Building Information Modelling: Literature Review

on Model to Determine the Level of Uptake by

Organisation

Ahmad Haron
Amanda Marshall-Ponting
Ghassan Aouad
University of Salford
([email protected])


Abstract
Building Information Modelling has been recognised as one of the Information
Technology/Information Systems that could assist construction delivery in achieving Integrated
Practice. However, the level of uptake currently varies between one organisation to another and
has raised the need to determine whether the uptake is moving towards integrated practice or
not. Through a literature review, this paper discussed a few models that that could be used to
determine the level of uptake and they are CMMI, (PM), SPICE, BEACON, VERDICT, i-
CMM and BIMMi. This paper concludes that VERDICT, i-CMM and BIMMi can be used to
determine the level of uptake. The selection of the model, however, depends on the purpose and
area of evaluation.
Keywords : Building Information Modelling, Level of Uptake, Integrated Practice.

1. Introduction
It has been eleven years since the report of Rethinking Construction by Construction Task Force
was released. The report which is also known as Egan Report (1998), was produced to initiate
improvement in quality and efficiency in the U.K construction industry, citing that low
profitability, low investment in research and development, inadequate training and low client
satisfaction as particular area of concern. As a recommendation, the report also identifies five
key drivers for change and they are committed leadership, a focus on the customer, integrated
process and teams, a quality driven agenda and commitment to people. since then, much effort
has been driven by the industry and academia to support the national agenda.



Recently, to review the progress of the construction industry, another report has been produced
in 2009 by Constructing Excellence. The report, which was entitled Never Waste a Good Crisis:
A Review of Progress since Rethinking Construction and Thought for Our Future, produced by
several voluntary industrial player, has conducted a survey in 2008 to seek for validity of Egans
original drivers and also to track progress. The result shows that Egans original drivers are still
valid in todays market condition. The overall result however, shows that although there has
been significant improvement, it has not been on the scale anticipated by the task force and
according to Sir John Egan, on a scale of 10, only the score of 4 could be given since the
expectation was that the industry could have had a revolution and a bit of improvement was
achieved instead. On the other hand, Sir Michael Latham, also shared the same opinion by
saying that, what has been achieved was more than expected but less than hoped.
As thoroughly discussed in the Egan Report, fragmentation was identified as one of the critical
problem and many agree that by resolving the fragmentation issue, the industry could improve
significantly. Consequently, many approaches and concepts have been identified, developed,
introduced and tested to provide the solutions which lead to the term integrated practice in
construction. Such of them are, to name a few, concurrent engineering (Anumba et al, 1998) ,
web based project management (Anumba et al, 2008; Alshawi and Ingirige, 2003), partnering
(Bresnen and Marshall, 2000), Building Information Modelling (Eastman et al., 2008; Sacks et.
al., 2005; Howard and Bjork, 2007), 4D modelling (Fischer, 2001; Heesom and Mahdjoubi,
2004), nD modelling (Aouad et al., 2007; Lee et al. 2003) and Integrated Project Delivery (AIA,
2007).
Among the solution, the used of BIM as the repository is identified as an important tool to
achieve the collaboration required for integrated practice. One of them is Integrated Project
Delivery (IPD) which has been introduced by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) where
in the the guide to assist effective delivery of IPD, the utilisation of BIM is very important and
the full potential benefits of both, BIM and IPD are achieved only when they are used together.
On the other hand, a well known association, International Council for Research and Innovation
in Building and Construction, CIB is also supporting integrated practice in the construction
industry by launching Integrated Design Solution as a priority theme of CIB. The theme
Improving Construction and Use through Integrated Design Solutions (IDS) has been under
development since early 2006 and in June 2009 the CIB IDS 2009 First International Conference
was held. The theme aims at speeding up the adaptation of techniques and practices that guide



