EEE F427 - Electric Power
Utilization and Illumination
Illumination and Lights
Chapter -1 : Illumination
Introduction
Definitions of important terms
Laws of Illumination
Types of Lamps
Electronic Control of Lamps
Lighting Schemes
Residential, Commercial lighting
Industry, flood and Street lighting.
Calculux Software indoor and Area
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Topics to be covered
Define light, discuss its properties, and give the range
of wavelengths for visible spectrum.
Apply the relationship between frequencies and
wavelengths for optical waves.
Definitions and the concepts of luminous flux,
luminous intensity, illumination etc.
Solve problems
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Introduction
Human Needs
Visibility
Task Performance
Safety
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Why we use lighting
Help us find our way around, to assist visibility
Provide a safer environment
Increase the number of useful hours in the day
Help perform visual tasks, increase productivity
Display objects and / or control how they appear,
improve sales
Attract attention
Improve employee working conditions
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Light Sources
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A Beginning Definition
All objects are emitting and
absorbing EM radiation.
Consider a poker placed in a
fire.
As heating occurs, the emitted EM
waves have higher energy and
eventually become visible.
1
2
3
4
Light may be defined as electromagnetic radiation that
is capable of affecting the sense of sight.
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Electromagnetic Waves
Wave Properties:
3 x 108 m/s
Electric E
1. Waves travel at the speed of
light c.
2. Perpendicular electric and
magnetic fields.
3. Require no medium for
propagation.
Magnetic B
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The Wavelengths of Light
The electromagnetic spectrum spreads over a
tremendous range of frequencies or wavelengths. The
wavelength l is related to the frequency f:
c = fl
c = 3 x 108 m/s
Those EM waves that are visible (light) have wavelengths that range from 0.00004 to 0.00007 cm.
Red, l
0.00007 cm
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Violet, l
0.00004 cm
Frequency wavelength
f (Hz)
1024
1023
1022
1021
10201
01910
18101
71016
10151
01410
13101
21011
10101
09
108
107
106
105
104
10
The EM Spectrum
l ( nm)
Gamma rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet
Infrared rays
Short Radio
waves
Broadcast Radio
Long Radio
waves
10-7
10-6
10-4
10-3
10-1 1
10
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
10101
01110
12101
3
A wavelength of one nanometer 1
nm is:
1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m
Visible Spectrum
400 nm 700 nm
Red 700 nm Violet 400 nm
c = fl
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c = 3 x 108 m/s
Cosmic
Rays
Gamma
X-Rays
Rays
.00001 nm .001 nm
1 nm
10 nm
Ultraviolet
InfraRed
UV
.0001 ft.
MicroWaves TV
. 01 ft.
1 ft.
Visible Spectrum
100 ft.
1 mi.
Electric
Power
3100 mi.
Infrared
A
300
HEAT
400
500
600
700
Wavelength (Nanometers)
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Radio
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1000
1500
The Sensitivity Curve
Eyes are most sensitive in the mid-range
near l = 555 nm.
555 nm
Sensitivity
Human eyes are not
equally sensitive to
all colors.
400 nm
700 nm
Wavelength l
40 W
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40 W
Yellow light appears brighter
to the eye than does red light.
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The Sensitivity Curve
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Electrical Lighting
Electrical lighting has following advantages :
Cleanliness
Easy to control
Economical
Easy to handle
Steady output
Better reliability
Suitable for almost all purposes
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Light
Radiant energy from a hot body which
produced the visual sensation on human eye
is called light.
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Solid Angle
The angle subtended by the partial surface area of a sphere at its
centre is called as solid angle. It is measured in steradians and
equal to the ratio of area of the surface to the square of radius of
sphere,
= area of surface/ square of radius = A/ r2 steradians
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Solid Angle
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A Solid Angle: Steradians
Working with luminous flux requires the use of
a solid angle measure called the steradian (sr).
A solid angle of one steradian
( sr) is subtended at the
(1
center of a sphere by an area
A equal to the square of its
radius ( R2 ).
W
The Steradian
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A
W 2
R
ISOTROPIC SOURCE
Theoretical source which radiates all its
electromagnetic energy equally in all directions.
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Four terms are used to describe light
Luminous Flux (lumen)
Luminous Intensity (candela)
Illuminance (lux)
Luminance (candela/m2)
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Luminous Flux
The total quantity of radiant energy per second
responsible for visual sensation from a
luminous body is called Luminous Flux.
It is represented as F (or) and measured in
lumens.
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Luminous Flux
Luminous flux is the portion of total radiant power that is
capable of affecting the sense of sight..
Typically only about 10% of
the flux emitted from a light
bulb falls in the visible
region.
