Yosef Saralvo: 1583.
R.Yosef Shaul Nathanson: 1857.
R.Yosef Shmuel of Cracow: 1689.
Yosef Shmuel Zbitkower: 1794.
R.Yosef Te'omim: 1773, 1809.
Yosef Trumpeldor: 1920.
Mar R.Yosef V (G) *: 4598, 4601.
Adm.R.Yosef Yitzchak of Lubavitch: 1920,
1924, 1927, 1940, 1950.
R.Yosef Yoselman: 1525, 1530, 1543.
R.Yosef Yoizel of Novardok: 1945.
Yoselman (see R.Yosef).
Yoshiyahu (Josiah) (K) *: 3283,
3285, 3298, 3303, 3316, 3389.
R.Yossi (ben Chalafta) *: 3909.
Yotam (K) *: 3167, 3183.
Yovav *: 1757, 2218.
Yugoslavia: 1941.
Yussuf *: 4285.
Z ZZ ZZ
Zachreinu L'Chayim (prayer) *: see
chart TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
Zacuto (see R.Avraham).
Zacuto (see R.Moshe).
Zakkai bar Achunai (E) *: 4531.
Zaleshchiki (Poland): 1941.
Zambrov (Poland): 1941.
Zbitkower (Yosef Shmuel): 1794.
Zecharyah (KG) *: 3100.
Zecharyah (P) *: 3392, 3408, 3412,
3426, 3448.
R.Zecharyah Mendel of Belz: 1723.
Zecharyahu (K) *: 3153, 3154.
Zeitlin (Hillel): 1942.
Zemba (R.Menachem): 1943.
Zerach Hakushi *: 2983.
R.Zerachyah HaLevi: 1150.
Zerubavel *: 3390, 3391, 3408,
3413, 3426.
Zevin (R.Shlomo Yosef): 1947.
Zevulun *: 2195, 2218.
Zhabotin (Poland): 1768.
Zhitomir (Ukraine): 1753, 1905,
1919, 1941.
Zholkva (Poland): 1757, 1770.
Zilpah *: 2192.
Zimran *: 2096.
Zimri (K) *: 3010.
Zinner, R.Gavriel: 1988.
Zionist movement: 1895.
Zlotchov ((Poland): 1941.
Zobalotov (Ukraine): 1941.
Zohar: 1290, 1740.
Zolkiew (Poland): 1757, 1770.
Zuleicha *: 2216.
Zurich: 1349, 1436.
R.Zushya of Annopol: 1772.
Zydachov (Adm.R.Tzvi Hirsch of):
1874.
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392
Kantors volume has something for everyone ..... no Jewish
library should be without.
The Canadi an J ewi sh News
I am deeply impressed by the grandeur of this book and its
usefulness for scholars and students in Jewish history. Its vista
comprises the entire panorama of Jewish history. The special
value of this volume is its usefulness to the layman and the
academic community. It enables potential students and
scholars to correlate Jewish history and world history and to
understand the significance of Jewish movements in their
historical context.
Dr . Ber nar d Lander
Pr esi dent, Tour o Col l ege
Rabbi Mattis Kantor is blessed with extraordinary skills as
an educator. He has prepared an indispensable reference
work for every Judaic library. It provides a global perspective
on the whole panorama of Jewish history, allowing the
researcher and even the casual reader to perceive the patterns
of Jewish glory, survival and eternity.
Rabbi J . Fi shman, Tor ah Umesor ah,
Nati onal Soci ety for Hebr ew Day School s
...the references are most impressive ....Historians who are
unfamiliar with the religious literature will be most thankful
to Rabbi Kantor for giving them access.... unique among the
single volume histories .... user friendly ....
The Austr al i an J ewi sh News
The fine scholarship and painstaking thoroughness reflected
in this encyclopedic work are most impressive. The
encyclopedia is not only unique in its presentation of Jewish
history in light of Jewish tradition, but also and foremostly
in its directing the reader to the wealth of talmudic and
rabbinic sources. For the student of History, it will serve as a
key to the treasures of Jewish traditional historical sources to
which at present he hardly has any independent access.
Pr of. Ezr a Sher eshevsky, Templ e Uni ver si ty
Dept. of Hebr ew & Near Easter n Languages
Rabbi Kantor has written a book of excellent scholarship
and great practical value .... the material is based on thorough
research of Talmudic and Rabbinic resources............
Rabbi Ber el Wei n, Hi stor i an, J er usal em,
formerly - Shaar ei Tor ah, N.Y.
.....The encyclopedia is constructed in a highly accessible
way......
The J ewi sh Week, N.Y.
There is no other Jewish history book that provides
information in this highly specialized manner ..... The Jewish
Time Line Encyclopedia has already become an invaluable
reference tool for librarians, scholars, teachers and students.
The J ewi sh Advocate, Boston
...there is simply nothing else like it. What the gifted author
has done is to examine the broad span of history year-by-
year ..... The result is breathtaking.
"Kantor" will not only become a standard reference book; it
will also provide hours (perhaps years) of educational
enjoyment to the many who will browse, and browse again,
through its absolutely fascinating pages.
Ar thur K ur zwei l ,
(then) Edi tor -i n-Chi ef, J ewi sh Book Cl ub
"A worthy contribution to
unadalterated Jewish history."
Rabbi Mor dechai Gi fter ,
O.B.M.
The Jewish Time Line Encyclopedia is a feast for browsers
...... a resoundingly Jewish book....
The J ewi sh Post
"..... a most important and necessary contribution
....encouraging to see such a comprehensive yet concise
documentation....so remarkable in its presentation and
style...a valuable asset on the shelf of every Jewish adult and
student, teenager and bar mitzvah boy ....."
Rabbi Abr aham B. Hecht,
Pr esi dent, Rabbi ni cal Al l i ance of Amer i ca
...the volume does provide a very helpful tool ...... a library
reference work...
The J er usal em Post
There is a uniqueness in the manner ... lends considerable
importance to Rabbi Kantors literary accomplishment.
The Detr oi t J ewi sh News

Author of the highly acclaimed

Jewish Time Line Encyclopedia

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393

ABOUT
THE
AUTHOR
ustralian born Rabbi Mattis Kantor studied in
Yeshivot in Cleveland, Israel and then New York,
where he received Rabbinical ordination from the Yeshiva
Tomchei Tmimim in 1966, and a Masters Degree in
Educational Administration from Fordham University in 1970.
He is a noted author and lecturer who has held a
number of educational positions in the United States and
Australia. He has recently retired as the rabbi of Congregation
Zichron Moshe in Monsey New York, and is currently writing
new works.
He is the author of three major works; all have been
featured as a MAIN SELECTION OF THE MONTH by the Jewish
Book Club in the USA.
A Guide for the Entangled; CHASSIDIC INSIGHTS was
first published in 1978. It is a system of contemporary religious
hashkafa philosophy with a mystical Kabala blend.
A Guide for the Entangled; TEN KEYS FOR
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN NATURE was published in spring of
1994. It is a system of personality analysis based on the Kabala.
THE JEWISH TIME LINE ENCYCLOPEDIA was first
published in 1989. The exceptional organization of this work
and its traditional approach to Jewish history have won it
some remarkable acclaim for its brief yet comprehensive,
and simple scholarly, style. It has seen three editions.
A
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