GJRA - GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS X 87

Volume : 3 | Issue : 6 | June 2014 ISSN No 2277 - 8160

Research Paper Geography
Green Revolution: Changing Village Land use and Cropping
Patterns (A Case Study of Hisar District, Haryana)
Dr. Suman Rani Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Govt. College Nalwa (Hisar)
KEYWORDS : land use, cropping pattern, Green Revolution, subsistence, commercial
This paper attempts to explore the changing village land use and cropping pattern in an agriculturally developed
district of Hisar in Haryana under impact of Green Revolution. It has been captured through the eldwork conducted
in randomly selected 23 villages. A well-structured pre-tested schedule was used to collect the information. The survey
brings out that after Green Revolution there is a signicant change in the village land use and cropping patterns in the district transforming the
basic subsistence nature of agriculture into commercial one.
ABSTRACT
Introduction
The Green Revolution means revolutionary change in agricultural
production and productivity caused by adoption of new agricultural
technology in a very short time. This was basically the technological
and organizational improvement within agricultural framework (Joshi,
1999). The rapid increase in wheat and rice yields was brought about
by improved varieties of seeds combined with the expanded use of
fertilizers and other chemical inputs (Hazell, 1985). Based on high
yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, modern agricul-
tural implements and tubewell irrigation, a new era emerged in rural
and agricultural development. Successful application of advanced
technology increased not only the marketable surplus from agricul-
ture but also changed the village land use and cropping patterns.
(Sharma and Gupta, 1991).
In this paper, we have taken the case study of Hisar district in Haryana
and have seen how land use and cropping patterns have changed un-
der impact of Green Revolution.
Objective
This paper purports to explore the changing village land use and
cropping patterns due to Green Revolution in an agriculturally devel-
oped district of Hisar (Haryana).
Study Area
Hisar is situated between 285345 to 294915N latitudes and
751315 to 761815 E longitudes. Its climate can be classied as
semi-arid and hot. There is no natural drainage in the district but the
area is drained by network of Bhakra and Western Yamuna Canal Sys-
tems (Gazetteer, 1987). Hisar is predominantly an agricultural district.
Location of Haryana Agriculture University and Government Livestock
Farm (largest in Asia and second largest in world) at Hisar brought a
most spectacular transformation in the agricultural economy of the
district.
Data base and Methodology
The present paper is based on the primary data which has been cap-
tured through the eldwork conducted in randomly selected 23 vil-
lages. The sample was stratied on the basis of relief, population size,
distance from Hisar city and road accessibility. After that a sample
from each stratum was drawn using a random table. A well-structured
pre-tested schedule was used to collect the information. The schedule
was related to village level information regarding land-use and crop-
ping pattern.
The list of selected villages, where eldwork was conducted, along
with their Hadbast number is as follows: Kherampur(21), Siswal (174),
Chickanwas (144), Kirmara(57), Mater Sham (170), Balsmand (22),
Dhiranwas (53), Daha (10), Dabra (164), Satrod Khurd (155), Khokha
(28), Kumbha Khera (75), Barwala (Rural) (128), Rakhi Khas (76), Majod
(111), Depal (118), Kheri Gangan (123), Bhatol Jatan (10), Bass Akbar-
pur (96), Madanheri (58), Chuli Kalan (7), Daulatpur (124) and Bithma-
ra(85).
Changing Village Land Use and Cropping Pattern
Prior to Green Revolution, agriculture was of subsistence nature but
after Green Revolution Land use and cropping pattern have under-
gone a dramatic change which is clear from the table 1 given below.
