T l Station

Total
S i
tajjccHoabmw&m;rsm;

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j h toHk;jyKMuygonf
n/
tm;jzif
Total Stationon onf
naxmifhwkdif;wmjcif
j ;ESSifhtuGGmta0;wkkdif;wmjcif
j ; wkkdhukd

wckwnf;aom u&d,mjzifh tokH;jyKekdifygonf/

Theodolite onfaxmifhwkdif;wm&mwGifwlnDaomfvnf; axmifhwefbkd;rsm;

s Sdonh
nfhtjyif? tuGGmta0;ukkdwkdif;wmr&&S
&&Sdekdifyg/
zwfSK&&mwGGifuGmjjcm;csuf
Total Station wGGif(E.D.M)) jjzifhuGmta0;ukkd wkkdif;wm&&S
&&Sdekdifygonf
n/

T l Station
Total
S i
jzifhwkdif;wm&m &&SdekdifrnfhtusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;rSm-Angle
g Measurement

rsm;ukdvG,fulvSsifjrefpGmwkdif;wmekdifjcif;ESifhaxmifhzwf&mwGifvG,fuljcif;/
- tuG
tumt0;wd
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- wkdif;wm&&Sdaom axmifhrsm;ESifh tuGmta0; ( Bearing & Distances )
wkd hrS udkMo'dedwfrsm;ukdvG,fulpGm wGGufcsufjyD;odrf;qnf;xm;ekdifjcif;/
-odrf;qnf;xm;NyD;aom ukdMo'dedwfrsm;ukdjyefvnfxkwf,ltoHk;jyK&mwGif
v,f
vG
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od h xnh
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Topcon GTS 212 Total Station

Leica TC 1100 Total Station

TotalStation jzifh aqmif&&GGufeekkdifaomvkkyfiefe;rssm;rSSm- Angle Measurements axmifhrssm;wkkdif;wmjcif

j ;
-Distance MeasurementstuGmta0;rsm;wduspGmwkdif;wmjcif;

-wkdif;wm&&Sdaom Bearing ESifh tuGmta0;rsm;rS ukdMo'dedwfrsm;

tvkkdtavSsS mufwGufcsuekfekdifjcif;/
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-txuffaz:jyygvk
:j g yfieff;aqmiff&GufekdifrSKrsm;aMMumiffh Total Station uddk
uGufBuJwkdif;wmjcif;? uGufpdyfwkdif;wmjcif;vkyfief;rsm;wGif wdusrSefuef NyD;?
vG,fulvSsifjreffpGmjzif
j fh wkdif;wmaqmiff&Gufekdifygonf
g /f

Total Station jjzifhaxmifhwkdif;wmjcif

j ; ((Angle
g Measurement))
Total Station ukd

oDtkd'dkvdkuf uJhokdhaxmifhrsm;wkdif;wm&mwGifvnf;
toHk;jyKekdifygonf/ wkdif;wm&&Sdaomaxmifhrsm;onf tvG,fwul
zwf,l&&Sdekdifonfhtjyif 1-5puefhxdrSefuefatmifwduspGmwkdif;wm
ekdifygonf/
Total Station \zefom;jyifaz:wGifwkdif;wmonfhwkdif;wmcsufwck twGuf
Horizontal angle, Vertical angle, Horizontal distance, Vertical
Difference tp&Sdaom vkdtyfonfh az:jycsufrsm;ukdtvG,f

wulawG h&Sdedkifyggonff/
Angle measurement wG
wifiaxmih
axmifrsm;ud
sm;uktBudrrtB
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fwid f;ek
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Zero Setting ESifh

rdrdvkdtyfonf Azimuth/ Bearing wkd hvnf;

tv,f
tvG
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weekid fxm;ek
xm;edifygon/
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tjyiif

Total Station jjzifhtuGGmta0;wkkdif;wmjcif

j ;
(Distance Measurement)
-Total Station jzifhtuGmta0;rsm;wkdif;wm&mwGif

,if;u&d,mwGif
wygwnf;yg0ifaom Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) jzih
wygwn;yg0iaom
jzif Prism
&Sdonfhae&mokdh Infra Red Ray teDa&mifatmuf a&mifjcnfwef;
xwf
xk
wv
vTwf
wwk
wdif;wmygon/
;wmygonf/
-tuGmta0;wdusrSefuefrSKrSm rDvDrDwmxdrSefuefekdifojzifh Total Station
trsddK;tpm;ay:rl
: wnff 3 rDDvDrDwm + 5 ppm( Parts per Million )
xdwkdif;wmekdifygonf/
-wkdif;wmekdifonfh tuGmta0;rSmvnf; Total StationESifh Prism
trsdsKK;tpm;ay:rllwn
nf 1000 rDwmrSS 33000 rDwmxdwkdif;wmekekdif
ygonf/

