http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/abstractReferences.jsp?

tp=&arnumber=5353670&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteproxy.ruqli.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls
%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D5353670

Showing 1-19 of 19 Results

1.

L. L. Lai Power System Restructuring and Deregulation: Trading, Performance and

Information Technology, pp.258 -284 2001 :Wiley

2.

J. Z. Zhu Optimization of Power System Operation, 2009 :Wiley

[CrossRef]

3.

C. A. Caizares Voltage Stability Assessment, Procedures and Guides., 1999.

[online] Available:
http://www.power.uwaterloo.ca

4.

P. Kundur , J. Paserba , V. Ajjarapu , G. Andersson , A. Bose , C. Canizares , N.

Hatziargyriou , D. Hill , A. Stankovic , C. Taylor , T. Van Cutsem and V. Vittal "Definition and
classification of power system stability IEEE/CIGRE joint task force on stability terms and
definitions", IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 19, no. 3, pp.1385 -1401 2004
Abstract | Full Text: PDF (256KB) | Full Text: HTML

5.

T. VanCutsem and C. Vournas Voltage Stability of Electric Power Systems, 1998

:Kluwer

6.

N. G. Hingorani "Flexible AC transmission systems", IEEE Spectr., vol. 30, no. 4,

pp.40 -45 1993
Abstract | Full Text: PDF (1083KB)

7.

P. Subburaj , N. Sudha , K. Rajeswari , K. Ramar and L. Ganesan "Optimum

reactive power dispatch using genetic algorithm", Academic Open Internet Journal, vol.
21, pp.6 2007

8.

Y. J. Yuryevich and K. P. Wong "Evolutionary programming based optimal power

flow algorithm", IEEE Trans. Power Syst,, vol. 14, no. 4, pp.1245 -1250 1999
Abstract | Full Text: PDF (436KB)

9.

J. Z. Zhu and M. R. Irving "Combined active and reactive dispatch with multiple
objectives using an analytic hierarchical process", Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 143, no. 4,
pp.344 -352 1996

Abstract | Full Text: PDF (812KB)

10.

H. W. Dommel and W. F. Tinney "Optimal power flow solutions", IEEE Trans.,

Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-87, no. 10, pp.1866 -1876 1968
Abstract | Full Text: PDF (2634KB)

11.

M. R. Irving and M. J. H. Sterling "Efficient Newton-Raphson algorithm for load flow

calculation in transmission and distribution networks", Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., C, vol. 134,
1987

12.

J. Z. Zhu and X. F. Xiong "VAr optimization and pricing in multi-areas power

system", IEEE General Meeting, 2003
Abstract | Full Text: PDF (508KB) | Full Text: HTML

13.

J. Z. Zhu and X. F. Xiong "Optimal reactive power control using modified interior
point method", Electric Power Syst. Res., vol. 66, pp.187 -192 2003
[CrossRef]

14.

M. O. Mansour and T. M. Abdel-Rahman "Non-linear VAr optimization using

decomposition and coordination", IEEE Trans. Power App, Syst., vol. 103, no. 2, pp.246
-255 1984
Abstract | Full Text: PDF (1554KB)

15.

N. H. Dandachi , M. J. Rawlins , O. Alsac and B. Stott "OPF for reactive pricing

studies on the NGC system", Proc. IEEE Power Industry Computer Applications Conf.,
pp.11 -17 1995

16.

K. Iba "Reactive power optimization by genetic algorithm", IEEE Trans. Power

Syst., vol. 9, no. 2, pp.685 -692 1994
Abstract | Full Text: PDF (824KB)

17.

I. P. Abril and J. A. Gonzlez "VAr compensation by sequential quadratic

programming", IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 18, no. 1, pp.36 -41 2003
Abstract | Full Text: PDF (386KB) | Full Text: HTML

18.

P. Pourbeik , A. Bostrm and B. Ray "Modeling and application studies for a modern
static VAr system installation", IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 1, pp.368 -377 2006
Abstract | Full Text: PDF (496KB)

19.

