Infinitiv
Past Tense
Participiu trecut
Traducerea infinitivului (sensul principal)
arise
arose
arisen
a se ridica
awake
awoke
awaked
awoken
awaked
a se trezi
backslide
backslid
backslidden
backslid
a decdea
be
was / were
been
a fi
bear
bore
borne
born
a purta
beat
beat
beaten
beat
a bate
become
became
become
a deveni
begin
began
begun
a ncepe
bend
bent
bent
a se ndoi
bet
bet
betted
bet
betted
a paria
bid
bid
bade
bid
bidden
a licita, a porunci
bind
bound
bound
a lega
bite
bit
bitten
a muca
bleed
bled
bled
a sngera
blow
blew
blown
a sufla, a bate
break
broke
broken
a sparge
breed
bred
bred
a crete, a educa
bring
brought
brought
a aduce
broadcast
broadcast
broadcasted
broadcast
broadcasted
a difuza
browbeat
browbeat
browbeaten
browbeat
a intimida
build
built
built
a construi
burn
burned
burnt
burned
burnt
a arde
burst
burst
burst
a izbucni, a nvli, a crpa
bust
busted
bust
busted
bust
a rupe, a strica
buy
bought
bought
a cumpra
cast
cast
cast
a arunca
catch
caught
caught
a prinde
choose
chose
chosen
a alege
cling
clung
clung
a se aga
clothe
clothed
clad
clothed
clad
a (se) mbrca
come
came
come
a veni
cost
cost
cost
a costa
creep
crept
crept
a se tr, a se furia
cut
cut
cut
a tia
daydream
daydreamed
daydreamt
daydreamed
daydreamt
a visa cu ochii deschii
deal
dealt
dealt
a trata, a se ocupa de
dig
dug
dug
a spa
disprove
disproved
disproved
disproven
a infirma
dive
dived
dove
dived
a plonja
do
did
done
a face
draw
drew
drawn
a trage, a desena
dream
dreamed
dreamt
dreamed
dreamt
a visa
drink
drank
drunk
a bea
drive
drove
driven
a ofa, a mna
dwell
dwelt
dwelled
dwelt
dwelled
a locui
eat
ate
eaten
a mnca
fall
fell
fallen
a cdea
feed
fed
fed
a hrni
feel
felt
felt
a (se) simi
fight
fought
fought
a (se) lupta
find
found
found
a gsi
fit
fitted
fit
fitted
fit
a se potrivi
flee
fled
fled
a fugi, a se refugia
fling
flung
flung
a arunca
fly
flew
flown
a zbura
forbid
forbade
forbad
forbidden
a interzice
forecast
forecast
forecasted
forecast
forecasted
a prevedea
forego
forewent
foregone
a preceda
foresee
foresaw
foreseen
a prevedea
foretell
foretold
foretold
a prezice
forget
forgot
forgotten
a uita
forgive
forgave
forgiven
a ierta
forsake
forsook
forsaken
a prsi
freeze
froze
frozen
a nghea
frostbite
frostbit
frostbitten
a degera
get
got
gotten
a primi, a obine
give
gave
given
a da
go
went
gone
a merge
grind
ground
ground
a mcina
grow
grew
grown
a crete
hand-feed
hand-fed
hand-fed
a hrni cu mna
handwrite
handwrote
handwritten
a scrie de mn
hang
hung
hung
a atrna
have
had
had
a avea
hear
heard
heard
a auzi
hew
hewed
hewn
hewed
a despica
hide
hid
hidden
a (se) ascunde
hit
hit
hit
a lovi
hold
held
held
a ine
hurt
hurt
hurt
a lovi, a rni, a durea
inbreed
inbred
inbred
a procrea
inlay
inlaid
inlaid
a ncrusta
input
input
inputted
input
inputted
a introduce
interbreed
interbred
interbred
a ncrucia
interweave
interwove
interweaved
interwoven
interweaved
a (se) ntreese
interwind
interwound
interwound
a se rsuci
jerry-build
jerry-built
jerry-built
a construi prost
keep
kept
kept
a ine, a pstra
kneel
knelt
kneeled
knelt
kneeled
a ngenunchia
knit
knitted
knit
knitted
knit
a tricota
know
knew
