Chng 9: My nn & qut hng trc

Danh sch chia bi tp

( bi tp bn di)
Thi hn np bi: 23:59 ngy 9/12/2014 (np file dng Word)
Ti liu tham kho:
[1]. Centrifugal compressors and fans (phn ti liu thuyt trnh ca Huynh Nguyen Minh Tung
& Truong Quoc Tan).
[2]. Sayers, A. T. (1992). Hydraulic and compressible flow turbomachines. London, UK:
McGraw Hill Book Company. mn ti th vin H Bch Khoa TpHCM (nh A2)

STT
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H
inh Anh
Nguyn Huy
Trn Phc
L Duy
Bi Quan
Hunh Thin
Hong Ngc Lnh
L Hoi
Nguyn Hng
Nguyn Khi
Phng Minh
Nguyn Anh
Phm ng
Trng Quc
Nguyn L Vit
Phm Minh
Phm Thanh
Phm Hunh
Hunh Nguyn Minh
L Thanh

Tn
Bo
ng
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Hin
Hng
Lc
Nam
Nam
Ngha
Nguyn
Phc
Quang
Quang
Tn
Thng
Thun
Tin
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phn examples
(31)
Ex 9.1; 9.2
9.3; 9.4
9.5; 9.6
9.7; 9.8
9.9; 9.10
9.11; 9.12
9.13; 9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
9.21
9.22; 9.23
9.24; 9.25
9.26; 9.27
9.28; 9.29
9.30; 9.31

phn problems
(57)
9.1; 9.
9.2; 9.
9.3; 9.
9.4; 9.
9.5; 9.
9.6; 9.
9.7; 9.
9.8; 9.
9.9; 9.
9.10; 9.
9.11; 9.
9.12; 9.
9.13; 9.
9.14; 9.
9.15; 9.
9.16; 9.
9.17; 9.
9.18; 9.
9.19; 9.

20; 9.39
21; 9.40
22; 9.41
23; 9.42
24; 9.43
25; 9.44
26; 9.45
27; 9.46
28; 9.47
29; 9.48
30; 9.49
31; 9.50
32; 9.51
33; 9.52
34; 9.53
35; 9.54
36; 9.55
37; 9.56
38; 9.57

AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS AND FANS

EXAMPLES
Ex. 9.1. In an axial ow compressor air enters the compressor at stagnation pressure and
temperature of 1 bar and 292K, respectively. The pressure ratio of the compressor is 9.5. If
isentropic efciency of the compressor is 0.85, nd the work of compression and the nal
temperature at the outlet. Assume =1.4, and Cp=1.005 kJ/kg K.
Ex. 9.2. In one stage of an axial ow compressor, the pressure ratio is to be 1.22 and the air inlet
stagnation temperature is 288K. If the stagnation temperature rise of the stages is 21 K, the
rotor tip speed is 200 m/s, and the rotor rotates at 4,500 rpm, calculate the stage efciency and
diameter of the rotor.
Ex. 9.3. An a x i a l ow compressor has a tip diameter of 0.95m and a hub diameter of 0.85m.
The absolute velocity of air makes an angle of 28o measured from the axial direction and
relative velocity angle is 56o. The absolute velocity outlet angle is 56o and the relative velocity
outlet angle is 28o. The rotor rotates at 5,000 rpm and the density of air is 1.2 kg/m3.
Determine:
The axial velocity.
The mass ow rate.
The power required.
The ow angles at the hub.
The degree of reaction at the hub
Ex. 9.4. An a x i a l ow compressor has the following data:
Blade velocity at root:
Blade velocity at mean radius:
Blade velocity at tip:
Stagnation temperature rise in this stage:
Axial velocity (constant from root to tip):
Work done factor:
Degree of reaction at mean radius:
Calculate the stage air angles at the root, mean, and tip for

140 m/s
185 m/s
240 m/s
15K
140 m/s
0.85
50%
a free vortex design

Ex. 9.5. From the data given in the previous problem, calculate the degree of reaction at the blade
root and tip.
Ex. 9.6. An axial ow compressor stage has the following data:
Air inlet stagnation temperature:
295K
Blade angle at outlet measured from the axial direction: 32o
Flow coefficient:
0.56
Relative inlet Mach number:
0.78
Degree of reaction:
0.5
Find the stagnation temperature rise in the rst stage of the compressor.
Ex. 9.7. An axial ow compressor has the following design data:
Inlet stagnation temperature:
290 K
Inlet stagnation pressure:
1 bar
Stage stagnation temperature rise:
24 K
Mass flow of air:
22 kg/s
2

Axialvelocity through the stage:

