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Ena Lab Manual: Name: Class: Rollno

this document tells us the order of filters and there different types.it also contains there different types on the basis of order and space complexity. this document also includes there graphical representation

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83 views5 pages

Ena Lab Manual: Name: Class: Rollno

this document tells us the order of filters and there different types.it also contains there different types on the basis of order and space complexity. this document also includes there graphical representation

Uploaded by

IqraJahan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ENA LAB MANUAL

NAME:
CLASS:
ROLLNO:
SUBMITTED TO:
10/13/2014

ORDER OF FILTER:
Filters can be separated into Active versus Passive, as the names imply, an Active filter makes
use of some gain device(s) as an integral part of the operation of the filter. Passive filters dont
actually require a gain device to work, but are usually accompanied by some form of amplifiers
or buffers for convenience. Filters are also often referred to as First Order, Second Order, etc.
This refers to the number of components (capacitors and inductors, not resistors or transistors)
that affect the steepness or shape of the filters frequency response.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/order of_ filter)

LOW PASS FILTER:


A low-pass filter is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff
frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The amount
of attenuation for each frequency depends on the filter design. The filter is sometimes called a
high-cut filter, or treble cut filter in audio applications. A low-pass filter is the opposite of a
high-pass filter. A band pass filter is a combination of a low-pass and a high-pass filter.
Low-pass filters exist in many different forms, including electronic circuits (such as a hiss filter
used in audio), anti-aliasing filters for conditioning signals prior to analog-to-digital conversion,
digital filters for smoothing sets of data, acoustic barriers, blurring of images, and so on. The
moving average operation used in fields such as finance is a particular kind of low-pass filter,
and can be analyzed with the same signal processing techniques as are used for other low-pass
filters. Low-pass filters provide a smoother form of a signal, removing the short-term
fluctuations, and leaving the longer-term trend.
An optical filter can correctly be called a low-pass filter, but conventionally is called a long pass
filter (low frequency is long wavelength), to avoid confusion.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter)

Continuous-time low-pass filters:


There are many different types of filter circuits, with different responses to changing frequency.
The frequency response of a filter is generally represented using a bode plot, and the filter is
characterized by its cutoff frequency and rate of frequency roll off. In all cases, at the cutoff
frequency, the filter attenuates the input power by half or 3 dB. So the order of the filter
determines the amount of additional attenuation for frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency.
A first-order filter, for example, reduces the signal amplitude by half (so power reduces by a
factor of 4), or 6 dB, every time the frequency doubles (goes up one octave); more precisely, the
power rolloff approaches 20 dB per decade in the limit of high frequency. The magnitude Bode
plot for a first-order filter looks like a horizontal line below the cuttoff frequency, and a diagonal

line above the cutoff frequency. There is also a "knee curve" at the boundary between the two,
which smoothly transitions between the two straight line regions. If the transfer function of a
first-order low-pass filter has a zero as well as a pole, the Bode plot flattens out again, at some
maximum attenuation of high frequencies; such an effect is caused for example by a little bit of
the input leaking around the one-pole filter; this one-poleone-zero filter is still a first-order lowpass. See Polezero plot and RC circuit.
A second-order filter attenuates higher frequencies more steeply. The Bode plot for this type of
filter resembles that of a first-order filter, except that it falls off more quickly. For example, a
second-order Butterworth filter reduces the signal amplitude to one fourth its original level every
time the frequency doubles (so power decreases by 12 dB per octave, or 40 dB per decade).
Other all-pole second-order filters may roll off at different rates initially depending on their Q
factor, but approach the same final rate of 12 dB per octave; as with the first-order filters, zeroes
in the transfer function can change the high-frequency asymptote. See RLC circuit.
Third- and higher-order filters are defined similarly. In general, the final rate of power rolloff for
an order- all-pole filter is dB per octave (i.e.,
dB per decade).
On any Butterworth filter, if one extends the horizontal line to the right and the diagonal line to
the upper-left (the asymptotes of the function), they intersect at exactly the cutoff frequency. The
frequency response at the cutoff frequency in a first-order filter is 3 dB below the horizontal line.
The various types of filters (Butterworth filter, Chebyshev filter, Bessel filter, etc.) all have
different-looking knee curves. Many second-order filters have "peaking" or resonance that puts
their frequency response at the cutoff frequency above the horizontal line. Furthermore, the
actual frequency where this peaking occurs can be predicted without calculus, as shown by
Cartwright et al. For third-order filters, the peaking and its frequency of occurrence can too be
predicted without calculus as recently shown by Cartwright et al. See electronic filter for other
types.
The meanings of 'low' and 'high' that is, the cutoff frequency depend on the characteristics of the
filter. The term "low-pass filter" merely refers to the shape of the filter's response; a high-pass
filter could be built that cuts off at a lower frequency than any low-pass filterit is their
responses that set them apart. Electronic circuits can be devised for any desired frequency range,
right up through microwave frequencies (above 1 GHz) and higher.

High pass filter:

Figure 1 An active high pass filter

Figure 2 A passive high pass filter

A high-pass filter (HPF) is an electronic filter that passes high-frequency signals but attenuates
(reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency. The actual
amount of attenuation for each frequency varies from filter to filter. A high-pass filter is usually
modeled as a linear time-invariant system. It is sometimes called a low-cut filter or bass-cut
filter. High-pass filters have many uses, such as blocking DC from circuitry sensitive to non-zero
average voltages or RF devices. They can also be used in conjunction with a low-pass filter to
make a bandpass filter.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/high pass_filter)

Band pass filter:


There are applications where a particular band, or spread, or frequencies need to be filtered from
a wider range of mixed signals. Filter circuits can be designed to accomplish this task by
combining the properties of low-pass and high-pass into a single filter. The result is called a
band-pass filter. Creating a bandpass filter from a low-pass and high-pass filter can be illustrated
using block diagrams: (Figure below)

System level block diagram of a band-pass filter.


REVIEW:
A band-pass filter works to screen out frequencies that are too low or too high, giving easy
passage only to frequencies within a certain range.
Band-pass filters can be made by stacking a low-pass filter on the end of a high-pass filter, or
vice versa.
Attenuate means to reduce or diminish in amplitude. When you turn down the volume control
on your stereo, you are attenuating the signal being sent to the speakers.
(http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_8/4.html)

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