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Ever Closer Union

European studies

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Srdan Kercevic
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793 views316 pages

Ever Closer Union

European studies

Uploaded by

Srdan Kercevic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Themarintutorsandecos tea, up ot ot te seis Rasen Wags Te agen ome The mein areas of paley came canton wim ae" Con hp Pay ogc doa det Boat shat ser Trg non Been sbopinne ‘Tremanberexrant ron inne nt nde “rm at topemunee nn M rely tnd nate Sry ntien ran cman Genie sets en ssp sewer Seat ch ma oat Ever Closer Union ‘An Introduction to European Integration 4th Ec Desmond Dinan EX LIBRIS Spehar (© me me ite ne 270 ie mar Ng epactn cn emai h ‘itty Seman wana ctr pss Nope i pateton my bergen pede tweet rong Dg rae tr a yee Ser dy tina ts pron os iy ed atin i bein, Sys ct panama rena esr aad ro eee mtr of i imoec we Cp eae dee 5 Rieracaan gar Yr nt Ua ge of ean Rin nee, (eters ned cmon mabe S08 ora Stgrais fang oa pe nd rant we pend ata ne te, ‘Se rteiat fp ttre miplormanee pater SSE Sots serena den tay ‘yectrcecnenie tise WM, Conor, Cian, and Clio Contents iss of tasravions Preface Map of he European Union Introduction Part History 11 Reconstruction, Reconciliation, and integration, 1945-1957 What Fare for Ears? 9 ‘The Cold War, he Mal Plas, a Esopean Ietgration he Cal nd Steel Community and Baepean Defense 17 ‘he Beane an Alone Energy Commies 22 2 Uncertain Terrain, 1958-1972 France, German, ani Buropean neration 30 CConring he European Cosy ‘The "Egy Chae" Csi a he Latenbours Compromie 36 Keeping Brisin Ost 39 ‘De Gal's Depare and ihe Sp of The Hague 4 The Fit alert 48 3. A Community in Flux, 1973-1984 Benin Reogoiation wad Refeendam SS ‘AGererd Matte 36 ‘The aropean Monetary Sys 39 ‘The Brita Bodgenry Question 1 2» 53 Reviving European Ipaton 64 ‘he Extra Emcee An Aseive European Faament 68 4 From European Community to European Union, 1985-1992 ‘he Sige Barpean Act 90 ‘The Single Matt Progam and Cotsen 8? Economic and Moostuy Union 8S '5 The Emergent European Union, 1993-1999 ‘Tee 1985 Enlargement 106 ‘Te Road © Morey Union 109 ‘Toe Bahan mboglo 118 Resignation ofthe Sater Commision 127 6 The Unsettled European Union, 2000-2010 agement Unite Any ter Frm Fie 10 "Tweny-Stven 134 ‘Tay Refom: From Nice to Liston 143 Part2 Insitutions 7 The Commission ‘Tee Once Powel Presieney 172 ‘Te Uncle Commision 177 The Unoved Cl Serie 184 8 The European Council and the ‘Council of Ministers ropes Mot clive Ch 206 ‘The Comcllof Mins 21 2 103 133 m 205 contents 10 n Sie and Composion 237 Polis Gps and Tranwaionl Paes 245 Pe’ Roles and Responsible 252 ler Oznizaioa 258 ther institutions and Bodies ‘The Geert Coot 277 ‘The Court Anton 279 Ginalnive Bader” 282 Ages 293 Nina Punts 205 Interinstitutional Dynamics Comiviogy 310 The Bue 315 Fil Accounablty 32 Part3. Polides 2 a 1” ‘Agriculture and Cohesion ‘he Common Agua Pay 329 ‘The Internal Market and Monetary Union Competition Poly 81 omc aad Monetary Une 398 Economic Performance: Growth and Jobs The Lisbon Stacey and Europe 220 476 Berean nd 3 Reseuchand Development 442 ening wring 46 235 265 301 39 359 a5 15 The Environment, Energy, and Climate Change vironmental Pony 452 46 Beyond the EU's Borders Relat with Ober Comties of te Wider ope 498 ‘Tade Paliy 502 Develop: Cooperation sl Humanitarian Aid 523 47 Internal and External Security ‘snd duaice Exel Seuriy: Foreign an Defoe Polley 548 Prospects for CFSPand CSP 542 18 EULUS Relations Bound Be Cle S86 Lis of Acronyms ‘Bibigraphy Indet ‘Aba the Book ast a3 529 57 ss9 3 61 o4 03 Wt 2 41 SI 32 6 a 32 1 a 82 31 92 53 to 102 U2 3 ih m1 132 3 _ Illustrations ‘The Bre Lager Union The FounfingTeetinand Major Treaty Reforms BEC, EC, or EU? Chroooiogy 1945-1957 ‘Chonoogs 1988-1972 Chong, 1973-1988 {Choong 985-1992 {Chroooogy 1983-1999 Key EMU Decisions and the Changeover the Eu, iou-2002 crooogy, 2000-2010 {Commision Presidents (Comisioet pee Member Sate ‘The Secon Burowo Corson ‘Comission Diectrtes- ene and Services {Coun Formations Weigod Votes in be Count ‘The Council Presidency Rotation, 2010-2020 Allesion of Seats nthe Earoean Patient, 2009-2019, “Tuna in European Palmer lection, 1979-2009 Ress of th 200 European Parliament Elections nrpesn Patent Sundog Comics Cour of Aion “Membership inthe Economic an Sais Commitee snd the Commitee ofthe Regions Coniology ‘The Budget Discharge Procede ‘The New Cea and Easter European Member Sites (2008) ‘The Tee Stages of EMU andthe Convergence Criteria Responniiliies othe Europes Cen! Bank std de Euros ‘The Revised Exchange Rate Mechs os 10s us 1 1» 8 iss ma 24 240 28 21 283 a4 