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Chapter 10

Reinforced concrete is made of a mixture of coarse and fine aggregates bound together with cement paste. Steel reinforcement bars are added to undergo the same strain as the concrete and provide composite action, transferring load between the materials. The talk will focus on reinforced concrete as a well-known composite material example, describing its composition and how the reinforcement improves its properties.

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415 views5 pages

Chapter 10

Reinforced concrete is made of a mixture of coarse and fine aggregates bound together with cement paste. Steel reinforcement bars are added to undergo the same strain as the concrete and provide composite action, transferring load between the materials. The talk will focus on reinforced concrete as a well-known composite material example, describing its composition and how the reinforcement improves its properties.

Uploaded by

Michael Harvey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name

NIM
Class
Group

2 D
.

: Achmad Jaelani
: 21060114130099
:B
:1
CHAPTER 10
In pairs, do an environmental audit for the following applications and materials. Use the
words and phrases in the box.
Application
1. Electrical wires in vehicles

Materials
Copper and aluminium

2. External walls in houses

Bricks and softwood

Answer:
Environmental Audit for Electrical wires in vehicles
Pre-Use It takes more energy to produce aluminium than to produce copper, if its
derived from ore. However it takes less energy to transport aluminium,
In-Use

because its lighter.


Aluminium is better than copper because its lighter, so logically the

Post-Use

vehicle will consume less fuel.


Both Aluminium and copper can be recycled. But it will more easy to
recycle aluminium because its lighter.

Environmental Audit for External walls in houses


Pre-Use It takes a lot of energy to produces bricks because they have to be fired in
a kiln. And bricks are heavy to transport. Softwood are more lighter and
In-Use

takes less energy to handle it.


Wood is better insulator than bricks which is an advantage, as the house
should take less energy to heat. In theory, softwood could last as long as
bricks, if its properly maintained. But in practice, that will often not be
the case. So, construction energy could sometimes be higher for softwood,

Post-Use

as houses need to be rebuilt more often.


Its possible to recover both bricks and softwood for re-use, but neither is
very easy to recycle.

4 What do you know about braking systems? In pairs, discuss the following questions.
a Generally speaking, what do breaks do and how do they work?
Answer:
Brakes are designed to slow down vehicles or moving parts. Often they work
trough friction, by applying pressure to pads which are pressed against the sides of a
disc, the inside of a drum, or directly against a wheel rim. Alternatives include system
that use electromagnetic force, system that exploit the braking effect of engines or
flywheels (via clutch and gearboxes), aerodynamic braking system (on aircraft) and
reverse thrusters on jet engines.
b.

Brake discs are often made of ferrous metal or sometime ceramic materials.
What kinds of materials are used in brake pads and brake discs in different vehicles?
Answer:

5 a.

a. Compounds of advanced materials in car


b. Ferrous metals in train
c. Rubber in bicycle
d. Ceramics in performance cars
Read the article on braking systems. In the title of the article, what do the colors green
and red refer to?
Answer:
Green refers to ecological issues, and red refers to heat. Hot topic is a current

b.

important topic
In pairs, answer the following questions.
1. why do most braking systems waste energy?
2. what are regenerative braking systems, and how do they save energy?
3. what characteristics are required of materials used for the brakes on racing cars?
4. what is meant by heat soak, and why is it a problem in racing cars?
Answer:
1. Because they use friction, which wastes energy as heat.
2. They recover heat and use it to power the car.

3. The ability to generate high levels of friction, and to resist the effects of friction
and consequent heat.
4. Heat from the engine being absorbed by the chassis, which can damage sensitive
c.

parts such as electronic components and plastic parts.


Match the materials from the text (1-7) to the descriptions (a-g).
1. compounds
2. exotic
3. ferrous
4. ceramics
5. alloy
6. non-metallic
7. polymers

A. materials that are not metal


B. iron and steel
C. combinations of materials
D. mixture of metals
E. plastic materials
F. minerals transformed by heat
G. rare or complex

Answer
1. compounds
2. exotic
3. ferrous
4. ceramics
5. alloy
6. non-metallic
7. polymers

d.

C. combinations of materials
G. rare or complex
B. iron and steel
F. minerals transformed by heat
D. mixture of metals
A. materials that are not metal
E. plastic materials

In pairs take turn to describe an object using the words from Exercise 5C and the phrases
in the box. Ask your partner to guess what it is.
Comprise
Answer:

Consist of

Made from

made of

made out of

1. Compounds consist of combinations of materials


2. Exotic comprise rare or complex
3. Ferrous made of iron and steel
4. Ceramics made out of minerals transformed by heat
5. Alloy consist of mixture of metals
6. Non-Metallic consist of materials that are not metal
6 a.

7. Polymers made from plastic materials


You are going to give talk on composites technology at a contruction materials trade fair.
In part of the talk, you focus on reinforced coontrete as a well-known example of a
composite material. Prepare your talk using words and phases from this section and the

following notes.
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of coarse (stone or brick chips) and fine 9generally sand
or crushed stone) agregates wih apaste of binder material (usually cement) and water.
When cement is mixed with a small amout of water, it hydrates to from microscopic
apaque crystal lattecies encapsulting and locking the aggregate into a rigid structure.
The reinforcement in a reinforced concrete structure, such as a steel bar, has to
undergo the same strain or deformation as the surrounding concrete in order to prevent
dicontinuity composite action requires transfer of load between the concrete and steel.
c.

Margit, a sales engineer, is describing a high-voltage cable. Before you listen, label the
cross-section with the part.
Answer:
1. Outer jacket (C)
2. Water proof membrane (B)
3. Armored Protection (D)
4. Insulation (A)
5. Conductor (E)

e.

Match the parts of the cable (a-e) in Exercise 6c to the following categories if materials
(1-5). You will need to use some parts more than once.
1. non-metallic a b c
2. metallic d e
3. ferrous metal d
4. non-ferrous metal e
5. polymer-base a b c

7 Imagine you are presenting a product or appliance you know well to a potential client.
Describe the categories of material used to make the different parts.

A tire is a ring-shaped vehicle component that covers the wheel rim to protect it and
enable better vehicle performance. The materials of modern pneumatic tires can be divided
into two groups, the cords that make up the ply and the elastomer which encases them. The
cords, which form the ply and bead and provide the tensile strength necessary to contain the
inflation pressure, can be composed of steel. Natural fibers such as cotton of silk, or synthetic
fibers. And the Elastomer, which forms the tread and encases the cards to protect them from
abrasion and hold them in place, can be composed of various mixtures of synthetic rubber,
natural rubber, and other chemical compound. The production starts with bulk raw materials
such as rubber, carbon black, and chemicals and produces numerous specialized components
that are assembled and cured.

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