SYLLABUS
GE2151 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LTPC
(COMMON TO BRANCHES
UNDER CIVIL, MECHANICAL AND TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY) 3 0 0 3
UNIT I ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS & MEASURMENTS
12
Ohms Law Kirchhoffs Laws Steady State Solution of DC Circuits
Introduction to AC Circuits Waveforms and RMS Value Power and Power
factor Single Phase
and Three Phase Balanced Circuits. Operating
Principles of Moving Coil and Moving Iron Instruments (Ammeters and
Voltmeters), Dynamometer type Watt meters and Energy meters.
UNIT II ELECTRICAL MECHANICS
12
Construction, Principle of Operation, Basic Equations and Applications
of DC Generators, DC Motors, Single Phase Transformer, single phase
induction Motor.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
UNIT III SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS
12
Characteristics of PN Junction Diode Zener Effect Zener Diode and its Characteristics
Half wave and Full wave Rectifiers Voltage Regulation.
Bipolar Junction Transistor CB, CE, CC Configurations and Characteristics
Elementary Treatment of Small Signal Amplifier.
UNIT IV DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
12
Binary Number System Logic Gates Boolean Algebra Half and Full Adders Flip-Flops
Registers and Counters A/D and D/A Conversion (single concepts)
UNIT V FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
12
Types of Signals: Analog and Digital Signals Modulation and Demodulation: Principles of
Amplitude and Frequency Modulations. Communication Systems: Radio, TV,
Fax, Microwave, Satellite and Optical Fibre (Block Diagram Approach only).
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. Muthusubramanian R, Salivahanan S and Muraleedharan K A, Basic Electrical, Electronics and
Computer Engineering,Tata McGraw Hill, Second Edition, (2006).
2. Nagsarkar T K and Sukhija M S, Basics of Electrical Engineering, Oxford press (2005).
3. Mehta V K, Principles of Electronics, S.Chand & Company Ltd, (1994).
4. Mahmood Nahvi and Joseph A. Edminister, Electric Circuits, Schaum Outline Series, McGraw
Hill, (2002).
5. Premkumar N, Basic Electrical Engineering, Anuradha Publishers, (2003).
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Ohm's law
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Ohm's law states that the current through
a conductor between two points is
directlyproportional
to
the
potential
difference across the two points. Introducing
the
constant
of
proportionality,
the resistance,[1] one arrives at the usual
mathematical equation that describes this
relationship:[2]
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
In circuit analysis, three equivalent
expressions of Ohm's law are used
interchangeably:
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Introduction
Fundament laws that govern electric circuits:
Ohms Law.
Kirchoffs Law.
These laws form the foundation upon which
electric circuit analysis is built.
Common techniques in circuit analysis and design:
Combining resistors in series and parallel.
Voltage and current divisions.
Wye to delta and delta to wye transformations.
These techniques are restricted to resistive
circuits.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Ohms Law
*pay careful attention
to current direction
v=iR
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Value of R :: varies from 0 to infinity
Extreme values == 0 & infinity.
Only linear resistors obey Ohms Law.
Short circuit
Open Circuit
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Power:
P = iv i ( i R ) = i2R watts
(v/R) v = v2/R watts
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Nodes, Branches & Loops
Elements of electric circuits can be interconnected in
several way.
Need to understand some basic concepts of network
topology.
Branch: Represents a single element
(i.e. voltage, resistor & etc)
Node:
The meeting point between two
or more branches.
Loop:
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Any closed path in a circuit.
Nodes, Branches & Loops
Determine how many branches and
nodes for the following circuit.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Nodes, Branches & Loops
5 Branches
1 Voltage Source
1 Current Source
3 Resistors
3 Nodes
a
b
c
DKS1113 Electric Circuits
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Kirchoffs Laws
Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)
The algebraic sum of current entering / leaving a
node (or closed boundary) is zero.
Current enters = +ve
Current leaves = -ve
current entering = current leaving
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Example 5:
Given the following circuit, write the equation for
currents.
