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Assg 4

1. Show that for any inner product space Rn, the inner product of any two vectors x and y can be written as x transpose times a symmetric matrix A times y, where the entries of A are the inner products of the standard basis vectors. 2. Show that any norm on a vector space V has three properties: it is always nonnegative, equal to 0 if and only if the vector is the zero vector, and satisfies properties related to scaling vectors and adding vectors. 3. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to transform given sets of vectors into orthonormal bases for the vector spaces they span, with respect to given inner products.

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109 views

Assg 4

1. Show that for any inner product space Rn, the inner product of any two vectors x and y can be written as x transpose times a symmetric matrix A times y, where the entries of A are the inner products of the standard basis vectors. 2. Show that any norm on a vector space V has three properties: it is always nonnegative, equal to 0 if and only if the vector is the zero vector, and satisfies properties related to scaling vectors and adding vectors. 3. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to transform given sets of vectors into orthonormal bases for the vector spaces they span, with respect to given inner products.

Uploaded by

Ujjwal Thori
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment 4

MTH 102A Summer 2015


1. Let <, > be any inner product on Rn . Show that < x, y >= xt Ay for all vectors x, y Rn
where A is the symmetric n n matrix whose (i, j)th entry is < ei , ej >, the vector ei being the
standard basis vectors of Rn .
2. Show that the norm of a vector in a vector space V has the following three properties
(a) kvk 0 and kvk = 0 if and only if v = 0.
(b) kvk = ||kvk for all R and v V .
(c) kv + wk kvk + kwk for all v, w V .
3. Use Gram-Schmidt process to transform each of the following into an orthonormal basis;
(a) {(1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 2)} for R3 with dot product.
(b) Same set as in (i) but using the inner product defined by < (x, y, z), (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) >= xx0 +
2yy 0 + 3zz 0 .
4. Let U be a proper subspace of the inner product space V . Let U = {v V : < v, u >=
0 u U }. Show that U is a subspace of V ( it is called orthogonal complement of U ). Let
U = {(1, 2, 3) : R} be a subspace of R3 with scalar product. Find U . Also, show that
S is a subspace of V for any arbitary subset S of V.
5. Let U1 and U2 be subspaces of a vector space V . We say that V is the direct sum of U1 and U2 ,
notation V = U1 U2 , provided that each element of V has a unique expression in the form of
v = x + y where x U1 and y U2 .
(a) Show that V = U1 U2 if and only if U1 U2 = {0} and each element of V is expressible
in the form v = x + y where x U1 and y U2 .
(b) Show that V = U U for any subspace U of the inner product space V .
6. Let Rn and Rm be equipped with usual dot product and let A be an m n matrix with real
entries. Show that Ker A = (Im At ) and Im A = (Ker At ) .
7. Let A be an n n matrix and b be a column vector in Rn . Let x = (xi ) be a column vectors of
unknowns. Use the previous problem to show that only one of the following can have a solution
for x
(i) Ax = b
(ii) At x = 0 and xt b 6= 0
(This is referred as Fredholm Alternative)
8. Let A be an n n real matrix. Show that the following are equivalent
(a) A is orthogonal.
(b) A preserves length, i.e. kAvk = kvk v Rn .
(c) A is invertible and At = A1 .
(d) The rows of A forms and orthonormal basis of Rn .
(e) The columns of A forms an orthonormal basis of Rn .
9. (T) Let A be an n n matrix with eigenvalues 1 , . . . , n . Show that det(A) = 1 . . . n and
Tr(A) = 1 + + n . Further show that A is invertible if and only if its all eigenvalues are
non-zero.

10. Let A be an nn invertible matrix. Show that eigenvalues of A1 are reciprocal of the eigenvalues
of A, moreover, A and A1 have the same eigenvectors.
11. Let A be an n n matrix and be a scalar. Find the eigenvalues of A I in terms of
eigenvalues of A. Further show that A and A I have the same eigenvectors.
12. (T) Let A be an n n matrix. Show that AT and A have the same eigenvalues. Do they have
the same eigenvectors?
13. Let A be an n n matrix. Show that:
(a) If A is idempotent (A2 = A) then eigenvalues of A are either 0 or 1.
(b) If A is nilpotent (Am = 0 for some m 1) then all eigenvalues of A are 0.
14. (T) This question deals with the following symmetric matrix A:

1 0 1
A = 0 1 -1 .
1 -1 0
One eigenvalue is = 1 with the line of eigenvectors x = (c, c, 0).
(a) That line is the null space of what matrix constructed from A?
(b) Find the other two eigenvalues of A and two corresponding eigenvectors.
(c) The diagonalization A = SS 1 has a specially nice form because A = AT . Write all
entries in the three matrices in the nice symmetric diagonalization of A.
15. Find the eigenvalues and corresponding
eigenvectors
of matrices



1
2
2
1 1
2
2
2
(a)
(b)
4 1
3 6 6
16. Construct

0
(a) 0
2

a basisof R3 consistingof eigenvectors


of the following matrices
0 2
1 1 1
1 1
2 0
1 .
(b)
0 3
1 1
1

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