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Forging Drawing Processes

FORGE

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865 views5 pages

Forging Drawing Processes

FORGE

Uploaded by

Sanam Puri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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3/5/2015

Lecture 10 Forging & Drawing Processes


Forging
- Hot/Cold Forging
- Open-die Forging
- Closed-die Forging
II. Drawing
- Drawing Practice
- Lubrication

Forging

I.

Forged parts now include large rotors for turbines; gears;


bolts and rivets; cutlery; hand tools; numerous structural
components for machinery, aircraft, and railroads; and a
variety of other transportation equipment.

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Manufacturing Processes & Metrology

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Manufacturing Processes & Metrology

Forging

Cold Forging
Forging may be carried out at room temperature (cold
forging).
Cold forging requires higher forces and the workpiece
material must possess sufficient ductility at room
temperature to undergo the necessary deformation without
cracking.

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Manufacturing Processes & Metrology

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Manufacturing Processes & Metrology

Hot Forging

Hot Forging

Warm or Hot forging is carried out at elevated temperatures.


Hot forging requires lower forces.

Forgings generally are subjected to additional finishing


operations, such as heat treating to modify properties and
machining to obtain accurate final dimensions and a good
surface finish.
These finishing operations can be minimized by precision
forging, which is an important example of net-shape or nearnet-shape forming processes.

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Manufacturing Processes & Metrology

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Manufacturing Processes & Metrology

3/5/2015

Open-die Forging

Open-die Forging

Open-die forging is the simplest forging operation.


Open-die forging can be depicted by a solid workpiece
placed between two flat dies and reduced in height by
compressing it - a process that is also called upsetting or
flatdie forging.

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Manufacturing Processes & Metrology

Closed-die Forging

Closed-die Forging

Consequently the forging pressure is very high, and accurate


control of the blank volume and proper die design are
essential to producing a forging with desired diemensional
tolerances.

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Manufacturing Processes & Metrology

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Manufacturing Processes & Metrology

Forging Practice

Forging Operations

1. For hot forging, heat the workpiece in a suitable furnace.


2. For hot forging, preheat and lubricate the dies.

Several other operations related to the basic forging process


are carried out in order to impart the desired shape and
features to forged products.

3. Forge the billet in appropriate dies and in the proper


sequence.
4. Clean the forging, check its dimensions, and (if necessary)
machine it to final dimensions and specified tolerances.

Coining - This is essentially a closed-die forging process that is


typically used in the minting of coins.

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In order to produce fine details, the pressures required can be


as high as five or six times the strength of the material.

3/5/2015

Forging Operations

Forging Machines
A variety of forging machines is available with a range of
capacities (tonnage) & speeds. These are;

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Parts made by Forging

Drawing

Typical parts made by forging and related


processes:

In drawing, the cross section of a long rod or wire is reduced or


changed by pulling it through a die called a draw die.
Thus, the difference between drawing and extrusion is that in
extrusion the material is pushed through a die, whereas in
drawing it is pulled through it.

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Manufacturing Processes & Metrology

Drawing

Drawing

Rod and wire products cover a very wide range of applications,


including;

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3/5/2015

Drawing of Other Shapes

Drawing of Other Shapes

Various solid cross sections can be produced by drawing through


dies with different profiles.
Proper die design and the proper selection of reduction
sequence per pass require considerable experience to ensure
proper material flow in the die, reduce internal or external
defects, and improve surface quality.

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Drawing

Drawing Equipment

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Drawing Practice

Die Materials

A successful drawing requires careful selection of process


parameters. In drawing, reductions in the cross-sectional area
per pass range up to about 45 %.

Die materials for drawing typically are tool steels and


carbides.

Fine wires usually are drawn at 15 to 25% reduction per pass and
larger sizes at 20 to 45%.

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For hot drawing, cast-steel dies are used because of their high
resistance to wear at elevated temperatures.

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3/5/2015

Lubrication

Lecture 10 Summary
I.

Proper lubrication is essential in drawing in order to improve


die life and product surface finish and to reduce drawing
forces and temperature.
Lubrication is critical, particularly in tube drawing, because of
the difficulty of maintaining a sufficiently thick lubricant film
at the mandrel-tube interface.

Forging
- Hot/Cold Forging
- Open-die Forging
- Closed-die Forging
II. Drawing
- Drawing Practice
- Lubrication
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Kalpakjian S, Schmid SR. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology,
Sixth ed. Singapore: Prentice Hall; 2010. Copyright 2014 by Pearson
Education South Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved. PEARSON
2. Groover, M.P (2010) Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing, 4th edn.,
USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc

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Manufacturing Processes & Metrology

R Ramful
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