known
a ti, a cunoate
lay
laid
laid
a pune, a aeza
lead
led
led
a conduce
lean
leaned
leaned
a se apleca, a se sprijini
leant
leant
leap
leaped
leapt
leaped
leapt
a sri
learn
learned
learnt
learned
learnt
a nva
leave
left
left
a pleca, a lsa
lend
lent
lent
a da cu mprumut
let
let
let
a lsa, a permite
lie
lay
lain
a zcea, a se afla
light
lit
lighted
lit
lighted
a aprinde
lip-read
lip-read
lip-read
a citi pe buze
lose
lost
lost
a pierde
make
made
made
a face
mean
meant
meant
a nsemna
meet
met
met
a (se) ntlni
miscast
miscast
miscast
a distribui ntr-un rol nepotrivit
misdeal
misdealt
misdealt
a mpri crile greit
misdo
misdid
misdone
a face greit
mishear
misheard
misheard
a auzi greit
mislay
mislaid
mislaid
a pierde
mislead
misled
misled
a ndruma greit
mislearn
mislearned
mislearnt
mislearned
mislearnt
a nva greit
misread
misread
misread
a citi greit
misset
misset
misset
a aeza greit
misspeak
misspoke
misspoken
a se exprima greit
misspell
misspelled
misspelt
misspelled
misspelt
a ortografia greit
misspend
misspent
misspent
a risipi (bani)
mistake
mistook
mistaken
a grei
misteach
mistaught
mistaught
a instrui greit
misunderstand
misunderstood
misunderstood
a nelege greit
miswrite
miswrote
miswritten
a scrie greit
mow
mowed
mowed
mown
a cosi
offset
offset
offset
a compensa
outbid
outbid
outbid
a licita mai mult ca
outbreed
outbred
outbred
a ncrucia cu alt varietate
outdo
outdid
outdone
a ntrece
outdraw
outdrew
outdrawn
a scoate mai repede ca
outdrink
outdrank
outdrunk
a bea prea mult
outfight
outfought
outfought
a lupta mai bine ca
outfly
outflew
outflown
a depi n zbor
outgrow
outgrew
outgrown
a (se) face prea mare
outleap
outleaped
outleapt
outleaped
outleapt
a depi n sritur
outride
outrode
outridden
a ntrece
outrun
outran
outrun
a ntrece
outsell
outsold
outsold
a (se) vinde mai bine ca
outshine
outshone
outshined
outshone
outshined
a eclipsa
outshoot
outshot
outshot
a trage mai bine ca
outsing
outsang
outsung
a cnta mai bine ca
outsit
outsat
outsat
a sta mai mult dect
outsleep
outslept
outslept
a dormi prea mult
outspeak
outspoke
outspoken
a vorbi tare
outspend
outspent
outspent
a cheltui mai mult dect
outthink
outthought
outthought
a fi mai detept ca
outthrow
outthrew
outthrown
a arunca mai bine ca
outwrite
outwrote
outwritten
a scrie mai bine ca
overbid
overbid
overbid
a supralicita
overbreed
overbred
overbred
a (se) supranmuli
overbuild
overbuilt
overbuilt
a (se) construi n exces
overbuy
overbought
overbought
a cumpra n exces
overcome
overcame
overcome
a covri
overdo
overdid
overdone
a exagera
overdraw
overdrew
overdrawn
a depi
overdrink
overdrank
overdrunk
a bea n exces
overeat
overate
overeaten
a mnca n exces
overfeed
overfed
overfed
a (se) supraalimenta
overhang
overhung
overhung
a atrna peste
overhear
overheard
overheard
a auzi din ntmplare
overlay
overlaid
overlaid
a pune peste
overpay
overpaid
overpaid
a plti prea mult
override
overrode
overridden
a nclca
overrun
overran
overrun
a depi
oversee
oversaw
overseen
a supraveghea
oversell
oversold
oversold
a supraevalua
oversew
oversewed
oversewn
oversewed
a coase marginile mpreun
overshoot
overshot
overshot