Total Station wkdif;wGif atmufaz:jyygwkdif;wmjcif; trsdK;tpm;

rsm;ukdvnf;toHk;jyKekdifygonf-Continuous
C
distance measurement ((N- time measurement))
and the average distance will be display.
-Change of meter , feet and feet + inch unit.
-Fine Mode , Tracking Mode and course mode
mode.
-Stake Out (S.O) measurement.
-Remote Elevation measurement.
-Area measurement.
-Offset Measurement and more.

Coordinate measurement
-ukdMo'dedwfwefzkd;rsm;od&SdNyD;aom trSwf2ck?okd hr[kwftrSwfwpfck
\ukkdMo'dedwfESifh RO \Bearing wkkd hod&&SSdygu Total Station yg0if aom
Program jzifhwGufcsufygonf/
N1,E1,Z1

RO

N
E
N0,E0,Z0
N=D*Cos (B)

N1=N0+N

E=D*Sin
E
D Sin (B)

E1=E0+E

coordinate of occupied point

( No,Eo,Zo )
Instrument Height
INS.HT
Prism Height
R HT
R.HT
Vertical Distance (Relative elevation)
Z (VD)
Coordinate of the center of prism,
Originated from the center of instrument
(N, E, Z)
Coordinate of unknown point
N1,E1,Z1
Coordinate of unknown point can be computed by the following formula;.
N1= N0+N
E1=E0+E
Z1=Z0 + INS.HT + Z - R.HT

Traversing with Total Station

-txufaz:jyygtwk
j
kdif; wkkdif;wm&&S
&&Sdaomaxmifhrsm;rSS Bearing
ukdtvkdtavSsmuf&&SdNyD; ukdMo'ddedwfrsm;ukd wGufcsufodrf;qnf;
j h uGGufBuJwkdif;wmjcif
j ;vkkyfief; ( Traversing ) ukkd
xm;ekkdifojzif
wdusrSefuefpGmaqmif&Gufekdifygonf/
1. Station A Instrument
Setup jyKvkyfyg/ (Centering
& Leveling)
2. RO ESifh

B wkd hwGif Prism

ESpfck tm; Tripod (odk h)

a&csdefygaom Pole jzifh xm;yg/

Station A ukd Occupied Point(OP), Station RO ukd Back Sight(BS) Point,

Station B uk
ud Foresight Point(FS) [l
[toH
tok;jyKygrnf
grn//
3. Station A ESSifh RO wkkdh\

ukkdMo'dedwfrsm;ukkd Total Station xJokd hxnf

nhhyg/

4. atmufaz:jjyygvkkyfaqmifcsuf
s (3)
(3)ckkjzifh Station B (FS) \ukkMd o'dedwfuk&d &SNd yD;
Memory wGif

odrf;qnf;xm;ekdifygonf/

-Occopied Station Setup

-Backsight
g Station Setup
p & Measurement
-Foresight Station Measurement
5. Memory wGif odrf;qnf;xm;NyD;jzpfojzifh Station B okdha&T h Occupied
Station B, BS Station A wkd hukdtoHk;jyK Setup jyKvkyfNyD;? FS Station C ukd
quffvuffwkdif;wmjjciff;jziffh aemuffq;Hk Traverse
T
Closing
Cl i
jyKvkyfekdifygonf
g
f/

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-Backsight
B k i ht St
Station
ti okd

hcsddefwdkif;wm&m Target
T
t Plate
Pl t toHHk;rjjyKcJhjcif;f ESifh

a&csdefrSefatmiftoHk;rjyKcJhjcif;/
- Foresight Station okd

hcsdefwkdif;wm&m Target Plate toHk;rjyKcJhjcif;ESifh

a&csdefreS fatmiftoHk;rjyKcJhjcif;/

-Backsight Station tm;xyfrHwkdif;wmNyD;

odrf;qnf;xm;aom ukdMo'dedwfjzifh

wdusrSk&&Sdonftxd ppfaq;wkdif;wm&efvkdtyfjcif;/
j Systematic error, Random error, Blunder error rssm;ukkd*&krpdkufbJ
-tjcm;
ajrwkdif;wmjcif;jyKvkyfaqmif&Gufjcif;wdk haMumifhrarSsmfvifhaomtrSm;rsm;&&Sdekdif ygonf/

