IAGI Conference - 2005
MARTABE HIGH SULPHIDATION GOLD DEPOSITS
NORTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA
Jan jan Hertrijana, Paul Hehuwat, Martin L Jones and Bruce Harlan
PT Newmont Horas Nauli, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract The Martabe gold district is located at the North West coast of Sumatra, or
30 km to the east of Sibolga, North Sumatra - Indonesia. In 1997, Martabe Prospects
discoveries were initiated by systematic BLEG (Bulk Leach Extractable Gold)
sampling, that was followed up by detailed geological work and sampling. Subsequent
soil sampling and other geological work resulted in identifying a new mineralized zone
over 8 km x 3 km wide, which is divided into 6 prospect areas: Purnama, Baskara,
Kejora, Gerhana, East Golf Romeo and Pelangi.
Prospect areas in the district are sited in a felsic dome complex which is part of a
Neogene volcanic arc. Gold mineralization is hosted mostly in diatreme breccias and
associates with enargite-luzonite-tetrahydrate minerals. Alteration and mineralization
is characterized by widespread zones of quartz-dickite-kaolinite and quartz-alunite,
within massive-vuggy silica in the core of the system. Prophylitic alteration occurs at
the peripheral of the system and associates with chlorite-calcite and trace epidote. The
main control of mineralization in the area is more structurally rather than stratigraphy.
Mineralization at the most important deposit, Purnama, occurs within and adjacent to a
breccia body that is interpreted as a diatreme. Both structure and stratigraphy are
important as controls to mineralization at Purnama. Other deposits in the district
including Baskara and Kejora are controlled by NE-striking structural zones and show
little or no lithologic influence.
As a result of detailed drilling and analysis on the Purnama and Baskara prospects
gold mineralization extends to 250 meters below surface with current Non Reserve
Mineralization (NRM) gold resources of 38.2 million tonnes at a grade of 2.25 g/T
gold at Purnama and 2.47 million tonnes at grade of 2.42 g/T gold at Baskara in
transition and oxide ore.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The original Contract of Work (CoW) area is 6.617 km2 and located in the North Sumatra
Province, Indonesia (Figure 1). The contract area has been relinquished 2 (two) times and
the retained area is now 2,563 km. The CoW was granted to PT Danau Toba Mining (as
daughter company of Normandy), and was part of the 6th Generation CoWs signed on 27
April 1997. In 2002 Normandy was taken over by Newmont including PT Danau Toba
Mining. The current ownership of the project is 95 % Newmont and 5 % South Seas
Resources Pte. Ltd. PT. Newmont Horas Nauli (PT NHN) is responsible for the
management and operations of the project.
The Contract of Work (CoW) area lies between 1o and 2o north of the equator and
experiences a typical wet tropical climate, with a monsoonal rainfall between October and
April and a rainfall averaging 4.5 m/year. Temperature range is from 15 to 32oC. .
Figure 1: Sibolga Cow Location
The Martabe District is located within the CoW area at Kecamatan Batangtoru, Kabupaten
of Tapanuli Selatan, The Protected Forest (Hutan Lindung) is located outside the Martabe
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District. In order to minimize the environmental impacts from drilling activities, no roads
have been constructed in the prospect areas. Consequently the drilling program is fully
helicopter supported.
Gold deposits in the Martabe district relate to a high sulphidation epithermal system
occurring in various Phreato-Phreatic Magmatic Breccias (BPM), which are sited in a
dacitic dome and diatreme complex.
2. EXPLORATION HISTORY
North Sumatra has no significant gold mining history, apart from a small number of the
known gold occurrences. During the 1980s, the British Geological Survey completed a
stream sediment survey over most of Sumatra including the Martabe area. In addition some
copper-gold exploration had been carried out in the CoW but none of these efforts
identified the Martabe system.
In October 1993 Normandy Anglo Asian Ltd. (a joint venture between Normandy Mining
Limited and Anglo American Corporation) filed an application for a 6th Generation
Contract of Work (CoW) in the Sibolga District. The Martabe Mineral District, an area
previously not known for high-sulphidation epithermal gold systems, was identified
through a reconnaissance exploration program in late 1996.
