Process Control & Instrumentation Laboratory
BKF4791
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(BKB3771)
2014/2015 Semester I
Title of Experiment : Air Particulate Sampling
Date of Experiment : 30th September 2014
Date of Submission : 7th October 2014
Lecturers Name
: DR. SAIDATUL SHIMA BINTI JAMARI
Group of Member
NAME
ID
QASTALANI BINTI MOHD GHAZALI
KE11004
CINDY LAU CHIN YEE
KE11007
NUR AFIQAH BINTI MOHD NAHAR
KE11016
NOR HASIBAH BINTI MAT JUSOH
KE11020
NUR FATIN BINTI MUHAMMAD
KE11048
Group No.
:6
Section
: K04
Marks
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
Tear here
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Please keep for student reference
Submitted by;
Received by;
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................... 2
METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 3
RESULT .................................................................................................................................... 4
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................... 8
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................... 8
ABSTRACT
The objectives of the experiment are to provide hands on experience and enhance the
understanding on the principle of filter based ambient air sampling system using gravimetric
sampling method and secondly, to determine Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), Particulate
Matter PM10 and Particulate Matter PM2.5. A total suspended particle (TSP) is an archaic
regulatory measure of the mass concentration of particulate matter (PM) in community air. It
was defined by the unintended size-selectivity of the inlet to the filter that collected the
particles. Firstly, the filter papers were weighed before placing in the sampler. The ambient
temperature and pressure were recorded. When ready to begin sampling, the protective cover
was removed from the sampler and the pump was switched on. The timer was set for 4 hours
and making sure the mode is in AUTO mode. After that, the on/off timer was set by pressing
the PROG button until 1ON appeared. For this program, the beginning cycle was set by
choosing the hours and week. In this experiment, the study was beginning at 2.30pm on 30th
of September which is Tuesday. While as for the ending of the cycle, program 1OFF was set
by choosing the hours and week so that the sampler machine running for 4 hours. This setting
was repeated for another two samplers. All of the samplers were transported to the field site
and placed on a firm level surface. After 4 hours, the results of pollutants of Total Suspended
Particulate (TSP), Particulate Matter (PM10) and Particulate Matter (PM2.5) were taken. The
value for TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 is 22.930g/m3, 20.875g/m3, and 4.251g/m3 respectively.
As a conclusion, the value of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), Particulate Matter PM10
and Particulate Matter PM2.5 can be determined.
METHODOLOGY
1) Sample Preparation
Filter papers are dried for 1 hour prior experiment.
The dried filter papers are weighed and the weights are
recorded.
2) Preparation of air particulate sampling analyzer
PM10 & PM2.5 impactor target disks are greased &
cleaned.
The charged batteries are assembled with air particulate
sampling analyzer.
The analyzers timer is set for 4 hours.
3) Dried and weighted filter papers are loaded into total suspended
particulate sampler, Particulate Matter PM10 impactor and
Particulate Matter PM 2.5 impactor.
4) The sample analyzer are transported to the
field site and placed on a firm level
surface.
5) The ambient temperature and pressure are
recorded.
6) The filter papers are collected and
weighed.
Figure 1: Flow chart of the methodology
3
RESULT
Table 1: Weight of filter paper
Pollutants
Weight of filter paper
Before experiment (g)
Weight
After experiment different (g)
(g)
TSP
0.1565
0.1592
0.0027
PM10
0.2551
0.2572
0.0021
PM2.5
0.1561
0.1581
0.0020
Table 2: The value of particulate matter
Pollutants
PMact, g/m3
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
4.251
Particulate Matter (PM10)
20.875
Total Suspended Particulate (TSP)
22.930
DISCUSSION
1. For the PM2.5 reading is 4.251 g/m3 which is lower than the Canada and USA
reading in four hours of time. This is due to the experiment is conducted in the
FKKSA laboratories which may have less air pollution. Other than that, for the PM10,
thereading is 20.875 g/m3 and lastly the TSP reading is 22.930 g/m3. The reading
is much lower due to the location of experiment conducted.