S. Mandal and V. S. Kolluri "Coordinated capacitor bank switching using SVC

controls", IEEE Power Eng. Soc. General Meeting, 2008

Abstract | Full Text: PDF (483KB) | Full Text: HTML

Electrical substation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed. (July 2012)

A 50 Hz electrical substation in Melbourne. This is showing three of the five

220 kV/66 kV transformers, each with a capacity of 150 MVA. This substation is
constructed using steel lattice structures to support strain bus wires and apparatus. [1]

A 115 kV to 41.6/12.47 kV 5 MVA 60 Hz substation with circuit switcher, regulators,

reclosers and control building at Warren, Minnesota. This substation shows elements
of low-profile construction; apparatus is mounted on individual columns.
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission,
and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the

reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating
station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different
voltage levels.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a
large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying
on SCADA for remote supervision and control.
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high
transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two
different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the
distribution system became a grid. As central generation stations became larger,
smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving their
energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their own generators. The first
substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators were
housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

Contents
1 Elements of a substation
2 Types
o 2.1 Transmission substation
o 2.2 Distribution substation
o 2.3 Collector substation
o 2.4 Converter substations
o 2.5 Switching substation
o 2.6 Classification by insulation
o 2.7 Classification by structure
3 Design
4 Switching function

 5 Automation
6 Railways
7 Lists
8 See also
9 References and further reading

Elements of a substation[edit]

Elements of a substation
A:Primary power lines' side B:Secondary power lines' side
1.Primary power lines 2.Ground wire 3.Overhead lines 4.Transformer for
measurement of electric voltage 5.Disconnect switch 6.Circuit breaker 7.Current
transformer 8.Lightning arrester 9.Main transformer 10.Control building 11.Security
fence 12.Secondary power lines

SF6 110 kV instrument current transformer TGFM series, Russia

Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and
transformers. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short
circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution
stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of distribution
circuits. Substations themselves do not usually have generators, although a power
plant may have a substation nearby. Other devices such as capacitors and voltage
regulators may also be located at a substation.
Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in
special-purpose buildings. High-rise buildings may have several indoor substations.

Indoor substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the noise from the
transformers, for reasons of appearance, or to protect switchgear from extreme climate
or pollution conditions.
Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded to protect
people from high voltages that may occur during a fault in the network. Earth faults at
a substation can cause a ground potential rise. Currents flowing in the Earth's surface
during a fault can cause metal objects to have a significantly different voltage than the
ground under a person's feet; this touch potential presents a hazard of electrocution.

Types[edit]
Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the
power system, the method used to insulate most connections, and by the style and
materials of the structures used. These categories are not disjointed; to solve a
particular problem, a transmission substation may include significant distribution
functions, for example.
Transmission substation[edit]
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines.[2] The simplest
case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation
contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault
clearance or maintenance. A transmission station may have transformersto convert
between two transmission voltages, voltage control/power factor correction devices
such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase
shifting transformers to control power flow between two adjacent power systems.
Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small "switching
station" may be little more than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest
transmission substations can cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple
voltage levels, many circuit breakers and a large amount of protection and control
equipment (voltage and current transformers, relays and SCADA systems). Modern
substations may be implemented using international standards such asIEC Standard
61850.
Distribution substation[edit]

A distribution substation inScarborough, Ontario disguised as a house, complete with

a driveway, front walk and a mown lawn and shrubs in the front yard. A warning
notice can be clearly seen on the "front door". Disguises for substations are common
in many cities.[3]
A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the
distribution system of an area.[2] It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity
consumers to the main transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power,
so the distribution station reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution.
The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or
subtransmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever is
common in the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are
typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV depending on the size of the
area served and the practices of the local utility. The feeders run along streets
overhead (or underground, in some cases) and power the distribution transformers at
or near the customer premises.
In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in either
the transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations are typically the
points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits (of several
miles/kilometers), voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line.
The downtown areas of large cities feature complicated distribution substations, with
high-voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on the low-voltage side.
More typical distribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and minimal
facilities on the low-voltage side.
Collector substation[edit]
In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may be
required. It resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite
direction, from many wind turbines up into the transmission grid. Usually for
economy of construction the collector system operates around 35 kV, and the collector

substation steps up voltage to a transmission voltage for the grid. The collector
substation can also provide power factor correction if it is needed, metering and
control of the wind farm. In some special cases a collector substation can also contain
an HVDC converter station.
Collector substations also exist where multiple thermal or hydroelectric power plants
of comparable output power are in proximity. Examples for such substations
areBrauweiler in Germany and Hradec in the Czech Republic, where power is
collected from nearby lignite-fired power plants. If no transformers are required for
increase of voltage to transmission level, the substation is a switching station.
Converter substations[edit]
Substations may be associated with HVDC converter plants, traction current, or
interconnected non-synchronous networks. These stations contain power electronic
devices to change the frequency of current, or else convert from alternating to direct
current or the reverse. Formerly rotary converters changed frequency to interconnect
two systems; such substations today are rare.
Switching substation[edit]