155.5 m/s
Rotational speed:
152 rev/s
Work done factor:
0.93
Mean blade speed:
205 m/s
Reaction at the mean radius:
50%
Determine:
(1) the blade and air angles at the mean radius,
(2) the mean radius, and
(3) the blade height
Ex. 9.8. An axial ow compressor has an overall pressure ratio of 4.5:1, and a mean blade speed
of 245 m/s. Each stage is of 50% reaction and the relative air angles are the same (30o) for
each stage. The axial velocity is 158 m/s and is constant through the stage. If the polytropic
efciency is 87%, calculate the number of stages required. Assume T01= 290K
Ex. 9.9. In an axial ow compressor, air enters at a stagnation temperature of 290 K and 1 bar. The
axial velocity of a i r is 180 m/s (constant throughout the stage), the absolute velocity at the
inlet is 185 m/s, the work done factor is 0.86, and the degree of reaction is 50%. If the stage
efciency is 0.86, calculate the air angles at the rotor inlet and outlet and the static temperature
at the inlet of the rst stage and stage pressure ratio. Assume a rotor speed of 200 m/s.
Ex. 9.10.
data:

Find the isentropic efciency of an axial ow compressor from the following

Pressure ratio:
Polytropic efficiency:
Inlet temperature:

6
0.85
285 K

Ex. 9.11.
In an axial ow compressor air enters the compressor at 1 bar and 290K. The
rst stage of the compressor is designed on free vortex principles, with no inlet guide vanes.
The rotational speed is 5,500 rpm and stagnation temperature rise is 22 K. The hub tip ratio is
0.5, the work done factor is 0.92, and the isentropic efciency of the stage is 0.90. Assuming
an inlet velocity of 145 m/s, calculate
The tip radius and corresponding rotor air angles, if the Mach number relative to the
tip is limited to 0.96.
The mass ow at compressor inlet.
The stagnation pressure ratio and power required to drive the compressor.
The rotor air angles at the root section
Ex. 9.12.

The following design data apply to an axial ow compressor:

Overall pressure ratio:
4.5
Mass flow:
3.5kg/s
Polytropic efficiency:
0.87
Stagnation temperature rise per stage:
22 K
Absolute velocity approaching the last rotor:
160m/s
Absolute velocity angle; measured from the axial direction:
20o
Work done factor:
0.85
Mean diameter of the last stage rotor is:
18.5 cm
Ambient pressure:
1.0 bar
Ambient temperature:
290 K
Calculate the number of stages required, pressure ratio of the rst and last stages, rotational
speed, and the length of the last stage rotor blade at inlet to the stage. Assume equal temperature
rise in all stages, and symmetrical velocity diagram.
3

Ex. 9.13.
A 10-stage axial ow compressor is designed for stagnation pressure ratio of
4.5:1. The overall isentropic efciency of the compressor is 88% and stagnation temperature
at inlet is 290 K. Assume equal temperature rise in all stages, and work done factor is 0.87.
Determine the air angles of a stage at the design radius where the blade speed is 218 m/s.
Assume a constant axial velocity of 165 m/s, and the degree of reaction is 76%.
Ex. 9.14. An a x i a l ow compressor has a tip diameter of 0.9 m, hub diameter of 0.42 m, work
done factor is 0.93, and runs at 5,400 rpm. Angles of absolute velocities at inlet and exit are 28
and 58o, respectively and velocity diagram is symmetrical. Assume air density of 1.5 kg/m3,
calculate:
mass ow rate,
work absorbed by the compressor,
ow angles and
degree of reaction at the hub for a free vortex design.
Ex. 9.15.
An axial ow compressor is to deliver 22 kg of air per second at a speed of 8,000
rpm. The stagnation temperature rise of the rst stage is 20 K. The axial velocity is constant at
155 m/s, and work done factor is 0.94. The mean blade speed is 200 m/s, and reaction at the
mean radius is 50%. The rotor blade aspect ratio is 3, inlet stagnation temperature and pressure
are 290K and 1.0bar, respectively. Assume Cp for air as 1005 J/kg K and =1.4. Determine:

The blade and air angles at the mean radius.

The mean radius.
The blade height.
The pitch and chord.

Ex. 9.16. The following data refers to an axial-flow compressor:

- 1= 60o,
- turning angle = 30 and Cx = 100 m /s,
- degree of reaction 50%, rpm= 3600,
- mean blade diameter 140 mm,
- inlet pressure and temperature 2 bar an 57oC respectively.
Find 1, the pressure rise, the amount of air handled and power if t he blade height is 20mm.
Ex. 9.17.
The following data refers to a test on an axial now compressor. Atmospheric
temperature and pressure at inlet are l8C and 1 bar. Total head temperature in delivery
pipe is 165C. Total head pressure in delivery pipe is 3.5 bars. Static pressure in delivery
pipe is 3 bars. Calculate:
(a) Total head isentropic efficiency,
(b) Polytropic efficiency, and
(c) Air velocity in delivery pipe.
Ex. 9.18.
An eight stage axial flow compressor provides an overall pressure of
6:1 with an overall isentropic efficiency 90%, when the temperature of air at
inlet is 20oC. The work is divided equally between the stages. A 50% reaction is
used with a mean blade speed 188m/s and a constant axial velocity 100m/s
through the compressor. Estimate the power required and blade angles. Assume air to
be a perfect gas.
Ex. 9.19.