Table 1 District Hisar: Change in cropping pattern 1966-
2011
Name of the
sampled village
Cropping pattern
1961 2011
Kherampur
(21)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Taramira, Cotton,
Bajra, Guar, Moong, Til,
Jawar, Moongphali, Arhar
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Methi, Cotton, Bajra,
Guar, Moong, Jawar,
Arhar, Vegetable and
Fruits
Siswal (174)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Methi, Cotton,
Bajra, Guar, Moong,
Til, Sugarcane, Jawar,
Moongphali, Arhar,
Taramira, Massar, Toria,
Lucern, Jute
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Methi, Oat,
Barley, Cotton, Bajra,
Guar, Sugarcane, Rice,
Jawar, Maize, Fruits and
Vegetables
Chickanwas
(144)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Taramira, Toria,
Cotton, Bajra, Guar,
Moong, Til, Jawar,
Sugarcane, Maize, Jute
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Methi, Cotton, Rice,
Bajra, Jawar, Sugarcane,
Fruits and Vegetables
Kirmara (57)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Taramira, Toria,
Cotton, Bajra, Guar,
Moong, Til, Jawar, Jute,
Maize, Arhar
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Methi, Cotton, Rice,
Bajra, Guar, Moong,
Jawar, Fruits and
Vegetables
Mater Sham
(170)
Wheat, Gram, Methi,
Mustard, Barseem,
Barley, Cotton, Bajra,
Guar, Moong, Til, Jawar,
Jute
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Methi, Cotton, Bajra,
Guar, Jawar, Sugarcane,
Fruits and Vegetables
Balsmand (22)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Cotton, Bajra,
Guar, Moong, Til, Jawar,
Moth, Taramira
Wheat, Cotton, Gram,
Mustard, Jawar,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Methi, Castor (Oilseed),
Bajra, Guar, Moong,
Fruits
Dhiranwas (53)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Toria, Cotton, Bajra, Guar,
Jawar, Moong, Arhar,
Jute
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Methi, Cotton, Bajra,
Guar, Jawar, Moong,
Fruits and Vegetables
Daha (10)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Taramira, Cotton,
Bajra, Guar, Moong, Til,
Jawar, Arhar, Jute, Lucern
(Green Foodder)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Methi, Rice, Bajra, Guar,
Moong, Jawar, Cotton,
Fruits and Vegetables
Dabra (164)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Methi, Massar,
Toria, Taramira, Cotton,
Bajra, Moong, Til, Jawar,
Jute, Arhar
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Rice,
Jawar, Bajra, Cotton,
Fruits and Vegetables
Satrod Khurd
(155)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Taramira,
Lucern, Cotton, Bajra,
Jawar, Guar, Moong, Til,
Sugarcane
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Cotton, Rice, Jawar,
Vegetables
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Volume : 3 | Issue : 6 | June 2014 ISSN No 2277 - 8160
Khokha (28)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Toria, Taramira,
Cotton, Bajra, Guar,
Moong, Jawar, Sugarcane
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Methi, Cotton, Rice,
Bajra, Guar, Jawar,
Moong, Fruits and
Vegetables
Kumbha Khera
(75)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Methi, Massar,
Taramira, Toria, Cotton,
Bajra, Jawar, Guar,
Moong, Til, Jute, Arhar
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Cotton,
Jawar, Bajra
Barwala (128)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Taramira, Cotton,
Jawar, Bajra, Moong, Til,
Sugarcane
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Cotton, Rice, Maize,
Jawar, Bajra, Guar,
Moong, Til, Sugarcane,
Fruits and Vegetables
Rakhi Khas (76)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Taramira, Toria,
Cotton, Bajra, Jawar,
Guar, Moong, Til, Jute,
Maize, Sugarcane
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Methi, Cotton, Rice,
Bajra, Jawar, Sugarcane,
Fruits and Vegetables
Majod (111
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Toria, Taramira, Cotton,
Bajra, Jawar, Guar,
Moong, Til, Sugarcane,
Jute, Arhar
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Cotton, Barseem,
Oat, Barley, Methi,
Guar, Bajra, Fruits and
Vegetables
Depal (118)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Cotton, Bajra,
Jwar, Gwar, Moong, Til,
Sugarcane
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat,
Barley, Cotton, Rice,
Jawar, Guar, Moong,
Vegetables
Kheri Gangan
(123)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Toria, Taramira,
Cotton, Rice, Bajra, Guar,
Moong, Til, Jawar, Jute,
Arhar, Sugarcane
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Cotton,
Rice, Bajra, Jawar,
Vegetables
Bhatol Jatan