The reconnaissance exploration program for gold in North Sumatra actually commenced in
1994 under a Preliminary Reconnaissance Permit (SIPP) agreement, prior to the signing
of the CoW agreement. The Martabe mineral district was discovered through a follow up
work of a 14 ppb Au BLEG anomaly in the Aek Pahu River. In April 1997 subsequent
follow-up work, including mapping and sampling identified mineralized silica float with
returned grades of up to 20 g/t Au. More detailed surface work, including ridge and spur
soil and rock chip sampling identified a number of prospects in particular Purnama and
Baskara. Further grid soil sampling and geologic mapping, coupled with IP resistivity and
drilling have defined the Purnama and Baskara deposits and delineated additional satellite
prospects at East Golf Romeo, Gerhana, Pelangi and Kejora.
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Figure 2. BLEG Au distribution in the Martabe district and subsequently
discovered gold prospects
Helicopter supported diamond drilling from 1998 to 2004 has resulted in a total of 62,692
meters. The drilling has been carried out on the 6 prospects.
3. REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK
Sumatra is located on the Sunda craton (which includes most of Southeast Asia), which
represents the south eastern part of the Eurasian continental plate. Oceanic crust flooring
the Indian Ocean of the Indian Ocean-Australian plate is being subducted along the Sunda
Trench with a rate of 80 mm/year at its western margin.
The Sunda volcanic arc is the result of this northward oriented subduction, over its whole
length almost perpendicular to the axis of the volcanic arc, except towards the West of
Sumatra where the direction of subduction is oblique to the axis of the arc (at a 60o angle).
The Carboniferous-Permian Tapanuli Group represents the oldest rock in the CoW area and
consists of a flysch and shelf carbonate sedimentary sequence with minor volcanics and
epiclastics. The rocks of this group form the meta-sedimentary basement. This unit shows
contact metamorphic aureoles adjacent to the Sibolga and Uluala Nagodang granitegranodiorite batholiths. These batholithic intrusions represent magmatic activity associated
with Mesozoic tectonism, which have been uplifted and exposed by Tertiary tectonic
movements, which were the result of oblique subduction along the Sunda Trench.
During the Tertiary, stresses generated during the oblique approach and subduction of the
incoming Indian Ocean Plate were periodically released by dextral fault movements (the
Sumatra Fault System) parallel to the plate margin, resulting in pull-apart grabens and
horsts. In the grabens, sediments and volcanics were deposited, which were then gently
warped or tilted. In the Martabe district, the Angkola volcanics and the Barus sediments
were deposited in the Miocene.
The Sumatra Fault System is characterised by volcanism and high levels of hydrothermal
fluid flow associated with both extensional and compressive regimes, consistent with an
active wrench system. The Sumatra Faults System has been active at least since the
Oligocene. The most recently active segments tend to form the most distinctive
topographical features, with collective displacement probably amounting to several hundred
kilometres along individual fault traces.
During the Pleistocene the Toba, Sibualbuali, Lubukraya and Sorikmerapi volcanic centres
erupted. These events were associated with periods of major post Pliocene faulting.
Tectonism and uplift, together with partial mylonitisation along major fault selvedge, is
characteristic of continued dextral wrenching throughout the Quaternary. In the axial
Barisan zone, graben development may be related to post Toba Tuff vertical fault
movement taken up along the Sumatra Faults System (Figure 3).
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Figure 3 Regional Geology Map of the Sibolga CoW
4. MARTABE DISTRICT
4.1. Stratigraphy
The Martabe district is situated in a fore arc basinal setting with a subduction zone to the
west and active volcanism along the eastern side (the Barisan Mountains). Multi phase
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magmatism and periods of sedimentation have been recognized in this area, which are
provisionally divided into several major units. From the oldest to the youngest, the Martabe
district rock units in are as follows;
Palaeozoic carbonaceous meta-sediments of the Tapanuli Group (Put)
These metasediments form the local basement within the CoW area, including the
Martabe District. The type location unit is in the Batangtoru River area and at the
southern part of the Martabe District. Relationships with the younger rocks are disconformities and/or intrusive contact. The contact with the Uluala Nagodang granite
complex is locally typified by low-grade metamorphism. The Tapanuli group is of
Carboniferous Permian age and consists of meta-silt and sandstones.
