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Finite Elements in Electromagnetics 3. Eddy Currents and Skin Effect

This document discusses finite element formulations for eddy current problems. It begins with an overview of eddy current formulations in non-conducting and conducting regions, and the coupling of these formulations. It then discusses specific formulations including the magnetic scalar potential, magnetic vector potential, electric scalar and vector potentials, current vector and magnetic scalar potentials. For each formulation, the governing equations, boundary conditions, finite element approximations and Galerkin equations are provided. Example problems on skin effect and coupling different formulations at interfaces are also presented.

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Jandfor Tansfg Errott
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53 views55 pages

Finite Elements in Electromagnetics 3. Eddy Currents and Skin Effect

This document discusses finite element formulations for eddy current problems. It begins with an overview of eddy current formulations in non-conducting and conducting regions, and the coupling of these formulations. It then discusses specific formulations including the magnetic scalar potential, magnetic vector potential, electric scalar and vector potentials, current vector and magnetic scalar potentials. For each formulation, the governing equations, boundary conditions, finite element approximations and Galerkin equations are provided. Example problems on skin effect and coupling different formulations at interfaces are also presented.

Uploaded by

Jandfor Tansfg Errott
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Finite Elements in

Electromagnetics
3. Eddy currents and skin effect
Oszkr Br
IGTE, TU Graz
Kopernikusgasse 24Graz, Austria
email: [email protected]

Overview
Eddy current problems
Formulations in eddy current free regions
Formulations in eddy current regions
Coupling of formulations
Skin effect problems
Voltage excitation, A,V-A formulation
Current excitation, T,F-F formulation

Typical eddy current problem


Wn: nonconducting region

Air
J(r,t) = 0

Coil
J(r,t) known

0
Wc: eddy current
region
J(r,t) unknown

Maxwells equations:
B H, H B
curlH J 0 ,
in Wn and in Wc,
divB 0
in Wn,
J E , E J in Wc.
curlH J ,
curlE jB ,
divJ 0 ,
divB 0
in Wc. Assumption: curlT0 J 0 .

Boundary conditions
n: outer boundary of Wn
c: outer boundary of Wc
H n 0 or B n 0
onn,
H n 0 or E n 0 onc.
or
H n T0 n or B n T0 n
H n T0 n or E n 0

onn,
onc.

Interface conditions
nc: interface between Wn and Wc
H n and B n are continuous on nc.

Magnetic scalar potential in Wn


H T0 gradF ,

ne

T0 tk N k
k 1

Differential equation:
div ( gradF ) div ( T0 ) in Wn.
Boundary conditions:
F 0 or gradF n T0 n on n.

Finite element approximation


FF

nn

(n)

Fk Nk
k 1

Galerkin equations:

gradN

Wn

gradF dW gradN i T0 dW ,
(n)

Wn

i=1,2,...,nn

Magnetic vector potential in Wn


B curlA .

Differential equation
curl (curlA ) curlT0 in Wn
Boundary conditions:
A n 0 or curlA n T0 n on n.

Finite element approximation


AA

ne

(n)

ak N k
k 1

Galerkin equations:
(n)
curlNi curlA dW
Wn

curlN

T0 dW ,

Wn

i=1,2,...,ne
Positive semidefinite matrix

Magnetic vector potential alone in Wc


B curlA ,
*

E j A .
*

Differential equation
*
*
curlcurlA j A 0 in Wc.
Boundary conditions:
*
*
A n 0 or curlA n T0 n on c.

Finite element approximation


A A
*

ne

*( n )

ak N k
k 1

Galerkin equations:
*( n )
curlN i curlA dW
Wc

j N

*( n )

dW

Wc

curlN i T0 dW ,

i=1,2,...,ne

Wc

Nonsingular but ill-conditioned matrix

Magnetic vector and electric


scalar potential in Wc
B curlA ,

E jA jgradV .

Differential equations:
curlcurlA j A j gradV 0 ,
div ( j A j gradV ) 0 in Wc.

Boundary conditions:
A n 0 or curlA n T0 n ,

V V0 =constant or n ( j A j gradV ) 0

on c.

Finite element approximation


AA

ne

(n)

ak N k ,
k 1

V V

nn

(n)

Vk N k .
k 1

Galerkin equations:
(n)
(n)
curlNi curlA dW j Ni A dW

Wc

j N i gradV

Wc

(n)

Wc

j gradN

Wc

dW curlN i T0 dW ,
Wc

i=1,2,...,ne,

A dW
(n)

j gradN

gradV

(n)

dW 0 , i=1,2,...,nn

Wc

Singular system but improved conditioning.

Current vector and magnetic


scalar potential in Wc
H T0 T gradF , J curlT0 curlT.

Differential equations:
curlcurlT j T j gradF
curlcurlT0 j T0 ,
jdiv ( T gradF ) jdiv ( T0 ) in Wc.