A multi stage axial flow compressor absorbs 4.5 mW when delivering

4

20kg/s of air from stagnation condition of 1 bar and 288 K. If polytrophic efficiency
of compression is 0.9 and if the stage stagnation pressure ratio is constant, calculate
(a) Pressure at compressor outlet.
(b) The number of stages.
(c) Overall isentropic efficiency of compressor. Temperature rise in the first stage may
be taken as 20C.
Ex. 9.20. An axial flow compressor of 50% reaction design has blades with inlet and outlet
angles of 44o and 13 respectively. The compressor is to produce a pressure ratio of
5:1 with an overall isentropic efficiency of 87% when the inlet temperature is 290K.
The mean blade speed and axial velocity are constant throughout the compressor.
Assuming a blade velocity is 180m/s, and work input factor is 0.85. Find the number
of stages required and the change of entropy.
Ex. 9.21.
An axial compressor has a mean diameter of 60 cm and runs at 15.000 rpm.
If the actual temperature rise and pressure ratio developed are 30 and 1.3
respectively. Determine:
(a) Power required to drive the compressor while delivering 57 kg/s of air, assuming
mechanical efficiency 86% and initial temperature of 35oC
(b) The stage efficiency and
(c) The degree of reaction if the temperature at the rotor exit is 55oC
Ex. 9.22.
The first stage of an axial flow compressor develops a pressure ratio of
1:2. The inlet pressure and temperature are 1.01 bar and 30oC respectively. The
overall efficiency of compressor is 83%. The flow coefficient is 0.47. The velocity
diagram is symmetrical and at the mean radius the ratio of change of whirl velocity to
axial velocity is 0.5. Determine the compressor speed if the mean diameter is 50cm.
Also find the absolute velocity of the air leaving the stationary inlet guide vanes.
Ex. 9.23.
The first stage of an axial now compressor is designed for free vortex
condition, with no inlet guide vanes. The rotational speed is 9000 rpm, and stagnation
temperature rise is 20C. The hub-tip ratio is 0.6, the work done factor is 0.94 and
isentropic efficiency of the stage is 0.90. Assuming an inlet velocity of 150 m/s and
ambient conditions of 1 bar and 300 K, compute:
(a) The tip radius and corresponding rotor angles, if the Mach number relative to the
tip is limited to 0.92,
(b) Mass flow entering the stage
(c) Stage stagnation pressure ratio and power required and
(d) The rotor air angles at the root section.
Ex. 9.24.
An axial flow compressor stage has blade root, mean and tip velocities 150,
200 and 250 m/s respectively. The stage is to be designed for a stagnation temperature
rise of 20C and an axial velocity of 150 m/s which is constant through-out. The work
done factor is 0.93. Assuming 50% reaction at mean radius, calculate:
a) The stage air and blade angles at mean , root and hub and
b) Degree of reaction for a free vortex design
Ex. 9.25.
An alternative design proposal to that in example 4.9, is to have forced
vortex blade design. What then will the air and blade angles and degree of reaction be.
Take rotational speed as 9000 rpm.
Ex. 9.26.

A single-stage axial flow blower with no inlet guide vanes runs at

5

3600rpm. The rotor tip and hub diameter are 20 and 12.5 cm, respectively. The mass
flow rate of air is 0.5 kg/s. The turning angle of the rotor is 20o towards the axial
direction during air flow over the blade. The blade angle at inlet is 55o. If the
atmospheric temperature and pressure are at 1atm and 25C, respectively, assuming
constant axial velocity through the machine, find:
(a) The total pressure of the air at the exit of the rotor (the rotor total-to-total
efficiency being 90% and the total pressure drop across the intake is 0.25 cm of
water).
(b) The static pressure rise across the rotor.
(c) The static pressure rise across the stator, if the stator efficiency is 75%.
(d) The change in total pressure across the stator.
(e) The overall total-to-total efficiency and
(f) The degree of react ion for the stage.
Ex. 9.27.
An axial flow fan takes in 2.5 m3/s of air at 1.02 bar and 42C and
delivers it at 75 cm W.G. and 52C. Determine the mass flow rate through the fan, the
power required to drive the fan and the static fan efficiency.
Ex. 9.28.
An axial fan stage consisting of only one rotor has the following data:
- rotor blade air angle at exit 10o
- tip diameter 60 cm
- hub diameter 30 cm,
- speed= 960 rpm
- power required= 1 kW,
- flow coefficient= 0.245
- Inlet flow conditions: 1.02bar and 316 K.
Determine the flow rate, the static pressure rise and the overall efficiency.
Ex. 9.29.

Determine for the fan stage in problem no. 4.13

a) rotor blade angle at the entry
b) degree of reaction

Ex. 9.30.
An axial blower supplies air to a furnace at the rate of 3 kg/s. The
atmospheric conditions being 100 kPa and 310K. The blower efficiency is 80% and
mechanical efficiency is 85%. The power supplied is 30 kW. Estimate the overall
efficiency and pressure developed in mm W.G.
Ex. 9.31.
An axial fan without guide vanes has a pressure coefficient of 0.4 and
delivers 3.5 kg/s of air at 750 rpm. Its hub diameter is 260 mm and hub to tip ratio is
1/3. The static properties at entry 98.4 kPa and 35C, determine:
(a) Overall efficiency, if m= 0.9
(b) Power required,
(c) Flow coefficient
(d) Rotor inlet and exit angle.
(e) P in mm of W.G. if f = 0.79
PROBLEMS
9.1. An axial ow compressor has constant axial velocity throughout the compressor of 152 m/s, a
6