a trece peste
oversleep
overslept
overslept
a dormi prea mult
overspeak
overspoke
overspoken
a vorbi prea mult
overspend
overspent
overspent
a cheltui prea mult
overtake
overtook
overtaken
a depi
overthrow
overthrew
overthrown
a rsturna
overwind
overwound
overwound
a rsuci prea mult
overwrite
overwrote
overwritten
a suprascrie
partake
partook
partaken
a mprti
pay
paid
paid
a plti
plead
pleaded
pled
pleaded
pled
a pleda
prepay
prepaid
prepaid
a plti n avans
presell
presold
presold
a vinde n avans
preset
preset
preset
a preconfigura
proofread
proofread
proofread
a corecta
prove
proved
proven
proved
a (se) dovedi
put
put
put
a pune
quick-freeze
quick-froze
quick-frozen
a nghea rapid
quit
quit
quitted
quit
quitted
a abandona
read
read
read
a citi
reawake
reawoke
reawaken
a se retrezi
rebroadcast
rebroadcast
rebroadcasted
rebroadcast
rebroadcasted
a redifuza
rebuild
rebuilt
rebuilt
a reconstrui
recast
recast
recast
a remodela
recut
recut
recut
a tia din nou
redo
redid
redone
a reface
redraw
redraw
redrawn
a retrasa
refit
refitted
refit
refitted
refit
a reutila
regrow
regrow
regrown
a recrete
rehear
reheard
reheard
a reaudia
relearn
relearned
relearnt
relearned
relearnt
a renva
relight
relit
relighted
relit
relighted
a (se) reaprinde
remake
remade
remade
a reface
repay
repaid
repaid
a recompensa
reread
reread
reread
a reciti
rerun
reran
rerun
a relua
resell
resold
resold
a revinde
resend
resent
resent
a retrimite
reset
reset
reset
a reaeza
resew
resewed
resewn
resewed
a recoase
retake
retook
retaken
a relua
reteach
retaught
retaught
a reinstrui
retell
retold
retold
a repovesti
rethink
rethought
rethought
a regndi
retread
retread
retread
a parcurge din nou
rewake
rewoke
rewaked
rewaken
rewaked
a (se) retrezi
rewed
rewed
rewedded
rewed
rewedded
a se recstori
rewin
rewon
rewon
a rectiga
rewind
rewound
rewound
a derula napoi
rewrite
rewrote
rewritten
a rescrie
rid
rid
rid
a scpa de, a se descotorosi
ride
rode
ridden
a clri
ring
rang
rung
a suna
rise
rose
risen
a rsri, a se ridica
run
ran
run
a fugi
saw
sawed
sawn
sawed
a tia cu fierstrul
say
said
said
a spune
see
saw
seen
a vedea
seek
sought
sought
a cuta
sell
sold
sold
a vinde
send
sent
sent
a trimite
set
set
set
a pune
sew
sewed
sewn
sewed
a coase
shake
shook
shaken
a scutura, a tremura
shave
shaved
shaved
shaven
a (se) rade
shear
sheared
sheared
shorn
a tunde oi
shed
shed
shed
a vrsa (lacrimi, snge)
shine
shone
shined
shone
shined
a strluci
shoe
shod
shod
a potcovi
shoot
shot
shot
a mpuca
show
showed
shown
a arta
shrink
shrank
shrunk
a se strnge, a se scoroji
shut
shut
shut
a nchide
sight-read
sight-read
sight-read
a citi la prima vedere
sing
sang
sung
a cnta
sink
sank
sunk
sunk
a (se) scufunda
sit
sat
sat
a edea
slay
slew
slayed
slain
slayed
a ucide
sleep
slept
slept
a dormi
slide
slid
slid
a aluneca
sling
slung
slung
a arunca
slink
slunk
slunk
a se furia
slit
slit
slit
a (se) crpa
smell
smelled
smelt
smelled
smelt
a mirosi
sneak
sneaked
snuck
sneaked
snuck
a se furia
sow
sowed
sown
sowed
a semna
speak
spoke
spoken
a vorbi
speed
sped
speeded
sped
speeded
a grbi, a accelera
spell
spelled
spelt
spelled
spelt
a ortografia
