FLUID MECHANICS

CHAPTER 1
LECTURER: Sarah Asif
[email protected]
1

SYLLABUS
1.0

INTRODUCTION TO HYDRAULICS
1.1 Units and dimensions
1.2 Ideal and Newtonian fluid
1.3 Properties of fluid: density, specific weight,
specific gravity, viscosity, bulk modulus,
shear force, surface tension and
capillarity.
2

1.0 Introduction
- This subject is focus on scientific study related to
fluid flow in closed conduit (e.g pipe) and open
channel (e.g river).

1.0 Introduction
Contd

Fluid engineering applications is enormours; which are flow

in pipelines and channels, movements of air and blood
in the body, air resistance, wind loading on buildings,
motion of projectiles, jets, shock waves, lubrication,
combustion and irrigation.
The knowledge of fluid mechanics and hydraulics is required
to properly design water supply systems, wastewater
treatment facilities, spillways, pumps, turbines, air
conditioning systems and etc.
4

1.1 Units and Dimension

Quantity
Mass
Length
Time
Temperature

Dimension
M
L
T

SI
kg
m
S
oC

BG
Lb
ka
s
oF

Notes: British Gravitational (BG) system used English unit, while

System International (SI) used metric units.
5

1.2 Ideal & Newtonian Fluid

Contd

Fluid can be divided into 2 (two) :

1) Liquid
- Able to flow and does not have specific form.
- Change to another form or shape if shear force
involved.
- Assumed as uncompressible fluid.
(Compressibles value has been ignored - too
small)
6

1.2 Ideal & Newtonian Fluid

Contd

2) Vapor / gas
- Compressible fluid.
- Density of gas/vapor is different based on
temperature and pressure required.

1.2 Ideal & Newtonian Fluid

Contd

Ideal Fluid
Known as perfect fluid
This fluid has no friction, surface tension and
compressiblity.
Although this fluid does not exist in reality, a lot
of researchers used it in analysis and
calculation of fluid.
8

1.2 Ideal & Newtonian Fluid

Contd

Real Fluid
In real fluid, either liquid or gas, tangential or shearing
forces always develop whenever there is motion relative
to a body, thus creating fluid friction.

Newtonian fluid

is a fluid for which the constant of proportionality

(where, shear stress proportional to the time rate of
(angular) deformation) does not change with rate of
deformation.
9

1.2 Ideal & Newtonian Fluid

Contd

Real Fluid
Water, air, gasoline, and oils (Newtonian fluids)
Blood and liquid plastics (non-Newtonian fluids)

10

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Density ()
Depends on temperature and pressure
Density = mass per unit volume or = m/V
SI Unit = kg/m3.
Example: density of water = 998 kg/m3 1000
kg/m3
11

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Specific Weight ()
Specific weight = weight per unit volume or
= W/V N/m3 or
= g N/m3
Example: specific weight of water
= 1000 x 9.81 = 9.81 kN/m3
where, accelaration of gravity = 9.81 ms-2
12

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Specific Gravity (s.g)

Specific gravity = specific weight of substance/
specific weight of water at 4oC
s.g = substance / water at 4oC
Where, specific weight of water is 9.81 kN/m3

13

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Relative Density (rd)

The relative density of a substance /liquid is
defined as the ratio of its mass density to the mass
density of water taken at atmospheric of 4C.
sub
Density of substance

Density of water
water
(Formula for rd and sg are similar if gravitys value is same)
14

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Example 1 :
A reservoir of glycerin as a mass of 1200 kg and a
volume of 0.952 m3. Find the glycerins weight
(W), mass density ( ), specific weight ( ) and
specific gravity (s.g)

15

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Answer 1:

W = mg = (1200)(9.81) = 11770N atau 11.77kN

= m/V = 1200/0.952 = 1261 kg/m3
= g = (1261)(9.81) = 12.37 kN/m3 (atau W/V)
s.g = substance / water at 4oC = 12.37k/9.81k = 1.26

16

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Question 1
A reservoir of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) has a
mass of 500 kg and a volume of 0.315 m3. Find the
carbon tetrachlorides weight, mass density, specific
weight and specific gravity.

Answer :
W = 4905 N, = 1587 kg/m3, =15.57 kN/m3,
s.g =1.59

17

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Specific Volume (vs)

Defined as the reciprocal of the mass density or
volume per unit mass
1
vs
SI Unit is m3/kg

18

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Example 2 :
If the specific volume of a certain gas is 0.73 m3/kg,
calculate its specific weight.
Answer 2 :
vs = 0.73 m3/kg = 1/vs = 1/0.73 =1.37 kg/m3
= g = 1.37 x 9.81 = 13.44 N/m3
19

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Viscosity
is a property that represents the
internal resistance of a fluid to
motion or the fluidity.
The force a flowing fluid exerts
on a body in the flow direction is
called the drag force, and the
magnitude of this force depends
on viscosity.

