International Journal of Computer Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 1, 2015
RESEARCH ARTICLE
OPEN ACCESS
Fusion of Digital Signature & Fingerprint Watermarking using Bit
plane slicing
Sonali V.Satonkar, Dr.seema Kawathekar
Dept. of Computer Science &Information Tehnology
Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad
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Abstract :In recent years, internet revolution resulted in an explosive growth in multimedia applications. The rapid advancement of
internet has made it easier to send the data/image accurate and faster to the destination. Besides this, it is easier to modify and
misuse the valuable information through hacking at the same time.
copyright protection of multimedia data.[2]
Digital watermarking is one of the proposed solutions for
Digital image watermarking provides copyright protection, by hiding appropriate
ownership information in digital images. This ownership information may be in the form of logo called as 'watermark'. The image
formed after hiding 'watermark' in original image is called 'watermarked image'.[3]
Keyword: - Least Significant Bit (LSB) , pixel
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Introduction:of
investing and other financial transactions, retail sales
identifying a person or verifying the identity of a
law enforcement, and health and social services are
person based on a physiological or behavioral
already benefiting from these technologies. Biometric
characteristic.
physiological
technologies are expected to play a key role in
characteristics include hand or finger images, facial
personal authentication for large-scale enterprise
characteristics, and iris recognition. Behavioral
network authentication environments, Point-of-Sale
characteristics are traits that are learned or acquired.
and for the protection of all types of digital content
Dynamic signature verification, speaker verification,
such as in Digital Rights Management and Health
and keystroke dynamics are examples of behavioral
Care applications. Utilized alone or integrated with
characteristics.
other technologies such as smart cards, encryption
Biometrics
are
automated
Examples
of
methods
applications
keys and digital signatures, biometrics are anticipated
include workstation and network access, single sign-
to pervade nearly all aspects of the economy and our
on, application logon, data protection, remote access
daily lives.[1]
to resources, transaction security, and Web security.
1.2 Technique of watermarking
Biometric-based
authentication
The promises of e-commerce and e-government can
be achieved through the utilization of strong personal
1 Spatial Domain Techniques
The
authentication procedures. Secure electronic banking,
watermark
can
be
detected
by
correlating the expected pattern with the received
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International Journal of Computer Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 1, 2015
signal. Spatial domain watermarking is performed by
2 Objective:
modifying values of pixel.
Watermarking biometric data is a
still a relatively new issue, but it is of growing
importance as more robust methods of verification
and identification are being used. Biometric provide
the necessary unique characteristic but their validity
must be ensured. This can be guaranteed to an extent
by watermarks. In our
Research , Image
Watermarking using Least Significant Bit (LSB)
algorithm is used. Proposed algorithm performs preprocessing operation on fingerprint & digital
signature images. Often by isolating particular bits
of pixel value in an image, I have highlight
interesting aspects of that image.Higher order bits
usually contain most of the significant visual images
& lower order bits contain subtle details. This work
has been implemented through MATLAB.
2 Frequency Domain Watermarking
These methods are similar to spatial domain
watermarking in that the
values of selected
frequencies can be altered. Because high frequencies
will be lost by compression or scaling, the watermark
signal is applied to lower frequencies, or better yet,
applied
adaptively
to
frequencies
containing
important elements of the original picture.
4. Methodology
3 Spread Spectrum
This technique can be used for both spatial
4.1 Spatial Domain
domain and frequency domain. The spread spectrum
In this work I have used image enhancement in
method has the advantage that the watermark
spatial domain. The word spatial domain implies
extraction is possible without using the original
working with the pixel values or working directly
unmarked image [4].
with available raw data. Let g(x,y)be the original
image where g is the gray level value and (x,y) are
In other way, the digital watermarks can be divided
the image coordinate for 8 bit image , g an take
into three different types as follows:
values from 0 -255 where 0 represents black,255
i. Visible watermark
represents white and all the intermediate values
ii. Invisible-Robust watermark
represents shades of gray. In an image of size 256 X
iii. Invisible-Fragile watermark
256 , x and y can take values from (0,0)to (255,255)
the modified image can be expressed as under
1.3 There are different sorts of watermarking as
(x,y)= T [g (x,y) ] g (x,y) is the original image and T
shown in figure 4
is the transformation applied to it to get a new
modified image f(x,y). For all spatial domain
technique it is simply T that changes. The general
equation remains the same.
Techniques in spatial domain class generally share
the following characteristics:
The watermark is applied in the pixel
domain.
No transforms are applied to the host
signal during watermark embedding.
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Combination with the host signal is based
1) Firstly Read the fingerprint image & signature
on simple operations, in the pixel domain.
image.
The watermark can be detected by
2) Resize that two images.
correlating the expected pattern with the
3) Add that two images.
received signal.
4) Then gray thresh image & gray thresh image to
Spatial Domain enhancement may be carried
binary
out in following two different ways.
5) Binary image to double precision.
point processing
5.1 Least significant bit
neighborhood processing
LSB watermarking describes a straightforward and
some of the important example of point processing
basic way to integrate watermark information in
are digital negative ,constant stretching thresholding
digital documents. Considering a basic grayscale
gray level slicing, bit plane slicing, dynamic range
image, the pixel and its values can be sliced up into
compression.
significant and
irrelevant
levels.