the traditional document-based work methods towards the use of Integrated Building
Information Modelling.
The use of BIM has also been extended by the work that has been carried out by the University
of Salfords (UoS) From 3D to nD Modelling project which aimed to integrate an nth number of
design dimensions into a holistic model which would enable users to portray and visually project
the building design over its complete lifecycle. In the project, the model developed is based upon
the Building Information Model where the BIM will be a repository that stores all the data
objects with each object being described only once. In the project, the dimensions that have been
incorporated into the model are whole-lifecycle costing, acoustic, environmental impact data,
crime analysis and accessibility. The uniqueness of the work carried out by the university
however, is that it could enable the what-if analysis to be carried out before the real construction
takes place; for instance what are the knock-on effects for time, cost, maintainability, etc of
widening a door to allow for wheelchair access (Marshall-Ponting and Aouad, 2005).
The aforementioned effort by CIB, UoS and AIA, perhaps could be the target of implementing
BIM. Since BIM has many potential, which to some extent, influence the government policy of
tendering (General Service Administration, 2010). Many companies are moving towards BIM
and claims that they are BIM capable but the real question is, to what extent they are really
capable since the applications of BIM itself are very wide. Is it enough to categorise a company
as a BIM capable company if the implementation of BIM is in a small fracture of the process, for
instance, drafting purpose. Or would it be equal to label a company implementing the BIM for
the purpose of visualisation only as compared to the company which using it for the clash
detection application where several models are needed to be developed and brought together.
Clearly, the level of uptake of BIM plays an important assessment to understand the current
position of the industry whether they are moving towards the achievement of integrated practice
or simply satisfy the need to stay in an isolated application.
This paper tries to bring forward the assessment model that could be used to determine the level
of BIM uptake. To start with, general discussion of BIM will be drawn followed by the general
model for assessing performance of Information Technology/Information. After that, the models
which related specifically to BIM, will be discussed in details and finally a recommendation will
be drawn upon.




2. Definition of BIM
In the context of application within construction industry, it is really important to understand the
definition of Building Information Model and Building Information Modelling. According to
Kymmel (2008), by using software and hardware related to computer application, Building
Information Model represent the building virtually where the physical characteristics of the
project and all information are contained or attached to the component of the model. The model
may include any or all of the 2D, 3D, 4D (time element-scheduling), 5D (cost information), or
nD (energy, sustainability, facilities management, etc., information) representations of a project.
While on the other hand, Building information Modelling is defined as the act of creating and/or
using a Building Information Model. In this context, the Building Information Modelling is
taken as a tool that may help in achieving the teams project goal.
Also, in defining Building Information Modelling as a tool, the concept is also supported by AIA
where according to AIA (2007) BIM is defined as a digital, three-dimensional model linked to a
database of project information. It is identified as one of the most powerful tools to support IPD.
Because BIM can combine, among other things, the design, fabrication information, erection
instructions, and project management logistics in one database, it provides a platform for
collaboration throughout the projects design and construction.
In comparison Eastman et. al (2008) argued that BIM is just a software or tool. In their context
BIM is defined as a modelling technology and associated set of processes to produce,
communicate and analyse building models. Building information modelling is a verb to describe
tools, processes and technologies that are facilitated by digital, machine-readable documentation
about a building, its performance, its planning, its construction and later its operation. Therefore
BIM describes an activity, not an object. In this context, the building information model on the
other hand, is the result of the modelling activity and further explained as a digital, machine-
readable record of a building, its performance, its planning, its construction and later its
operation.
According to Hardin (2009), Building Information Modelling is just not a tool but it is a process
and software which agrees with Eastman et. al (2008). This is supported by the explanation that
many believe that once they have purchased a license for a particular piece of BIM software,
they can sit someone in front of the computer and they are now doing BIM. What many do not
realise though is that building information modelling means not only using three-dimensional



modelling software but also implementing a new way of thinking. In the authors experience, as
a company integrates this technology it begins to see other processes start to change. Certain
processes that have made perfect sense for CAD-type technology now do not seem to be as
efficient. As the technology changes, so do the practices and functions of the people using the
technology.
3. Application of BIM
From inception through handover the project, BIM application could be applied for every single
phase of the project. According to BIM Project Execution Planning Guide by The Pennsylvania
State University, there are twentyfive uses of BIM for consideration on a project as can be seen
in Figure 1. And as the guide suggest, it is not appropriate to implement all of the application of
BIM. The most importantly is to understand the main reason why BIM is used in the project and
to set objectives of adoption. Only then, the use of specific BIM application can be selected.