20

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Viscosity
To obtain a relation for viscosity,
consider a fluid layer between
two very large parallel plates (or
equivalently, two parallel plates
immersed in a large body of a
fluid) separated by a distance.
21

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Viscosity
Now a constant parallel force F is applied to the
upper plate while the lower plate is held fixed. After
the initial transients, it is observed that the upper
plate moves continuously under the influence of
this force at a constant velocity V.
The fluid in contact with the upper plate sticks
to the plate surface and moves with it at the same
22
velocity.

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Viscosity
Force which are needed to make a constant flow is
Au
where is dynamic viscosity,
F
y

F/A
shear stress

u y shear stress rate

The shear stress acting on this fluid layer is ( = F/A) where

A is the contact area between the plate and the fluid.
Note that the fluid layer deforms continuously under the
influence of shear stress.
23

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

du
The shear stress can also shows as
dy

SI Unit = Ns/m2 or kg/ms or Pa.s or Poise

(10 Poise = 1Ns/m2)

24

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of

dynamic viscosity to mass density,
dynamic viscosity

density

SI units : m2/s or stokes

(10,000 stokes = 1 m2/s)
25

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Example 3 :
A plate separated by 0.5 mm from a fixed plate
moves at 0.5 m/s under a force per unit area of 4.0
N/m2. Determine the viscosity of fluid between the
plates.

26

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Answer 3 :
du

dy
4.0 N/m2

Contd

0.5 m/s

0.0005 m

dy
0.5

(4.0)
0.004 Ns / m 2
du
0.0005
27

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Compressibility and Bulk Modulus

All fluid are compressible when subjected to
applied forces, they will exprience a reduction
in volume.
Volume reduction in gases are much more
compressible compared to liquids. Hence, gases
are much more compressible compared to
liquids.
28

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

The change in volume which accompanies the

change in pressure is given;
dV
dp K
V
where, K is the bulk modulus of substance
Bulk modulus is limitation for substance to
resist compressibility.
29

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

The bulk modulus for solids

and liquids remains fairly
constant over the ranges of
pressure and volume changes.
Liquids are considered
incompressible as the volume
change is very small.
K unit = N/m2
30

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Example 4 :
A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of
1000 cm3 at 1 MN/m2 and a volume of 995 cm3 at 2
MN/m2. What is its bulk modulus of elasticity (K)?
Answer 4:
p
2 1
K

200MPa
V V (995 1000) / 1000
31

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Question 2
If K for water is 22 GPa, what pressure required to
reduce a volume by 0.6 percent.
Answer :
K = 13.2 MPa
32

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Surface Tension ( )
This property takes place at the interface between a
liquid and a gas, i.e., at the liquid surface, and at
the interface between two immiscible liquids.
The out of balance attraction force between
molecules forms an imaginary surface film which
exerts a tension force in the surface.
33

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

This force acts in the plane of the surface, normal to

any line drawn in the surface and its tends to
reduce the surface area of liquid body.
Effect of surface tension is to reduce the liquid
area to minimum level and increase the internal
forces thus, surface tension force must be in
equilibrium.
= 0.073 N/m for air-water interface
= 0.480 N/m for air -mercury interface
34

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Unit : N/m

For interior of liquid cylinder, P

2
A spherical droplet, P
R

The pressure difference between 2 surfaces of soap

bubbles, P 4
R

35

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Example 5 :
An atomizer forms water droplets 45m in diameter.
Find the excess pressure within these droplets for
water at 30oC.
Answer 5 :
2
2(0.0712)
P

6329 Pa
6
R (45 x10 ) / 2
36

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Question 3
What is the pressure difference between the inside
and outside of a cylindrical water jet when the
diameter is 2.2 mm and the temperature is 10oC
Answer :
P = 67.5 Pa
37

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Capillarity
When a liquid comes into contact with a solid
surface, then the adhesion forces between solid and
liquid as well as the cohesion forces within the liquid
must be considered. It is also because of surface
tension of liquid.
If adhesion forces > cohesion forces, the
meniscus in glass tube will show maximum curve
,i.e, mercury.
38

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

While, if cohesion forces > adhesion forces, the

meniscus will behave differently, i.e. water

39

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Increasing of liquids level in tube can be estimated

if angle,which is between wall and liquid are
known. Here is the formulae;
2 cos
h
r
Where :

- angle

- specific weight
- surface tension
r - radius
40

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Example 6 :
Find the capillary rise in the tube for a mercury-airglass interface with 130oC if the tube radius is 1mm
and the temperature is 20oC.
Answer 6 :
2 cos
2(0.514)(cos 130o )
h

0.005m
r
(13570)(9.81)(1 / 1000)
41

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Question 4
Find the capillary rise in the tube for a water-air-glass
interface ( =0o) if the tube radius is 1 mm and the
temperature is 20oC. Given w = 0.0728 N/m
Answer :
h = 14.8 mm
42

1.3 Properties of Fluid

Contd

Next slides (pg 44- pg 48) are show the properties of

air, water dan common gases at standard sea-level
atmosphere pressure.