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Use KCL to obtain currents i1, i2,
and i3 in the circuit.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Applied to a loop in a circuit.
According to KVL The algebraic sum of voltage
(rises and drops) in a loop is zero.
+ v1
vs
V2
v3 +
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Use KVL to obtain v1, v2 and v3.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Kirchoffs Laws
Example 12:
Calculate power dissipated in 5 resistor.
10
DKS1113 Electric Circuits
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Learning Goals - we will learn:
How to simplify resistors connected
in a circuit in series and in parallel.
How to simplify and analyze more
complicated networks using
Kirchhoffs Rules.
R-C circuits
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Resistors connected in a circuit in series or
parallel can be simplified using the following:
Series connection
Parallel connection
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
These complex circuits cannot
be reduced to series
parallel combinations.
So use Kirchhoffs Rules:
1. Ij = 0 junction rule
(valid at any junction);
conservation of charge
2. (
Vj ) = 0 loop rule
(valid for any closed loop);
conservation of energy
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
At node A, Iin = Iout
I1 + I 3 = I2
Vrises = Vdrops
Loop #1:
Label:
3 Is;
+/- on Rs;
loops.
Write equations.
I2R2 +4+ I1R1 = 1 + 2
Loop #2:
3 + 2 = I2 R 2 + I3 R 3
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Figure 26.66
5.00 A = I4
4.00
I3 I2
B
Label the 3 branch currents I2, I3, and I4.
Since VAB across all 3 branches is the same
and is known: V4 = I4R4 = 5A (4) = 20 Volts,
the currents and can be readily solved.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
V4 = I4R4 = 5A (4) = 20 Volts
I3 = V3 / R3 = 4V / 3 = 1.33 A
At junction B,
I in = I out
I4 = I2 + I3 ; I2 = I4 I3 = 5A - 1.3A
I2 = 3.7A
Loop #1:
V rises = V drops
= I2R2 + I4R4 = 3.7A (2) + 5A(4)
= 27.4 V
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
5.0 A
4.00
I3 I2
B
V4 = I4R4 = 5A (4) = 20 Volts
I3 = V3 / R3 = 4V / 3 = 1.33 A
At junction B,
I in = I out
I4 = I2 + I3 ; I2 = I4 - I3 = 5A - 1.3A = 3.7A
Loop #1:
V rises = V drops
= I2R2 +I4R4 = 3.7A (2) + 5A(4) =27.4 V
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Series Resistors & Voltage Division
Series resistors same current flowing through them.
v1= iR1 & v2 = iR2
KVL:
v-v1-v2=0
v= i(R1+R2)
i = v/(R1+R2 ) =v/Req
or v= i(R1+R2 ) =iReq
iReq = R1+R2
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Series Resistors & Voltage Division
Voltage Division:
Previously:
v1 = iR1 &
i = v/(R1+R2 )
v2 = iR2
Thus:
v1=vR1/(R1+R2)
v2=vR2/(R1+R2)
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Parallel Resistors & Current Division
Parallel resistors Common voltage across it.
v = i1R1 = i2R2
i = i1+ i2
= v/R1+ v/R2
= v(1/R1+1/R2)
=v/Req
v =iReq
1/Req = 1/R1+1/R2
Req = R1R2 / (R1+R2 )
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Parallel Resistors & Current Division
Current Division:
Previously:
v = i1R1 = i2R2
v=iReq = iR1R2 / (R1+R2 )
and i1 = v /R1 & i2 =v/ R2
Thus:
i1= iR2/(R1+R2)
i2= iR1/(R1+R2 )
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
AC AND DC CIRCUITS
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
1. Amplitude
It is the maximum value attained by an alternating quantity. Also
called as maximum or peak value
2. Time Period (T)
It is the Time Taken in seconds to complete one cycle of an alternating
quantity
3. Instantaneous Value
It is the value of the quantity at any instant
4. Frequency (f)
It is the number of cycles that occur in one second. The unit
for frequency is Hz or cycles/sec.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Advantages of AC system over DC system
AC voltages can be efficiently stepped up/down using
transformer
AC motors are cheaper and simpler in construction than DC
motors
Switchgear for AC system is simpler than DC system
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
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Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Phasor Representation
An alternating quantity can be represented using
Waveform
Equations
Phasor
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In Phase
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Lagging
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Leading
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Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
THREE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
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Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
The device used for comparing the unknown quantity with
the unit of measurement or standard quantity is called a
Measuring Instrument.