mean blade speed of 162 m/s, and delivers 10.5 kg of air per second at a speed of 10,500 rpm.
Each stage is of 50% reaction and the work done factor is 0.92. If the static temperature and
pressure at the inlet to the rst stage are 288K and 1 bar, respectively, and the stagnation stage
temperature rise is 15K, calculate:
(1) the mean diameter of the blade row,
(2) the blade height,
(3) the air exit angle from the rotating blades, and
(4) the stagnation pressure ratio of the stage with stage efciency 0.84.
(Answer: 0.295 m, 0.062 m, 11.37o, 1.15)
9.2. The following design data apply to an axial ow compressor:
Stagnation temperature rise of the stage:
20 K
Work done factor:
0.90
Blade velocity at root:
155 m/s
Blade velocity at mean radius:
208 m/s
Blade velocity at tip:
255 m/s
Axial velocity (constant through the stage):
155 m/s
Degree of reaction at mean radius:
0.5
Calculate the inlet and outlet air and blade angles at the root, mean radius and tip for a free
vortex design.
(Answer: 18o, 45.5o, 14.84o, 54.07o, 39.71o, 39.18o, 23.56o, 29.42o, 53.75o, -20o)
9.3. Calculate the degree of reaction at the tip and root for the same data as Prob. [9.2].
(Answer: 66.7%, 10%)
9.4. Calculate the air and blade angles at the root, mean and tip for 50% degree of reaction at all
radii for the same data as in Prob. [9.2].
(Answer: 47.86o, 28.37 o, 43.98 o, 1.72 o)
9.5. Show that for vortex ow, C w x r = constant. That is, the whirl velocity component of the ow
varies inversely with the radius.
9.6. The inlet and outlet angles of an axial ow compressor rotor are 50 and 15o, respectively. The
blades are symmetrical; mean blade speed and axial velocity remain constant throughout the
compressor. If the mean blade speed is 200 m/s, work done factor is 0.86, pressure ratio is 4,
inlet stagnation temperature is equal to 290 K, and polytropic efciency of the compressor is
0.85, nd the number of stages required.
(Answer: 8 stages)
9.7. In an axial ow compressor air enters at 1 bar and 15oC. It is compressed through a pressure
ratio of four. Find the actual work of compression and temperature at the outlet from the
compressor. Take the isentropic efciency of the compressor to be equal to 0.84
.
(Answer: 167.66 kJ/kg, 454.83 K)
9.8. Determine the number of stages required to drive the compressor for an axial ow compressor
having the following data:
-

Difference between the tangents of the angles at outlet and inlet, i.e., tan 1 - tan 2= 0.55.

The isentropic efciency of the stage is 0.84,

The stagnation temperature at the compressor inlet is 288K,

Stagnation pressure at compressor inlet is 1 bar,

The overall stagnation pressure rise is 3.5 bar, and

- The mass ow rate is 15 kg/s.

Assume Cp =1.005 kJ/kg K, =1.4, =0.86, m = 0.99
(Answer: 10 stages, 287.5 kW)
9.9. From the data given below, calculate the power required to drive the compressor and stage
air angles for an axial ow compressor.
7

Stagnation temperature at the inlet:

Overall pressure ratio:
Isentropic efficiency of the compressor:
Mean blade speed:
Axial velocity:
Degree of reaction:

288 K
4
0.88
170 m/s
120 m/s
0.5
(Answer: 639.4 kW, 1= 77.8o, 2= -72.69o)
Calculate the number of stages from the data given below for an axial ow compressor:
Air stagnation temperature at the inlet:
288 K
Stage isentropic efficiency:
0.85
Degree of reaction:
0.5
Air angles at rotor inlet:
40o
Air angle at the rotor outlet:
10o
Mean blade speed:
180 m/s
Work done factor:
0.85
Overall pressure ratio:
6
(Answer: 14 stages)
Derive the expression for polytropic efciency of an axial ow compressor in terms of:

9.10.

9.11.

a) n and
b) inlet and exit stagnation temperatures and pressures.
9.12.

Sketch the velocity diagrams for an axial ow compressor and derive the expression:
= 1+

9.13. Explain the term degree of reaction. Why is the degree of reaction generally kept at
50%?
9.14. Derive an expression for the degree of reaction and show that for 50% reaction, the
blades are symmetrical; i.e.,
=
and
= .
9.15. Define the degree of reaction for an axial flow compressor stage. Prove the
following relations.
a) R =

)]

c) R = [1 + (

)]

Prove that
=

a)
b) =

b) R = [1 + (

9.16.

9.17.