Mesozoic Uluala Nagodang granite (IGR)
The unit consists of a large batholith with a varying composition from granite to
granodiorite, and crops out extensively in the eastern part of the Martabe area. Based on
40
Ar/39Ar age dating the Uluala Nagodang granite is 209 Ma old or late Triassic
(Turner, 2004), and might be related to the Jurassic Sibolga Granite Complex which
forms a batholithic size intrusion, 30 kilometres to the northwest from the Martabe
district.
Barus Sediments (SED)
The Barus sediments consist of interlaying conglomerate and sandstones having
variable dip directions (20-300) which indicate gentle folding. A Miocene age has been
assigned to this formation.
Tertiary Angkola Volcanics (VAN, VBS)
The Angkola Volcanic Formation in the Martabe area consists of porphyritic andesite,
and andesitic volcanics (VAN) and basaltic andesite volcanics (VBS) which dominates
the southern area. Some of the Angkola volcanic units were deposited in a basinal
setting and has variable dip directions which indicate gentle folding of the Miocene
strata. Dating of foraminifera within a calcareous volcano-clastic unit indicates an age
range of 12 - 25 Ma.
Late-Tertiary Dacite Andesite dome and diatreme complex (BPM, VDA, VANh,
VBX)
A large andesitic-dacitic flow-dome complex marks the central part of the project area.
The dome complex, comprising a central core of coherent lavas and (?) sub volcanic
feeders, and an outer pyroclastic/volcanic clastic apron facies, forms an ovoid 3 x 5 km
topographic feature that is currently open ended to the north. The pyroclastic facies is
typified by fragmental dacitic lapilli, while the volcanic clastic facies includes grits,
epiclastics, and syn-eruptive volcanics.
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Two closely related lithologies are recognized: dacite porphyry (VDA) and hornblende
andesite (VANh). The dacite is predominantly porphyritic with 20-30 % plagioclase
crystals, 5-10 % biotite and hornblende and 3-7 % quartz phenocrysts. Textures include
flow banding, auto-breccia and local fine-grained pyroclastic rocks having the same
composition (Levet, B., et.al, 2003). The porphyritic hornblende andesite (VANh)
consists of 10-15 % distinct 8mm long hornblende phenocrysts, 15-25 % plagioclase
feldspar grains and rare quartz (<2 %) phenocrysts. Xenoliths of fine-grained materials
of the same composition are common. Flow banding and grain alignment occurs
locally.
Closely associated with the Dacite dome is a sub-circular diatreme complex at Purnama
and a series of fault-controlled diatreme breccia dikes at Baskara and Kejora. The
general term Breccia Phreatomagmatic (BPM) is used to describe a large variety of
different breccia types of both phreatic and phreato-magmatic origin. However, because
of their close association with hydrothermal alteration and mineralization a silicified
Breccia Phreatomagmatic (sBPM) and clay Breccia Phreatomagmatic (cBPM) are
distinguished when appropriate. See Figure 4 below.
Wispy Textured
Matrix Supported
Accreationary
Polymictic BPM
Variation of Breccia Phreato Magmatic (BPM)
Clast
Supported
Figure 4: Various Breccia Phreato Magmatic (BPM) types that recognized at
Martabe district.
Dacite porphyry, hornblende andesite and BPM breccias have not been confidently
dated but are assumed to be late-Tertiary and probably Pliocene age. Based on crosscutting relations suggest these are closely linked in time to epithermal alteration
(alunite) dated at 2.1 to 3.3 Ma (Turner, 2004).
The apron facies appear to lie semi-conformably upon the Angkola Volcanics at Pelangi
and Purnama. Conversely, andesitic to dacitic porphyries, interpreted as "core" dome
facies, clearly intrude the Angkola volcanics at Purnama, and display a genetic
association to the high sulphidation mineralisation.
The Martabe stratigraphy is illustrated schematically in Figure 5. The geologic map and
cross-section of the Purnama and Baskara Prospect are presented in Figures 7, 8, 9 and
10 respectively.
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Figure 5. Martabe Stratigraphy
4.2.Structure
Three principal fault orientations are interpreted from air photos, satellite imagery and
recognized from mapping: northwest, north-northwest to north-northeast and east-northeast.
Each of those structural orientations has equivalent at a larger regional scale (Davies, 2002).
Observations and field data provide sufficient indications to allow these structures to be
interpreted in the context of a simple shear kinematics model as shown in Figure 6.