OR
An instrument may be defined as a machine or system
which is designed to maintain functional relationship
between prescribed properties of physical variables &
could include means of communication to human
observer.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Electrical instruments may be divided into two categories, that
are;
1. Absolute instruments,
2. Secondary instruments.
- Absolute instruments gives the quantity to be measured in
term of instrument constant & its deflection.
- In Secondary instruments the deflection gives the
magnitude of electrical quantity to be measured directly.
These instruments are required to be calibrated by
comparing with another standard instrument before
putting into use.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Electrical measuring instruments may also be classified according
to the kind of quantity, kind of current, principle of operation
of moving system.
CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY INSTRUMENTS
Secondary instruments can be classified into three
types;
i. Indicating instruments;
ii. Recording instruments;
iii. Integrating instruments.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY INSTRUMENTS
- Indicating Instruments:
It indicate the magnitude of an electrical
quantity at the time when it is being measured. The
indications are given by a pointer moving over a graduated
dial.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY INSTRUMENTS
- Recording Instruments:
The instruments which keep a
continuous record of the variations of the magnitude of an
electrical quantity to be observed over a defined period of
time.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY INSTRUMENTS
- Integrating Instruments:
The instruments which measure the total
amount of either quantity of electricity or electrical energy
supplied over a period of time. For example energy meters.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
ESSENTIALS OF INDICATING INSTRUMENTS
A defined above, indicating instruments are those which
indicate the value of quantity that is being measured at the
time at which it is measured. Such instruments consist
essentially of a pointer which moves over a calibrated scale
& which is attached to a moving system pivoted in bearing.
The moving system is subjected to the following three
torques:
1. A deflecting ( or operating) torque;
2. A controlling ( or restoring) torque;
3. A damping torque.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
DEFLECTING TORQUE
- The deflecting torque is produced by making one
of the magnetic, heating, chemical, electrostatic
and electromagnetic induction effect of current
or voltage and cause the moving system of the
instrument to move from its zero position.
- The method of producing this torque depends
upon the type of instrument.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
CONTROLLING TORQUE
- The magnitude of the moving system would be some what
indefinite under the influence of deflecting torque, unless
the controlling torque existed to oppose the deflecting
torque.
- It increases with increase in deflection of moving system.
- Under the influence of controlling torque the pointer will
return to its zero position on removing the source
producing the deflecting torque.
- Without controlling torque the pointer will swing at its
maximum position & will not return to zero after
removing the source.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
- Controlling torque is produced either by spring or gravity control.
Spring Control:
When the pointer is deflected
one spring unwinds itself while
the other is twisted. This twist in
the spring produces restoring
(controlling) torque, which is
proportional to the angle of
deflection of the moving systems.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Spring Control
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Gravity Control
In gravity controlled instruments, a small adjustable
weight is attached to the spindle of the moving system
such that the deflecting torque produced by the
instrument has to act against the action of gravity.
Thus a controlling torque is obtained. This weight is called
the control weight. Another adjustable weight is also
attached is the moving system for zero adjustment and
balancing purpose. This weight is called Balance weight.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
DAMPING TORQUE
We have already seen that the moving system of the
instrument will tend to move under the action of the
deflecting torque.
But on account of the control torque, it will try to occupy
a position of rest when the two torques are equal and
opposite.
However, due to inertia of the moving system, the pointer
will not come to rest immediately but oscillate about its
final deflected position as shown in figure and takes
appreciable time to come to steady state.
To overcome this difficulty a damping torque is to be
developed by using a damping device attached to the
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moving system.