(
(
(

)
)

An axial flow compressor stage with 50% reaction has the following data.
Air inlet stagnation temperature =290 K,
Relative flow angle at rotor outlet measured from the axial direction =32,
Flow coefficient =0.55,
Relative machine number on to the rotor =0.75
8

If the stage is normal, what is the stagnation temperature rise in the first stage of the
compressor?
[Ans: 26.1 K]
9.18. 4.19An axial flow compressor stage draws air from with the stagnation conditions
of 1 bar and 35C. Assuming a 50% reaction stage with a flow coefficient of 0.52 and
the ratio Cx/ U = 0.25.
a) Find the rotor blade angles at the inlet and the exit as well as the mean rotor speed.
The total-to-total efficiency of the stage is 0.87 when the stage produces a
total-to-total pressure ratio of 1.23.
b) Find also the pressure coefficient and
c) The power input to the system, assuming the work input factor to be 0.86. The
mass flow rate is 12 kg/s.
[Ans: (a) 50.24, 35.79 (b) 317.5 m/s (c) 0.43 and (d) 260kW]
9.19. An axial flow compressor stage is to be designed for a stagnation temperature rise
of 20 K. The work done factor is 0.92 and the blade velocities at the root, mean radius
and tip are 157.5, 210 and 262.5m/s respectively. The axial velocity is constant from
root to tip and is 157.5 m/s.
a) If the reaction ratio at the mean radius is 0.5, what are the inlet and outlet air and
blade angles at the root, mean radius and tip for a free vortex design?
b) Calculate also the react ion at the root and tip.
[Ans: (a) 1m=2m=18.78; 2m=1m=44.8o; 1t= 15.21o; 1t = 54.37o;
2t= 38.45; 2t= 40.9; 1r= 24.38o; 1r = 28.68o; 2r = 52.94; 2r=-17.95
(b) Rt= 0.68 and Rr= 0.112]
9.20. An alternative design proposal to that in the above problem is to have 50%
reaction along the whole blade. What, then will the air and blade angles be?
[Ans: 1t=2t=29.64o; 2t=1t=47.64o; 1r=2r=3.43o
2r=1r=43.23o]
9.21. An axial flow compressor under test in a laboratory exhibits a stage loading of 0.4
for a reaction ratio of 0.65 and flow coefficient 0.55. It is decided to reduce the mass
flow by 7% while the blade speed is kept constant and it is assumed under this new
condition that the relative now exit angles for both the rotor and stator remain
unchanged. What is the stage loading and reaction at the new condition? Assume the
work done factor is 0.9.
[Ans: 0.435 and 0.64]
9.22. An axial flow compressor delivers a total pressure ratio of 6, the rotal head
pressure and temperature at entry being 0.408 mPa and 300K respectively, and the
overall isentropic efficiency being 82%. The degree of reaction is 50% and all stages
contribute an equal amount of work. At a particular stage, the blade speed at the mean
height is 203m/s, and the axial velocity is 171 m/s. If the absolute air angle entering
the rotor at this stage is 15o and the work done factor is 0.92, determine:
(a) the rotor air inlet angle.
(b) the number of stages required.
9

(c) the static temperature of the air at entry to the rotor and
(d) the rotor inlet relative machine number.
[Ans: (a) 42.6 (b) 12 (c) 284.4K and (d) 0.687]
9.23. A multi stage axial compressor is required for compressing air at 293 K through a
pressure ratio of 5 to 1.
- Each stage is to be 50% reaction and
- The mean blade speed 275 m/s,
- Flow coefficient 0.5, and
- The stage loading factor 0.3 are taken as constant for all stages.
Determine:
a) The flow angles and
b) The number of stages required if the stage efficiency is 88.8%. Take Cp
=1.005kJ/kg and r= 1.4 for air.
c) Also find the overall efficiency of the compressor.
.
[Ans: (a) 1=2= 35o and 2=1=52.45 (b) 9 (c) 86.3%]
9.24. An axial flow compressor has 10 stages and the following data apply to each
stage at the mean diameter.
-

Blade speed =200 m/s.

Reac1ion =0.5
Polytropic efficiency =0.88
Stage efficiency =0.84
Angle of absolute air velocity at rotor inlet 13o, and at rotor out let 45o
Work done factor =0.86
Stagnation pressure and temperature at inlet are 99.3kPa and 15C, respectively.
Determine:
a) The total pressure ratio of the first stage and
b) The overall static pressure ratio.
[Ans: (a) 1.24 (b) 5.46]

9.25. Each stage of an axial flow compressor of 50% reaction has the same mean blade
speed and same flow outlet angle of 30 relative to blades. The mean flow coefficient
is 0.5 and remains constant. At entry to first stage the stagnation condition of air is
101.3kPa and 278 K and static pressure is 87.3kPa and flow area is 0.372 m2.
a) Using compressible flow analysis, find mass flow rate and
b) Find flow velocity.
c) Find the shaft power when there are 6 such stages when
mechanical efficiency is 0.9.
[Ans: (a) 56.1 kg/s (b) 132.1m/s and (c) 11,021 kW]
9.26. An axial flow compressor has constant axial velocity throughout the compressor
of 160m/s, a mean blade speed of 244 m/s and delivers a pressure ratio of 5:1. Each
stage is of 50% reaction and the relative outlet air angles are the same, 30, for each
stage. If a polytropic efficiency of 88% is assumed, determine the number of stages in
the compressor.
10