a9 zo 558 396 a 142 43 ua 16 matetions Slovakia Mes the Converse Citra an Adopts the Ero ‘Te Lisbon Goal, Steg, and Targets ‘The Anmual Policy Coorinaton Cycle ‘Rankings foe Comptes sd Ease of Doing Business ‘The dot Research Center 406 7 45 S15 Preface \Will the European Union forever be in flux? | asked this ques i inthe preface othe third eon of ver Cover Union plied in 205 That ton wea to pes couple of weeks ater French and Dutch votes rejected the Constutonal Treaty setng a ute period fx that sted Ul inplementtion of the Lsbon Treaty ie December 200, Adina sncersny bee the EU as I worked op thine ton, hi tei he form tf global nancial rss reesion ad th Greek det eis Neverhles, the notion of fax or uncertainty needs some perspective, LUndouteedly the ato the Cotton Testy athe delay nimple ing the Lisbon Treaty preoccupied olicians and oicas in the EU, andthe imps of he Financial eri as mised concems abou he ise of ecco rationals, he sly of he sale mart andthe fue of he es. Ye, "HeEU is remakably renin. Beneath te sace under the curing waver of political drama and econo aie, European integration ules ong. Despite pperances ote conta te EU i song than evr in range af policy ates apd comines, dough the process of enlargement an lose Soopeation with seighborng cours, 9 promote bit apd sec in Ester Europe and the Western Balan. The pst five ears have shown that "he EU i at impor and vibra ever bore. ‘asses Tete hs eiton pot nly by the rslnce and perv sivenes of the EU, but alo by te plthors of infomation avait on ‘Whea I wroehe Fit ion, the Web wasn itsinfancy. Ie fc ney ‘wo decade aero imagine ho auvivd witht Neverteles, emi {fim Believer inthe uty of books. Idee, the new and he od complement ‘ch other For instance, reader of the fut eon may ue the Webo keep Strat af cuenta. policy, and pola devlopnents inte EU, ‘hough an almost nite vary of sources, while relying on Ever Closer Union to provide «solid funn of information snd analysis bout the EUs history. aston, and polices Desmond Dinan Introduction ‘The Lisbon Treaty, the latest and probably the last major revi sion of te founda rete of the European Union, came nto ete in December 209, The treaty tok eight yer to comple. Offi and poli- ‘lan held an unprecedented Cowstuonal Convento: atonal poremenents ont no egsiaons ob ne ety rovisns Dutch and Pench voter rete the fie proposed ety Ish voter Teed te follow-on Liston “rey then accepted Ian the pest of tbe Czech Republi, motos Euroskepis, refed 0 sign the wet eto wal he ast posible moment ‘Thole epaode sowed hs aught he pres often reform bal Become the ohne of Earpean ine ration for politicians wa he pubic like Before consring the implications ofthe wea’ lengthy gestaton and cal bith tis woth asking why seloem was neces ia heft place The most ~ ns naan una pmacenrert oun ng fet sie and scope, which have expanded real follwing th ed of the Cold War and the sseraion of global thon. Tear efor helps the EU apt o dating itl nd extra hal longs, aot leat the challenge of enlargement ee Box 0.1), The Lisbon “Trey the fourth major teary reform since 1982 “The backround to tis prcular reform was the detrmiton of EU leaders ational government and EU estan lke seamine the EU; reise ital rangement strengthen hy destonmaking esc itysmake ia credible ieratonal actor: clay and in some cases exten ‘cope and mae te EU more acount, appealing, ad compeonsibe Is cizens. EU leaders were eactag othe organization's mans nade § membership that had moe than doubled in Tess han fica year apd ‘ocioconamic change, and a aiallatred inetonl environmen “Although all ede the rans for anew round of elo throne secs aon even semble so, why waste proces 50 proonged and Pint? Why doe the otcome—the testy nel —lok ike arate of 2 fren lorer Union ve Lge Union aun Gm pe ig Bau coe ie simpl, short, an noi th wets thor rafed document ai long, complet and diel fr exper, ane ined ly eer, 0 “The answer les inthe U's comply. The Lisbon Treaty i the atest layeto et upon previous lier of eat change, ping hak the founding lanes ofthe dee Europea communis Coal ad Stel Community, mappetcng and npeetabe? From having produced ext that the Aton Energy Community, an he European Bonomi Coamunty—in ‘he 19S Each yer ax emerped frm neve epsistions among matical _vermens ove the elzaton of European imtegraton i one is "napa ems New alae ne reeset yf the eoune of preceding enc. Unable lat Hon scratch and possibly 0 ‘ice shor simple, rsd, endarng document, national poverees have found bembelves revising previously revised teats, ang declare ‘ons and protocol a each tage i onder to gun's ligh advantage an aly ometc concerns (se Box 0.2) "The apn nd sears ofthe Lshon Testy ad the Contituona Tresty