Traverse Adjustment
j
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od&Nd yD;y,azs
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aomfvnf;? Random errors rsm;uk
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rsm;toHk;jyKrSom y,fazsmufekdifygonf/
txufaz:jyygtrm;rs
txuaz:jyygtrS
m;rsm;aMumif
mih Traverse Closing rlrv
v Station jyefer0ib
r0ifbJ
Linear Miscloser jzpfay:vmygonf/

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tmuygyk
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Linear misclosure = (difference in northing)2 + (difference in easting)2
Linear misclosure
Relative precision
Traverse length

Relative Precision ukdtcsdK;*Pef;jzifhaz:jyavh&SdNyD;

rSrefeu
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1;10000 rS 15000xd

Traverse Adjustment Method rsm;rSm-

1. Compass ( Bowditch ) Rule

2. Transist Rule
3. Least Squares Method

1. Compass
p
( Bowditch ) Rule
The compass or Bowditch Rule adjust the perpendiculars and meridians of traverse
i proportion
in
ti tto th
the llength.
th

Correction in Perpendicular

- ( Total perpendicular misclosure )

=
for side i

x Length side i
Total traverse length

Correction in Meridian

- ( Total Meridian misclosure )

=

f side
for
id i

x Length side i
T t l traverse
Total
t
length
l
th

2 Transist Rule
2.

Correction in Perpendicular

- ( Total perpendicular misclosure )

=
for side i

x perpendicular for

Total absolute value of perpendiculars

Correction in meridian

side i

- ( Total meridian misclosure )

=

for side i

absolute value of

absolute value of
x

Total absolute value of meridians side i

perpendicular for

3. Least Squares
q
Method
Least Squares Method onf

jzpfekdifpGrf;oDtkd&D (Theory of Probability)

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atmifaqmif&uf
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jcif;? uGefysLwmy&dk*&rfrsm;toHk;jyK&jcif;wkd haMumifhvkyfief;rsm;toHk;jyKavhr&Sd
yg/
Probability Theory ESifh Computer Programming wkdhukdaumif;rGefpGmod&Sd

rSom toHHk;jyK
j oifhyf gonf
g
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Compass ( Bowditch ) Rule toHk;jyKNyD;

jzifhatmufygtwkdif;az:jyygonf/

erlem Traverse Adjustment wck

Total Station &&Sdaom

Station

ukkdMo'dedwfrsm;rSmS -

Distance
A

Northing

Easting

43280.21

12765.48

1614.70

42993.24

14354.47

897.81

43476.62

15111.04

960 36
960.36

44384 29
44384.29

14797 30
14797.30

1632.67

44335.66

13165.36

A'

1127.75

43281.63

12764.29

6233.28

1.42

-1.19

Compass ( Bowditch ) Rule yHkaoenf;ukdtoHk;jyKNyD;NorthingCorrections,

Easting Correction rsm;uk
;ud Microsoft Excel Software jjzif
zihatmuf
tmuygtwk
ygtwdi;f

wGufcsufekdifygonf/
Station

Distance

Northing

Easting

N_Corrections

43280.21

12765.48

E_Correction

1614.70

42993.24

14354.47

-0.367324439

0.307018988

897.81

43476.62

15111.04

-0.204240323

0.170709189

960.36

44384.29

14797.30

-0.218471544

0.182604002

1632.67

44335.66

13165.36

-0.371412633

0.310436004

A'

1127.75

43281.63

12764.29

-0.256551061

0.214431818

6233.28

1.42

-1.19

Misclosure
Ratio

Relative Accuracy

1:

1.85
0.0002274884

3373

-0.0001901405

Station

Distance

Northing

Easting

N_Corrections

43280.21

12765.48

E_Correction

N_S_Cor

E_S_Cor

Adj_N

Adj_E

43280.21

12765.48

1614.70

42993.24

14354.47

-0.367324439

0.307018988

-0.367324439

0.307018988

42992.87

14354.78

897.81

43476.62

15111.04

-0.204240323

0.170709189

-0.571564761

0.477728177

43476.05

15111.52

960.36

44384.29

14797.30

-0.218471544

0.182604002

-0.790036306

0.660332179

44383.50

14797.96

1632.67

44335.66

13165.36

-0.371412633

0.310436004

-1.161448939

0.970768182

44334.50

13166.33

A'

1127.75

43281.63

12764.29

-0.256551061

0.214431818

-1.418

1.1852 43280.21

12765.48

6233.28

1.42

-1.19

Misclosure
Ratio
Relative Accuracy

1.85
0.0002274884

1:

3373

-0.0001901405

THANK YOU