[Ans: 14]
9.27. A helicopter gas turbine plant consists of a four stage axial flow compressor. The
axial compressor has stage temperature rise of 30C, using symmetrical stages with a
stator outlet angle of 20. If the mean diameter of each stage is 250 mm and each
stage is identical. The polytropic efficiency is 92%. Calculate the required rotational
speed. Assume a work done factor of 0.86 and a constant axial velocity of 150 m/s.
Estimate the total pressure rise across the compressor.
[Ans: (a) 19,070 rpm (b) 3.07]
9.28. A multistage axial flow compressor is to have constant axial velocity of 150 m/s
and 50% reaction. The pressure ratio developed is 4 and the infinitesimal stage
efficiency is 85%. The temperature at the entry is 20oC. The mean diameter of the
blade ring is 35cm and speed is 15,000 rpm. The exit angle of the blades in each row
is 27. Calculate the blade angle at inlet, the number of stages and pressure ratio of
each stage.
[Ans: (a) 52.92 (b) 6 and (c) 1.38]
9.29. A ten stage axial flow compressor has a pressure ratio of 6.6 and isentropic
efficiency 90%. The compressor has symmetrical stages and the compression process
is adiabatic. The axial velocity is uniform across the stage at 125 m/s and the mean
blade speed of each stage is 200 m/s. If the air at 27C enters the compressor at the
rate of 3kg/s, determine:
a) The direction of air at entry and exit from the rotor and stator blades.
b) Also compute the power supplied to air.
[Ans: (a) 1 = 2 = 17.8 and 2 = 1 = 51.97 (b) 718.17 kW]
9.30.

An axial compressor stage has a mean diameter 55 cm and runs at 15.000 rpm.

9.31. If the actual temperature rise and pressure ratio developed arc 32oC and 1.4
respectively, determine:
(a) The power required to drive the compressor while delivering 57 kg/s of air.
Assume mechanical efficiency as 85% and an initial temperature of 35C
(b) The stage efficiency and
(c) The degree of reaction if the temperature at the rotor exit is 55C.
[Ans: (a) 2156.6 kW, (b) 96.8% (c) 0.625]
9.32. An air compressor has eight stages of equal pressure ratio 1.35. The flow rate
through the compressor and its overall efficiency are 50 kg/s and 82% respectively. If
the condition of air at entry are 1bar and 40oC, determine:
(a) The state of air at the compressor exit ,
(b) Polytropic efficiency,
(c) Efficiency of each stage and
(d) The power input assuming overall efficiency of the drive as 90%.
[Ans: (a) 11.03 bar and 689.8K, (b) 87.1% (c) 86.5% and (d) 21.03 mW]
9.33. A fan takes in 2.5m3/s of air at 1.02 bar and 42C and delivers it at 70cm W.G.
and 52C. Determine the mass flow rate through the fan, the power required to drive
the fan and the static fan efficiency.
11

[Ans: (a) 2.82 kg/s (b) 28.34 kW and (c) 59.5%]

9.34. An axial ducted fan without any guide vanes has a pressure coefficient of 0.38
and delivers 3kg/s of air at 750 rpm. Its hub and tip diameters are 25 cm and 75 cm
respectively. If the conditions at the entry are 1.0 bar and 38oC, determine:
a) Air angles at the entry and exit.
b) Pressure developed in mm WG.
c) Fan efficiency and
d) Power required to drive the fan if the overall efficiency of the drive is 85%.
[Ans: (a) 70.85; 66, (b) 8.36 mm of WG. (c) 86.3% and (d) 299.36 W]
9.35.
-

An axial fan consisting of rotor only has the following data:

Huh and tip diameters are 30 and 60 cm respectively.

Speed 1000 rpm,
Relative air exit angle 12,
Axial velocity 6 m/s.
Inlet static properties: 101 kPa and 315K. Determine:
(a) Rotor blade angle inlet,
(b) Static pressure rise,
(c) Overall efficiency for a power input of 1.15 kW,
(d) Degree of reaction and
(e) Pressure coefficient.
[Ans: (a) 75.7 (b) 59.7 mm WG, (c) 65% (d) 52.6% and (e) 1.89]

9.36. In an axial flow fan the rotor and inlet guide vanes are symmetrical and arranged
for 50% reaction.
-

The hub and tip diameters are 45 cm and 75 cm respectively.

Speed is 960 rpm.
The motor power is 6 kW.
The static properties of air at inlet an: 100 kPa and 305 K.

9.37. If the fan efficiency is 82% and the mechanical efficiency of the drive is 87%,
find, the rotor angles at inlet and exit and pressure coefficient. If the quantity of air
handled is 6m3/s.
[Ans: (a) 1=2 = 52.5; 2= 1 = 6.6 and (b) 1.37]
9.38. The first stage of an axial flow compressor develops a pressure ratio of 1.2:1. The
inlet pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 31C respectively. The overall efficiency
of the compressor is 83%. The flow coefficient is 0.47. The velocity diagram is
symmetrical and at mean radius, the ratio of change of whirl velocity to axial velocity
is 0.5. Determine the compressor speed if the mean diameter is 50 cm.
[Ans: 11,056 rpm]
9.39. The condition of air at the inlet of an axial air compressor is P1=768 mm of Hg,
T1=41C. At the mean blade section, the diameter and peripheral velocity are 500 mm
and 100 m/s respectively. 1= 51, 1= 7, 2= 9, mass now rate is 25 kg/s. Work
12