efor rveal ch abou thee ofthe EU more thn sity yeas afer te fist, tentative steps toward “ever closer unio.” Ce, tea) foam ‘hanging theres of what he BU doe now the EU does ti extremely “itcuks Governments cre aout th form an sce of Earopean integration ecause penal looses abd gals, and he dost poli stakes, high, [Ns Baropean integration hs lensed, the EUs spat on policy and pol ‘ess become fr more compan and import. ‘The EUs pervasive in pope ves Resiens fhe euro area—the ou es wich the common cameay swede reine f the EU's ex nvoduetion 3 a fw go itinerant Seuames Butters ranean a, Schein Re ear San Fe Oy bt re a tieahacaa meas meena, Sor, signed in Brussels in 1975. ~ Tose seg nin yal en enone Community neces oe i aed RUE eh ene aie SESRSEOe ras caleeeeeerenes ere a ei otter Darema res omits SI aet serge tego omy peers See ay caesar et tence whenever hey each no he pockets and pl out oes and ois. The EV is lio orient a ess obvious ways. Mos regulation afecing eve ay le, sucha rues aout produc safety, fodlbling and exvrnmert andar proce notin faim cps bt by goverment ic nd Iminiter, Camminvon oil, and members of te European Palmer ‘tovkingtopeter in Brssel and Swasbour- Te ang th European Court use in Lusrbour reshaping the ll landscape ouput Eaope Poople tnd oak for granted the Peis of Faropean tegration, ch ‘feted eros horder ave low roaming charge or cll phone wo, nd ‘heap sr tavel. Often obvi tothe economic growth geneaed by the fxistece a large, EU wide mvt people fret bout the float fro las Blzaton hey wor) abot obese, downward prereon wage an oc fervices andthe is of transational rime, fe secng the EU a part ofthe Problem rate than the olon While wanting the EU to lp siengco {nal ad external ee, any Earopean re ether unaware o ds five ofthe sides ta governments hae taken togster earn sya and immigzaton, extemal border cot poise and judi cooperation, forcgn pally. an nteratna peace operations. 4 Gver Coser Union Refeenduns on uty change give people an oppotnity o expres dis satisfaction wih the EU by either vig against the proposed reform or nt ‘ong tall Not tht eferendums on wet change lyse in defeat (a {ri Lanembourg and Spain approved the Consiatonal Tet). Never [ets far of defeat bs mae goverment way of puting painstakingly eg0- ‘td testy reform before the lore Ilad wae he oly county Yo old ‘referendum on the ison Treaty because waste only county Whose own ‘Sonrtuion biped io do, Many Europeans are minus of he EU fr eter reasons. Is sheer snecompsing eal tity counties ad $0 copes iti ae er ee Seleat ease ea ee ee ee eee ee eee ee eee a wears Fifer gence ays oyfots pan ee er een Se ne ermine Sea ee Sra aS caren che cater eee Sco oes ee Ses ee acceso ce Sa oe ae ee es Se ee wane ne Sues ee Soe eee ee eee ere ee ee ee eee Seeees ee er renege Introduction 5 erally inst them from having to ee power oes. Within the EU, Froponens of tht vewpin are found mostly in Brisin, «county with & Fray lifer steal experince and plc eltre om most thet (nee ses apd one tat rinses to ugle wi the piasopical and Prac impiations of Burpean intepation. ‘Oppnens of European integrin rally exaggerate he thet hat hey think be EU poses oat ey, nepednce, and interes, nth ming, ‘her cnr aon is dangerous and undesirable, ping the way for a federal ue vay era we sei nina Eman agin of rey ne iy, aden coma poh oneal ad owed Soe, ad eghrng eg sli Ber ere ayo nt Gily gi of icv atti, ling ees cone me tong of obs wd pie ses ne (5 at to mp rian ren eg say ht aT Une Se of ape chimes ot dey the xine fen elo of Eaope neon, tlt th th sig ct over ang Eapcn comes ere) god ad tna or th cou Coneted an fare wad a wok, Pope i ew foi lve pnt wha ey el be Europea rot aad Cone “Exe “rp Union” Jt sea sovereign ‘roan or any Eaoaepey sen oan any aves toe cee in “fe promi of hs books at Europea tran a 0! igor roca tee reso, On tle, ren neon hab Efe econ encered in ys that go wel beyond muro ela Sonof ean eres The EU sol odd ny wa ad enum by wh syn bt by wh oe owt feo dl police te poet igi of Tay The maser sn fectng sss token foe w extra sme: ipreive com> ‘nang, inte G0 ae mics nthe Eropean Coe What mats th {low-brogh, wieder asunrat can soe slice poll moneaton tosis cert ris Mar trendy nef Europea ean, ‘hn aes whe thc EU's er omg postures gees Cutcomes at mpov tees of Enos an ote Tes impose wo Soow wha Europe woud ook ike witout he EV Witine became of ret ity eno Buea nego, mop ore rer ned set Ge hase ben, et cen {row cma, fon Sent h Ue doesnt em at Erope {eof teas oft Othe developens and eruniztons sch he move tent loro ator he No An Teaty Organ hve been into ohapig Biopsy, Nevers Uo ecly woven tote crema, pia, an sos ic of comenpornry Europe tar itis imposible deny he