FIGURE 1: BIM application in project life-cycle (BIM Project Execution Guide, 2009)







4. IT/IS Performance Measurement
BIM is a part of Information Technology/Information System (IT/IS) and a lot of issue regarding
to the uptake of BIM are overlapping with general IT/IS uptake. Therefore, the IT performance
measurement model, especially those related to construction industry need to be reviewed. Since
1970, according to Alshawi (2007), high percentage of failure of IS/IT projects to meet their
intended business objectives has been a major concern for many organisations. A lot of projects
were either abandoned, significantly redirected or to the extend, kept alive in spite of the failure
has lead to the need for the development of evaluation methods to measure the effectiveness of
IS/IT.
In measuring the IS/IT success, Salah and Alshawi (2005) then classified the method into three
categories depending to the focus of the evaluation. By referring to the table 2 below, the first
category is concerned with those approaches that evaluates IS/IT as a product, followed by
approaches that evaluate the process which underpin the development of IS/IT and lastly the
category which assess the maturity of IS/IT within an organisation in terms of IS/IT planning,
infrastructure, utilisation and management.
Table 1: Type of IT/IS Performance Measurement
Approach Type Details/Example
Product-based System quality


System use

User satisfaction
Focuses on performance characteristics such as
resource utilisation and efficiency, reliability, and
response time
Reflects the frequency of IS usage by users
Widely used approach which is based on the level of
user satisfaction
Process-based Goal centred

Comparative
Improvement


Normative: Compared to
external standards :
CMM, ISO standards

Measure the degree of attainment in relation to
specified targets. Examples: GQM and ITIL
Benchmarking approach
Assesses the degree of adaptation of a process to
the related changes in requirements and work
environment
Maturity-Based : Measures performance
Non-maturity Based :

Organisational
maturity
General Model
Example of such models are those by
Nolen;Earl;Bhabuta;and Gallier and Sutherland

In respond with the Table 2, generally in construction industry there are many models that could
be applied to measure either the success and/or readiness towards certain concept. The purpose



of the model varies depending on the concepts that are going to be taken. Such models are
summarised as follows:
CMMI : Capability Maturity Model Integrated is a normative model, consist of best
practice which can be used by many industry to improve process within a project, a
division, or an organisation. Succeeding from Capability Maturity Model (CMM), which
initially developed specifically for software industry, the model was formed to sort out the
problems of using multiple CMM. Basically the assessment is looking for the maturity of
the process and it has 5 maturity levels which are Initial, Managed, Defined,
Quantitatively Managed and Optimised. Depending on the areas of interest, there are three
models available which concentrates on Product and service development, Service
establishment, management, and delivery and Product and service acquisition. (Software
Engineering Institute, 2009)
(PM) : Project Management Process Maturity which is also a normative model where it
is a collection of best practice by the industry and purposely developed to measure the
maturity of project management process. The model follows a systematic and incremental
approach that progresses from an unsophisticated level to a sophisticated PM maturity
level. Each maturity level consists of major PM characteristics, factors, and processes and
demonstrates sequential steps that outline an organizations improvement of its PM
processes Basically, It has 5 maturity levels which are: Initial, Planned, Managed at
Project Level, Managed at Corporate Level and Continuous Learning (Kwak and Ibbs,
2002)
SPICE: Standardised Process Improvement for Construction Enterprises which was
developed by University of Salford is a framework for continuous process improvement
specifically for construction industry. The scope of the model is to incorporate the process
that directly related to the design, construction and maintenance procedures of a
construction organisation. Adapting from CMM, it indicates the management processes
in a step-wise framework and consists of 5 maturity stages which are Initial/Chaotic,
Planned & Tracked, Well Defined, Quantitatively Controlled, and Continuously
Improving. (Finnemore and Sarshar , 1999)
BEACON : Benchmarking and Readiness Assessment for Concurrent Engineering in
Construction is a concurrent engineering readiness assessment model which is used
assess the readiness of construction companies to improve their project delivery processes
through the implementation of concurrent engineering. It is conducted before the
introduction of CE within an organisation, and investigates the extent to which the