spellbind
spellbound
spellbound
a fermeca
spend
spent
spent
a cheltui, a petrece
spill
spilled
spilt
spilled
spilt
a vrsa
spin
spun
spun
a toarce
spit
spat
spit
spat
spit
a scuipa
split
split
split
a despica
spoil
spoiled
spolit
spoiled
spoilt
a rsfa
spoon-feed
spoon-fed
spoon-fed
a hrni cu linguria
spread
spread
spread
a (se) ntinde
spring
sprang
sprung
sprung
a izvor, a sri
stand
stood
stood
a sta (n picioare)
steal
stole
stolen
a fura, a se furia
stick
stuck
stuck
a lipi
sting
stung
stung
a nepa
stink
stunk
stank
stunk
a mirosi urt
strew
strewed
strewn
strewed
a presra
stride
strode
stridden
a merge cu pai mari
strike
struck
struck
stricken
a lovi
string
strung
strung
a nira (pe o a)
strive
strove
strived
striven
strived
a nzui
sublet
sublet
sublet
a subnchiria
sunburn
sunburned
sunburnt
sunburned
sunburnt
a se arde de soare
swear
swore
sworn
a jura, a njura
sweat
sweat
sweated
sweat
sweated
a transpira
sweep
swept
swept
a mtura
swell
swelled
swollen
swelled
a se umfla
swim
swam
swum
a nota
swing
swung
swung
a legna
take
took
taken
a lua
teach
taught
taught
a nva, a preda
tear
tore
torn
a rupe, a sfia
telecast
telecast
telecast
a teledifuza
tell
told
told
a spune, a povesti
test-drive
test-drove
test-driven
a testa o main
test-fly
test-flew
test-flown
a testa un avion
think
thought
thought
a (se) gndi
thrive
throve
thriven
a prospera
throw
threw
thrown
a arunca
thrust
thrust
thrust
a nfige
tread
trod
trodden
trod
a clca
typecast
typecast
typecast
a distribui ntr-un rol tipic
typeset
typeset
typeset
a culege pentru tipar
typewrite
typewrote
typewritten
a dactilografia
unbend
unbent
unbent
a (se) dezdoi
unbind
unbound
unbound
a dezlega
unclothe
unclothed
clad
unclothed
clad
a (se) dezbrca
underbid
underbid
underbid
a oferi un pre prea mic
undercut
undercut
undercut
a submina
underfeed
underfed
underfed
a subalimenta
undergo
underwent
undergone
a trece prin
underlie
underlay
underlain
a sta la baza
undersell
undersold
undersold
a vinde mai ieftin dect (concurena)
underspend
underspent
underspent
a cheltui prea puin
understand
understood
understood
a nelege
undertake
undertook
undertaken
a lua asupra sa
underwrite
underwrote
underwritten
a subscrie
undo
undid
undone
a anula
unfreeze
unfroze
unfrozen
a dezghea
unhide
unhid
unhidden
a iei din ascunztoare
unlearn
unlearned
unlearnt
unlearned
unlearnt
a dezva
unsew
unsewed
unsewn
unsewed
a descoase
unwind
unwound
unwound
a desfura
uphold
upheld
upheld
a susine
upset
upset
upset
a tulbura
wake
woke
waked
woken
waked
a se trezi
waylay
waylaid
waylaid
a acosta
wear
wore
worn
a purta
weave
wove
woven
a ese
10
weaved
weaved
wed
wed
wedded
wed
wedded
a (se) cununa
weep
wept
wept
a plnge
wet
wet
wetted
wet
wetted
a uda
win
won
won
a ctiga
wind
wound
wound
a rsuci
withdraw
withdrew
withdrawn
a (se) retrage
withhold
withheld
withheld
a reine
withstand
withstood
withstood
a rezista la
wring
wrung
wrung
a stoarce
write
wrote
written
a scrie
Timpurile verbale
1. PREZENTUL SIMPLU( present tense simple)PTS
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Forma
Prezentul simplu are forma de baza a verbului (write, work).
