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Summary of Equations

1) The document summarizes key equations for analyzing incompressible and compressible turbomachinery, including equations of conservation of energy, mass and momentum balance, Euler turbomachine equation, and gas equations. 2) It also covers velocity triangles, stage loading, flow coefficients, and equations for multistage machines. Design parameters like degree of reaction, loading coefficient, and flow coefficient are defined for analyzing turbine and compressor stages. 3) Equations for radial compressors include the slip factor definition and methods for calculating slip factor using the blade inlet and outlet angles.

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Masood Ahmed Khan
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154 views6 pages

Summary of Equations

1) The document summarizes key equations for analyzing incompressible and compressible turbomachinery, including equations of conservation of energy, mass and momentum balance, Euler turbomachine equation, and gas equations. 2) It also covers velocity triangles, stage loading, flow coefficients, and equations for multistage machines. Design parameters like degree of reaction, loading coefficient, and flow coefficient are defined for analyzing turbine and compressor stages. 3) Equations for radial compressors include the slip factor definition and methods for calculating slip factor using the blade inlet and outlet angles.

Uploaded by

Masood Ahmed Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Turbomachinery Summary of Equations

Incompressible Turbomachinery

Conservation of energy const H H H H H
f s v p tot
= + + + =

Pressure head
g
p p
H
p

1 2

=
Velocity head
g
v v
H
v
2
2
1
2
2

=

Static head
1 2
h h H
s
=

Friction head
f f
h H =

, where p static pressure, v velocity, h height coordinate, density, g gravitational constant

Note: indices 1 and 2 refer to two arbitrary points in an isoenergetic part of the system.



Bernoulli equation const gh
v p
= + +
2
2



Mass balance =
n
c A m

, where A cross section, c
n
velocity normal to this cross section, density


Momentum balance (axial)
2 2 1 1 2 1
) ( A p A p c c m F
x x x
+ =

, where A cross section (normal to axial), c
x
axial velocity, p static pressure, m mass flow rate


Momentum balance (circumferential) ) (
2 1
c c m F =


Euler turbomachine equation
1 1 2 2
c u c u g H
tot
=





Load line (speed regulation)
2
Q k H =

Affinity law (speed regulation)
2
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
N
N
H
H
,
2
1
2
1
N
N
Q
Q
= ,
3
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
N
N
P
P


, where H head, Q Volume flow rate, N pump speed, P pump power


Load line (trimming of radial pump) Q k H =

Affinity law (trimming of radial pump)
2
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
d
d
H
H
,
2
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
d
d
Q
Q
,
4
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
d
d
P
P


, where H head, Q Volume flow rate, d pump impeller outlet diameter, P pump power




Trigonometry



x
c
c

= tan

c
c
x
= cos

c
c

= sin



Algebra

Quadratic equation c Q b Q a H + + =
2


General solution (H=0)
a
c a b b
Q


=
2
4
2
2 , 1



c
c
x

c




Compressible Turbomachinery


Gas Equations

Polytropic relation . const pv
n
=
Polytropic coefficient n
Expansion process

1 1
=

p
n
n

Compression process

1 1 1
=

p
n
n


Note: for 1 =
p
= n isentropic (i.e. ideal)

Equivalent identities .
1
const T p
n
n
=

isentropic

1
2
1
2
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
p
p
T
T

. const p
n
=


pv cpT
1
=

1
02
01
02
01

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
s s
p
p
T
T


Enthalpy T c h
p
=

Enthalpy difference (polytropic, expansion)
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

1
01
02
01 02 01 02 01
1 ) (
p
p
p
cpT T T cp h

Enthalpy difference (isentropic)
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
01
02
01 02 01
1
p
p
cpT h
s
tt




Compressible Analysis
Mach number
2
1
1
0
1
1
2
(
(
(

(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

p
p
M

Speed of sound RT a =

Velocity
2
1
1
0
1
1
2
(
(
(

(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

= =

p
p RT
a M c


Energy, Mass and Momentum Balance

Power
0
h m W =

s
J
W

,
(

s
kg
m ,
(


kg
J
h
0


Expressed by torque M W =

| | Nm M ,
(

s
rad


Rotational frequency
30
n
= | | rpm n


Mass balance u cn m = =

Euler equation
2 2 1 1 02 01
c u c u h h =

Stagnation enthalpy ( constant in stator)
2
0
2
1
c h h + =
Rothalpy ( constant in rotor)
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
u w h c u c h I + = + =





Turbomachinery Stages



















Design Parameters

Assumption: normal repetition stage: turbine:
2 0
c c

= , const c c c
x x x
= = =
2 , 1 , 0 ,
,
2 1 0
u u u = =
compressor
3 1
c c

= , const c c c
x x x
= = =
3 , 2 , 1 ,
,
3 2 1
u u u = =

Parameter Turbine Compressor
Degree of reaction
stage
rotor
h
h
R

=
( )
1 , 2 ,
2
1

w w
u
R + = ( )
2 , 1 ,
2
1

w w
u
R + =
( )
1 2
tan tan
2 2
1
+ =
u
c
R
x
( )
2 1
tan tan
2 2
1
+ =
u
c
R
x

Loading coefficient
2
0
u
h
=
u
c c
2 , 1 ,


=
u
c c
1 , 2 ,


=
( )
2 1
tan tan 1 + =
u
c
x
( )
1 2
tan tan 1 + =
u
c
x

Flow coefficient
u
c
x
=
u
c
x
=
u
c
x
=

Multistage machine with z similar stages

= =
z
i
i i
u z u h
1
2 2
,
0




Engine Geometry

Radius ratio
h
s
r
r
Y =
Hub radius
1
2
+
=
Y
r
r
m
h

Blade length
h s
r r s = Shroud radius
1
2
+
=
Y
Yr
r
m
s

Mean radius
2
s h
m
r r
r
+
=
Cross section s r
m
= 2
0 1 2
stator rotor

Reference radius
1 2 3 rotor stator

Reference radius
Turbine Compressor

Radial compressors

Slip factor definition
'
2
2

c
c
=

Slip factor by Stodola
' tan 1
' cos
1
2 2
2

=
n


Slip factor by Stanitz
' tan 1
63 . 0
1
2 2

=
n



Velocity Triangles

Normalized velocity triangle turbine stage




















Normalized velocity triangle compressor stage

















W
2

C
2
W
1

C
1

U=1 U=1


R
2
1 , 2 ,
W W +

W
1

C
1

W
2

C
2

U=1


R

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