organisation is ready to adopt CE. Adapted from Readiness Assessment for Concurrent
Engineering Model (RACE), which is used in manufacturing, the model has 5 level of
maturity which are Ad-hoc, repeatable, characterized, managed and optimizing and
consists of four elements of measurement which are People, Process, Technology and
Project. (Khalfan, Anumba, & Carrillo, 2001)
VERDICT : Verify End-User e-Readiness using a Diagnostic Tool is an e-readiness
model that assess the readiness of organisation to adopt e-commerce tools, such as web
based collaboration tools. The model can be used to assess the e-readiness of construction
companies, department (s) within a company or even individual work groups within a
department. The model, identify four elements of measurement which are people, process,
technology and management. The assessment is carried out using 6 value of Likert scale
in which 5= strongly agree, 4= Agree, 3=Neutral, 2=Disagree and 1=Strongly Disagree
and finally 0= Do not know. In classifying whether an organisation is ready or not to
adopt e-commerce, there are 3 levels were identified which are Red Level: average score
equal or greater than zero but less than 2.5, Amber : average score equal or greater than
2.5 but less than 3.5 and lastly Green: where average score greater than or equal to3.5.
The Red value indicates that urgent attention needed to be e-ready, Amber indicates
moderate attention needed to be e-ready and lastly Green indicates that the elements have
adequate capability and maturity which equal to e-ready to adoption. (Ruikar, Anumba ,
and Carrillo, 2006)
The previous model, however, was not developed to specifically satisfy the need for BIM
application within an organisation. Some of them are just concentrates on one aspect of
measurement such as process improvement which could be seen in (PM), SPICE and CMMI.
Whereas, on the other hand, even though the models do measure the whole elements of an
organisation, the application is specific to certain concept such as BEACON model where the
model was built to measure the implementation of the concept of Concurrent Engineering
Meanwhile, for the VERDICT model, the element of assessment could potentially be adjusted
and adopted for the use of assessing BIM uptake since the model is generic enough for any ICT
tool. For the record, in VERDICT, the e-readiness is defined as the ability of an organisation,
department or workgroup to successfully adopt, use and benefit from information and
communication technologies such as e-commerce.




5. BIM Performance Measurement

For performance measurement, specifically developed for BIM application within
construction industry, there currently 2 models that are available which is the one
developed by National Institute of Building Sciences under National Building
Information Modelling Standard and another one is Building Information Modelling
Maturity Index (BMMI) proposed by Succar (2010), which at the final stage of
validating the model. The next section discuss in more detail regarding to these
models.


5.1 The Interactive Capability Maturity Model.
The Interactive capability Maturity Model has been released in year 2007 by National Institute
of Building Sciences. Under the U.S National Building Information Modeling Standard
(NBIMS), the model was developed to be applied as according to McCuen and Suermann
(2007):
a) to serve as a tool for the user to evaluate the practice and process regarding to the
BIM implementation
b) portfolio-wide analysis to establish an organizations current strategic or
operational BIM implementation
c) to set goals for achieving greater information maturity on future BIM projects
The models however, developed to be used internally within an organization to provide
information about the level of BIM information management and the level of maturity of
individual BIM as measured against a set of weighted criteria and is not intended to be a tool to
compare BIM implementation as further explained by McCuen and Suerman(2007). There are
two versions that has been released where the first version is the tabular CMM, which is a static
Microsoft Excel workbook consisting of three worksheets and the second version which has the
same content with the first one, but be presented more interactively where the worksheets are
interactively and actively update the BIMs maturity level as the user enters information. (laman
web nBIMS). As to validate the model, according to smith and tardiff (2009), in late year 2007,
the model was tested by NBIMS testing team, led by Professor Tammy McCuen and Air force
Major Patrick Suerman by evaluating the BIM maturity of the 2007 American Institute of



Architects (AIA) Technology in Architectural Practice (TAP) BIM Award. Although some
refinements were made, the testing result showed that the variance in score did not exceed 5% in
any instance and frequently varied by no more than 1 or 2 percent.
Generally, the assessment of the I-CMM is focused on the maturity of building information
model and the process used to create it (Smith and Tardiff, 2009). As can be seen in Table 2, the
model consist of 10 level of maturity which assess 11 areas of BIM which is A data richness,
life cycle review, change management, business process, timeliness/response, delivery method,
graphical information, spatial capability, information accuracy and interoperability/IFC support.