La persoana a III-a sg., forma de baza + -s (he writes, she works).
Ex.: I play, you play, we play, they play
He plays, she plays, it plays
Forma negativa se formeaza cu auxiliarul do:
Ex.: I do not drink tea.
She/he does not play football.(`-s`- ul il primeste auxiliarul, dar transformat in `es`)
Forma interogativa:
Ex.: Do you work here?
Does she/he sing beautifully?
Functii:
Actiuni obisnuite, care se intampla in prezent sau in mod regulat, dar nu neaparat in momentul exact al
vorbirii:
Ex.: Mina plays tennis every weekend.
The Post office opens at 9:45.
Adevaruri sau realitati general acceptate:
Ex.: Some vegetarians eat fish but they do not eat meat.
Winds carry weather balloons around the earth at the height of 24 kilometers.
Expresia opiniilor:
Ex.: I think Spain is beautiful.
They believe everything they read.
Expresie a preferintelor:
Ex.: Lisette likes cats and dogs, but she prefers cats.
Jim prefers maths to languages.
Prezentul simplu poate avea valenta de viitor mai ales cu verbe ca: arrive, come, leave care sugereaza
evenimente planuite sau programate:
Ex.: The train from Boston arrives this afternoon at two o'clock.
Expresii care semnaleaza frecvent actiunile obisnuite exprimate prin prezentul simplu( chei de
recunoastere):
all the time, always, every class, every day, every holiday, every hour, every month, every semester, every
week, every year, most of the time, never, often, rarely, sometimes, usually.
2. PREZENTUL CONTINUU present tense continous(PTC)
Forma
Acest timp se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to be la prezent + forma de baza a verbului + ing (participiu prezent).
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Ex.: I am buying all my family's Christmas gifts early this year.
She is working through the holiday break.
Forma negativa - se adauga not dupa forma de prezent simplu a auxiliaruluito be.
Ex.: It is not raining.
Forma interogativa se obtine prin inversiunea auxiliarului to be cu subiectul:
Ex.: Are they playing?
Is he eating?
Functii
Prezentul continuu indica: o actiune care se afla in plina desfasurare in momentul vorbirii.
Ex.: The phone is ringing. I can't answer it. I'm washing my hair.
It's raining so they have to stop the game.
O actiune care se afla in desfasurare in perioada prezenta, dar care poate nu se intampla concomitent cu
momentul vorbirii.
Ex.: They are writing a new book.
She's studying English at the Language Center.
Descrie o tendinta sau actiune care a debutat recent:
Ex.: More and more people are starting to play golf in Malaysia.
Pentru a desemna o actiune care este planificata pentru viitor:
Ex.: To meet the demand for English language courses, they are planning to expand.
Mohan is leaving for London next week.
Verbele dinamice si statice
In general, numai anumite verbe ce pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu si acestea se numesc verbe dinamice.
Aspectul continuu al unui verb arata ca o actiune este, era sau va fi in desfasurare. Formele verbale
progresive (aspectul continuu) se folosesc numai in cazul verbelor dinamice, de miscare, care exprima
calitati capabile de schimbare.
Nu se spune "He is being tall" sau "He is resembling his mother" sau "I am wanting spaghetti for dinner",
ci vom spune: "He is tall", "He resembles his mother", "I want spaghetti".
Tabelul urmator descrie in detaliu diferentele dintre verbele statice si cele dinamice:
VERBE DINAMICE
Verbe care exprima o activitate:
abandon, ask, beg, call, drink, eat, help, learn, listen, look at, play, rain, read, say, slice, throw, whisper,
work, write
Ex.: I am begging you. I was learning French. They will be playing upstairs.
Sensul este identic cu cel al formelor simple:
Ex.: I beg you. I learned French. They will play upstairs.