DAMPING TORQUE
The damping torque is proportional to the speed of rotation
of the moving system, that is
Depending upon the degree of damping introduced in the
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moving system, the instrument
may have any one of the
following conditions as depicted in above graph.
DAMPING TORQUE
1. Under damped condition:
The response is oscillatory
2. Over damped condition:
The response is sluggish and it rises very slowly from its zero
position to final position.
3. Critically damped condition:
When the response settles quickly without any oscillation, the
system is said to be critically damped.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
The damping torque is produced by the
following methods:
1.Air Friction Damping
2.Fluid Friction Damping
3.Eddy Current Damping
4.Electromagnetic
Damping
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
PMMC
Principle of Operation: When a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
force and tends to move in the direction as per Flemings
left hand rule.
Fleming left hand rule: If the first and the second finger and
the thumb of the left hand are held so that they are at right
angle to each other, then the thumb shows the direction of
the force on the conductor, the first finger points towards the
direction of the magnetic field and the second finger shows
the direction of the current in the wire.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Construction:
A coil of thin wire is mounted on an aluminum frame
(spindle) positioned between the poles of a U shaped
permanent magnet which is made up of magnetic alloys
like alnico.
The coil is pivoted on the jewelled bearing and thus the
coil is free to rotate. The current is fed to the coil through
spiral springs which are two in numbers. The coil which
carries a current, which is to be measured, moves in a
strong magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet
and a pointer is attached to the spindle which shows the
measured value.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
PMMC instruments internal structure
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Working:
When a current flow through the coil, it generates a
magnetic field which is proportional to the current in
case of an ammeter. The deflecting torque is produced by
the electromagnetic action of the current in the coil and
the magnetic field.
The controlling torque is provided by two phosphorous
bronze flat coiled helical springs. These springs serve as a
flexible connection to the coil conductors.
Damping is caused by the eddy current set up in the
aluminum coil which prevents the oscillation of the coil.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Torque Equation
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Advantages:
The PMMC consumes less power and has great accuracy.
It has uniformly divided scale and can cover arc of 270
degree.
The PMMC has a high torque to weight ratio.
It can be modified as ammeter or voltmeter with
suitable resistance.
It has efficient damping characteristics and is not
affected by stray magnetic field.
It produces no losses due to hysteresis.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Disadvantage:
The moving coil instrument can only be used on D.C
supply as the reversal of current produces reversal of
torque on the coil.
Its very delicate and sometimes uses ac circuit with a
rectifier.
Its costly as compared to moving coil iron instruments.
It may show error due to loss of magnetism of
permanent magnet.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Moving Iron Instruments Voltmeter and
Ammeter
Construction and basic principle operation of moving-iron
instruments
Moving-iron instruments are generally used to measure
alternating voltages and currents. In moving-iron
instruments the movable system consists of one or more
pieces of specially-shaped soft iron, which are so pivoted as
to be acted upon by the magnetic field produced by the
current in coil.
There are two general types of moving-iron instruments
namely:
1. Repulsion (or double iron) type
2. Attraction (or single-iron) type
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Moving-iron instrument
An attraction type of moving-iron
diagrammatically in Figure. When
solenoid, a pivoted soft-iron disc
the solenoid and the movement
move across a scale.
In the repulsion type moving-iron instrument shown
diagrammatically in Figure, two pieces of iron are placed
inside the solenoid, one being fixed, and the other
attached to the spindle carrying the pointer.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
instrument is shown
current flows in the
is attracted towards
causes a pointer to
The brief description of different components of
a moving-iron instrument is given below:
Moving element: a small piece of soft iron in the form of
a vane or rod.
Coil: to produce the magnetic field due to current
flowing through it and also to magnetize the iron pieces.
In repulsion type, a fixed vane or rod is also used and
magnetized with the same polarity.
Control torque is provided by spring or weight (gravity).
Damping torque is normally pneumatic, the damping
device consisting of an air chamber and a moving vane
attached to the instrument spindle.
