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Experiment 6 Date 2/9/11: Determination of Numerical Aperture and Acceptance Angle of An Optical Fiber

This experiment aimed to determine the numerical aperture and acceptance angle of an optical fiber. Light from a laser was passed through various lengths of optical fiber and the emerging light was focused on a screen to form a circular image. The diameter and distance from the fiber end to the image were measured. Calculations using these measurements and fiber lengths yielded the numerical aperture as 0.4338 and acceptance angle as 25.71 degrees.

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Sanidhya Painuli
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174 views17 pages

Experiment 6 Date 2/9/11: Determination of Numerical Aperture and Acceptance Angle of An Optical Fiber

This experiment aimed to determine the numerical aperture and acceptance angle of an optical fiber. Light from a laser was passed through various lengths of optical fiber and the emerging light was focused on a screen to form a circular image. The diameter and distance from the fiber end to the image were measured. Calculations using these measurements and fiber lengths yielded the numerical aperture as 0.4338 and acceptance angle as 25.71 degrees.

Uploaded by

Sanidhya Painuli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 6

Date 2/9/11

Aim:
Determination of Numerical Aperture and
Acceptance Angle of an optical fiber

Apparatus required:
Laser light source, Laser power meter, Optical
fibre cables of various length,
Optical fibre connectors, Mandrel for optical fibre.

Formula;
Numerical aperture: NA = n0sina = w/(4l2 + w2)
Acceptance angle =
Where n0 Refractive index of air
a Acceptance angle in degree
w diameter of the circular image in metre
l Distance from the fibre end to circular
image in metre

Procedure:
The provided source of laser is being
connected from the optical cable
Other end of the cable is being exposed with
the air medium in a dark place. The emerging
light is focussed on the screen .

Now, we get illuminated circular patch on the


screen.
The distance from the fibre end to circular
image (d) is measured using metre scale.

Similarly the diameter of the image is also


measured.
Do Repeat the experiment for 5mm 10 mm
15 mm etc.

Observations

S no
1
2
3
4

L
mm
8
16
20
25

W
Mm
10
15
20
25

Na
No unit
0.390
0.424
0.447
0.447

deg
23
25.11
26.56
26.56

29

30

0.459

27.346

Calculations
Mean = 25 .71
Na = 0.4338
Power loss m = - 66.6
Power loss 1.5 m = -86.1

Net loss = - 20.01


Result
The Numerical Apperture is = 0.4338
The acceptance angle is = 25.71

Experiment 7

Date 16/9/11

Aim :To determine the velocity of the ultrasonic


waves in the given liquid and its compressibility by
using ultrasonic interferometer .

Apparatus required
Given liquid, ultrasonic interferometer cell liquids
and quartz crystals.
Formula
Wave length of the ultrasonic wave in the liquid
= 2d m
.
Velocity of ultrasonic wave in the liquid.

v m/sec

Compressibility of liquid
K = 1/ v2p m2/N
Where
n = Number of maximum deflection in the
micrometer
d = Distance traversed by micrometer for n
maximum deflection in m.
= Wave length of stationary ultrasonic waves in
the liquid in the
measuring cell in m
f = Frequency of ultrasonic wave in Hz.
= Density of the given liquid in Kg/m3

Procedure
Ultrasonic interferometer is a simple and a direct
device having a high accuracy . It is an highly
sensitive and a delicate equipment.
Initial Adjustment

1. Inserting the given cell in the square base


socket and do clamp it using a screw provided on
one of its side..
3. Connecting the High Frequency Generator with
a cell by using a co-axial cable provided with the
instrument.
4. For Initial adjustments use two knobs on given
high generator,one marked as Adj using it
Ammeter needle is adjusted and the knob marked
as Gain when used helps in increasing the
sensitivity in the instrument if greater deflection is
desired.
5. The ammeter is used to notice the number of
maximum deflections while micrometer is moved
up and down in liquid.
6. initially keeping micrometer, in bottom most
position, and turning screw head , find n th max
7. note reading and record n +5 , n+10, n+15, till
n+45
.