Matur
ity
Level
A
Data
Richness
B
Life-cycle
Views
C
Roles Or
Disciplines
G
Change
Management
D
Business
process
F
Timeliness/
Response
E
Delivery
Method
H
Graphical
Informati
on
I
Spatial
Capability
J
Information
Accuracy
K
Interoperabilit
y/ IFC
Support
1 Basic Core Data
No Complete
Project Phase
No Single Role
Fully Supported
No CM Capability
Separate
Processes
Not
Integrated
Most
Response Info
manually re-
collected -
Slow
Single Point
Access No
IA
Primarily
Text - No
Technical
Graphics
Not Spatially
Located
No Ground Truth
No
Interoperability
2
Expanded Data
Set
Planning &
Design
Only One Role
Supported
Aware of CM
Few Bus
Processes
Collect Info
Most
Response Info
manually re-
collected
Single Point
Access w/
Limited IA
2D Non-
Intelligent
As
Designed
Basic
Spatial
Location
Initial Ground
Truth
Forced
Interoperability
3
Enhanced Data
Set
Add
Construction/
Supply
Two Roles
Partially
Supported
Aware of CM and
Root Cause
Analysis
Some Bus
Process
Collect Info
Data Calls Not
In BIM But
Most Other
Data Is
Network
Access w/
Basic IA
NCS 2D
Non-
Intelligent
As
Designed
Spatially
Located
Limited Ground
Truth - Int
Spaces
Limited
Interoperability
4
Data Plus Some
Information
Includes
Construction/
Supply
Two Roles Fully
Supported
Aware CM, RCA
and Feedback
Most Bus
Processes
Collect Info
Limited
Response Info
Available In
BIM
Network
Access w/
Full IA
NCS 2D
Intelligent
As
Designed
Located w/
Limited Info
Sharing
Full Ground
Truth - Int
Spaces
Limited Info
Transfers
Between
COTS
5
Data Plus
Expanded
Information
Includes
Constr/Supply
& Fabrication
Partial Plan,
Design&Constr
Supported
Implementing CM
All Business
Process(BP)
Collect Info
Most
Response Info
Available In
BIM
Limited Web
Enabled
Services
NCS 2D
Intelligent
As-Builts
Spatially
located
w/Metadata
Limited Ground
Truth - Int & Ext
Most Info
Transfers
Between
COTS
6
Data w/Limited
Authoritative
Information
Add Limited
Operations &
Warranty
Plan, Design &
Construction
Supported
Initial CM process
implemented
Few BP
Collect &
Maintain Info
All Response
Info Available
In BIM
Full Web
Enabled
Services
NCS 2D
Intelligent
And
Current
Spatially
located
w/Full Info
Share
Full Ground
Truth - Int And
Ext
Full Info
Transfers
Between
COTS
7
Data w/ Mostly
Authoritative
Information
Includes
Operations &
Warranty
Partial Ops &
Sustainment
Supported
CM process in
place and early
implementation of
root cause
analysis
Some BP
Collect &
Maintain Info
All Response
Info From BIM
& Timely
Full Web
Enabled
Services
w/IA
3D -
Intelligent
Graphics
Part of a
limited GIS
Limited Comp
Areas & Ground
Truth
Limited Info
Uses IFC's For
Interoperability
8
Completely
Authoritative
Information
Add Financial
Operations &
Sustainment
Supported
CM and RCA
capability
implemented and
being used
All BP
Collect &
Maintain Info
Limited Real
Time Access
From BIM
Web
Enabled
Services -
Secure
3D -
Current
And
Intelligent
Part of a
more
complete
GIS
Full Computed
Areas & Ground
Truth
Expanded Info
Uses IFC's For
Interoperability
9
Limited
Knowledge
Mngmt
Full Facility
Life-cycle
Collection
All Facility Life-
Cycle Roles
Supported
Business
processes are
sustained by CM
using RCA and
Feedback loops
Some BP
Collect&Main
t In Real
Time
Full Real Time
Access From
BIM
Netcentric
SOA Based
CAC Access
4D - Add
Time
Integrated
into a
complete
GIS
Comp GT
w/Limited
Metrics
Most Info
Uses IFC's For
Interoperability
10
Full Knowledge
Mngmt
Supports
External
Efforts
Internal and
External Roles
Supported
Business
processes are
routinely
sustained by CM,
RCA & Feedback
loops
All BP
Collect&Main
t In Real
Time
Real Time
Access w/ Live
Feeds
Netcentric
SOA Role
Based CAC
nD - Time
& Cost
Integrated
into GIS w/
Full Info
Flow
Computed
Ground Truth
w/Full Metrics
All Info Uses
IFC's For
Interoperability