Deflecting torque produces a movement on an
aluminum pointer over a graduated scale.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Repulsion type:
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Attraction type:
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Working:
The deflecting torque in any moving-iron instrument is due
to forces on a small piece of magnetically soft iron that is
magnetized by a coil carrying the operating current. In
repulsion type movingiron instrument consists of two
cylindrical soft iron vanes mounted within a fixed currentcarrying coil. One iron vane is held fixed to the coil frame
and other is free to rotate, carrying with it the pointer shaft.
Two irons lie in the magnetic field produced by the coil that
consists of only few turns if the instrument is an ammeter
or of many turns if the instrument is a voltmeter.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Working:
Current in the coil induces both vanes to become
magnetized and repulsion between the similarly
magnetized vanes produces a proportional rotation. The
deflecting torque is proportional to the square of the
current in the coil, making the instrument reading is a true
RMS quantity Rotation is opposed by a hairspring that
produces the restoring torque. Only the fixed coil carries
load current, and it is constructed so as to withstand high
transient current.
Moving iron instruments having scales that are nonlinear
and somewhat crowded in the lower range of calibration
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Advantages:
The instruments are suitable for use in AC and DC
circuits.
The instruments are robust, owing to the simple
construction of the moving parts.
The stationary parts of the instruments are also simple.
Instrument is low cost compared to moving coil
instrument.
Torque/weight ratio is high, thus less frictional error.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Moving-iron instrument
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Construction of PMMC Instruments
The constructional features of this instrument are shown in Fig.
The moving coil is wound with many turns of enameled or silk
covered copper wire.
The coil is mounted on rectangular aluminum former, which is
pivoted on jeweled bearings.
The coils move freely in the field of a permanent magnet.
Most voltmeter coils are wound on metal frames to provide
the required electro-magnetic damping.
Most ammeter coils, however, are wound on non-magnetic
formers, because coil turns are effectively shorted by the
ammeter shunt.
The coil itself, therefore, provides electro magnetic damping.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
PARTS:
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
PERMANENT MAGNET
RECTANGULAR COIL
CONTROLLED SPRINGS
ALLUMINIUM CYLINDRICAL CORE
POINTER
PIVOTS
SCALE
DUST PROOF CASE
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
MAGNET SYSTEMS
Old style magnet system consisted of relatively long U
shaped permanent magnets having soft iron pole
pieces.
Owing to development of materials like Alcomax and
Alnico, which have a high co-ercive force, it is possible
to use smaller magnet lengths and high field
intensities.
The flux densities used in PMIMC instruments vary
from 0.1 Wb/m to 1 Wb/m.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
CONTROL
When the coil is supported between two jewel
bearings two phosphor bronze hairsprings provide
the control torque.
These springs also serve to lead current in and out
of the coil. The control torque is provided by the
ribbon suspension as shown.
This method is comparatively new and is claimed to
be advantageous as it eliminates bearing friction.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
DEFLECTING COILS
RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE
WOUND ON ALUMINIUM
FORMER WITH LARGE NO.OF
TURNS.
WIDTH OF RECTANGLE IS
LESS THAN DISTANCE b/w
POLES OF PM WITH AN AIR
GAP.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
ALUMINIUM CORE
A LIGHT ALUMINIUM
CYLINDER
WITH
PIVOT AT TOP AND
BOTTOM IS MADE
TO FIT OVER THE
AXLE OF MOVING
COIL AND ACTS AS
DAMPING
MECHANISMS.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
POINTER AND SCALE:
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
The pointer is carried by the spindle and moves
over a graduated scale.
The pointer is of lightweight construction and,
apart from those used in some inexpensive
instruments has the section over the scale twisted
to form a fine blade.
This helps to reduce parallax errors in the reading
of the scale. When the coil is supported between
two jewel bearings two phosphor bronze
hairsprings provide the control torque.
