Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
The Origin of the Mole
Dalton believed that molecules are made up of
atoms
Atoms combine in proportion to their atomic
masses
o 2.0 g of hydrogen gas combines with 159.8
g of bromine gas
o the bromine gas atom is 159.8 g/2.0 g = 79.9
times heavier than hydrogen
Avogadros Hypothesis: Equal volumes of
different gases, at the same temperature and
pressure, and contain the same number of
particles.
Example:
If 500 mL of nitrogen gas combines with 1000 mL
of oxygen gas, how many nitrogen molecules are
present for every oxygen molecule? Suggest a
formula for the compound formed.
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
The Mole
The mole is the basis for the mathematics of
chemical formulas.
Chemical Formulas:
Elements in a compound
# of each type of atom in a compound
From a chemical formula, we can:
1. calculate the mass of each element in a sample
of a compound
2. determine the empirical formula of a compound
if we know the mass of each element
What is a mole?
The mole is a unit for counting molecules
Counting by mass is useful when dealing with
large amounts of objects that are uniform in size
What is Avogadros Number?
It is 6.02 1023 = 1 mol (1 mole)
Named in honour of Amadeo Avogadro
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
A mole is the number of atoms in exactly 12 g
of carbon-12
The molar mass of an element is the mass
shown on the periodic table, expressed in grams
On a periodic table, the atomic mass of an
element is stated
What is molar mass?
It is the mass of 1 mole of a molecule
Add the atomic masses in grams of all elements
of the compound
The masses you see on a periodic table are the
masses of each atom of an element in Atomic
Mass Units
Example:
What is the molar mass of
(a) CH3COOH
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
(b) C6H12O6
(c) (NH4)3PO4
(d) CuSO4
(e) Fe(NO3)3
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
The unit symbol for mole is mol
Use the following conversion factors for
converting masses to moles or moles to mass
1 mol
or (molar mass of X) g
(molar mass of X) g
1 mol
1 mol particles or
6.02 1023 particles
6.02 1023 particles
1 mol particles
Examples:
1. What mass will 6.0 mol of Ca(OH)2 have?
2. How many moles are present in 0.0035g of
NaOH?
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
3. What is the molar mass of a substance if 2.5
10-3 moles are found to have a mass of 0.30 g?
4. How many atoms are there in 5.2 mol of
HNO3?
5. How many moles are present in 3.8 1027
molecules of Pb(NO3)2?
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
The molar volume of a gas is the volume
occupied by one mole of the gas
At 0C and 101.3 kPa, 1 mol of a gas occupies
22.4 L
These conditions are known as Standard
Temperature and Pressure (STP)
1 mol
or
22.4 L
22.4 L
1 mol
Example:
1. At STP, what is the volume of 2.5 mol of O2?
2. How many molecules are there in 0.750 mol of
Cl2?
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
3. How many moles are present in 1.20 1024
molecules of N2?
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
Problems Involving Multiple Steps
In a multi-step question, consider converting your
starting unit to moles first, then converting to your
final unit
Example:
1. What is the mass of 44.8 L of O2?
2. How many atoms are present in a sample of
iron that has a mass of 100 g?
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
Recall that density is
o density = mass
volume
Example:
Aluminum has a density of 2.70 g/mL. How many
atoms are present in 50.0 mL of Al?
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
Percentage Composition
The percentage composition is the percentage
(by mass) of the species in a chemical formula
To calculate the percentage composition of
elements in a compound
o find the mass of the element in the
compound on the periodic table
o divide by the total molar mass of the
compound
o multiply by 100%
Example:
Calculate the percentage composition of
1. Mg(NO3)2
2. Na2SO4
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
3. Cr(NO3)3
4. CH3HOOH
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
Empirical and Molecular Formulae
Given an unknown compound, a chemist can learn
the formula by the following method
Empirical Formula formula showing lowest
possible whole # ratio of elements in a compound
e.g. C2H6 molecular formula
CH3 empirical formula
Example:
1. A 12.0 g sample of acetic acid is found to
contain 4.80 g of C, 0.80 g of H, 6.4 g of O.
What is its empirical formula?
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
2. A compound is found to be composed of 82.8%
C, 17.2% H. What is its empirical formula?
(assume 100 g)
Remember:
o Percent to mass
Mass to mole
Divide by small
Multiply 'til whole
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
Molecular Formula
Molecular formula is always some multiple of the
empirical formula
K = molar mass
empirical formula mass
molar mass = K empirical formula mass
Example:
A compound is analyzed and found to contain
68.54% carbon, 8.63% hydrogen, and 22.83%
oxygen. The molecular weight of this compound is
known to be approximately 140 g/mol. What is the
empirical formula? What is the molecular formula?
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
Molar Concentration
The unit symbol of mol/L is M
Molar concentration = moles
volume
where c = molar concentration in mol/L
n = number of moles
v = volume, in litres
Example:
What is the [NaOH] when 50.00 g of NaOH is
dissolved in 500 mL of solution?
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
Example:
What is the molarity of pure ethanol, C2H5OH,
having a density of 0.789 g/mL?
When solving dilution calculation problems, use
this equation:
o Cconc Vconc = Cdil Vdil
Chemistry 11
The Mole Concept
Dilution calculation problems can be solved by
first using this equation and then manipulating it
to find the correct value
Example:
What [HCl] is used when 1.5 L of the original
solution is diluted to form 4.5 L of 0.300 M HCl?
Example:
If 0.400 L of 0.200 M NaOH is mixed with 0.800 L
of 0.500 M NaOH, what is the resulting [NaOH] in
the mixture?