Verbe care exprima procese:
change, deteriorate, growmature, slow down, widen
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Ex.: The corn is growing rapidly. Traffic is slowing down.
Sensul este identic cu cel al formelor simple:
Ex.: The corn grows rapidly. Traffic slows down.
Verbe de perceptii senzoriale:
ache, feel, hurt, itch
Ex.: "I feel bad" si "I am feeling bad" au acelasi sens in acest caz.
Verbe care exprima actiuni tranzitive:
arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose
Formele continue indica inceputul actiunii pe cand formele temporale simple, din contra.
Ex.: She was falling out of bed (when I caught her).
She falls out of bed every night.
Verbe exprimand actiuni momentane:
hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap
Formele continue indica durata scurta si sugereaza repetitia.
Ex.: She is hitting her brother.
He is jumping around the house.
VERBE STATICE
Verbe de perceptie, senzatie, activitate mentala:
abhor, adore, astonish, believe, desire, detest, dislike, doubt, feel, forgive, guess, hate, hear, imagine,
impress, intend, know, like, love, mean, mind, perceive, please, prefer, presuppose, realize, recall, recognize,
regard, remember, satisfy, see, smell, suppose, taste, think, understand, want, wish
Ex.: I detest rudabaga, si nu I am detesting rudabaga.
I prefer cinnamon toast, si nu I am preferring cinnamon toast.
Verbe de relatie si posesie:
be, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve, equal, fit, have, include, involve, lack,
matter, need, owe, own, possess, require, resemble, seem, sound
Ex.: I am sick, si nu I am being sick.
I own ten acres of land, si nu I am owning ten acres.
My brother owes me ten dollars si nu My brother is owing me ten dollars.
CHEI DE RECUNOASTERE> now, at this moment, right now, tonight, tomorrow, this week(month etc).
REGULI~
Daca verbul de termina in consoana si are in fata vocala scurta cand adauga ing, verbul dubleaza consoana.
Travel+ ing= travelling
Stop+ ing= stopping
Slip+ ing= slipping
Daca verbul se termina in vocala , cand adauga ing, dispare vocala verbului.
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Make+ ing= making
Decide+ ing= deciding
Invite+ ing = inviting.
3.Trecutul simplu past tense simple(PTS)
Forma
Verbele regulate formeaza trecutul simplu prin adaugarea la forma de baza a verbului +-ed.
Ex.: scream > screamed, work > worked
Verbele neregulate au forme proprii de trecut(. Forma a 2-a din lista.)
Ex.: sleep > slept, drink > drank
Forma negativa se compune cu ajutorul auxiliarului to do, conjugat la trecut (did) + not in fata verbului
principal. Did + not se folosesc des in forma contrasa didn't.
Ex.: I did not jump over.
She didn't finish the work.
Forma interogativa se formeaza prin inversiunea dintre auxiliarul did si subiect:
Ex.: Did you want it?
Did it rain there?
Functii
Trecutul simplu se foloseste pentru a exprima fapte si realitati din trecut:
Ex.: In the past people believed that the earth was flat.
Descrie un eveniment sau actiune incheiata petrecuta in trecut:
Ex.: John Loud invented the ballpoint pen in 1888.
Pentru a descrie starea, conditia sau obiceiuri din trecut:
Ex.: I went to school by bus when I was a child.
Exemple: When I was a girl, I walked five miles to school every day.
Carmelita slept through the entire class.
We worked really hard to make this a success, but then Chuck ruined it with his carelessness.
Every time I finished a sandcastle, the waves came in and washed it away.
Tarzan dove into the swamp and swam toward the alligator.
Chei de recunoastere.
Yesterday
Last week
Two days ago
In 1987, in May
On Monday
From 10 o`clock to 12 o`clock
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Betweenand
4. Trecutul continuu Past tense continous (PTC)
Forma
Trecutul continuu se formeaza cu ajutorul formei de trecut simplu a auxiliarului to be, was/were + forma
participiului prezent (-ing) a verbului principal.
Ex.: I was singing.
You were talking.
Negativul:
Ex.: You were not / weren't singing.