The NW striking faults as shown in Purnama have a right lateral strike-slip displacement
and are interpreted to represent a trend of the Sumatran Fault System (SFS). A complex
strain environment is indicated by significant component of vertical displacement as well as
lateral offset. The north block of the Purnama fault preserves the Purnama diatreme
complex and high-sulphidation epithermal deposit at a high-level of exposure. Although the
Purnama deposit has an overall northwest trend, in detail, the majority of ore controlling
faults and fractures strike northerly, acute to the northwest-striking Purnama fault.
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The second fault set consists of a
series of north-northwest to northnortheast faults and fracture zones
that form a structural graben in the
north central part of the Martabe
District. The most important example
is the granite contact fault which
marks the contact between granite to
the east and the volcanic, intrusive
and sedimentary rocks of the Martabe
volcanics domain to the west. Northstriking faults and fractures are
interpreted to have controlled the
emplacement of the dacite dome
Figure 6: Simple Shear Model in respect to
complex within the graben. Mapping
Sumatra Fault System (Davies, 2002).
and drilling along the granite contact
fault has encountered fault talus, or
fault scarp breccia which indicate normal movement with the downthrown block to the
west. Hydrothermal alteration centres are also aligned along the north trend, suggesting that
structural breaks with that orientation are a major ore-controlling feature. Structurally
controlled diatreme dikes and silicified zones at Baskara are north to northeast trending.
East-West to east-northeast striking faults mapped in the district are less dominant than the
other two structural orientations described above, however these are important elements in
understanding the overall tectonic framework and are interpreted to be compressional
release mechanisms with a component of reverse fault displacement (Davies, 2002).
Several (un-named) faults with this orientation occur at both Pelangi and Purnama.
Uplifted blocks are generally to the southeast with fault planes dipping towards the up
thrown blocks (SE). They do not appear to significantly control the distribution of alteration
or mineralization and therefore there is less drill data to describe their character.
4.3. Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization
Typical of Martabe epithermal high-sulphidation systems was initiated by extreme acidsulphate leaching and wall rock alteration, which is shown in the vuggy texture of
porphyritic volcanic and Breccia Phreato-Phreatic Magmatic. This is believed as first
staging of mineralisation which content of low grade gold (< 0.5 g/t Au) (Levet, B., et.al,
2003). Degrees of silica and vughiness can be seen in Figure 11.
Using PIMA and selective XRD samples, the alteration zone can be recognized as; silica
zone grades outward from massive silica to vuggy silica in the core, changing to an
advanced argillic envelope dominated by quartz-alunite to quartz-dickite-kaolinite, and
gradually changes to argillic (illite-smectite) zones and then surrounded by a peripheral
chlorite rich - calcite and trace epidote prophylitic zone. These patterns represent a
progressive neutralization of the initial acidic hydrothermal fluids outward by interaction
with wall rocks and ground water. The alteration cells are focused around favourable
lithology (Breccia Phreato Magmatic and porphyritic andesite) and structural zones. See
Figures 7 & 8.
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Figure 7. Martabe Geology Map of Purnama and Baskara Prospect
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Figure 8. Martabe Alteration Map of Purnama and Baskara Prospect
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Figure 9. East-West cross section 167200N of Purnama showing Geology, Alteration,
and Resistivity with the 2004 Pit Design
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Figure 10. Cross Section Oblique OB-96 of Baskara Prospect showing Geology,
Alteration, and Resistivity with 2004 Pit Design
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Silicification Intensity
S1
Weak patchy
silicification
S2
Phenocrysts &
clasts contain
clay. Matrix is
Silicified
S3
Pervasive
silicification
clasts
recognizable
but leached
S4
Pervasive
silicification
S5
Pervasive dense
Silicification
Figure 11: Silicified intensity of Breccia Phreato Magmatic (BPM)
Purnama is dominated by quartz-dickite-kaolinite within minor quartz-alunite, compared to
Baskara that is dominated by quartz-alunite and almost no quartz-dickite.
In recent times tectonic movement continues to cause reactivation on existing structures
creating secondary porosity. A combination of well prepared vuggy quartz and open space
fractures facilitates the next stages hydrothermal fluid to be channelled and depositing gold
and silver.