43

1.3 Properties of Fluid (Appendix)

Table A.1: Properties of air at standard sea-level atmosphere
pressure
Contd
Temperature
oC

Density,
kg/m3

Specific
weight,
N/m3

Dynamic
viscosity,
Ns/m2

Kinematic
Viscosity,
m2/s

1.29

12.7

1.72 10-5

13.3 10-6

10

1.25

12.2

1.77 10-5

14.2 10-6

20

1.20

11.8

1.81 10-5

15.1 10-6

30

1.16

11.4

1.86 10-5

16.0 10-6

40

1.13

11.0

1.91 10-5

16.9 10-6

50

1.09

10.7

1.95 10-5

17.9 10-6

60

1.06

10.4

1.99 10-5

18.9 10-6

70

1.03

10.1

2.04 10-5

19.9 10-6

80

1.00

9.80

2.09 10-5

20.9 10-6

90

0.972

9.53

2.19 10-5

21.9 10-6

100

0.946

9.28

2.30 10-5

23.0 10-6

44

1.3
Properties
of
Fluid
(Appendix)
Table A.2: Properties of water at standard sea-level
atmosphere pressure

Contd

Temperature
oC

Density,
kg/m3

Specific weight,
N/m3

Dynamic viscosity,
Ns/m2

Surface tension*,
N/m

1000

9810

1.75 10-3

0.0756

10

1000

9810

1.30 10-3

0.0742

20

998

9790

1.02 10-3

0.0728

30

996

9770

8.00 10-4

0.0712

40

992

9730

6.51 10-4

0.0696

50

988

9690

5.41 10-4

0.0679

60

984

9650

4.60 10-4

0.0662

70

978

9590

4.02 10-4

0.0644

80

971

9530

3.50 10-4

0.0626

90

965

9470

3.11 10-4

0.0608

100

958

9400

2.82 10-4

0.0589

* Contact
with air

45

1.3 Properties of Fluid (Appendix)

Table A.3: Properties of fluid at standard sea-level

atmosphere pressure
Contd
Surface
tension,

Bulk
Modulus,
K

10 3
Ns/m2

N/m

106 N/m2

876

0.88

0.65

0.029

1030

20oC

1588

1.594

0.97

0.026

1100

Raw oil

20oC

856

0.86

7.2

0.03

Gasoline

20oC

680

0.68

0.29

Glycerine

20oC

1258

1.26

1494

0.063

4344

Hydrogen

257oC

0.074

0.021

0.0029

Temp

Density,

oC

kg/m3

Benzene

20oC

Tetrachloride
Carbon

Fluid

73.7

Specific
gravity, sg

Viscosity,

46

1.3
Properties
of
Fluid
(Appendix)
Table A.3: Properties of fluid at standard sea-level
atmosphere pressure

Contd

Specific
weight,
sg

viscosity
,

Surface
tension,

Bulk
Modulus,
K

N/m

106N/m2

Temp

Density
,

oC

kg/m3

10 3
Ns/m2

Kerosene

20oC

808

0.81

1.92

0.025

Mercury

20oC

13550

13.56

1.56

0.51

26200

Oxygen

195oC

1206

1.21

0.278

0.015

SAE 10 oil

20oC

918

0.92

82

0.037

SAE 30 oil

20oC

918

0.92

440

0.036

Water

20oC

998

0.999

1.00

0.073

2171

Sea water

20oC

1023

1.024

1.07

0.073

2300

Fluid

47

1.3 Properties of Fluid (Appendix)

Table A.4: Physical properties of common gases at standard

sea-level atmosphere pressure
Contd
Gas

Chemical
formula

Molar Mass,
M

Density,

Viscosity,

Gas Constant, R

kg/ kg-mol

kg/m3

106 Ns/m2

m2/(s2K)

28.96

1.205

18.0

287

Air

Carbon
dioxide

CO2

44.01

1.84

14.8

188

Carbon
monoxide

CO

28.01

1.16

18.2

297

Helium

He

4.003

0.166

19.7

2077

Hydrogen

H2

2.016

0.0839

9.0

4120

Methane

CH4

16.04

0.668

13.4

520

Nitrogen

N2

28.02

1.16

17.6

297

Oxygen

O2

32.00

1.33

20.0

260

Water
Vapour

H2O

18.02

0.747

10.1

462 48

1.3 Summary of Fluids Properties

Relative Density
Surface Tension

Viscosity

Compressibility

Properties
of Fluid

Bulk Modulus

Value of fluid
properties are
vary in different
temperatures

Capillarity

Specific Gravity
Density

49