impat of Earepean eon. 6 Bver Coser Union Chis woul aim that och an impact has at neces Been beet- EU: Undoabedy te EUas we know ita it ft a ailing Yet it Fiat refute te benefits ofthe single market progam or monetary unin, le alone the achisvenen litle short of mircuour—of banging the poor tile psttmunis counis of Cental nd Eastern Eo tots EU Sndthar crt nis table Wester pollu economic oer The st {wtion of the EU are by no means pret, andthe shaver of EU oficiasad pollicis tke officils and politicians everywbere—is not beyond ‘ach but the achievents of Furopean igo ate valuable The apne tis bok oto conve ender of the EU's vias ba to elke ively a corpetesie way what the EU i ow it came ent how i woes a! wht does: Tedinton rong the Baropean Eo ‘omic Communi, Eurysa Comaniy, snd Europe Union ea Be cas {ig Gee Box 0.3). This tok sms 1 clry an expla th erga and evel- opment of the Faropean communes nd the cont of he caenpray EU. ‘he book i ozanizn logially io toe prs inst, and lices—butnvishly the i everap among hse Someta wfc ce iis Fr isan, he try pa recon nitions nd pole Sevag ‘Ren: the ittions pr expres pcymaking process, an the plies art meron th so titan at, Nor possible ole every nies soil developmen istiaonal Teta or py sen took this siz, Neves Bver Closer Union nook ais tone who wan ‘old uenstnting of th EU wile wheting ther appetite or fener nai sox03 66.0 FU? Exropeen Union Ucar to etenca n May 1353 folowing pleat ‘coy 2" sandy wy sat nat oy te ee Be co IS arial commis. Aer Wasi eC beara te (Salpnt ofthe tae pony etaestangy em apSiders te ea {ion weny Oneonta S00 dd ery nine dang eet say pag, ‘re under the apie sly of te Eth book, “CEC” ed he ret fra tucicaly to cts tig to te nara rey texan re Eg Se ened when refering general to event bear 193. sed whan eee to crsomers ser olerentaton of te bs sy Steg Eyer the ty of reean mtgatn a ee oe Seewaayeee PART 1 History Reconstruction, Reconciliation, and Integration, 1945-1957 on zach foreign minister Robert Schuman smnounced a © ea to plc "the whele of Franco ean integration in the 1900 and Beyond i was no acident that the EDC fll {ie final hort of French aifcaton oe tht the pola! coma la {uted in the wing. Only with pest relctance had he Six conrad he Sueston of «defense community and the equally daunting chalege of 3 ‘pronation plea community. The oucome allowed them conceit instead on the in of nitive polly posse the 1980s an for many ys thereat: (Concered about the possible consquenes ofthe EDC enor for ‘ne Schuman Pl, Monet psd fr ely ation of he BCSC ety. fac proestve members, the rian debate was vel prodocee ‘socitions complained about the High Author's bili to infer in thei ‘us, labor groups froted abou te impact of keener competition, and atonal pls alld pane! the sappsed ona of spranains fam. While the BDC dette apd, the ECSC wety as nonetheless ratified in rational prams with relively ie ana (oe we 22 History ‘oe ofthe iss sil to be wovked ut wa he ite of the iitatons ‘themselves. Despite Monet's he tht a special ares analogoas othe Die tet of Columbla would be set tside for te ECSC, rational goverment: ‘cretaly seed on Luxembourg asthe ste ofthe High Auton. with Mon ‘ot asi preside. wae hte, inte capital ofthe sl sleepy Grand Duchy, that he ECSC began to fancon in August 1952 ‘The ECSC disapointed European eras both in its concept rame- work a ins cual operation. tae an nglamere organization ht ind ‘utelysjnbaized the high hopes of spats in Europe. Yer the [BOSC served vial pupae inthe posta wel ines of Fence German reconilion andthe ned oat of Eropean integration, To quot ht Gti: "Asopranatonlauhoty had Been ced ptetal maces fora European feel system would sve in ea of peace wet onc Ing hoses tetseon Germany ad Wester Europe, Tis was no grand se matin he manner of Westpi r erles, The apeement rae heavy industry pool hanged no borer, crete no ne lances, an eed ‘only few commer and all bist id mat evened the oecpe ‘on ofthe Fede Republi... By resolving he eal nd el conti at Nad tod teteen France ad Gemany sine the Soond Work! Wada, however, remove the min bale oan eooomic ptersip between the ‘wo nor These were by no means incesierabe achievements |The Economic and Atomic Energy Communities A fvoite metaphor of Europes federal depicts the EU as file cst ons ting ground onthe teacheroo sols ofan soveregy fa sellers, With each repair ad uu the stip gee tonger ile ‘vigor hazards are charted at exposed, Evenly one supposes, te Unies States of Europe wil resemble sqraaionalsypecaner plying omy economists, and security seas, nvulerable ote pei ark Ing beneath he mre ‘The fist relaunch ofthe commanity concept ok pce immesnely after ‘the EDC foundered ia 1954, bl here wanting neil