Table 2: Index for Interactive Capability Maturity Model (National Institute of Building Science, 2007)



As identified by Succar (2009), the i-CMM suffer several limitation which could restrict its
application. Some of the limitations are listed as follows:
a) The model employs 10 maturity levels with slender division between respective level
which and slightly different with most capability maturity models where the maturity
level normally in the range 4 to 6.
b) The variability of scoring-weights assigned to Areas of Interest in accordance to
organisational preference (or the elusive national consensus) as encouraged
within the NBIM Standard - will minimise the usefulness of the I-CMM tool and
neutralise the certification process
c) The variability of the minimum score for the Minimum BIM will cause scoring
inconsistencies. Pre-assigning the minimum score according to calendar year and
allowing it to be changed according to demands by owners are in sharp contrast.
Also, it is difficult to imagine that industrys BIM maturity will increase (or can be
encouraged to increase) in a pre-defined linear fashion or that owners BIM
requirements can be established/ represented through a generic minimum score
d) The NBIMs CMM Areas of Interest are only useful in assessing Models and not the
teams, organisations or project-teams which generate them
e) The NBIMs CMM in both its static and dynamic versions can only be applied
internally through self-assessment or peer-revision.
f) Most importantly, the inability of the NBIMs CMM in its current form - to assess
any BIM metric beyond information management (NIST, 2007) severely limits its
applicability and usefulness.
g) The current configuration of the I-CMM tool allows organisations/projects to
accumulate high total scores even if they achieved very low scores on a number of
Areas of Interest (platinum certification can be achieved even when a project has
no Change Management or Spatial Capability)







5.2 Building Information Modelling Maturity Index
Succar (2009) proposed a comprehensive model which covers the whole aspect of an organisation
to uptake the BIM process and technology. The model Building Information Modelling Maturity
Index (BMMI) has been developed by analyzing and integrating several models from different
industries and tailored to reflect the specifics of BIM capability, implementation requirements,
performance targets and quality management. It consists of 5 level of maturity (Initial, Defined,
Managed, Integrated, Optimised) and 3 categories of key maturity area which are Technology,
Process and Policy. The technology area then consist of 3 sub item for assessment which are
Software: which focus on applications, deliverables and data, Hardware: which focus on
equipment, deliverables and location and Networks: which focus on solutions, deliverables and
security/access control. Meanwhile, in Process area it consists of Leadership: which focus on
organizational, strategic, managerial and communicative attributes and innovation and renewal,
Infrastructure: focus on physical and knowledge-related, Human Resources: focus on
competencies, roles and dynamics. Products & Services: focus on specification, differentiation
and R&D, Subsequently, in Policy key maturity area, it consists of Contractual: focus on
responsibilities, rewards and risk allocations, Regulatory: focus on codes, regulations, standards,
classifications, guidelines and benchmarks and Preparatory: focus on research, educational /
training programme and deliverables
In the model, the author also makes a clear distinction between the term Capability and Maturity
which contradict with most of the models mentioned in previous section where most of them
simply assess the capability and maturity by using the same index of assessment where as in the
BMMI model, since the terms are clearly defined, the index of assessment also varies
significantly. In the model, maturity is defined as the quality, repeatability and degrees of
excellence of BIM services. In other words, BIM Maturity is the more advanced ability to excel
in performing a task or delivering a BIM service/ product.
On the other hand, BIM Capability is defined as basic ability to perform a task or deliver a BIM
service/product. The author then, introduce BIM Capability Stages to define the minimum BIM
requirement, the major milestones that need to be reached by a team or an organization as it
implements BIM technologies and concepts towards the achievement of Integrated Project
Delivery or even a target beyond that. According to Bilal (2008), generally, BIM Stages are
defined by their minimum requirements. As an example, for an organisation to be considered at



