Name: Onisha

St.Jean
Subject: Biology
Title: The Eye
Teacher:
Ms.Burnette
Date: 14/10/15
Class: 5 WHEELER
Introduction:

School:
D.S.D.A.S.S

Can you even begin to imagine how different and crucial this life would be
without the ability to see? How would one begin to grow in love with their soul
mate if they wasnt permitted to see not even an image of him or her? Would
we be able to love? Would we be able to care? How would we show affection?
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How would we survive? How would it feel, when one is not able to have that
one time, life changing moment; the sight of your first born? Itd be devastating
beyond the ability of words to express; But thank God for sight. We owe our
sight to the eye! These small organs are what make life so meaningful. They
allow us to see! The eye is a light sensitive organ that enables us to see small
variations of color, shape, size, brightness and distance. Light rays from objects
are converted to nerve impulses which are sent to the brain. The brain is where
the actual of seeing is performed. Throughout this project the main focus will be
on the eye it functions, operations importance and all its factors. Hope you
enjoy! The aim of this presentation is to determine the processes of the eye as
well its importance.

Enjoy!

Acknowledgement:
First and foremost; most thanks praise goes to the Almighty for granting me
the life, strength, and courage in order to complete this project. Secondly, a
deep thank you to my parents for providing me with the tools that were
necessary to complete this assignment. Last but not least Id love to take the
time out to acknowledge myself for all the heart work and dedication that was
placed into this assignment.

Table of Contents:
Diagram of the eye .. 5
Functions of the various parts of the eye 6
Eye defects & Correction .7-9
How the eye works . 10
How the amount of light entering the eye is controlled 11
Accommodation 12
How we see colors...13

Diagram of the eye:

Functions of the various parts of the eye:

Conjunctiva: This is a transparent skin continuous lining of eyelids. It also
protects the cornea.
Iris: Coloured disc composed of muscle; controls amount of light entering
the eye.
Aqueous humour: colorless fluid.
Cornea: Transparent front part of sclera; refracts (bends) light rays to a
focus on the retina.
Pupil: Hole in the centre of iris; allows light to enter eyesball.
Lens: transparent, elastic, biconvex structure; makes fine adjustments to
focus light on retina.
Suspensory ligament: Attaches lens to ciliary body.
Sclera: tough, white fibrous coat; protects eye ball
Choroid: contains blood vessels to supply retina with food and oxygen ;
black pigment to prevent reflection of light inside the eye.
Retina: Contains light sensitive cells; rods and cones
Fovea: Contains cones only; most sensitive part of the retina; most light
rays are focused here.
Blind spot: Point where optic nerve leaves eyes; no light-sensitive cells.
Optic Nerver: Carries impulses from retina to brain.

Eye Defect and their correction:

Astigmatation:
This is caused by the surface of the lens or cornea being curved irreregularly .
Speially shaped lenses, which balance out these irregularities, need to be worn
to provide a clear image on the retina.

Cataract
This occurs when the lens becomes opaque and light cannot pass through, so
the person is unable to see. The lens can be removed during surgery.
Adjustments to vision can be made with appropriate spectacles or contact
lenses so that the person can clearly see again. Alternatively the lens can be
replaced with an intraocular lens.

 Long-sightedness
This is clinically known as hyperthermia, it is caused by the eyeball being too
short from front to back or the lens being too flat. As a result, light from distant
objects can focus on the retina, but light from near objects is focused behind
the retina. So distant objects are seen more clearly than near ones. The
condition can be corrected by wearing convex or converging lens.

Short-sightedness:
This is clinically known as myopia, it is caused by the eyes balls being too long
from back to front, or the lens being too curved. As a result, light rays from a
distant object are bent more than necessary and focus in front of the retina.
However, light rays from near objects focus on the retina. So near objects are
seen more clearly than distant ones. Wearing concave or diverging lens helps
the person to see far objects clearly.

Glaucoma

This occurs when too much fluid gathers in front of the lens, causing a build up
of pressure in the aqueous humour. This increased pressure inside the eysball
can damage the optic nerve. The sufferer experiences painful and inflamed
eyes, and a halo is seen around objects. Vision is poor and the sufferer may
experience sightless areas in the field of vision. It is associated with an
increase in age but may develop at any time from infancy on. The risk factors
are age, heredity, mypoyia, and general diseases such as stroke. It can be
treated if detected from an early stage.