aout the ei ‘of Europea segrato at tht ine. Cerin the ECSC contin to operate abated, bu twas ota sting stecese. The High Athy sgt in ‘in © forse and implement etecv ping ad competition polis fd managed only with iculy wo repulsteoer sspests ofthe coal ts Sectors. Yet the polical lessons of functional inegton were not st on ‘ational goversnent Despite the btees engendered bythe EDC debate, {governments wee Wiig fo main, or even eed, antionaleonomie ‘Cooperation ot ast for he sake of Franc German approche Fe - Aeconstruton Recanliaton and Integration 23 Aspe ia for economic integration, ote ear y the Dat, ive he defeat of te EDC. It clled forthe Sixt establish wait toward the rst ofthe wo, devise common policies ang Som ctr ad gai cone oust "sien too ambitions, enamored as always ‘ronal he ondaued to avoraesetralimegratn, Even while the ECSC teaty as tring negotiate, Monnet nes tha col was rap losing its positon a he si nti power aby extension, mary might Atomic energy had teadyrevoltionved siege decrine and seemed pised wo replace coal ‘lathe elixir of he ftre Aeon be sructed along the ines of he ECSC, in enor objectives and root the dt oa of Euro pen federation a athe ine, Its fo Paament ad Govers- ‘on he transfer of new power othe European insitatons “The impulse must herfore come fom witout (By resigning from he High Aubry, sal be ao jin inthe effort al hse who ae working to oninae nd elarge wht has bon begun” Monse' ebiee fr infae ing puriaments un governmeats wou be sal, "piate supranational organization” of Tenders Monet envistoned the commie a 4 power- hs now nae discos Mon and, moe Broly. fate of Earpean integration, ‘Belgium's forign minster, had prepared & Imemorad on teal ofthe Benelux cones suggesting ter tg tin lag the ines ofthe proposed atic energy come and common ‘market. The foreign ministers asked Spak fom cammiee and write a report on poste options, Civ the inact of ner years the Messin mesg came tobe mena turing porte the sory af Bao san iteration Spaak’sehsism for itegration had ley won him the oickname (gti A maf cnr a en Boel to da he report that subsequently Hore his mame, Spuak sere the ‘work ofthe various commie nd sebommiees. The Sask repo, sob tein May 1986, proposed th he objectives of atomic energy and Wier 20- omic tegration ke realized in seerte rgaiatios wi epee Spink andthe other foreign ministers aprecd thst goverment sould bes tgoations on what esta Bears the European Atom Energy Co ‘many ad the European Economie Community lass lose 24 History ew EDC Mae, SITE sata cllecten cpa St 3 Bop rocco cee bei Ror ‘Und Ste wig se mc ely es io he St Deine ope ate hp oo ‘Stmcng the ancora Lacy epee eae Soe ieee aa catyias ae Ta nea Fneteen ry rpc ‘who [nived the French government on European fair andsoequey pati [ued in he Euratom and EEC negotiations, emphasized in is mes “he ost of almost te whole of each opinion f the emval even aad ofthe protection which French industry enjoyed.” Tht hotly let intense ‘notations between the reponse on he one ad ad ea: ‘iat miners and huresicrats in Parison the tes. nation oitng for France inthe irgovemmenal conference, Majo found hinaelf wag ing reaguad action that he lle Te Marlin and oes argued the cae for cetoms union an common rmarket ont cn merits, while pointing oat that France cold ot hve he Aesable sonic enyy community without the undesiabe ecoooane com ‘munity. With the excepuon of Bis, which pipe inthe EEC nego. ‘ions ul November 1958, France's partes in he nergoveamental confer face were Keen oh #comman me a Baroe, The advantage of sich Sn outcome was obviog o Geman, alto the econ ‘ct minster, objected othe EEC onthe rout st would be poectonst ‘ud rtrd global wae iberalzation under the auspices the General Ape: ‘ment on Tif and Trade (GATT). As for Erato the eter cots inthe ‘egosations didnot share France's enthusiasm and doubted thatthe Peach sore expo atomic energy nly for cil projets ch ie ia, the real of an lid Anglo-French militay intervention in Egy. Only ‘se tech was esoved did Mlle foc is tation fully fe EEC ‘egoations. A you the Pench pment oa the negations Jnusry 1957, demonstrated the viene of thee In he end ypu dee © Improve the county's imge ater te EDC dace he legacy of he Src sisvandaconcem that France might be le permanent behind is more eo- omically advanced poightors cotlbued fo the governments success. Yet the oatere was clone, Only By parantesing clues inthe EEC weay tht favored France's overs posession ad promising ocd arcu the proposed EEC dhl the goverment cathe FF Reconstruction Reconeliaton and Integration 25 Having accepted these conians dering the ptsmentary debt, the French goverment hi o convince parent incorporate thm no the fea