She was not / wasn't reading.
Interogativul:
Ex.: Was I speaking clearly?
Were they playing the flute?
Functii
Trecutul continuu este folosit pentru a exprima actiuni in desfasurare intr-un moment din trecut. Deoarece
indica o limita a duratei actiunii este foarte folosit pentru a indica actiuni care au avut loc (trecut simplu) in
timp ce o alta actiune era in desfasurare, sau pentru a indica o actiune in desfasurare care este intrerupta de o
alta.
Ex.: Carlos lost his watch while he was running.
I was watching Oprah when John came in screaming.
Exprima activitati din trecut:
Ex.: Once I was driving through Kenya with a friend.
Pentru a vorbi despre obiceiuri din trecut. Trecutul continuu este insotit in acest caz de always.
Ex.: Grace was always handing in late papers.
My father was always lecturing my brother.
Exemple: Dad was working in his garden all morning.
During the mid-50s, real estate speculators were buying all the swampland in Central Florida, and innocent
people were investing all their money in bogus development projects.
Was he being good to you?
Chei de recunoastere.
While, as, when, yesterday between
5. Prezentul perfect simplu Present perfect simple (PPS)
Forma
Prezentul auxiliarului have (have/ has) + participiul trecut al verbului (regulat sau neregulat).
Ex.: You have worked hard.
She has taken her medicine.
Negativul:
Ex.: I haven't been to Spain.
I've (have) not seen this movie.
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Interogativul:
Ex.: Have I met you before?
Have they built the house?
Functii.
Prezentul perfect exprima o actiune incheiata sau "perfectata" in trecut si care se extinde pana in momentul
prezent:
Ex.: I have walked two miles already (dar continui sa merg).
I have run the Boston Marathon (dar acest lucru s-a intamplat demult).
The critics have praised the film Saving Private Ryan since it came out (si continua sa il laude).
Actiuni sau evenimente din trecut care conduc pana in momentul prezent. In acest caz, folosirea timpului
prezent perfect arata ca rezultatul evenimetului sau actiunii care apartine momentului prezent este cel care
conteaza si nu momentul in care a avut loc actiunea.
Ex.: He has bought a new car (si acum au o masina noua).
They have been to Mexico but they have not been to South Africa (in consecinta, au cunostinte despre Mexic
dar nu stiu prea multe despre Africa de Sud).
Obiceiuri sau evenimente si actiuni frecvente in decursul unei perioade de timp care conduc la momentul
prezentului.
Ex.: She has studied English for four years (si inca mai studiaza engleza.)
Brazil has won the World Cup four times.
Adverbe
Alegerea intre prezentul perfect si trecutul simplu este de multe ori influentata si de adverbele care insotesc
verbul. Daca adverbele respective se refera la o perioada trecuta, vom folosi trecutul simplu.
Ex.: I studied all night/yesterday/on Wednesday.
Cu adverbe care marcheaza un inceput in trecut si conduct pana la momentul prezentului, vom folosi
prezentul perfect.
Ex.: I have studied up to now/lately/already.
Expresii adverbiale cum ar fi: today, this month, for an hour se pot folosi atat cu prezentul perfect cat si cu
trecutul simplu.
Ex.: I worked/have worked hard today.
Exista tendinta de a folosi prezentul perfect pentru a anunta un eveniment din trecutul recent.
Ex.: The company's current CEO has lied repeatedly to her employees.
Dar vom folosi trecutul simplu pentru a relata sau anunta evenimente care au luat sfarsit si apartin trecutului
indepartat.
Ex.: Washington encouraged his troops
6. Prezent perfect continuu Present perfect continous
Forma Have/has + been + participiul prezent (-ing)
Ex.: I have been waiting for an hour.
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Negativul:
Ex.: You haven't been talking too much.
Interogativul:
Ex.: Have they been feeling unwell?
Functii
Se foloseste pentru a descrie stari sau sentimente care au debutat in trecut si au continuat de-a lungul unei
perioade de timp si sunt inca prezente pana in momentul vorbirii.
Ex.: It has been raining for two days (and it's still raining).