Switchyard at Grand Coulee Dam, USA, 2006

A switching substation is a substation without transformers and operating only at a
single voltage level. Switching substations are sometimes used as collector and
distribution stations. Sometimes they are used for switching the current to back-up
lines or for parallelizing circuits in case of failure. An example is the switching
stations for the HVDC IngaShaba transmission line.
A switching substation may also be known as a switchyard, and these are commonly
located directly adjacent to or nearby a power station. In this case the generators from
the power station supply their power into the yard onto the Generator Bus on one side
of the yard, and the transmission lines take their power from a Feeder Bus on the other
side of the yard.

Classification by insulation[edit]
Switches, circuit breakers, transformers and other apparatus may be interconnected by
air-insulated bare conductors strung on support structures. The air space required
increases with system voltage and with the lightning surge voltage rating. For
medium-voltage distribution substations, metal-enclosed switch gear may be used and
no live conductors exposed at all. For higher voltages, gas-insulated switch gear
reduces the space required around live bus. Instead of bare conductors, bus and
apparatus are built into pressurized tubular containers filled with sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6) gas. This gas has a higher insulating value than air, allowing the
dimensions of the apparatus to be reduced. In addition to air or SF 6 gas, apparatus will
use other insulation materials such as transformer oil, paper, porcelain, and polymer
insulators.
Classification by structure[edit]
Outdoor, above-ground substation structures include wood pole, lattice metal tower,
and tubular metal structures, although other variants are available. Where space is
plentiful and appearance of the station is not a factor, steel lattice towers provide lowcost supports for transmission lines and apparatus. Low-profile substations may be
specified in suburban areas where appearance is more critical. Indoor substations may
be gas-insulated switchgear (at high voltages), or metal-enclosed or metal-clad
switchgear at lower voltages. Urban and suburban indoor substations may be finished
on the outside so as to blend in with other buildings in the area.
A compact substation is generally an unmanned outdoor substation being put in a
small enclosed metal container in which each of the electrical equipment is located
very near to each other to create a relatively smaller footprint size of the substation.

Design[edit]

A substation in Macau, China

The main issues facing a power engineer are reliability and cost. A good design
attempts to strike a balance between these two, to achieve reliability without excessive
cost. The design should also allow expansion of the station, when required. [4]
Selection of the location of a substation must consider many factors. Sufficient land
area is required for installation of equipment with necessary clearances for electrical
safety, and for access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers. Where land is
costly, such as in urban areas, gas insulated switchgear may save money overall. The
site must have room for expansion due to load growth or planned transmission
additions. Environmental effects of the substation must be considered, such
as drainage, noise and road traffic effects. A grounding (earthing) system must be
designed. The total ground potential rise, and the gradients in potential during a fault
(called "touch" and "step" potentials), must be calculated to protect passers-by during
a short-circuit in the transmission system. The substation site must be reasonably
central to the distribution area to be served. The site must be secure from intrusion by
passers-by, both to protect people from injury by electric shock or arcs, and to protect
the electrical system from misoperation due to vandalism.

Tottenham Substation, set in wild parkland in North London.

The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram,
which shows in simplified form the switching and protection arrangement required, as
well as the incoming supply lines and outgoing feeders or transmission lines. It is a
usual practice by many electrical utilities to prepare one-line diagrams with principal
elements (lines, switches, circuit breakers, transformers) arranged on the page
similarly to the way the apparatus would be laid out in the actual station. [2]
In a common design, incoming lines have a disconnect switch and a circuit breaker. In
some cases, the lines will not have both, with either a switch or a circuit breaker being
all that is considered necessary. A disconnect switch is used to provide isolation, since
it cannot interrupt load current. A circuit breaker is used as a protection device to
interrupt fault currents automatically, and may be used to switch loads on and off, or
to cut off a line when power is flowing in the 'wrong' direction. When a large fault
current flows through the circuit breaker, this is detected through the use of current