ety Te ter counties greed 1 0 ofthe Pees tha would acre tall fam: inpacbecase Belgium and the Neila would beet ss well fom exten FEC pi lige tomember state overs ponte: Bu thei eon fore ter Se re ane ane Seems sumer ecrcat pinta mironnmereate eee aes carnage Bern canctwone meen Saeauisen gaan nen See oe ae Shasta meresaaestee pelt py et iiracnet aioe dake Eo rereeeae ested eee ad See gee ec aeeentianmeee ee Sesto eotaneamee paises ore las} 26 History [FEC emulated tt ofthe ECSC bat nhided stronger Coun and a weer Commision, th litera more aceptlename than High Authority" for dhe new communities executive body nef, an sttiona sem was se ‘p(n the cai) wih he aif ing justice ob th etrgver- ‘ental and supranational eames In his monumental history of postwar Earpe, Toy Jad wars readers ot 6 “overestimate the importance ofthe Rome Tray exalishing the FFEC|"~* Tnded, he significance ofthe Rome Treaty was mo fll apparent the time, Mow Exopens in 1988 were ulitly to have etd of the ‘eho di would mossy ve hoop of i ech preamen among ‘Wester European counties intended to facia invest and tae. The EEC’ importance was topes profound Inhismeels, Malin, whose fee were fly planted on the ground and who had fought 0 had to make the EEC powible, deserted March 25 1987, he day tat the eatin were ged. as epresering one ofthe grestest moments of Eeope's story. Who ‘wold have thought drag the 19305, ad even dating te tn eas hat ft Toned he war, that Europes sates whi al Hac ering one anther apart foro many canaries and some of which, ke France ad aly til sd ery lose economies, woul! Torn a common make intended evenly tecome an sconomic area Bat could be Linked to one grestdymmic mar ‘Le Potaly as wall as econonealy, the ech of the EEC was major iso event, Notes 1. The dive wo da esa of Senn Dalton alae a napa gat: Teheran onthe Her of Ewe, ‘pre ea 2 Snir ecient Bane inn se Fa uch Jon Mount The Fi Seaman of rpc New Yor: Nan Toad Ptr Penn The Santon Pls ee ome de ant OF Been Geman errant ms Mr “Monet Mose p23 nyo pet ean rk ne: Oxted Urey ree ed te were 1861907 Bena: Bryat,198) ee Se 6 Tose ae rep Nino: wna. 416 Come of Eps Cont of rp, he ag. 71 May 148 (Conti ot Bape Feng. 1, "nthe Mamet Matin ptr rch exami eave ee Fone Lynch Pom te Inertial Eensny Pam chy soe Toa of Hoe (Cindi Rota. 197) 16-108 | Reconstruction Reaneiaton and integration 27 10.Form sunt of he rl Pl an lsanshp 0 Enos ity sos Greg Bamana abe ear The Maha late eto. [ono Pastor rope Now Ye re Pes, 20a Mel Hoa he Mesh Pan ert. Bren andthe Recostction af Menton Eo {19-1950 Cui: Cae erty Pres, 8), Hogan Marat Pan ps. 12 Soelei Rlt,The niedSuerand arpa Reconnection 145-1980 (oii Route, 3 4 Gor Lamesa “Emp” fama: The Unie ‘Sete an toopes rear, 195-1097 (Oar Oo Unerity Pes, 98). TST esr sto Alan Mie The Enon Rese fh Maton Sane to: Ro, 00), Seca TG, pra i OBEC Hitary Cais: OBCD using 197). Set We Youn, Frame th Cad War a he Weer Alan, 1986-4. ‘ach Fargn Poly an at ha Eup Ne Yr Stn 1550). in the cartes a lo Schuman Pa see Pe Geet, La etn upon Schama Der oe acai a ma 80 anes Cn. {es Retro Epes, Ese des HB, Unvriy Lanane, 9) is foran acon of ht dio, so i Cling, Cal Se nds ebro Buoy, 585-885 The Germans an rehome Confit ‘eBeomanc Conmanty Cuno: Canonge Univers Pes 9), Hone taf 903 a: gina Nene, 180, 19.0 Ait’ cammimunt 0 uope tn, se Dens Bark and ava Grew A nary of eat Germany a 1948-148 Ost Bevel, 9, iO of Hira. Foc elation fhe ited Ste ee ed es PRLS), 190) 90.038, 2 ee Adon, Preset the Creation: My Year i the See Depart (so a Noro 198, pra "2 Giga Cra Sone Reh of ape, 23. 2 Als Miwa he Remain of Wet Ege, 195-51 onde Met, p98 "Shara ews of Br pe td star Eure se An Mia ‘he Unt Rin an he Eupean Comma, va The Rad Pal f oval Sey 45-944 Lembo Cae 500) ‘isle hace The Lie an mer of ret Bo, 3 Fong Sctary 1948195 (London Hononan 198) pe 313, "F, Miward Recaro, pk 2% Gg a Se a oe Rei of pe, . 29. 1B. Monnet Moers p 5 oe eatin, he nan Des Comma A Hy ew “SI'S Rtid iio, rope Pt Conn (Lan: Fer Ts, 2x00) "2 Gingham, oa Sead ae Rei of Bape. 297.298 ‘te Enipae Communion” nail Organon 19 (989) 93 FF 28 Hatory (Gate Bo None 159) a Tos Her The Pontos of aie Ea eon Iegraton ern Prone German Brn the 80h Ve 13-187 p32. Uncertain Terrain, Fo pny: Me oe 1958-1972 ‘Weide ana Non 199) 92 3 Matin re of urapen Uni 9. 