Diferenta dintre forma prezentului perfect si cea a prezentului perfect continuu este ca forma continua
accentueaza durata actiunii sau a starii.
Folosirea adverbelor cu prezentul perfect
Exista cateva expresii adverbiale care se folosesc in mod frecvent cu formele prezentului perfect. Aceastea
sunt: since, so far, ever, never, for, since, etc.
Ex.: There have been 92 accidents since the beginning of the year.
Have you ever been to Romania?
I have never seen a purple cow.
John has been working on his thesis for two years.
They haven't seen him since 1989.
For
- poate fi folosit atat cu trecutul simplu cat si cu formele perfecte (prezent, trecut, viitor perfect).
- are sensul de: in timpul, pe durata, pentru o perioada de timp.
Since
- se foloseste doar cu formele perfecte.
- are sensul de incepand de la un moment dat.
7. Trecutul perfect past perfect simple(PPS)
Forma
Had + participiu trecut al verbului
Trecutul perfect indica faptul ca o actiune s-a incheiat, "perfectat" la un moment din trecut inainte ca un alt
eveniment sa se produca.
Ex.: I had walked two miles by lunchtime.
I had run three other marathons before entering the Boston Marathon.
Exemple:
Prior to the Revolutionary War, Washington had been a surveyor and land speculator.
Aunt Glad had invested heavily in the air-conditioning industry before the Great Crash of 1988.
She had swum the English Channel every summer until 1997.
How long had it been since you saw each other?
8. Trecutul perfect continuu Past perfect continous(PPC)
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Forma: Had + been + participiu prezent (-ing)
Acest timp indica o actiune continua care s-a incheiat la un moment dat din trecut.
Exemple:
Hemingway had been losing his self-confidence for years before the publication of Old Man and the Sea.
Had they been cheating on the exams before the school put monitors in the classroom?
9. Viitorul perfect
Forma: shall / Will + have + participiul trecut al verbului
Viitorul perfect indica o actiune care va fi fost incheiata la un moment dat din viitor.
Ex.: I will have spent all my money by this time next year.
I will have run successfully in three marathons if I can finish this one.
By this time next week, I will have worked on this project for twenty days.
Before he sees his publisher, Charles will have finished four chapters in his new novel.
A Democratic president will have been in the White House for nearly half of the twentieth century.
How long will it have been since we were together?
10. Viitorul perfect continuu
Forma: Will + have + been + participiul prezent (-ing) al verbului
Acest timp indica a actiune continua care va fi incheiata la un moment dat din viitor.
Ex.: By the time he finishes this semester, Gesualdo will have been studying nothing but parasites for four
years.
Will they have been testing these materials in the lab before we even get there?
11. Viitorul simplu
Will/ shall + infinitiv : He will be here at 5 o'clock.
Forma
Cea mai frecvent folosita modalitate de a exprima o actiune viitoare este cu ajutorul lui will/ shall sau a
formei contractate a acestora 'll.
Ex.: She will leave soon.
We shall overcome.
Negativul:
Ex.: I will not / won't finish.
Interogativul:
Ex.: Will you catch the ball?
Functii
Viitorul exprima preziceri ale actiunilor viitoare sau interogatii despre viitor.
Ex.: Computer technology will influence our future.
Decizii care tocmai s-au luat si care nu au fost planuite.
Ex.: I'll finish this report tomorrow.
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Face promisiuni
Ex.: I'll phone you tomorrow.
Invita pe cineva la un eveniment, actiune
Ex.: Will you come to my house on Sunday?
Expresii:
To be about to = a fi pe punctul sa
Ex.: He is about to die.
To be + infinitiv = exprima ideea unor planuri pentru viitor, ordine sau conditii.
Ex.: There is to be an investigation into the mayor's business affairs.
You are to be back on the base by midnight.
12. Viitorul continuu
Will + be + participiul prezent (-ing) al verbului
Viitorul continuu indica o actiune continua, care va avea loc si se va desfasura la un moment dat din viitor.
Ex.: I will be running in next year's Boston Marathon.
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