2. There are several main causes of air pollution which the vast majority of them can be
attributing to man. One of the main pollution is manufacturing (Coffey.J , 2010). This
source of pollution spews particulate matter and chemicals into the atmosphere. The
exhaust from a factory includes, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide
and dioxide, as well as volatile organic compounds and particulates. There is not an
area of the Earths atmosphere or an ecosystem that has not been altered by the long
term effects of the pollution created by manufacturing. Strides have been made to
filter the material coming from manufacturing plants, but it may take the Earth
millennia to completely recover from the damage already done.
3. The common equipment that used in industry for reducing air pollutants are:
Table 3: Table of common control devices
Common Control
Pollutants
Examples Where Used
Devices
Packed towers, spray
Gases, vapours, sulphur oxides,
Asphalt and concrete batch
chambers, venturi
corrosive acidic or basic gas
plants; coal-burning power
scrubbers
streams, solid particles, liquid
plants; facilities that emit
droplets
sulphur oxides, hydrogen
sulphide, hydrogen chloride,
ammonia, and other gases that
can be absorbed into water and
neutralized with the appropriate
reagent
Carbon adsorbers
Vapor-phase volatile
Soil remediation facilities, oil
organic compounds
refineries, steel mills, printers,
(VOCs), hazardous air
wastewater treatment plants
pollutants (HAPs)
Fabric filters or bag
houses
Particulate matter (PM)
Asphalt batch plants, concrete
batch kilns, steel mills, foundries,
fertilizer plants, and other
industrial processes
Catalytic reactors,
VOCs, gases
catalysts
Cyclones
Landfills, oil refineries, printing
or paint shops
Large PM
Woodworking shops,
pharmaceutical manufacturers,
cotton gins, rock crushers,
cement plants
Electrostatic
PM
precipitators (ESPs)
Power plants, steel and paper
mills, smelters, cement plants,
oil refineries
Incinerators,
thermal
VOCs, gases, fumes,
Soil contaminated with gasoline,
oxidizers,
hazardous organics,
landfills, crematories, inks from
afterburners
odours, PM
graphic
arts
production
and
printing, can and coil plants,
hazardous waste disposal
Biofilters
VOCs, odors, hydrogen sulfide
Wastewater treatment plants,
(H2S), mercaptans (organic
industrial processes
sulfides)
4. The different composition of air pollutants, the dose and time of exposure and the fact
that humans are usually exposed to pollutant mixtures than to single substances, can lead
to diverse impacts on human health. Human health effects can range from nausea and
difficulty in breathing or skin irritation, to cancer. They also include birth defects, serious
developmental delays in children, and reduced activity of the immune system, leading to
a number of diseases. Moreover, there exist several susceptibility factors such as age,
nutritional status and predisposing conditions. Health effects can be distinguished to
acute, chronic not including cancer and cancerous.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
TSP are all particles (sometimes even above 100 mm sizes) suspended in the air.
PM10 means particulate mass of particles smaller than 10 mm in diameter and consequently
PM2.5 means particulate mass of particles smaller than 2.5 mm in diameter. The reason for
these two size categories is that particles smaller than 10 mm are can be inhaled below the
nasopharynx area (nose and mouth), and particles below 2.5 mm travels down below the
tracheobronchial region (into the lungs). The PM2.5 cut off size also coincides with both the
local minimum in particle concentration between coarse and fine particles and the natural and
anthropogenic fractions. The fraction of PM10 larger than PM2.5 is often called coarse
particles and PM2.5 is often called fine particles.
Based on the result obtained in Table 2, the values of particulate matter are lower than
the Canada and USA reading in four hours time. This is because the experiment was run
inside a laboratorys store which is a close area. While the appendix shows the air quality
guidelines for open area. The reading also increasing from PM2.5, PM10 and TSP because
the filtered particulates are different is size.
To improve the sampling of particulate, we can calculate it at outside area rather than
inside. Increase the time so that there are more particulates to be filtered.
REFERENCES
COFFEY, J. (2010, December 4). Causes Of Air Pollution. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from
http://www.universetoday.com/81977/causes-of-air-pollution/
Salaver.L 2007, Air Pollution Emission Control Devices for Stationary Sources, April 2007,
Waveland Press 2002
Kampa, M., & Castanas, E. (2007). Human health effects of air pollution. Environmental
Pollution, (151),
362-367.
Retrieved
October
6,
2014,
from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749107002849#