done factor is 0.95 and mechanical efficiency is 92% stage efficiency is 88%.
Determine:
(a) Air angle at the stator entry
(b) Blade height at entry
(c) Hub to tip ratio
(d) Stage loading coefficient.
(e) Stage pressure ratio
(f) Power input and
(g) Relative machine number at the rotor inlet.
[Ans: (a) 50.2 (b) 0.19 m (c) 0.45. (d) 0.75 (e) 1.08 (f) 204.7 kW
and (g) 0.33]
9.40. An axial compressor stage has mean diameter 600 mm and run s at 250 rps. The
actual temperature rise is 30C and the pressure ratio developed is 1.35. Inlet
temperature is 35C and the temperature rise in the rotor is 20C. Mass now rate is 50
kg/s and the mechanical efficiency is 85%, determine:
(a) Power required to drive the compressor
(b) Degree of reaction
(c) Loading coefficient
(d) Stage efficiency
[Ans: (a) 1,773.5 kW (b) 0.67 (c) 0.136 and (d) 91.9%]
9.41. The conditions of air at the entry of an axial compressor stage are P1= 768 mm of
Hg and T1 = 314 K. The angles at the mean blade sections are 1= 7, 1= 51, 2=
9. The mean diameter and the peripheral speed are 500 mm and 100m/s respectively.
Mass flow rate through the stage is 25 kg/s, the work done factor is 0.95, mechanical
efficiency is 92% and stage efficiency is 88%. Assuming free vortex flow, determine:
(a) Air and blade angles of rotor.
(b) Flow coefficient
(c) Loading coefficient at the hub, mean and tip sections.
[Ans: (a) 1m= 7; 2m = 50.2o; 1m=51o; 2m= 9o;
1t= 5.1; 2t= 40.99, 1t=60.7, 2t=45.2,
1r= 11.21; 2r= 62.68o; 1r = 32.75, r = -47.58
(b) 0.74, 0.53, 1.18 and (c) 0.75; 0.395; 1.96]
9.42. An axial flow compressor comprises a number of similar stages with equal work
done per stage. The axial velocity remains constant throughout the compressor.
- Overall total pressure ratio =3.5,
- Total inlet temperature =333 K
- Relative air angle at rotor inlet and outlet arc respectively 40 and 10o
- Blade velocity =185 m/s,
- Overall total-head isentropic efficiency =87 %
- Degree of reaction =0.5.
Compute:
(a) Total outlet temperature and
(b) Number of stages.
[Ans: (a) 497.7 K and (b) 8]
13

9.43. Find the polytropic efficiency of an axial now compressor, with symmetrical
stages from the following data:
-

Total head pressure ratio = 4.

Overall total head isentropic efficiency = 85%.
total head inlet temperature = 290K
The inlet and outlet air angles from the rotor blades are respectively 45o and 10o.
The mean blade speed is 220 m/s, and
The work done factor is 0.86. The axial velocity remains constant throughout the
compressor.
a) Find the number of stages required.
b) Also find the inlet machine number relative to rotor at the mean blade height of the
first stage.
[Ans: (a) 87.6% (b) 6 and (c) 0.8]
9.44. The velocities for upstream and downstream of an open propeller fan are 5 and 25
m/s respectively. The propeller diameter is 50 cm. If the ambient conditions are
1.02bar and 37C, determine for the mean flow velocity through the propeller
(a) Flow rate
(b) Total pressure developed and
(c) The power required if the overall efficiency of the fan is 40%
[Ans: (a) 3.37 kg/s, (b) 35 mm of W.G and (c) 2.52 kW]
9.45.

An axial fan consisting of rotor (no IGV) has the following data:

- Hub diameter = 280 mm

- Hub-tip ratio = 1/2.
- Speed= 1000 rpm.
- Relative air exit angle = 10o
- Axial velocity= 5.5 m/s,
- Inlet static properties: 102 kPa and 310K
Determine:
(a) Flow coefficient
(b) Rotor blade angle at inlet
(c) Static pressure rise
(d) Overall efficiency
(c) Degree of reaction. The power input is 1.2 kW
9.46. An axial flow compressor stage is designed on forced vortex principle. The
following data refer to the stage at mean radius:
-

Mean diameter= 0.5 m.

Peripheral speed= 100 m/s.
Mass now rate=25kg/s.
1=3= 7o
2= 50.18o
1=51o and 2= 90.
14

Calculate:
(a) Air and blade angles
(b) Specific work
(c) Loading coefficient and
(d) Degree of reaction at hub, mean and tip sections.
The air enters the stage at P1= 768 mm of Hg and T1= 314 K.
[Ans: (a) 1m=7; 2m=50.18o; 1m=51o; 2m=9o
1h= 4.31; 2h=37.04; 1h= 37.19; 2h= 5.69o
1t= 9.75; 2t= 58.33; 1t= 59.94o; 2t= 12.09o
(b) 7,929 J/kg; 3,048.2 J/kg; 15,099.27 J/kg (c) 0.7929; 0.7929; 0.7929
(d) 0.513; 0.555; 0.5]
9.47.

