MINE VENTILATION

Specific gravity of Gases:

H2

0.070

CO

0.972

CO2

1.529

CH4

0.559

NO

1.037

N2O

1.530

NH3

0.590

O2

1.105

SO2

2.264

N2

0.967

H 2S

1.175

Damps:
Firedamp
35%

CH4 = 80 96 % ; N2 = 10 20 % ; Higher Hydrocarbons = 5% ; CO 2 =

Blackdamp :

CO2 = 13 % ; N2 = 87 %

Afterdamp
%

Residual Air = 30 50 % ; N2 = 44 58 % ; CO2 = 4 8 % ; CO = 2 4

Stinkdamp

H 2S

Permissible Concentrations:
CH4

< 0.75 % in General body of return air

< 1.25 % in any part of mine

CO2

< 0.5 % (5000 ppm)

CO

< 0.005 % (50 ppm)

NOx

< 0.0005 % (5 ppm)

O2

>19 %

H 2S

< 0.001 % (10 ppm)

SO2

< 0.0005 % (5 ppm)

Degree of Gassiness of a Coal Seam:

Degree of Gassiness
I
II
III

% of Inflammable gas
in general body of
return air
< 0.1
> 0.1

Rate of emission of
Methane m3/t of coal
<1
1 10
> 10

Limits of explosibility of a mixture of combustible gases:

E=

100
V1 V2
+ +
x1 x2

Diameter of Square duct:

D=
Where,

A = area of the duct (m2)

4A
P
P = perimeter of the duct (m)

Distance required for turbulent mixing of methane and air:

L=

22r
f

Where,
gas (m)

L = distance from source of

r = radius of the duct (m)

f = dimensionless resistance co-efficient

Methane layering number:

L=

ga m
Q
a
W

=
1
3

24
c f

2 1
3

Where,

= average velocity of air

(m/s)
(m3/s)

Q = quantity of methane emitted

c
W = width of airway (m)

(m/s2)

g = acceleration due to gravity

Grahams ratio:

= density of air (kg/m3)

= density of methane (kg/m3)

= percentage of CH4 (%)

f
= cross section area of measuring
station (m2)

Grahams Ratio =

CO Produced
Oxygen consumed

1.1 0.5 % : Normal coal fire

1%

: Spontaneous heating

2%

: Heating in advanced stage approaching active fire

3 % or more : Active fire

Reynolds Number:

Re =

VD VD
=

The flow is laminar if Re 2000 and turbulent if Re 2000

Where,
V = velocity of flow (m/s)

= viscosity of the air

D = diameter of the duct (m)

= density of air (kg/m3)

= kinematic viscosity

Pressure drop in mine airway:

P=R Q 2 =

kS Q 2 kS V 2 fL V 2 fLP V 2
=
=
=
(Pa)
A
2D
8A
A3

k=

f
8

f=

64
( for Re 2000 )
Re

0.316
Re

1
4

( for Re >2000)

Where,
L = length of the flow (m)
V = velocity of flow (m/s)

(m )

S = Area of the rubbing surface

(m )

D = diameter of the duct (m)

Q = flow through the airway (m3/s)

P = perimeter of the duct (m)

R = resistance of the path

A = cross sectional area of the duct

k = co-efficient of friction
f = Darcy-Weisbach resistance co-efficient

= density of air (kg/m3)

Shock loss:
2

P=X P v =
Where,

X V
(Pa)
2
X = Shock factor

= density of air (kg/m3)

Pv = velocity pressure (Pa)

Co-efficient of contraction:

C=
Where,

A
1
= c
2
2
ZZN C + N C A 0

Z = contraction factor

N c=

A0
Aa

= ratio of

contraction

Equivalent orifice:

A=

1.2 Q 1.2 2
=
(m )
P R

Where,

Q = quantity of air flow (m3/s)

P = pressure of air flow (Pa)
R = resistance to air flow

Natural ventilation pressure:

NVP=D ( d u ) g=

gDB ( T u T d )
287.1T u T d

Bd 0.378 e d
(kg /m3 )
287.1 T

( Pa)

N e=

A0
Ae

= ratio of expansion

Where,
D = depth of the shaft (m)

= density of air in D.C. shaft

(kg/m3)

B = Barometric pressure (Pa)

e = average vapour pressure of
moisture (Pa)
T = mean temperature (K)

= density of air in U.C. shaft

g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

(kg/m3)
Head generated by Mine fan:
2

H e=

v uv cot
(m)
g

v =2 rn( m/s)

u=

Q
( m/s)
2 rB

Where,
n = speed of the impeller (rps)

B = width of impeller (m)

r = radius of the impeller (m)

Q = quantity of water flowing (m3/s)

Fan laws:

