EFFLORESCENCE IN THE SKIN
PRIMARY LESIONS
MORPHOLOGY
MACULE
NOTE
A macule is a change in surface color, without elevation or
depression and, therefore, no palpable, well or ill-defined,
variously sized, but generally considered less than either 5 or
10mm in diameter at the widest point.
EXTRA NOTE
flat circumscribed area of discoloration < 1 cm
Skin colour changes w.o elevation/depression
HYPERPIGMENTATION
PATCH
A patch is a large macule equal to or greater than either 5 or
10mm, depending on one's definition of a macule. Patches may
have some subtle surface change, such as a fine scale or
wrinkling, but although the consistency of the surface is changed,
the lesion itself is not palpable.
HIPOPIGMENTATION
A large macules 1 cm in diameter
DISEASE
Melasma
Hypopig post inflammation
Pityriasis versicolor
Pityriasis alba
Erythematous macule
HYPERPIGMENTION
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PAPULE
A papule is a circumscribed, solid elevation of skin with no visible
fluid, varying in size from a pinhead to either less than 5 or 10mm
in diameter at the widest point.
Circumscribed, solid elevation, no visible fluid Variously in size
from pinhead to 1 cm DISEASE Acne vulgaris - Roseacea
PLAQUE
A plaque has been described as a broad papule, or confluence of
papules equal to or greater than 1 cm, or alternatively as an
elevated, plateau-like lesion that is greater in its diameter than in
its depth.
NODULE
A nodule is morphologically similar to a papule, but is greater
than either 5 or 10mm in both width and depth, and most
frequently centered in the dermis or subcutaneous fat. The depth
of involvement is what differentiates a nodule from a papule.
PAPULES MILIER
PAPULES LENTIKULER
A broad papules (confluence of papule) 1 cm in
diameter
Morphologically similar papule > 1 cm in diameter
Circumscribed palpable mass
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VESICLE
A vesicle is a circumscribed, fluid-containing, epidermal elevation
generally considered less than either 5 or 10mm in diameter at
the widest point.
Vesikel milier
BULLA
Variously, circumscribed Fluid-filled lesion (blister), < 0,5
cm
Maybe pale or yellow serous exudate or Red from serum
mixed wirh blood
Vesikel lentikuler
A bulla is a large vesicle described as a rounded or irregularly
shaped blister containing serous or seropurulent fluid, equal to or
greater than either 5 or 10mm, depending on one's definition of a
vesicle.
Variously, circumscribed Fluid-filled lesion > 0.5 .
DIASEASE - varicella,herpes zoster
Flaccid bullae in pemphigus vulgaris
Tense bullae in pemphigoid bullous
PUSTULE
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A pustule is a small elevation of the skin containing cloudy or
purulent material usually consisting of necrotic inflammatory
cells. These can be either white or red.
Vesicel with pus inside.DIASEASE- Furuncle
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TUMOR
ALL THINGS WITH GROWTH : EPIDERMAL, DERMAL/SUBCUTAN &
MELANOSIT
Soft or firm & freely moveable/fixed mass of various size &
shape(>2 cm )
-
CYST
EROSION
ULCER
FISSURE
WHEAL
TELANGIECTASIA
BURROW
Veruca vulgaris
-Keratosis seboroik
ENLARGEMENT WITH ELEVATION IN THE SKIN SURFACE
A cyst is an epithelial-lined cavity containing liquid, semi-solid, or solid material.
Erosion is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis a lesion that is moist, circumscribed, and
usually depressed.
An ulcer is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting complete loss of the epidermis and often portions of the dermis and even
subcutaneous fat.
A fissure is a crack in the skin that is usually narrow but deep.
A wheal is a rounded or flat-topped, pale red papule or plaque that is characteristically evanescent, disappearing within 24 to
48 hour.
A telangiectasia represents an enlargement of superficial blood vessels to the point of being visible.
A burrow appears as a slightly elevated, grayish, tortuous line in the skin, and is caused by burrowing organisms.
SECONDARY LESION
MORPHOLOGY
SCALE
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NOTE
Dry or greasy laminated masses of keratin that represent
thickened stratum corneum.
EXTRA NOTE
Str corneum release from the skin
Pityriasiform (soft n small)
Psoriasiform (layers)
Ichtyiosiform (fish scale)
Culiculer (thin)
Lamelar (sheets)
-A dry, horny build-up of dead skin cells that often flakes
off the surface of the skin. Diseases that promote scale
include fungal infections, psoriasis, seborrheic
dermatitis, and iktiosis vulgaris.
OLiVEr 1439 (^L^) @copyright by DAnke 10 sPecial Sense
CRUST
FISSURA
Dried serum, pus, or blood usually mixed with epithelial and
sometimes bacterial debris.
Thin linear scracth in the dermis. Example diasease tinea pedis
LICHENIFICATION Epidermal thickening characterized by visible and palpable
thickening of the skin with accentuated skin markings.
EXCORIATION
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Collection of dried exudate consisting of serum, debris &
pus cells
A punctate or linear abrasion produced by mechanical means
(often scratching), usually involving only the epidermis but not
uncommonly reaching the papillary dermis.
Rough, thick epidermis with exaggerated skin
lines.
This is often a characteristic of scratch dermatitis
and atopic dermatitis.
The traumatic deeper until the point of papil
Shows serum and blood (bleedy)
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EROTION
ULCER
INDURATION
ATROPHY
SCAR
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Serum release from the skin, the process just in.The stratum
basal so not bleedy.
Loss of epidermis and part of dermis. Example diasease
Basalioma
Dermal thickening causing the cutaneous surface to feel thicker and firmer.
Refers to a loss of tissue, and can be epidermal, dermal, or
An area of skin that has become very thin and
subcutaneous. With epidermal atrophy, the skin appears thin,
wrinkled.
translucent, and wrinkled. Dermal or subcutaneous atrophy is
Normally seen in older individuals and people
represented by depression of the skin
who are using very strong topical corticosteroid
medication.
Collagenous tissues that permanently replace injured dermis
Scars appear over healed wounds and surgical incisions.
Typically irregular, they may be thick or thin and hypertrophic or atrophic. Red, blue, white, and silver are common
colors for scars
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Mechanisms of formation of rashes
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