transformers. The magnitude of the current transformer outputs may be used to trip
the circuit breaker resulting in a disconnection of the load supplied by the circuit
break from the feeding point. This seeks to isolate the fault point from the rest of the
system, and allow the rest of the system to continue operating with minimal impact.
Both switches and circuit breakers may be operated locally (within the substation) or
remotely from a supervisory control center.
Once past the switching components, the lines of a given voltage connect to one or
more buses. These are sets of busbars, usually in multiples of three, since threephase electrical power distribution is largely universal around the world.
The arrangement of switches, circuit breakers and buses used affects the cost and
reliability of the substation. For important substations a ring bus, double bus, or socalled "breaker and a half" setup can be used, so that the failure of any one circuit
breaker does not interrupt power to other circuits, and so that parts of the substation
may be de-energized for maintenance and repairs. Substations feeding only a single
industrial load may have minimal switching provisions, especially for small
installations.[4]

This single-line diagram illustrates the breaker and a half concept often used in
switchyards.
Once having established buses for the various voltage levels, transformers may be
connected between the voltage levels. These will again have a circuit breaker, much
like transmission lines, in case a transformer has a fault (commonly called a "short
circuit").
Along with this, a substation always has control circuitry needed to command the
various circuit breakers to open in case of the failure of some component.

Switching function[edit]
An important function performed by a substation is switching, which is the connecting
and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the system.
Switching events may be "planned" or "unplanned". A transmission line or other
component may need to be de-energized for maintenance or for new construction, for
example, adding or removing a transmission line or a transformer. To maintain
reliability of supply, no company ever brings down its whole system for maintenance.
All work to be performed, from routine testing to adding entirely new substations,
must be done while keeping the whole system running.
Perhaps more important, a fault may develop in a transmission line or any other
component. Some examples of this: a line is hit by lightning and develops an arc, or
atower is blown down by high wind. The function of the substation is to isolate the
faulted portion of the system in the shortest possible time. De-energizing faulted
equipment protects it from further damage, and isolating a fault helps keep the rest of
the electrical grid operating with stability.[5]

Automation[edit]
Main article: Power system automation
Early electrical substations required manual switching or adjustment of equipment,
and manual collection of data for load, energy consumption, and abnormal events. As
the complexity of distribution networks grew, it became economically necessary to
automate supervision and control of substations from a centrally attended point, to
allow overall coordination in case of emergencies and to reduce operating costs. Early
efforts to remote control substations used dedicated communication wires, often run
alongside power circuits. Power-line carrier, microwave radio, fiber optic cables as
well as dedicated wired remote control circuits have all been applied to Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) for substations. The development of
the microprocessor made for an exponential increase in the number of points that
could be economically controlled and monitored. Today, standardized communication
protocols such as DNP3, IEC 61850 and Modbus, to list a few, are used to allow
multiple intelligent electronic devices to communicate with each other and
supervisory control centers. Distributed automatic control at substations is one
element of the so-called smart grid.

Railways[edit]
Main article: Traction substation

Electrified railways also use substations, often distribution substations. In some cases
a conversion of the current type takes place, commonly with rectifiers for direct
current (DC) trains, or rotary converters for trains using alternating current (AC) at
frequencies other than that of the public grid. Sometimes they are also transmission
substations or collector substations if the railway network also operates its own grid
and generators.

Lists[edit]
List of EHV-substations in Austria
List of EHV-substations in Germany
List of EHV-substations in Switzerland

See also[edit]
Power line carrier communication
HVDC converter station
Traction substation

References and further reading[edit]

1.

^ Joint Consultation Paper: Western Metropolitan Melbourne

Transmission Connection and Subtransmission Capacity, accessed
and archived 4 January 2013.

2.

^ a b c United States Department of Agriculture, Design Guide for Rural

Substations, USDA bulletin number 1724E-300, 2001 pp. 38-39

3.

^ Steinberg, Neil. "Lights On but Nobody Home: Behind the Fake

Buildings that Power Chicago". Retrieved 14 December 2013.

4.

^ a b Donald G. Fink, H. Wayne Beatty Standard Handbook for

Electrical Engineers Eleventh Edition, McGraw Hill 1978 ISBN 0-07-020974XChapter 17 Substation Design

5.