BIM Capability Stage 1, it needs to have deployed an object-based modelling software tool and
the application of BIM takes place in an isolated condition within the organisation. Similarly for
BIM Capability Stage 2, an organisation needs to be part of a multidisciplinary model-based
collaborative project. While, to be considered at BIM Capability Stage 3, an organisation must be
using a network-based solution like a model server to share object-based models with at least two
other disciplines. Figure 2 and 3, summerised the BIM capability model and process to deliver
BIMMI assessment, respectively










7.0 Conclusion
Application of Building Information Modelling in construction industry could provide many
advantages to the construction industry. The uptake, however, varies from one organisation to
another. Through literature review, in order to determine the level of BIM uptake, it is concluded
that the model that can be used are VERDICT, CMMi and i-CMM. The measurement could be a
basis for the organisation to monitor their progress towards the higher level of uptake and
notifying them any area that need serious attention. Also, it could help in choosing the right team


Figure 2: BIM Capability Model (Succar 2009)
Figure 2: Flow of process to evaluate BIM Capability and Maturity (Succar 2009)



in delivering a construction project. This papers it a part of the authors PhD work at University
of Salford. At the time the paper was written, the element for measuring the level of uptake have
been identified and the next stage of the research is to explore the current BIM level of uptake
and also determine what are the minimum requirement needed to achieve the level.
8.0 References
AIA National and AIA California Council (2007). Intergrated Project Delivery : A Guide. The
American Institure of Architects, version 1.
Alshawi M. (2007) Rethinking IT in construction and engineering: organisational readiness
Taylor and Francis, Oxon and New York
Alshawi, M. and Ingirige, B. (2003). Web-enabled project management: an emerging paradigm in
construction. Automation in Construction, Vol.12, pp 349-64
Anumba, C.J., Cutting-Decelle A.F., Baldwin A.N., Dufan J., Mommesin M., and Bouchlaghem
D. (1998). Intergration of Product and Process Models as a keystone of Concurrent Engineering:
the ProMICE project. Proceeding of ECPPM 98: Product and Process Modelling in the Building
Industry pp9-19
Anumba, C.J., Pan, J., Issa, R.R.A., and Mutis, I.(2008). Collaborative project Information
Management in a Semantic Web Environment. Vol 15 Issue 1 pg. 78-94
Anumba, C.Jand Evbuomwan, N.F.O (1997). Concurrent Engineering in Design-Build Project.
Construction Management & Economics, V 15 No. 3 pp271-281
Aouad G., Lee, A. ,Marshall-Ponting, A.J.,Wu, S., Koh, I., Fu, C., Cooper, R., Betts, M.,
Kagioglou M., and Fischer., M. (2003). Developing a vision of nD-Enabled Construction. SCRI,
The University of Salford
Aouad, G. , Lee, A., and Wu, S. (2007). Constructing the future : nD modelling. Taylor and
Francis, London and New York



Aouad, G., Lee, A. ,Marshall-Ponting, A.J.,Wu, S., Koh, I., Fu, C., Cooper, R., Tah, J.H.M.,
Abbott, C., and Berrett, P.S. (2005). nD Modelling Roadmap: A Vision for nD-enabled
Construction. SCRI, The University of Salford
Bresnen, M., and Marshall, N. (2000). Partnering in construction: a critical review of issues,
problems and dilemmas.Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 18 No.2, pp.229-3
CIB (2008) Priority Themes: Integrated Design Solution last assessed October 2008 from
http://www.cibworld.nl/site/programme/priority_themes/integrated_design_solutions.html
Constructing Excellence (2009) Never Waste a Good Crisis: A Review of Progress since
Rethinking Construction and A thought for Our Future, Quick brown and fox ltd., London
Department of Trade and Industry (1998) Rethinking Construction: The Report of the
Construction Task Force London: HMSO
Eastman, C., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R., and Liston, K.,(2008). BIM Handbook : A Guide to Building
Information Modelling for Owner, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contractors. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc. New Jersey
Fischer, M., (2001). 4D modeling: building better by building virtually first. available at:
ww10.aeccafe.com/(accessed 25 Jun 2009),.
Hardin, B., (2009). BIM and Construction Management: proven Tools, Methods, and Workflows.
Wiley Publishing Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana
Heesom, D., and Mahdjoubi, L., (2004). Trends of 4D CAD applications for construction
planning. Construction Management and Economics 22 (Feb 2004) 171-182
Hensy, M. (1993). Essential tools of Total Quality Management. Journal of Construction
Engineering and Management,ASCE,9 (4),329-339
Howard R. and Bjork B. (2008) Building information modelling - Experts' views on
standardisation and industry deployment Advanced Engineering Informatics Volume 22 , Issue 2
Pages: 271-280