(10)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Toria, Taramira,
Cotton, Jawar, Guar,
Bajra, Moong, Til, Jute,
Arhar
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Cotton, Rice, Bajra,
Jawar, Maize, Fruits and
Vegetables
Bass Akbarpur
(96)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Toria, Taramira,
Cotton, Bajra, Jawar,
Moong, Jute, Sugarcane
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Methi, Cotton, Rice,
Bajra, Jawar, Sugarcane,
Vegetables
Madanheri (58)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Taramira, Cotton, Bajra,
Jawar, Guar, Moong, Til,
Sugarcane, Jute, Arhar,
Lucern
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Cotton,
Rice, Bajra, Jawar,
Sugarcane, Fruits and
Vegetables
Chuli Kalan (7)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Taramira, Cotton,
Jawar, Guar, Bajra,
Moong
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Methi, Cotton, Bajra,
Jawar, Guar, Moong,
Fruits
Daulatpur (124)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Toria, Taramira,
Cotton, Bajra, Jawar,
Guar, Moong, Til,
Sugarcane
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Cotton, Rice, Bajra,
Guar, Til, Moong, Jawar,
Sugarcane, Fruits and
Vegetables
Bithmara (85)
Wheat, Gram, Mustard,
Barseem, Barley, Methi,
Massar, Taramira, Cotton,
Bajra, Guar, Jawar,
Moong, Til, Sugarcane
Wheat, Mustard,
Barseem, Oat, Barley,
Methi, Cotton, Rice,
Bajra, Moong, Jawar,
Fruits and Vegetables
Source: Field Survey Conducted during November 2010
to March 2011.

Note: i) Crops shown in bold letters in Column of 1961 cropping pat-
tern are no more in 2011 in the respective villages after Green Revo-
lution.
ii) Crops shown in bold letters in column of 2011 cropping pattern
have been added later on after initiation of Green Revolution in the
respective villages.
Wheat and rice got the maximum benets of green revolution but
area under coarse cereals and pulses decreased. This fact is revalidat-
ed by the current study and this trend is seen in our sample survey.
The staple food crops, wheat and rice are now cultivated on commer-
cial scale. The net sown area of wheat increased in all the sampled vil-
lages i.e. 30 fold in village Chickanwas, 7 fold in village Khokha, 6 fold
in village Khairampur, 5 fold in villages Dhiranwas and Majod, 4 fold
in Siswal, Madanheri and Dabra villages, 3 fold in Kirmara, Rakhi Khas,
Bass Akbarpur, Balsmand, Mater sham, Daulatpur, kumbha Khera, Bar-
wala (rural) and Siswal villages, two fold in Bhatol, Gangan Kheri, De-
pal, Daha and Bithmara villages. Rice cultivation also came into prac-
tice in villages Bhatol, Gangan Kheri, Bass, Madanheri, Khokha, Rakhi,
Bithmara, Barwala (rural), Depal, Dabra, Majod and Satrod on a large
scale as here canal irrigation facility is very good and is also supple-
mented by tubewells. Earlier, rice was not cultivated because of lack
of sucient irrigation facilities in the district.
The survey shows that there is tremendous increase in net sown area
of cotton, a cash crop i.e. ten fold in village Dhiranwas, eleven fold in
village Chickanwas, six fold in villages Majod and Bithmara, ve fold
in Siswal, four fold in Daha and Kirmara, three fold in Kumbha Khera
and Madanheri and two fold in Khairampur, Barwala (rural), Depal,
Madanheri, Daulatpur and Siswal villages.
The survey also indicates towards yellow revolution in the district as
net sown area under mustard crop increased tremendously in almost
all the sampled villages at the cost of toria and taramira. Increase in
net sown area ranges from double to six times. Sown area increased
because of its high demand as mustard oil is used as cooking/edible
oil by vast majority of population.
Net sown area under Bajra decreased in almost all the villages. Be-
cause of improved irrigation facility, coarse cereals were replaced
by more protable alternatives i.e. rice and cotton. There is a sea-
change in the pattern of gram cultivation. Earlier, it was cultivated
on a large scale in all the sampled villages but now gram cultivation
has declined dramatically in villages like Barwala (rural), Khairampur,
Daha, Bithmara, Depal, Majod, Mater Sham, Balsmand, Dhiranwas and
vanished from the villages like Kumbha Khera, Chickanwas, Dabra,
Madanheri, Satrod, Daulatpur, Bass Akbarpur and Rakhi Khas. It hap-
pened because of improvement in irrigation facilities and availability
of high yielding, less risky and more protable alternatives i.e. wheat
and mustard. Moreover, pulses like moth, massar and arhar disap-
peared from the district because of being less remunerative.