^ Transformer fire Video

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electrical substation.

Overview of substation design and layout

US Department of Agriculture engineering design manual for rural substations
IEEE Standard 80 - Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding
IEEE Green Book - Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems
R. M. S. de Oliveira and C. L. S. S. Sobrinho (2009). "Computational
Environment for Simulating Lightning Strokes in a Power Substation by FiniteDifference Time-Domain Method". IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic
Compatibility 51 (4): 9951000. doi:10.1109/TEMC.2009.2028879.

Electricity delivery
Concepts

Availability factor

Baseload

Black start

Capacity factor

Demand factor

Demand management

EROEI

Fault

Sources

Grid storage

Intermittency

Load following

Nameplate capacity

Peak demand

Power quality

Power-flow study

Repowering

Spark spread

Nonr
enew
able

Coa
l

Fos
silfuel
po
wer
stati
on

Nat
ural
gas

Petr
ole
um

Nuc
lear

Rene
wabl
e

Oil
shal
e

Bio
mas
s

Bio
fuel

Geo
ther
mal

Hy
dro

Mar
ine
o
C
o
O
o
T
o
T
o
W

Sol

ar

Wi
nd

AC power

Cogeneration

Combined cycle

Cooling tower

Induction generator

Micro CHP

Microgeneration

Rankine cycle

Three-phase electric power

Virtual power plant

Blackout (Rolling blackout)

Demand response

Distributed generation

Dynamic demand

Electric power distribution

Electrical grid

High-voltage direct current

Technology

Transmissionand
distribution

Load management

Pumped hydro

Power storage

Negawatts

Smart grid

Substation

Super grid

Transformer

TSO

Transmission tower

Utility pole

Carbon offset

Ecotax

Energy subsidies

Feed-in tariff

Fossil-fuel phase-out

Net metering

Pigovian tax

Renewable Energy Certificates

Renewable energy payments

Policies

Renewable energy policy

Voltage profile improvement through high

voltage distribution system
Ramesh, L. ; Jadavpur Univ., Kolkata, India ; Madhusudhanaraju, M. ; Chowdhury, S.P. ; Chowdhury, S.

Published in:
Sustainable Energy and Intelligent Systems (SEISCON 2011), International Conference on

Date of Conference:
20-22 July 2011
Page(s):
468 - 473
INSPEC Accession Number:
12357139
Conference Location :
Chennai

DOI:
10.1049/cp.2011.0408
Publisher:
IET
Abstract
The Power Requirement in urban and metro areas is very high with an exponential growth.
The distribution system with LVDS results in multiple loads fed from a bulk power
transformer resulting in higher regulation in the tail ends. Moreover there is an increase in
the system losses, power factor and voltage profile leads to affect the performance of the
existing distribution system. In this work a high voltage distribution system has been
proposed and the simulation studies were carried out for an existing TNEB High Court Sub
Station using PSCAD Software. The HVDS simulation study re veals that the system
voltage at the tail end increases approximately by 20Volts. This may result in extended
lifetime of the equipment and reduction in system loss. New transformers of low capacity
may have to be introduced for implementing the proposed system and the existing
transformer of high capacity have to be relocated suitably to achieve the advantage of
HVDS.

Performance evaluation of distribution

network and reduction in technical & nontechnical losses by using energy efficient
equipment and cost benefit analysis in the
power sector
Dabre, G.B. ; Dept. of Electr. Eng. Eng., YCCE, Nagpur, India ; Dutta, A.A. ; Kadu, A.N.

Published in:
Power, Automation and Communication (INPAC), 2014 International Conference on

Date of Conference:

6-8 Oct. 2014

Page(s):
6 - 11
Print ISBN:
978-1-4799-7168-8
INSPEC Accession Number:
14819158
Conference Location :
Amravati
DOI:
10.1109/INPAC.2014.6981126
Publisher:
IEEE
The current scenario of Indian Power Sector demands commercial and financial viability of
utility in order to meet the growing demands for electricity. Lot of investments are called for,
in augmentation of generation. Energy saved is better than energy generated. This paper
emphasis on how the governments can achieve this through the adoption of new
technologies for improving the efficiencies and through cost-benefit analysis. India as a
developing country has better opportunities to adopt Energy Efficient technologies. The
need of the hour is the usage of Amorphous Metal Transformers, Energy Efficient pump
sets, installation of Capacitor Banks & Compact Fluorescent lamps and Single-phase High
Voltage Distribution System (HVDS). For the proposed work both software and hardware
methods are developed.