H n2 D2
QnD

Power n3 D5
These relations are true for geometrically similar impellers. i.e. the diameter and
the width of the impeller changes in the same proportion
Where,

n = speed of impeller
D = diameter of the impeller

Pitot Static Tube:

v=

2 Pv
K

Where,

= velocity (m/s)

Pv = velocity pressure (Pa)

= density of air (kg/m3)

K = correction factor (for standard design, K = 1)

Relative humidity calculation:
Relative Humidity = 100 7 * (DBT WBT)

for DBT > 25C

= 100 8 * (DBT WBT)

for 20C < DBT < 25C

= 100 9 * (DBT WBT)

for DBT < 20C

MINE ENVIRONMENT
DUST
Air pollution standards:

Pollutant

Particulate Matter
(Size less than 10
m) or PM10
Particulate Matter
(Size less than 2.5
m) or PM2.5
Sulphur Dioxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
CO
Ozone
Lead
Ammonia

Time weighted
average
Annual

Concentration in Ambient air

Ecologically
Industrial,
Sensitive area
Residential, Rural
(Notified by
and other areas
Central Govt)
60 g/m3
60 g/m3

24 Hours

100 g/m3

100 g/m3

Annual

40 g/m3

40 g/m3

24 Hours

60 g/m3

60 g/m3

Annual
24 Hours
Annual
24 Hours
8 Hours
1 Hour
8 Hours
1 Hour
Annual
24 Hours
Annual
24 Hours

50 g/m3
80 g/m3
40 g/m3
80 g/m3
2 mg/m3
4 mg/m3
100 g/m3
180 g/m3
0.5 g/m3
1.0 g/m3
100 g/m3
400 g/m3

20 g/m3
80 g/m3
30 g/m3
80 g/m3
2 mg/m3
4 mg/m3
100 g/m3
180 g/m3
0.5 g/m3
1.0 g/m3
100 g/m3
400 g/m3

Annual Measurement : 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at

uniform interval
24 Hours or 8 Hours or 1 Hour: These values shall be complied with 98% of the time in
a year and 2% of the time, that may exceed the limit but not on two consecutive days of
measurement

Control Devices:
Gravity Settler:

L ( g D2 p )
=
18 H V avg

V avg=

Q
WH
p

Where,

= density of

particulate matter

the gas in the

chamber
D

= coefficient of

viscosity
Vavg = Horizontal velocity of

= diameter of the particulate matter

W = width of gravity settling chamber

H

= height of gravity settling chamber

= length of gravity settling chamber

Electrostatic precipitator (Deutsche Anderson Equation):

=1exp
Where,

( VQA )
t

Vt = terminal settling velocity of the particulate matter

A = area of cross section of the plates
Q = rate of flow of polluted gas

Cyclone separator:

9Wi
Dcut =
2 N V c

1
2

Where,

= density of

particulate matter

= coefficient of

viscosity
D = diameter of particulate
matter

Wi = width of the inlet

H = height of the inlet
Vc = centrifugal velocity
N = effective number of turns gas
makes in
traversing the cyclone

Dimensions in terms of D0:

Wi = 0.25;

H = 0.5;

H1 = 2;

H2 = 2;

De = 0.5;

S = 0.625;

Dd = 0.25

SOUND
Pressure, Power and Intensity Levels:

SPL=20log 10

( PP )(dB)
0

Lw =10log 10

LI =10log 10

W
( dB)
W ref

( )
I

( I )(dB)
ref

Where,

SPL = Sound Pressure Level

P

= RMS Sound pressure

(Pa)
P0

= reference pressure

(Pa)

W
Wref = 10

-12

(W)

= sound intensity of interest (W/m2)

Iref

= 10-12 (W/m2)

Equivalent noise level:

[
n

Leq =10log 10

Where,

i=1

t i10 L /10 (dB)

i

Leq = equivalent sound pressure level

Li = sound pressure level for the time duration of t i

Day-Night Equivalent noise levels:

L
( d+10)/ 10
10
16 ( L / 10 ) 8 ( ]
10
+

24
24

Ldn=10log 10
d

Where,

Ld = day equivalent noise levels (6 AM to 10 PM)

Ln = night equivalent noise levels (10 PM to 6 AM)

Frequency spectrum:

= acoustic power (W)

f n +1 k
=2
fn
f c = f nf n +1
Where,

k =1

for 1/1 octave bands,

1/3 for 1/3 octave bands and so on

fc = central frequency
Sound wave propagation:
Point source:

L p=Lw 20log 10 ( r )11 (dB)

L p 1L p 2=20[ log(r 2 )log(r 1) ] (dB)
Line source:

L p 1L p 2=10[ log(r 2 )log(r 1) ] (dB)

Where,

Lw = sound power level of the point source

Lp = sound pressure level of the point source at a radial distance of r from

the source
Sound limits:
Category of
Area/Zone
Industrial area
Commercial area
Residential area
Silence zone