Based on cross cutting relations of quartz veining which is very clearly distinguished at
Purnama, at least two times of silica deposition had occurred. The first are banded
chalcedonic quartz-pyrite veins and the second are quartz-enargite-luzonite-tetrahydrate
veins.
Figure 12: Enargite+Luzonite+Quartz
vein in megascopic and microscopic.
The highest gold values are
associated with the second
veining period (Figure 12). The
mineralization is enriched by
oxidation processes near surface
or in contact with the water
table. In drill core, the oxidation
is highly variable, but generally
down to 200 m below the
surface. The sulphide oxidation
stage in the Purnama deposit is
transitional whereas in Baskara it
is strongly oxidized. Limonite
and hematite after pyrite (rather
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than after enargite or luzonite) are the most common products of oxidation.
4.4. Geochemistry
Systematic soil sampling has been carried out in the Martabe district and is very useful for
target delineation. Figure 13 shows images of anomalous elements (Au, Cu, Sb and As).
The anomalies indicate mobility against steep terrain morphology. The highly anomalous
gold and copper in soil to the west of Purnama is produced from mineralized transported
scree derived overlying unaltered basaltic andesite.
A statistical correlation analysis has been made for Purnama and Baskara, based on the 34
multi elements taken from drill core from 3 (three) main Purnama sections and 2 (two)
main Baskara sections. The correlations of gold with these elements are shown in Table 1;
Table 1. Correlation of Elements with Gold
Prospect
Purnama
Baskara
Correlation with Au (Gold)
Positive (>0.5)
Negative (<-0.5)
Sulphide Transitional Oxide
Sulphide Transitional
Oxide
Ag, Sb,
Pb, Ag, As, Ag, Sb, Ca, Al,
La, Ca, Al, No
Cu, As,
Sb, Te.
low As, Y, Mg,
Ti, Y.
significant
Pb.
Te.
Mn, La,
K.
Ag, Cu,
Ag, Cu,
Ag, low Mg, Li,
Al, Mg, La, Al, V.
Pb, As,
low Sb.
Sb
La, Al, V, Sr, V.
Ni, low
Y, Zn.
Sb
Comparing to gold shape model >1 ppm at Purnama and >0.5 ppm at Baskara, the positive
elements coincide with that shape, whether a negative or depleted elements mostly have
higher concentrations in the peripheral. In Purnama, Ag has positive correlation with Pb
and Sb.
The presence of gold associated minerals, enargite-luzonite (Cu3AsS4) of copper arsenic
sulphides, tetrahydrate - tennantite (Cu,Fe)12As4S13, and galena (PbS2), in the veins or
mineralized zones can be explained by their chemical matrix correlation.
A mean and median value of gold both in Purnama and Baskara is slightly increased in
oxide zones that could indicate supergene processes.
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Figure 13: Soil Geochemistry showing anomaly of Gold, Copper, Arsenic and
Antimony at Martabe District
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4.5. Geophysical Surveys
In 2004, Airborne Electromagnetic (HoistEM) and ground Induced Polarization (IP) poledipole time domain surveys was carried out within the Martabe district and CoW area to
outline resistivity, chargeability, and magnetic RTP (Reduced to Pole) anomalies.
The resistivity obtained from both geophysical surveys could be a useful tool in outlining
zones of silicified rock, which is usually related to gold mineralization. High resistivity zones
correlate well with silicification. In the Martabe district, resistivity shows a good correlation
with alteration and gold anomalies. Figure 13 shows that the Purnama and Baskara Pit margin
is in the high resistivity pole-dipole anomaly. In regional scale, Airborne Electromagnetic
(HoistEM) can be used to outline resistive bodies within the CoW area.
4.6. Resources
The total In-Situ Non Reserve Mineralization (NRM) until December 2004 which is 40.7
million tonnes at a grade of 2.26 g/T gold at Purnama and Baskara is characterized by highsulphidation style of quartz-alunite-dickite alteration and associated with enargite-luzonitetetrahydrite mineralization. The satellite prospects at Pelangi, Gerhana and Kejora are
excluded in the current estimation.
The Non Reserve Mineralization (NRM) gold resources of the Martabe district has been
estimated, with a cut off calculated, based on milling process cost, General and
Administration (G&A), expected ultimate recovery and gold price. Usually the cost
associated with the incremental haul to the crusher, compared to the waste dump, is
accounted under the milling process cost.