Minimization of power losses in

distribution system through HVDS
concepts
Kumar, S.A.S.
Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Dr. M. G. R. Univ., Chennai, India
Vasudaven, V. ; Antony, J. ; Raju, M.S. ; Ramesh, L.

Published in:

Sustainable Energy and Intelligent Systems (SEISCON 2011), International Conference on

Date of Conference:
20-22 July 2011
Page(s):
86 - 90
INSPEC Accession Number:
12357071
Conference Location :
Chennai
DOI:
10.1049/cp.2011.0340
Publisher:
IET
In India there is a need to improve the quality and economy of the electricity distribution
process which has increased varying from year to year. In overhead networks, the limiting
factor to load carrying capacity is generally the voltage reduction. To improve the quality of
supply, one of the recommendations is the implementation of "Single phase HT distribution
system with small capacity single phase transformers. Under this system HT line is
extended up to or as near the load as possible and to erect small capacity distribution
transformers i.e. 25 KVA and to extend supply to the consumer through a short length of LT
lines, preferably insulated overhead cable (Aerial Bunched Cables) system. Losses in the
existing system are as high as 30%(approx.). In the existing Low Voltage Distribution
System where the multiple loads are fed from a single large capacity transformer and the
loads are not uniform from the Starting bus to the Tail End bus and also the loads have low
power factor and low load factor. Further, load density is low due to dispersal of loads. The
existing 11 KV distribution KOVUR-SS consists of 30 distribution transformer with lengthy L.
T Lines. In this system, the losses are high;voltage profile and reliability are unsatisfactory.
In this, the existing Low Voltage Distribution system of KOVUR Sub-Station Layout has
been simulated with the help of ELECTRICAL TRANSIENT ANALYSIS PROGRAM (E-TAP)
software and the real time losses have been identified in order to improve the stability of the
system and getting same voltage in starting bus as well as in the ending bus. The LVDS
Layout has been restructured as HVDS and has been introduced with small capacity
distribution transformers. Results of the load flow analysis shows a significant reduction of
line losses which reduced to as low as 5%.

Browse Conference Publications > Electrical and Computer Engin ...

Practical aspects of performing a distribution system loss reduction study

Sarfi, R.J. ; Sarfi & Co. Ltd., Champlain, NY, USA ; Salama, M. ; Chikhani, A.Y.

Published in:
Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1995. Canadian Conference on (Volume:1 )

Date of Conference:
5-8 Sep 1995
Page(s):
164 - 167 vol.1
Meeting Date :
05 Sep 1995-08 Sep 1995
ISSN :
0840-7789
Print ISBN:
0-7803-2766-7
INSPEC Accession Number:
5199271
Conference Location :
Montreal, Que.
DOI:
10.1109/CCECE.1995.528100
Publisher:
IEEE
Facing constant pressure from municipalities and deregulation on the horizon, municipal
utilities are forced to render their operation more efficient. Reduction of distribution losses
not only contributes directly to the utilities bottom line, but also brings about many other
benefits which can be more difficult to quantify. An overview of the practical concerns
associated with performing a distribution system loss reduction is presented including
capacitor installation, reconductoring, voltage modifications, distribution transformer load
management, feeder reconfiguration, and SCADA capabilities

Minimum cost analysis of feeder routing in

distribution system planning
Jonnavithula, S. ; Power Syst. Res. Group, Saskatchewan Univ., Saskatoon, Sask., Canada ; Billinton, R.

Published in:
Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:11 , Issue: 4 )
Page(s):
1935 - 1940
ISSN :
0885-8977
INSPEC Accession Number:
5447085
DOI:
10.1109/61.544279
Date of Publication :
Oct 1996
Date of Current Version :
06 August 2002
Issue Date :
Oct 1996
Sponsored by :
IEEE Power & Energy Society
Publisher:
IEEE
A new approach for optimal network routing in distribution system planning is presented in
this paper. The distribution network routing planning problem is formulated as a nonlinear
constrained, nondifferentiable optimization problem. The main objective is to minimize the
total cost which is the summation of reliability costs, feeder resistive loss, investment and
maintenance costs. Simulated annealing, which is a general purpose combinatorial
optimization algorithm, is used to obtain a global optimum solution of the problem

The modern A-C network calculator

Parker, W. W. ; Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, East Pittsburgh, Pa.