These springs also serve to lead current in and out
of the coil.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
DUST PROOF CASE
THE
WHOLE
INSTRUMENT
IS
ENCLOSED IN A DUST
PROOF CASE
THE SHAPE AND SIZE
OF
THE
CASE
DEPENDS UPON THE
CAPACITY OF THE
INSTRUMENT
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
WORKING
IT WORKS ON THE
PRINCIPLE OF DC
MOTOR
WHEN
CURRENT
PASSES
THROUGH
THE
COIL,IT
PRODUCES FLUX OF
THE CORE
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
WORKING
THE FLUX DENSITY AT ONE SIDE INCREASES
WHILE OTHER SIDE DECREASES
THIS IMBALANCE EXERTS A FORCE ON THE
CONDUCTOR IN THE DIRECTION OF LEAST
FLUX DENSITY
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
TORQUE
>Torque, moment or moment of force is the tendency
of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or
pivot.
>DEFLECTING TORQUE=TOTAL FORCE*DISTANCE
=>Td=NABI
N=NO.OF TURNS
B=FLUX DENSITY
A=AREA OF CROSS SECTION
I=CURRENT
>AT FINAL DEFLECTION Td=Tc
=>Tc PROPORTIONAL TO I
HERE DAMPING IS EDDY CURRENT DAMPING
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
ADVANTAGES:
- The PMMC consumes less power and has great
accuracy.
- It has uniformly divided scale and can cover arc of
270 degree.
- The PMMC has a high torque to weight ratio.
- It can be modified as ammeter or voltmeter with
suitable resistance.
- It has efficient damping characteristics and is not
affected by stray magnetic field.
- It produces no losses due to hysteresis.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
DISADVANTAGES:
-The moving coil instrument can only be used on
D.C supply as the reversal of current produces
reversal of torque on the coil.
- Its very delicate and sometimes uses ac circuit
with a rectifier.
- Its costly as compared to moving coil iron
instruments.
- It may show error due to loss of magnetism of
permanent magnet.
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Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
DYNAMOMETER
This instrument is suitable for the measurement of direct and
alternating current, voltage and power.
The deflecting torque in dynamometer is relies by the
interaction of magnetic field produced by a pair of fixed air
cored coils and a third air cored coil capable of angular
movement and suspended within the fixed coil.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Single Phase induction type energy meter :
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Construction:
Driving System
Moving System
Breaking System
Registering system
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Driving system:
consist of two electromagnets : one formed by
current coil & other by voltage coil or pressure coil.
It develops torque to rotate the moving system
Shading bands are bound to make angle b/w the
flux and applied voltage equal to 90 degree
Moving system:
consists of an aluminum disk mounted on the
spindle which is supported by Pivot-jewel Bearing
system.
Rotation of this disk is base of energy measurement
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Breaking system:
Consists of a permanent magnet of c shaped
covering a part of rotating disk to provide
breaking torque
this torque is opposite to driving torque.
Registering system: displays the amount of energy
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Working:
When the energy meter is connected in the circuit,
the current coil carries the load current and the
pressure coil carries the current proportional to the
supply voltage.
The magnetic field produced by the SERIES magnet
(series coil) is in phase with the line current & the
magnetic field produced by the shunt magnet
(pressure coil) is in quadrature with the applied
voltage (since the coil is highly inductive).
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Thus, a phase difference exists between the fluxes
produced by the two coils. This sets up a rotating
field which interacts with the eddy current
produced in the disc(because of induced emf) and
produces a driving torque and, thus, disc starts
rotating.
The number of revolutions made by the disc
depends upon the energy passing through the
meter. The spindle is geared to the recording
mechanism so that electrical energy consumed in
the circuit is directly registered in KWh.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Working:
The speed of the disc is adjusted by
adjusting the position of the breaking
magnet.
For example, if the energy meter registers
less energy than the energy actually
consumed in the circuit, then the speed of
disc has to be increased which is obtained by
shifting the magnet nearer to the centre of
the Disc and vice-versa.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
Advantages:
The induction type energy meter have high
accuracy.
They are simple and robust in construction.
They require minimum maintenance.
They are cheap in cost.
Their range can be increased by using instrument
transformer.
Dr.R.Anushya,SRREC,Padur