296 40. Hansen Kiss,“ Tis of Rae (988-5). Roy Pe ‘ef apan nic ons om in Pa “amy ad lsu A Hiry of ape Since 1845 tomo: Pong, 20s) 308, ia 1 vin Are of Eup ip. 06 ‘Theee individuals, all French, have contributed most to shap- ing te European Ucn Yetf th EU ever it panoon fr tsheoes, oy oof ta woul bbe ee The es Mrs ne ie th pace. The secon ‘Commission presen rom 1985 1 ‘cold roe ae Nee atmos eq een Bt be set of cs m8 oto, wal ele ENT eliggn ag or vit rope of BU aoa Et, Gules ste npn fe me vat ner Sic non nl ie eval of Europes sep ve 980. ina Omics cms pcan ep ws fr fo segine Tiegh sep adn co BU aoe an npn 0 {slo ees aor te Can Apis aly (CAD) ove ‘Sinmun Gol Inte 960 CaP war teh symbole Com ‘ony sry anced ence destning Weer urpean a {Se Me moran itu CAP bee wit ne ens opens ‘Sammy (2) or rants nd ety wed o ogra ro pest iehip, De Gal had ten in North Aon ring the wa, ing oe Ii policies ener of he Fee French Movement. Moemilian ht bes there a well a hihlevel British representative. As Malan’ iogrpher eta, "But for Macmillan sippot for de Cauleagunt Roosevelt an {Choi i 1943), aoe cen de Gale woul ot have teen Pai the bel, in 958° De Gale may hve owedMacmilin shape pica de, tace mas no abot op of by eng Bein’ path to EC members. ‘twa th accession neptiions Brass uch bce med i 8 nas of etal deta, ny over ase, the Commons a the EEFTA.A Bish gover pp uid the problems in al dee wes In scale, Betas twin poles of tying low-priced food onthe word ms and ping fcr dct ice apport were mcongle wth the pine pies ol he CAP Aso the Commonwenthy Bran Fee he pc ons a Ine pomesion fd darption of tational ae pater Fly. 2 Fn white paper (fics goversment doce) ae, "sven (Brit's) ‘gations oor EFTA partner, we sou ot eal ojo the Community {le aie upon... way and means of mesing the eit eres" Developments a Anglo-American relations overshadowed the aceon epson Mater came to a headin Dicer 1962 at a mecting in as Sau between Mcmillan and Keay to nego new Anglo-American ‘mse aco, Under he er ofthe grement, Briain would we US mi ‘Ses asthe delivery syste for Bish nclear warheads, Moreover, Brits cea force wou be npr ito NATO, except when te government “uy dei tht spree atonal interests ea stae™ or de Gulley who a the time war srgping to develop the reach clea force, the Nassau gremient rretented a daming werent of 34 ‘rei Brin had eligushed oth Unto Stes ecolgia and tae iBcresponnility fora apposed independent nuclear eterent. There could fave ben no more graphic demonstration of Brisa’ reconcabity Wi de ‘Gauls vison ofan independent Europe De Gale ow had an el excuse to trea the elargemeat negotiations He di so dramatically Having teen asked if he could "eine wasds Betas ty ino the Common Market” de Gal a that he would endeavor to ‘ely clearly” He ten unched into an ansver that was almost 2.000 words Teng. The ist fi was thai Beta joined at is se, te BC wou ot nde for long [bt instead would become a colossal Aantc community Uncertain Terrain. 44 under American domination and diecton"? This amounted 0 2 eto of Bri pti server remark, the “rss amore” provoked by de Gauls statement "Seas ot of Tong drain beau the concen of Pane’ pater to pach the Community forward war nronger tha heir ation with Feach Mh ‘nines Though they rereted How the negttions had came 102 Ed any noc ad EC officials ared that Brain wasnt yt ready for Imemberhip. As Marjolin noted, de Gaulle’ decison to close te dot 0 iain “offended Francs continental partners possibly owe tough fm ‘han ough its content ‘The susgension of Brisi’s application was a polical disaster for ‘Macrilan,who cou ot have fad to nace tat de Gale was fr fom Inoue in is eeton of Brn’ canacy. Thee wat ning todo at Sait fivorsbe time for Briain to realy for membership. ejected, Mcmils signed ia October 163, repertoily because of ba ealtt—bat be went ont. us retirement ‘Whe the Latour Pay Wasi power. Harold Wilson was sil equiva abot the BC ata it economia ‘ative oe. f anything, Bea's growing commercial contacts eth the ‘tient reamed the argeny of accession. Like Macmillan before hi ‘Wilken hoped to overcome French opposition 1 Brsheny by cuivating de Gale, od on Wikon's own ambivalence shout the Anglo-Ameian Spe al elionip, ‘The Commision sed favrble opinion of Brain's application, and Prepaatins went ead o resume ances sepiions Te, ia anther of bis famous wage-managed pres conferences, December 1967, de Galle nounced tht Britin's entry "would bviesly mean the breaking Up of « ‘Commi tat has sen il nd that funtion acorn wo res which Srnld not bear such a omumenal exception.” Thee was no longer any ‘out about the se, A weak Iter Bruin again shld is application. De ‘Gaul blocked Britains second tempt jon the EC for esetaly the save teats at before Despite Wilson's personal ambivalence aboot the United Stes, Anglo-American elaine reaied fendanentally sound to, inde Gaol’ view conse an insuperable baie © Bash membership. 