Until December 2004, the Purnama and Baskara NRM of Oxide and Transitional ore are
shown in Table 2.
Deposits
Purnama
Baskara
Total In-Situ
Tonnage
(Tonnes x 1,000)
38,241
2,469
40,710
Gold Grade
(g/tonne)
2.25
2.42
2.26
Silver Ounces
34,384,768
N/A
34,384,768
Gold
Ounces
2,759,591
191,999
2,951,590
Table 2. Non Reserve Mineralization (NRM) Martabe for 2004
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the management of PT Newmont Horas Nauli for the permission to
publish information contained in this paper. Thanks to the numerous Newmont exploration
staff who has contributed to the discovery and evaluation of the Martabe district.
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6. REFERENCES
Aspden, J. A., Kartawa, W., Aldiss, D.T., Djunuddin, A., Whandoyo, R., Diatma D.,
Clarke, M.C.G., and Harahap, H., 1982, The Geology of the Padangsidempuan and Sibolga
Quadrangle, Sumatra; Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung, Indonesia.
Sutopo, B,. Jones, M. L. and Levet, B. K., 2003, The Martabe Gold Discovery; A High
Sulphidation Epithermal Gold-Silver Deposit, North Sumatra, Indonesia, New Generation
Conferences 2003.
Cameron, N.R., Clarke, M.C.G., Aldiss, D.T., Aspden, J.A., and Djunuddin, A., 1980, The
Geological Evolution of northern Sumatra. Proceedings of the Indonesian Petroleum
Association 9th Annual convention, Jakarta, 149-87.
Corbett, Greg, 2002, Epithermal Gold for Explorationists.
Davies, B., 2002, Report on the Structural Review of the Martabe Project; Unpublished
Internal Memorandum, Newmont Mining Corporation.
Fitch, F.J, 1972, Plate Convergence, transcurrent faults and internal deformation adjacent to
Southeast Asia and the western Pacific; Journal of Geophysical Research vol. 77, 4432-60.
Geller, B., 2003, Report on Martabe Mineralization in Hole APSD-153 & Report on
Martabe Mineralization in Hole APSD-159; Unpublished Internal Memorandum,
Newmont Mining Co.
Geophysical Department-Airborne Operations, 2004, Report on HoistEM Airborne Electro
magnetics & Magnetics Surveys; Unpublished Internal Memorandum, Newmont Mining
Co.
Harlan, B., Jones, M.L., Sutopo, B., Hoschke, T, 2005, Discovery and Characterization of
the Martabe Epithermal Deposits, North Sumatra, Indonesia; GSN Symposium 2005.
Hehuwat, P, 2002, Comparison of PIMA reading with XRD/XRF analysis on altered rock
from Purnama drill core; Unpublished Internal Memorandum, Newmont Mining Co.
Hertrijana, J., Jones, M., Hehuwat, P, Inkiriwang, S, 2005, Final Report on Exploration
Activities for Period April 1997 May 2005, Sibolga Contract of Work; Newmont Mining
Co.
Hutchinson, C. S., 1989, Geological Evolution of South-east Asia, Oxford Monographs on
Geology and Geophysics No. 13, Oxford University Press, New York.
Jones, M.L.., et. al., 2003, Martabe Project Pre-feasibility Study Geology Section,
internal report Newmont Mining Corporation.
Jones, M. L., 2004, Martabe Project Pre-feasibility Study Geology Section, internal
report Newmont Mining Corporation.
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Levet, B. K., Jones, M. L., and Sutopo, B., 2003, The Purnama Gold Deposit in the
Martabe District of North Sumatra, Indonesia; SMEDG AIG Symposium 2003, Asian
Update on Mineral Exploration and Development Put a Tiger in Your Tenement, Shore
School, Sydney.
Muharam, 2004, Memo Baskara Multi Elements Analysis & Memo Purnama Multi
Elements Analysis; Unpublished Internal Memorandum, Newmont Mining Corporation.
Newmont, 2004, Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Report as of December 31, 2003 for
Martabe Purnama/Baskara, Internal Report Newmont Mining Corporation.
Sjoekri, A, 2005, Personal communication.
Turner, S, 2004, Reports on Age Dating Samples; Unpublished Internal Memorandum,
Newmont Mining Corporation.
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