Khalfan, M. M. A.; Anumba, C. J. & Carrillo, P. M. (2001), Development of a Readiness
Assessment Model for Concurrent Engineering in Construction, Benchmarking: An International
Journal, Volume 8, Issue 3, 2001, pp. 223 - 239.
Kwak Y. H. and Ibbs C. W. (2001) Project Management Process maturity (PM) Model Journal
Of Management In Engineering Vol. 18, No. 3.
Kymmel, W. (2008). Building Information Modeling: Planning and Managing Construction
Projects with 4D CAD and Simulations. The Mc-Graw Hill Companies
Lee, A and Sexton, MG 2007, 'nD Modelling: Industry Uptake Considerations' , Journal of
Construction Innovation, 7 (3) , pp. 288-302
Love, P. E. D., and Gunasekaran, A., (1997). Concurrent Engineering in the Construction
Industry. Concurrent Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 2, 155-162 (1997)
M.Finnemore, M.Sarshar (1999) Standardised Process Improvement for Construction Enterprises
last assessed May 2009 from
http://www.research.scpm.salford.ac.uk/spice/publications/bizfruit/mf99.pdf
Marshall-ponting A.J (2006) nD Modelling as an Enabler of Inter-disiplinary thinking Amog
Construction Industry Stakeholders Phd. Thesis, University of Salford, U.K
McCuen T. and Suermann (2007) The interactive capability maturity model and 2007 AIA TAP
BIM award winner last assessed Jun 2009 from
http://www.aecbytes.com/viewpoint/2007/issue_33.html
McKinney, K., and Fischer, M. (1998). Generating, Evaluating and visualization Construction
Schedules with CAD tools. Automation in Construction 443-447
National Institute of Building Science (2007) U.S National Building Information Modeling
Standard: Version 1-Part 1, Overview, Principle and Methodoloies. NBIMS, U.S
Rad, P.F.(1979). Delays in Construction of Nuclear Power Plant. J Energy Div Proc. Of
ASCE,105,pp33-46



Ruikar K., Anumba C.J, P.M Carrillo (2006) VERDICT-An e-readiness assessment application
for construction companies, Automation in construction 15, 98-110
Smith D.K and Tardiff M. (2009) Building Information Modeling: A Strategic Implementation
Guide for Architects, Engineers, Constructors and Real Estate Asset Managers John Wiley 7
Sons, Inc. New Jersey
Software Engineering Institute (2009) Capability Maturity Model Integration last assessed
December, 2009, from http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/
Succar B. (2008) Building Information Modelling Framework: A Research and Delivery
Foundation for Industry Stakeholders. Automation in Construction,
doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2008.10.003
Succar, B. (2009) Building Information Modelling Maturity Matrix. IN Underwood, J. & Isikdag,
U. (Eds.) Handbook of Research on Building Information Modelling and Construction
Informatics: Concepts and Technologies, Information Science Reference, IGI Publishing.
U.S General Service Administration (2008) Customer's Workplace Requirements Through New
Construction last assessed may 2009 from
http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?contentType=GSA_BASIC&contentId=24572
&noc=T
Yasser Saleh, Mustafa Alshawi (2005) An alternative model for measuring the success of IS
projects: the GPIS model Journal: Journal of Enterprise Information Management VOLUME
18(1) PG 47-63