Boundary conditions:
T n 0 or curlT n curlT0 n ,

F F 0 =constant or n ( T gradF ) n T0

on c.

Finite element approximation


TT

ne

(n)

tk N k ,
k 1

FF

nn

(n)

Fk Nk .
k 1

Galerkin equations:

curlN curlT
i

Wc

(n)

dW

j N gradF
i

Wc

j N T
i

dW

Wc
(n)

dW

curlN i curlT0 dW
Wc

(n)

j N i T0 dW ,

Wc

i=1,2,...,ne,

j gradN

Wc

T dW
(n)

j gradN

gradF dW

T0 dW ,

(n)

Wc

j gradN

i=1,2,...,nn

Wc

Singular system but good conditioning.

Coupling A,V in Wc to A in Wn:


A,V-A formulation
Interface conditions on nc:
Continuity of n A B n is continuous
Continuity of curlA n is a natural interface
condition H n is continuous
Galerkin equations remain unchanged

Coupling T,F in Wc to F in Wn:


T,F-F formulation
Interface conditions on nc:
Continuity of F and T n 0 H n is
continuous
Continuity of ( gradF T) n is a natural
interface condition B n is continuous
Galerkin equations remain unchanged

Typical skin effect problem


n
E1: E n 0

cn: H n, B n cont.

Wc:

curl H J ,

B
curlE ,
t
J E, B H

Wn: =0

B(r,t)

i(t)

J(r,t)

Wn:

Wc: >0
n

curl H J ,
div B 0,
B H

E2: E n 0
n
i(t)

u(t)

i (t )

Integral quantities, network


parameters
J (r, t ) nd J (r, t ) nd
E 1

E 2

pv (t )

Wc

J (r, t )

Wm (t )
Wc W n

dW R(t )i (t )
2

d
0 HdB dW 0 i( ) d L( )i( )d
dWm (t )
p(t ) u (t )i (t ) pv (t )
dt
B ( r ,t )

Voltage excitation (1)


A
gradU in W c
B curlA in Wc and W n , E
t
curlH E in W c , curlH 0 in W n ,
A n 0,U u (t ) on E1 , A n 0,U 0 on E 2 ,
A n 0 or H n 0 on (Wc W n )

A n and H n are continuous on cn J n 0

Voltage excitation (2)


B ( r ,t )

J (r, t )
d
HdB dW
p (t )
dW

dt

Wc
Wc W n 0
B
H dW
p (t ) E JdW
t
Wc
Wc W n

B
A
HdW curl
HdW

t
t
Wc W n
Wc W n
A
A


curlHdW
H nd
t
t

Wc W n
( Wc W n )

0
A

JdW
t
Wc

Voltage excitation (3)


A

p (t ) E
JdW gradU JdW
t
Wc
Wc

p (t ) gradU JdW UdivJdW


Wc

Wc

p (t ) u (t ) J nd u (t )i (t )
E 1

UJ nd

E 1 E 2 cn

Boundary value problem for A,V (1)


V
U
t
Differential equations:

A
V
1

curl curlA
grad
0
t
t

A
V
div(
grad
) 0 in Wc,
t
t
1

curl curlA 0

in Wn,

Boundary value problem for A,V (2)


Boundary conditions:
t

A n 0,V (t ) u ( )d on E1,
0

A n 0,V (t ) 0 on E 2 ,
1
A n 0 or curlA n 0 on (Wc W n ) .

Interface conditions:
1
A n and curlA n are continuous on cn .

Current excitation (1)


J curl T0 T, H T0 T gradF in W c ,
H T0 gradF in W n .
1
B
curl J
0 in W c , divB 0 in W n ,

t
E n 0 (B n 0) or

H n T0 n on (Wc W n ) ,

B n and F are continuous and T n 0 on cn .

Properties of T0
curlT0 0 in W n ,
curlT0 nd curlT0 nd i (t )
E 1

E 2

T0 n is continuous on cn .

A possible choice of T0
Solve the static current field in Wc
1

W c : curl curlT0 0

cn : T0 n H S n

E1 : curlT0 n 0

i(t)

J 0 curlT0

C
Wn: =0

E 2 : curlT0 n 0

Wc: >0

i (t ) ds Q (r rQ )
W n : T0 (r ) H S (r )

4 C
r rQ

Boundary value problem for T,F (1)


Differential equations:
1

curl curl T0 T T0 T gradF 0

div (T0 T gradF) 0 in Wc,


t

div (T0 gradF) 0 in Wn,


t

Boundary value problem for T,F (2)


Boundary conditions:

curlT n 0, T0 T gradF n 0 on E1, E 2

Tn 0

on cn .

F 0 or T0 gradF n 0 on (Wc W n ) .

Interface conditions:
F and T0 gradF n are continuous on cn .

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