How the eye works:

Light rays from the object travel in a straight line to the eyeballs. They pass
through the structures at the front of the eyeball, through the pupil and are
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focused on the retina. The light stimulates light-sensitive cells of the retina
which send impulses along the optic nerve to the brain. The brain then forms
an image of size, shape, color and distance away from the object. The cornea
bends (or refracts) the light towards the retina. The lens however, can vary the
amount of bending or refraction and thus ensures the accurate focusing on the
image on the retina. The iris is composed of circular and radial muscles and
controls the size of the pupil which then varies the quantity of light that enters
the eye. The iris closes down when in contact with bright light to protect the
cells in the retina. The lens is transparent and biconvex in shape. The amount
of refraction of the light passing through it depends on its shape. It can be
flattened (less convex). This adjustment is needed for focusing on objects that
are different distances away.

How the amount of light entering the

eye is controlled:
Light enters via the clear cornea of the eye. Its intensity is controlled by the
adjustable diaphragm, the iris. The light passes through the iris opening called
the pupil, and is focused by the lens on the retina. When the pupil is wide open,
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more light enters the eye than when the pupil is small. In bright lights the pupil
contracts to protect the excess light which could damage cells in retina, and
when in dim lights the pupil relaxes. This is how the eye controls the amount of
light which enters into it.

Accommodation:
The adjustment of the lens for focusing on near and distant images is called
accommodation. The lens is connected by ligaments to the ring shaped ciliary
muscle. Contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscle affects the tension in
the ligaments which changes the shape of the lens. When focusing on a distant
object, the ciliary muscle relaxes. This pulls the suspensory ligaments tight
which makes the lens flattened (less convex). This shape refracts the light less
and the image is focused sharply on the retina. When focusing on a near
object, the ciliary muscle contracts. This reduces the tension on the suspensory
ligaments and they slacken. The ligaments pull less on the lens and it becomes
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more rounded (more convex). A much curved shape refracts the light more.
The image is again sharp on the retina. (But there is less focus)

How we see colours:

The human eye and brain together translate light into color. Light receptors
within the eye transmit messages to the brain, which produces the familiar
sensations of color. When light hits an object ;say, a banana the object
absorbs some of the light and reflects the rest of it. Which wavelengths are
reflected or absorbed depends on the properties of the object. For a ripe
banana, wavelengths of about 570 to 580 nanometers bounce back. These are
the wavelengths of yellow light. Colour blindness is sometimes caused by
heredity; But there are other causes such as shaken Baby Syndrome: This can
cause retina and brain damage and therefore can cause color blindness in
infants and children. The damage is permanent so the effects will be carried on
into adult life. Trauma: Similar to above, accidents and other traumas can
cause swelling in the visual processing center of the brain the occipital lobe.
UV Damage: Typically caused during childhood where over-exposure to UV rays
causes degeneration of the retina, this is the leading cause of blindness in the
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world however the damage often only presents itself during a persons mature
years. Inherited color blindness is usually the result of receiving a genetically
mutated gene on the X chromosome; however research has shown that
mutations that can lead to color blindness originate from in excess of 19
different chromosomes and many different genes. Gene mutation on the X
chromosome is most common and also explains why (depending on nationality)
some 7% of males, but less than 1% of females exhibit color blindness of some
form.Males only have one X chromosome, whereas females have two. In
females, if one X chromosome is defective, the normal one will protect the
woman from being color blind. Females who have a defective gene are carriers,
their sons have a 50% chance of being color blind, and their daughters have a
50% chance of becoming a carrier. Females who suffer color blindness as a
result of mutated X chromosomes will typically have a carrier mother, and color
blind father, receiving two mutated X chromosomes.

Night Blindness and Diet:

Night blindness (also called nyctalopia) is the inability to see well at night or in
poor light. It is not a disease, but rather a symptom of an underlying disorder or
problem, especially untreated nearsightedness.Night blindness is due to a
disorder of the cells in the retina that are responsible for vision in dim light. It
has many causes, including:Nearsightedness, Glaucoma, Glaucoma
medications that work by constricting the pupil, Cataracts, Diabetes. As we all
should know, night blindness can be prevented by the consumption of Vitamin
A. Food sources such as spinach, carrots, egg yolks and cod liver oil are rich in
Vitamin A which is one of the key components for fighting night blindness. A
poor diet, especially in Vitamin A, can most definitely lead to one developing
night blindness. Retinal cells contains a molecule called retinal which is
necessary to see how low conditions of light and to distinguish the different
colours of things as well. Retinal derives retinol the vitamin A substance from
animals. Retinal is what promotes excellent night vision.

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Conclusion:

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Biblliography:
http://www.care2.com/greenliving/preventing-blindness-with-diet.html
Greger, Michael
06/06/12

Biology for CSEC Examination

Atwaroo- Ali, Linda

http://www.colour-blindness.com/general/causes/

https://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/Pantone.aspx?pg=19357&ca=29

http://www.livescience.com/32559-why-do-we-see-in-color.html
Papas, Stephanie
April/29/2010 3:28 PM

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