Area Code
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Leq limits ( dB(A) )

Day
Night
75
70
65
55
55
45
50
40

Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):

BOD t=BOD L(110kt )

Where,

BODt = BOD at any time t (mg/L)

BODL = ultimate BOD (mg/L)
k

= a constant representing the rate of the BOD reaction

= time (day)

Coal mine discharge:

Parameters

Maximum permissible value

pH
Total suspended solids
Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD)
Oil & Grease (O&G)

5.5 9.0
100 mg/L (200 mg/L in case of
discharge into land for irrigation)
30 mg/L
250 mg/L
10 mg/L

ILLUMINATION
Illumination standards:
Opencast Mines:

Minimum
Illumination
(Lux)

Location

Level in which
illumination is to be
provided

Operational area of draglines and

shovels

Horizontal

Operational area of drills

10

Vertical

Operators cabin of Shovel,

Dragline, Drill etc.

10

Vertical

Dumper haul road

30

Horizontal

Overburden dumps and coal

dumps

0.5 3.0

Horizontal

Roadways and footpaths from

bench to bench

Horizontal

Coal handling plant, workshop

and service buildings

As per the BIS

specification

Underground Mines:

Place

Minimum average
illumination level (lumens
per sq.ft.)

Pit bottom

1.5 3.0

Main junctions

1.25

Roadways

0.4

Haulage engines, control gear

and haulage drum

1.5

MINE SURVEYING
Correction Factors:
Correction for slope, Cs =
Where,

L L H
2

L = measured length (m)

H = level difference (m)

1cos
L

= angle of the slope

Correction for temperature, Ct =

Where,

( T mT o ) L

(m)

= co-efficient of thermal expansion

L = measured length (m)

Tm = mean temperature during measurement (K)
To = temperature at which the tape is standardized (K)

Correction for pull, Cp =

Where,

(m)

AE

P = pull applied during measurement (N)

P0 = pull under which the tape was standardized (N)
A = cross sectional area of the tape (m2)
E = Modulus of elasticity of the tape (N/m2)
L = measure length (m)

Correction for sag, Cs =

Where,

( PP0 ) L

L
M
P
g

L ( M g )2
24 P2

(m)

= the distance between the supports (m)

= mass of the tape between the two consecutive span (kg)
= applied pull (N)
= acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
TRAVERSING

Theodolite:

Magnifying Power of lens=

the object f 1
=
theimage f 2

1 1 1
= +
f f1 f2
Where,

f = focal length of the lens

f1 = distance between the lens and the object
f2 = distance between the lens and the image

Permissible Linear Error:

Le =

P
e2 N
1+
(m)
1000
12

Where,

P = perimeter of the traverse (m)

N = number of sides of the traverse
e = permissible error per angle (depends on the theodolite. Usually 1)

Permissible Angular error:

A e =L N
Where,

L = least count of the theodolite (generally 20 or 1)

N = number of sides

Close traverse survey:

Latitude=L cos

Departure=L sin
Closing Error= ( Lcos )2 +( Lsin )2

Directionof closing error==tan1

Where,

= bearing of the line of length L

Areas of irregular boundaries:

Mid-Ordinate Rule:

Area=

(O 0+O 1 ++ O n)
d(n1)
n1

Average Ordinate Rule:

Area=

(reduced bearing)
( LLsin
cos )

(h0 +h1 ++ hn)

d( n1)
n

Trapezoidal Rule:

Area=

( h0 +2 h1 +2 h2 + hn )
d (n1)
2(n1)

Simpsons Rule:

Area=

( h 0+ hn ) + 4 ( h1 +h3 ) + 2(h2 +h 4 )
3

Where,

O1 , O2 = ordinates at the mid-points of each division

h1 , h2 = ordinates at each of the points of division
n
= number of equal divisions of the base line
d
= common distance between the ordinates

Levelling:

d=

( b 1a1 ) + ( b2a 2)
2

Where,

= level difference between A and B

a1 , a2 = staff readings at A measuring from two stations respectively

b1 , b2 = staff readings at B measuring from two stations respectively
Correction for Curvature of earth:

C c=

D2
2R

Correction for refraction:

Cr =

D2
14 R

6 D2
Combined Correction=
7 2R
Where,

D = measured distance
R = radius of earth = 6371 km

Tacheometric Survey:
Case 1: Line of sight is horizontal and staff is held vertical
D=m*S+c

V = H S3
Case 2: Line of sight is inclined and staff is held vertical
D = m * S cos2 + c cos
V = H + m * S cos sin + c sin S 3
Case 3: Line of sight is inclined and staff is normal to the line of sight
D = m * S cos + c cos + S3 sin
V = H + m * S cos sin + c sin S 3 sin