OBSERVATIONS
Msr
Mm

Vsc
mm

Tr
Mm

23
21
19
17
13
15
11
9

30
48
14
39
39
41
5
18

23.030
21.037
19.048
17.014
15.039
13.041
11.005
9.018

=(tr2tr1)/25 mm

V=f
m/s

0.3980
0.3978
0.4060
0.395
0.3996
0.4072
0.3974

1594.4
1591.2
1624
1580
1598.4
1628.9
1589.6

0.7972
0.7956
0.8120
0.79
0.7992
0.8144
0.7948

V average= 1599.3 m/s

Calculation
1) Distance traversed in micrometer for n
maximum deflections d = 0.399 mm
i. Wavelength of ultrasonic wave in the given
liquid
n

0.799mm
Velocity = 1599.3 m/s
Result = velocity of ultrasonic wave is 1599.3 m/s

Experiment 8

Date 23/9/11

Aim : To find the particle size from laser diffraction


method
Principle : the method is based on diffraction
phenomena and is based on Fraunhofers theory. When
a particle is lightened by a monochromatic source a
diffraction or a ring patten is obtained at infinity.
The diffraction pattern given two light light beams is a
function of diffraction angle. It is composed of
concentric ring.
The distance between diffraction ring depends on
particle size.
D= 1.22 n d/r
= soucrce wavelength
n = bright ring order
d = distance screen and source
r = radius of spot

OBSERVATIONS

ORDER OF
D
DIFFRACTION CM

DIAMETER
OF
BRIGHT
RING
MM

RADIUS
OF
BRIGHT
RING
MM

SIZE OF
PARTICLE
MM

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

20
40
30
60
40
80
50
100

10
20
15
30
20
40
25
50

8.639

11.1
11.1
16.9
16.9
21.9
21.9
27.3
27.3

8.76952
8.52034
8.4969

MEAN = 8.60781 * 10-6 m


8.7 *10-6 m

Result The size of nano particle = 8.7 *10-6 m

Experiment 9

Date 7/10/11

Aim
Interference method for determining size of micro
size objects.
Apparatus required
Travelling microscope, sodium vapour lamp, air
wedge setup, convex lens,
reading lens, a 45 inclined glass plate.
Formula:
The thickness of the given material
t = l metre

= wavelength of sodium light in metres.


= mean width of one fringe in the
interference pattern in metres.
L = distance of the wire from the edge of contact in
metres.
Theory
An air wedge is being formed by placing two
optically plane glass plates one over the other..
Near the other end a thin wire is thus being
introduced between the glass plates such that it is
perpendicular to the length of the glass plates. The
light rays striking on this air wedge setup is thus
rendered parallel near the sodium vapour lamp.
These parallel rays are then made incident on a
glass plate inclined at 45 with the horizontal. Now
this light ray is allowed to fall on the air wedge
setup which is mounted on the pedestal of the
travelling microscope. The light rays getting
reflected from the upper and lower glass plates
thus will interfere with each other and form an
interference fringe pattern with alternate dark and
bright bands.

Procedure
The microscope (travelling) is being adjusted
so as to catch the edges of contact of the
glass plates.

Read horizontal scale reading.


Rotating The horizontal screws of the given
microscope and observe it traversing
through the alternate dark and bright bands.
By choosing Any dark band as the nth band
focus the crosswire and the readings of the
horizontal scale and be noted.
Rotating th,e horizontal screw readings for the
(n+4), (n+8), (n+12), dark bands are being
noted.
Using these values, the mean width of
one band is being calculated. The
distance (l) between the edge of contact and
the thin wire is measurd
The wavelength of the light source is
known.
Thus from the above
values the thickness of the wire can be calculated.

Observation

Order MSR VSC TR


Of
fringe

Order MSR VSC TR


Of
fringe

40
Band
Fringe Width
width

n
n+10
n+20
n+30

n+40
n+50
n+60
n+70

0.5
0.403
0.4
0.414

4.4
4.6
4.7
4.8

20
17
10
23

4.420
4.617
4.701
4.823

4.9
5
5.1
5.2

20
20
10
37

4.920
5.020
5.110
5.237

Calculation:
Thickness of given wire

Wavelength of sodium light = 5893 10-10 m


Mean width of one fringe in the interference
pattern = 0.010737 10-2 m
Distance of the wire from the edge of contact (l)
=610-2 m

0.1025
0.0107
0.001
0.01035

Hence t = 1.65210-4 m
Result
The thickness is 1.65210-4 m

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