Crops like toria, taramira, til and arand almost disappeared from the
sampled villages because of commercialization of agriculture. Though
being in category of oilseeds, toria and taramira disappeared owing
to their low productivity and less demand. These were used only for
animal feed but these had bitter taste/tinge and were less palatable,
so demand decreased in favour of better palatable and protable
mustard crop. Though sown on small scale, jute also vanished from
the elds because of availability of cheaper, stronger and durable
synthetic substitute i.e. plastic. There is not any appreciable change
in area under barley and methi. These are cultivated on a very small
scale and are constituent of cattle feed.
Earlier, sugarcane used to be the main crop in some of the villages
but now its cultivation has also vanished from the villages like Bith-
mara, Depal, Dabra, Majod, Satrod and Siswal in favour of rice and
cotton and reduced drastically in villages like Chickanwas, Barwala
(rural), Madanheri, Daulatpur, Gangan Kheri, Khokha and Rakhi. It
is an annual crop. Prot comes once in a year but farmers aspire for
more and regular income at least twice in a year. So, people like to
switch over to the other more suitable and protable alternatives i.e.
rice, cotton, wheat and mustard. A very interesting change was also
noticed during the survey. Lucern, being a perennial, leguminous
green fodder crop especially for horses, is no more cultivated now-
adays as farmers/rural people have adopted the modern means of
transportation. So, now there is no utility of horses as means of trans-
portation and lucern is no more cultivated.
It has also been seen that for maximizing prots, regular income and
best utilization of available resources; mixed-cropping/intercropping,
horticulture, dairying, poultry-farming, bee-keeping and sh-farming
are being adopted in a scientic way on commercial scale. People also
started growing fruits and vegetables more in villages around the
urban centres and on main roads i.e. Kirmara, Khokha, Rakhi, Daha,
Bithmara, Barwala (rural), Majod, Satrod, Depal, Dabra, Mater Sham
and Gangan Kheri as demand increased because of ever increasing
GJRA - GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS X 89
Volume : 3 | Issue : 6 | June 2014 ISSN No 2277 - 8160
REFERENCES
Government of India 1987. Haryana District Gazetteers: Hisar, Haryana Gazetteers Organization, Chandigarh. | Hazell, Peter B.R. 1985. The Impact of the
Green Revolution and Prospects for the Future, Food Reviews International, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-25. | Joshi, Mahesh V. 1999. Green Revolution & Its Impacts,
APH Publishing Corporation, Darya Ganj, New Delhi. | Sharma, K.L. and D. Gupta 1991. Country- Town Nexus, Rawat Publication, Jaipur. | Swaminathan, M.
S. 2013. Organic Farming to Usher Evergreen Revolution in Country an article in Indian Newspaper The Economic Timeson April 4, 2013. Website:- www. economic times.co in. |
urban and rural population.
Multicut oat, a green fodder, came into picture and area under Bar-
seem, which is a green leguminous fodder, increased owing to the
high demand for livestock. Thus, the survey indicates that because
of Green Revolution people have shifted to higher yielding crops on
commercial scale and to boost up their income, they adopted hor-
ticulture, oriculture, dairying and poultry-farming on commercial
scale.
Conclusion
In brief, land use and cropping pattern have undergone a dramatic
change after Green Revolution in the district. Pulses like massar, moth
and arhar and oilseeds like toria, taramira and til have almost disap-
peared from the district; whereas area under pulses like gram and
moong has reduced to a considerable extent. Lucern, a green fodder
especially for horses, has lost its importance because of no more use
of horses in transportation. Jute is also not grown any more because
of synthetic alternatives available in the market. Cultivation of oat,
fruits and vegetables has come into existence. Besides, rice cultivation
has been initiated on a large scale in the district depending on irri-
gation facility. But Dr. M. S. Swaminathan (2013) has emphasized that
there is need to educate farmers for making right use of fertilizers and
for that the wave of organic farming will be the right thing to usher in
the evergreen revolution in the country.