An axial compressor stage has the following data:

- Pressure and temperature at entry are 1.0 bar and 20oC

- Mean blade ring diameter=36cm
- Speed=18,000 rpm
- Blade height at entry=11cm
- Degree of reaction=50%
- Axial velocity m/s
- Air angles at rotor entry and stator exit=25o
Assume forced vortex flow. Determine:
(a) Rotor blade air angles
(b) Degree of reaction
(c) Specific work
(d) Flow coefficient and
(e) Loading coefficient at the hub, mean and tip section.
[Ans: (a) 1m= 2m= 25, 2m= 1m= 54.82o; 1h= 2h= 20.05o
2h= 1h=47.99o; 1t= 2t= 30.64o; 2t= 1t= 60.98o
(b) 58,161 J/kg; 40,389.4 J/kg; 79,164 J/kg
(c) 0.531; 0.678; 0.418; 0.7929 (d) 0.505; 0.505; 0.505
(e) 0.5; 0.5; 0.5]
For the following problem, unless otherwise stated, the work done factor is unity and
inlet stagnation conditions are 101.3 kPa and 288K. For air CP = 1005 J/kg K,
R=287J/kg K, = 1.4.
9.48.

Using the notation given in the text, show that in an axial flow compressor stage

9.49.

An axial flow compressor stage with 50% reaction has the following data:

- Air inlet stagnation temperature 290K

- Relative flow angle at rotor outlet measured from the axial direction 32o
- Flow coefficient 0.55
- Relative inlet Mach number onto the rotor 0.75
If the stage is normal, what is the stagnation temperature rise in the first stage of the
15

compressor?
9.50. An axial flow compressor stage is to be designed for a stagnation temperature rise
of 20 K. The work done factor is 0.92 and the blade velocities at the root, mean radius
and tip are 157.5, 210 and 262.5 m/s respectively. The axial velocity is constant from
root to tip and is 157.5 m/s.
a) If the reaction ratio at the mean radius is 0.5, what are the inlet and outlet air and
blade angles at the root, mean radius and tip for a free vortex design?
b) Calculate also the reaction at the root and tip.
9.51. An alternative design proposal to that in exercise 5.3 is to have 50% reaction
along the whole blade. What, then, will the air and blade angles be?
9.52. The design of the first stage of an axial flow compressor calls for the following
design data:
- Stage stagnation temperature rise 22K
- Mass flow of air 25kg/s
- Rotational speed 150 rev/s
- Axial velocity through stage 157m/s
- Work done factor 0.95
- Mean blade speed 200m/s
- Reaction at the mean radius 50%
- Rotor blade aspect ratio 3
- Inlet stagnation temperature 288K
- Inlet stagnation pressure 101.3kPa
Determine:
a) The blade and air angles at the mean radius,
b) The mean radius,
c) The blade height
d) The pitch and chord and
e) The number of blades.
9.53. Using the data of exercise 5.5, if a circular arc camber line for the blade is
assumed, and also the data of Fig. 5.13, determine:
a) The blade camber angle,
b) The deviation,
c) The blade stagger,
d) The total drag coefficient of the blade.
e) Blade row efficiency and stage efficiency,
f) Stage static pressure ratio and.
g) The stage total pressure ratio.
Assume zero incidence and a normal stage (c1= c3).
9.54. An axial flow compressor has constant axial velocity throughout the compressor
of 160 m/s, a mean blade speed of 244 m/s and delivers a pressure ratio of 5:1. Each
stage is of 50% reaction and the relative outlet air angles are the same (30) for each
stage. If a polytropic efficiency of 88% is assumed, determine the number of stages in
16

the compressor.
9.55. An axial flow compressor delivers a total pressure ratio of 6, the total head
pressure an1d temperature at entry being 0.408 MPa and 300K respectively and the
overall isentropic efficiency being 82%. The degree of reaction is 50% and all stages
contribute an equal amount of work. At a particular stage the blade speed at the mean
height is 203m/s and the axial velocity 171 m/s. If the absolute air angle entering the
rotor at this stage is 15o and the work done factor is 0.92, determine:
a)
b)
c)
d)

The rotor air inlet angle

The number of stages required.
The static temperature of the air at entry to the rotor and
The rotor inlet relative Mach number.

9.56. An axial flow compressor has 10 stages and the following data apply to each stage
at the mean diameter.
- Blade speed 200 m/s
- Reaction 0.5
- Polytropic efficiency 0.88
- Stage efficiency 0.84
- Angle of absolute air velocity at rotor inlet 13o
- Angle of absolute air velocity at rotor outlet 45o
- Work done factor 0.86
- Inlet stagnation pressure 99.3 kPa
- Inlet stagnation temperature 15oC
Determine the total pressure ratio of the first stage and the overall static pressure ratio.
9.57. An axial flow compressor under test in a laboratory exhibits a stage loading of 0.4
for a reaction ratio of 0.65 and flow coefficient 0.55. It is decided to reduce the mass
flow by 7% while the blade speed is kept constant, and it is assumed under this new
condition that the relative flow exit angles for both the rotor and stator remain
unchanged. What is the stage loading and reaction at the new condition? Assume the
work done factor is 0.9.

17