1 De Gaulles Departure and the Spirit of The Hague ones iterations devslopoents in 1968 abr ened the Gault ison of Fev grande De Gal's fot frig iy ha inde Kir tothe cnet of grewng domi disainacon. Posing gd edna 2 Histo system and stagnant ving sana ins of students and Workers pred onto French iy sbets. Aer 2 month of une the Fit Republic seemed onthe bik of collapse. What sted ty yeaps was te tawilignese or ina ofthe Camis Pry explo he sition fly. “The government uo srved, bt not eas of de Gale, who ed Paris at thetic ofthe rss ving is rine miner, Gzoges Pris, ida teluion. Pompe feted willingness to pays postive rl in tbe Community. A General Malaise Attough ives to ave po Britain’ rubles to rest the EC found seta frat inthe i 1970 Beane ofthe goverment’ ably or unwlingnes ‘ACommunityin ue 57 10 ekle economic and politcal problems ona Commaniy-wie bss Stil ‘nderioed pola soiariy and vite jeopardizing cure! evel of eco ‘om itegrtion, Faced wth igh fiation and unemployment, over mente Spied an ary of nontrif Baris and other protectionist measures hat Impede the emergence ofa single musket. Disputes over badge conto sd comport wo famers forthe pt of Suctating exchange aes 00 Plans fr Economic und Monet Union were an eal vit of this ation Taugched i 1972 with are dat fo fll ple: ‘entation a 1980, hardly got of the ground, National eamencis wile in fd ut ofthe “anak” The mar, taoyed by Germanys lw inflation and Inrge trade urls, pushed trough the top the pod. ane api, weak rade dei, fel rough he ar’ es, eur summits appsies alow Schmit Wath he antaed asp of economi and moatary issues, Oscard and Schmit aw the Euro en Council an ial frum in which o dominate the EC. ‘As expected, meting ofthe Buropean Coun proved a stage for de ing Sci Giscardperfrmances tha helped ital semblance of nit ‘uring un acutely iapiclous tne, The fy betwee the wo leaders a immediate They Rad stingy diferent charles and pesos — Gia hgh, Olympian. condescending Schmit peteticusly inpretr ‘ious, mond, an terpeamenal, a gure ou of Whe Buse, Ee karse- Imus cap at pipe" But both were sed, aise, anNghy itp Bele rctng be ight lc in ie nape soutien ey trol elie ines ier, GSES NSCS rieged Parner ht of Hig Senin’ kon Feaso- ‘Gena lations i th 197 sam ap he echelon between them: Gong wel beyond the ramewor ofthe 1963 Ege Tet, Grd tn Sch go ogee ono dine, poke fea on he pons, ‘ctl ellen th ngs of mult oetings Dsps h ope ‘bee of an eny PancoCertanwlsen dp bed on pine fendi cen the president an the chancel, bth sides worked ard 1 soe ‘ccasina dsptes and ese inevitable tio. As Willa Wallace observe, 58 History “The sucess ofthe Franco German relationship fn the 19705 and 9804 i ‘eeu of determination to accommodate dveget interes trough postive pica ston, io explain and footer dfeences an to minimize tcc pace nota sop recon of cavergence in econo, industrial, political rsccuriy intrest and ontloc" Iwas an prose cospicansl absent fom Brin’ dealings with eter member tates "With the econo rosesson conning uate, nthe mie 1970 Gite car an Sch were engaged in ile moe tan damage con ven in the bow of tes, Gicar ad Schi’s approach 1 EC uffirs would not time fais the Kind of renaissance that tbe Corsa enjoyed a decade lace. Schmit’ repo statment that "Europe ean only be brought forward bythe wll of few sttexen, ad not by sans of repulsion: ad han ‘ade of mineral counts" nas only half Taftntion wth each ter boise ober ads. Regal ofthe ie f the Eunpean Coun and the stat of relations snot ts ny oe os ancy he ‘Scan yor etonmn Me dt aeeeaettomne warps OE Se an pe my pete ee ee eee saremeear ee pane teaser Commo Be ee ann wars ol md nsered with vous powiblesostions ba over injected ino the proces the poi wil so desperatly lacking “he it of ind par ws Op, ving ten rs by te tion recommending way ounce Europea tes Se ln remission a on ety 1 eda Eoghan onthe ional erm anda mode exe ‘Son of Community competence. Few national leaders were pen 1 his ies: Gina tok he ed and ile he oper wi tend of buresncraie {opty tht Tide ha ott complied ou. Nationa ead eva thie foreign nists to consider the ep: the foreign minsers Acommuniyin fir 59 ‘kod tee eo officals todo. The ea officials eporsdon the ept "ode frig ministers the frcign miners epee the ep ep to "he mation ender, ho asked Temas fri fot ane the mater Anathrhigh-evel repr, tht ofthe ae te *"The Feo had rgnated i's fered in report on time. Atte next meting ofthe Euopean Cour is curd ed with pleasure the report's cis a the Commision tendon ‘mel ofthe European Counc Beyond tha, he id not deve oo deep. Aer ll the report leit saconive Council presidencies for lack of ie ‘ion (he French presidency, inthe fist al of 1979, had been parically or) Nor did Gerd ie the eps ped observation tha poe eae ‘hp wa the in obtacle fhe BCs revival Ths ier a perfoneory is ‘sion at the Dublin summit he eport the Tre Wise Men ined th Ti

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