The unit for luminous flux is the lumen
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Lumen
It is the unit of luminous flux. One
lumen is defined as the luminous
flux emitted per unit solid angle
from a point source of one candle
power.
Lumens = candle power * solid angle
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Luminous Flux (Lumen)
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Luminous Intensity
The luminous intensity I for a light source is the luminous
flux per unit solid angle.
Luminous intensity:
W
F
I
W
F
I
W
Unit is the candela (cd)
A source having an intensity of one candela
emits a flux of one lumen per steradian.
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Candle power (CP)
Candle power is the light radiating capacity of a source
in a given direction and is defined as the number of
lumens given out by the source in a unit solid angle in
a given direction.
Candle Power = Lumens / solid angle
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Candela
It is the unit of luminous intensity. It is defined as 1/60th
of the luminous intensity per cm2 of a black body
radiator at the temperature of solidification of
platinum.
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Luminous flux for Isotropic Source
An isotropic source emits in all
directions; i.e., over a solid
angle of 4 steradians.
Thus, for such
a source, the
intensity is:
F F
I
W 4
Luminous flux: F = 4I
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W = 4p sr
Illumination of a Surface
The illumination E of a surface A is defined as the luminous
flux per unit area (F/A)
(
in lumens per square meter which is
renamed a lux (lx).
An illumination of one lux
occurs when a flux of one
lumen falls on an area of
one square meter.
Illumination, E
F
E
Unit: lux (lx)
A
Area A
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Illuminance (E)
Quantity of luminous flux falling on a unit area of surface
E = F / A , unit is lux (lumens/m2 or meter candle)
Summer noon, under a cloudless sky
Ditto, but in the shade
10 000 lux
In the open under a heavily-overcast sky
5000 lux
Artificial light, in a well-lit office
1000 lux
Artificial light, average living-room
30
100 000 lux
100lux
Street lighting
5-30 lux
Full moon, on a clear night
0,25 lux
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Lux or Metre Candle
It is the unit of illumination and is defined as the luminous
flux falling per square meter on the surface which is every
where perpendicular to the rays of light from a source of
one candle power and one meter away from it.
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Foot-Candle
It is unit of illumination and is defined as the luminous
flux falling per square foot on the surface which is
every where perpendicular to the rays of light from a
source of one candle power and one foot away from it.
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Illuminance
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Luminance ( candles/m2 )
Amount of light reflected back from the surface and
reaching the eye.
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Important Terms
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Lamp Efficacy
Luminous Efficacy or efficiency
- measure of a lamps efficiency
-Ratio of the luminous flux to the electrical
power consumed
-- Unit is in lm/W
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Luminous (lamp) Efficacy
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Candle Power
Mean Spherical Candle Power
It is defined as the mean of candle powers in all
directions in all planes from source of light.
Mean Hemi Spherical Candle Power
It is defined as the mean of candle in all directions
above or below the horizontal plane passing through the
source of light.
Mean Horizontal Candle Power
It is defined as the mean of candle powers in all
directions in horizontal plane containing the source of
light.
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Reduction Factor
Reduction factor of a source of light is
the ratio of its mean spherical candle
power to its mean horizontal candle
power.
Reduction factor = MSCP/ MHCP
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Important terms
Specific Consumption
It is defined as the ratio of the input to the average candle power.
Glare
It is defined as the brightness within the field of vision of such a
character as to cause annoyance, dis-comfort, interference with
vision or eye fatigue.
Space Height Ratio
It is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance between adjacent
lamps and height of their mountings
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Important terms
Utilization Factor or Coefficient of Utilization
It is defined as the ratio of total lumens reaching the
working plane to total lumens given out by the lamp.
Maintenance Factor
The ratio of illumination under normal working
conditions to the illumination when the things are perfectly
clean is known as maintenance factor.
Depreciation Factor
It is defined as the ratio of initial meter-candles to the
ultimate maintained meter-candles on the working plane.
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Important terms
Waste Light Factor:
Whenever a surface is illuminated by a number of sources of
light, there is always a certain amount of waste of light on
account of overlapping and falling of light outside the edges of
the surface. (1.2 for rectangular area, 1.5 for irregular area)
Absorption Factor:
The ratio of total lumens available after absorption to the
total lumens emitted by the source of light is called the absorption
factor.(unity for clean atmosphere and 0.5 for foundries)
Beam Factor:
The ratio of lumens in the beam of a projector to the lumens
given out by lamps is called Beam Factor(0.3-0.6)
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Important terms
Reflection Factor
The ratio of reflected light to the incident light is called
the reflection factor.
Solid Angle
It is angle generated by the line passing through the point
in space and the periphery of the area.it is denoted by W.
Steradian
It is the unit of solid angle and is defined as the solid
angle that subtends a surface on the sphere equivalent to the
square of the Radius.
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