Published in:
Electrical Engineering (Volume:60 , Issue: 11 )
Page(s):
977 - 982
ISSN :
0095-9197
DOI:
10.1109/EE.1941.6434538
Date of Publication :
Nov. 1941
Date of Current Version :
12 February 2013
Issue Date :
Nov. 1941
Publisher:
IEEE
PRODUCTION requires power. The urgent necessity of meeting the immediate demands
for electricpower due to national defense and natural growth has created a challenge
to the planning engineers. Local loads are increased and additional loads established,
resulting in shifting of load centers. Such changes require increased generating and
transmitting facilities. To provide for this expansion in power supply requires accurate
planning to avoid waste of time, materials, or effort. The first step is the quick solution of all
the electrical problems. The A-C. network calculator provides accurate means for solving
these problems. Therefore, it is appropriate to present the newly perfected features of the
latest A.C. network calculators. These provide the means and methods for faster and more
accurate analysis of existing or planned power systems and the solutions of electrical
design and operating problems. The essential elements of a power system are reproduced
in miniature replica, as illustrated pictorially in figure 1 for a simple radial feed from
generator to load. The calculator reproduces systems with many generators or

generating stations, transformers, lines, and loads. Readings of the miniature network on
the calculator are readily converted into actual system quantities.

Optimization of electrical distribution

feeders using simulated annealing
Parada, V. ; Dept. of Informatic Eng., Univ. of Santiago, Chile ; Ferland, J.A. ; Arias, M. ; Daniels, K.

Published in:
Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:19 , Issue: 3 )
Page(s):
1135 - 1141
ISSN :
0885-8977
INSPEC Accession Number:
8052449
DOI:
10.1109/TPWRD.2004.829091
Date of Publication :
July 2004
Date of Current Version :
28 June 2004
Issue Date :
July 2004
Sponsored by :
IEEE Power & Energy Society
Publisher:
IEEE

The planning of electrical power distribution systems strongly influences the supply of
electrical power to consumers. The problem is to minimize both the investment cost for
feeder and substations, and the power-loss cost. When the substations can already provide
enough power flow, then the problem reduces to minimize the total cost related to the
feeders and their power-loss. The difficulty of dealing with this problem increases rapidly

with its size (i.e., the number of customers). It seems appropriate to use heuristic methods
to obtain suboptimal solutions, since exact methods are too much time consuming. In this
paper, a simulated annealing algorithm is used. A set of numerical results are provided.

Optimal power flow evaluation of

distribution network capacity for the
connection of distributed generation
Harrison, G.P. ; Sch. of Eng. & Electron., Univ. of Edinburgh ; Wallace, A.R.

Published in:
Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings- (Volume:152 , Issue: 1 )
Page(s):
115 - 122
ISSN :
1350-2360
INSPEC Accession Number:
8293881
DOI:
10.1049/ip-gtd:20041193
Date of Publication :
10 Jan. 2005
Date of Current Version :
22 February 2005
Issue Date :
10 Jan. 2005
Sponsored by :
IET
Publisher:
IET

Distributed generation capacity will increase significantly as a result of UK Government-led

targets and incentives. Whereas the technical problems arising from distribution-level
connections may be mitigated for individual connections, the anticipated connection
volumes imply a potential risk of conflict between connections, in that inappropriately sized
or located plant could constrain further development of the network and consequently
threaten the achievement of renewable energy targets. One means of addressing this risk is
to encourage development at sites that are more suitable and at the same time
discouraging those at inappropriate ones. First of all network operators must be able to
evaluate the available capacity on the system (i.e. the headroom). A technique is presented
that facilitates such an analysis. Termed `reverse load-ability', the approach models fixedpower factor distributed generation as negative loads and uses the optimal power flow to
perform negative load shedding that effectively maximises capacity and identifies available
headroom. The technique is applied to an extensive distribution and sub-transmission
network. It rapidly identifies available headroom within the imposed thermal and voltage
constraints. Furthermore, its use is demonstrated in examining the consequences of a
sequence of connections in terms of the impact on available headroom and in sterilising the
network