Because
the
significant levels merely represent a digital noise
4.2 Bit plane slicing: An image is defined as say 256
pattern,
it could
be
easily used
for
digital
x 256 x 8 image. In this 256 x 256 is the number of
watermarking. In changing selected pixel values of
pixel present in the image and 8 is the number of bits
the noise pattern using a special, the watermarking
required to represent each pixel. 8 bits simply mean
information can be easily integrated.
There are many algorithms available for
28 or 256 gray levels. Now each pixel will be
represented by 8 bits. For example, black is
invisible
digital
watermarking.
The
simplest
represented 00000000 and white is represented as
algorithm is Least Significant Bit (LSB) Insertion ,4
11111111 and between them , 254 gray levels are
in which each 8-bit pixels least significant bit is
accommodated. In bit plane slicing the importance of
overwritten with a bit from the watermark. [6] Given
each bit in the final image this can be done as
the extraordinarily high channel capacity of using the
follows.
entire cover for transmission in this method, a smaller
Consider the LSB value of each pixel and plot the
object may be embedded multiple times.[6].In a
image using only the LSBs. continue doing this for
digital image, information can be inserted directly
each bit till come to the MSB. Now getting 8
into every bit of image information or the more busy
different images and all the 8 images will be binary.
areas of an image can be calculated so as to hide such
The
messages in less perceptible parts of an image .Two
higher order bits contain majority of the visually
techniques were presented to hide data in the spatial
sufficient data , while the lower bits contain the
domain of images by them. These methods were
suitable details in the image.
based on the pixel values Least Significant Bit
(LSB) modification
5. Pre-processing
For the sake of this example only the least significant
Preprocessing is done by following ways.
bit of each pixel will be used for embedding
information. If the pixel value is 138 which is the
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International Journal of Computer Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 1, 2015
value 10000110 in binary and the watermark bit is 1,
the value of the pixel will be 10000111 in binary
which is 139 in decimal. In this example we change
the underline pixel. [7].
5.2 Algorithm for least significant bit.
Convert RGB image to gray scale image.
Make double precision for image.
Shift most significant bits to low significant
bits of watermark image.
Make least significant bits of host image to
zero
Add shifted version of watermarked image
to modified host image.
6.Experimental Results:
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7.Results :
The Mean Square Error (MSE) and the
Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) are
the two error metrics used to compare
image compression quality.
This ratio is often used as a quality
measurement between the original and
a watermarked image.
PSNR
MSE
Fingerprint image
19.3725
751.3239
Signature image
30.3470
61.4306
combined
55.3509
0.1897
51.6110
0.4487
Bit0 substitution
51.3626
0.4751
Bit 1 substitution
51.3166
0.4802
Bit 2 substitution
51.2266
0.4903
Bit3 substitution
51.0544
0.5101
Bit 4 substitution
50.7599
0.5459
Bit 5substitution
50.8499
0.5347
Bit 6substitution
51.2254
0.4904
Bit 7 substitution
51.6110
0.4487
fingerprint&signature
combined fp &sign
watermark
Conclusion : The increasing amount of digital
exchangeable data generates new information
security needs. After performing the
experimental work &statistical analysis of result
the good quality image watermarking technique
is robust. The robust solutions will ensure
copyright protection and also guarantee the
authenticity of multimedia documents. For
security of images spatial domain watermarking
technique is used.
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10.Reference:
[1] Fernando L. Podio1 and Jeffrey S. Dunn,
Biometric Authentication Technology: From the
Movies to Your Desktop
[2]Deepshikha Chopra, Preeti Gupta, Gaur Sanjay
B.C., Anil Gupta, Lsb
Based Digital Image
Watermarking For Gray Scale Image IOSR Journal
of Computer Engineering (IOSRJCE) ISSN: 22780661, ISBN: 2278-8727 Volume 6, Issue 1 (Sep-Oct.
2012), PP 36-41
[3] Baisa L Gunjal and Dr. Suresh N Mali,Article
Handling Various Attacks in Image Watermarking
[4] Gurpreet Kaur Kamaljeet Kaur,
Image
Watermarking Using LSB (Least Significant Bit)
[5] Dipanjan Bhowmik DISSERTATION On
Analysis of Digital Watermarking Methods towards
Development of an Adaptive Watermarking
Algorithm Based On DCT And an Approach to
Steganography Using LSB
[6]Max SobellLSB Digital Watermarking,CPE 462
[7] R.AARTHI, 2V. JAGANYA, &3S.POONKUNTRAN
Modified
Lsb
Watermarking
For
Image
Authentication International Journal of Computer &
Communication Technology (IJCCT) ISSN (ONLINE):
2231 - 0371 ISSN (PRINT): 0975 7449 Vol-3, Iss-3,
2012
[8] Anil K. Jain Biometric System Security
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Michigan
State
University,
http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu.
[9] A.Ross, K.Nandakumar, and A.K. Jain,
Handbook of Multibiometrics, Springer-Verlag
edition, 2006.
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