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Published in IET Power Electronics
Received on 4th August 2013
Revised on 7th December 2013
Accepted on 7th January 2014
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0605

ISSN 1755-4535

Compensation of three-phase diode rectifier with

capacitive filter working under unbalanced supply
conditions using series hybrid active power filter
Mahmadasraf Abdulhamid Mulla, Chudamani Rajagopalan, Anandita Chowdhury
Department of Electrical Engineering, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Ichchhanath, Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The currents drawn by three-phase diode rectiers with capacitive lters under unbalanced supply conditions are highly
non-linear and unbalanced. This conguration draws signicantly unbalanced currents even with smaller percentage of unbalance
in supply voltages and more unbalance in supply voltages leads to an extreme unbalanced situation like single phasing. This study
highlights the unbalance line current problem observed in three-phase diode rectier and proposes its compensation using series
hybrid active power lter (SHAPF) working with appropriate control strategy. Four distinct modes of operation under unbalanced
supply are identied. A new control algorithm which simultaneously compensates for supply voltage unbalance and source
current harmonics is applied to compensate the conguration. An experimental model of three-phase diode rectier with
capacitive lter working under different supply situation is developed to establish identied modes of operation. This
conguration is compensated with SHAPF, manufactured using ARM Cortex M4-based microcontroller and the results of
compensation are described in this study.

Introduction

Majority of modern power converters are supplied with

unregulated dc voltage from ac lines via diode rectiers.
Two popularly used conguration of diode rectier are: the
rectiers having sufciently large dc inductor to supply
constant dc current to the load and the rectiers having
sufciently large capacitance on dc side to supply constant
dc voltage to the load. The source current characteristics of
diode rectiers are not friendly to supply lines because of
their non-linear nature and hence it has drawn much
attention [15]. The situation is worst for diode rectiers
accompanied by large dc capacitive lter. The capacitor
lter keeps the dc voltage very close to the peak of
line-to-line voltage, resulting into highly non-linear source
currents ow for brief period.
In addition to source current harmonics, the unbalance of
source current is another primary concern of this
conguration. In eld applications, small unbalance is always
present in source voltage which may cause signicant
unbalance in source currents. Unbalance rectier currents can
cause effects like uneven current distribution over the legs of
the rectier, increased rms ripple current in the smoothing
capacitor, increased total rms line current, harmonics and in
particular, non-characteristic triplen harmonics that do not
appear under balanced condition [35]. As small unbalance
is always present in most industrial and commercial power
lines, care should be taken in designing and installing diode
rectiers to keep the current unbalance within an acceptable
level and to avoid the above undesirable effects.
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Load compensation in power engineering is the procedure

used to obtain the source currents sinusoidal and balanced.
One approach is to integrate power-factor correction (PFC)
circuit in the converter conguration. Diode rectier with
the continuous-conduction-mode boost converter [68],
pulse-width modulated (PWM) rectier [9], PWM AC
choppers [10] are the different topology for implementing
PFC. The closed-loop operation of the static power
converter with PFC assures satisfactory performance to
achieve high input power factor and regulate converter
output voltage over a wide operating range. Increased
complexity, conducted electromagnetic interference and
reduced robustness are the distinct characteristics of these
approaches [7]. These approaches address the compensation
of source current harmonics, but they do not compensate
for source voltage unbalances.
In an alternative approach active power lter (APF) are
suggested as power electronic solutions for load
compensation. Various APF congurations and control
strategies have been investigated during the last decades.
Popularly used APF congurations are: shunt APF, which
injects compensation currents [11]; series APF, which
injects compensation voltages through a transformer [12];
and the series hybrid APF (SHAPF) which is a combined
system of shunt passive power lter (PPF) and series APF
[1317]. In order to reduce inverter capacity and because of
multi-functionality, SHAPF is becoming very popular in
recent developments. To obtain efcient SHAPF
performance, it is important to choose proper reference
generation algorithm. The objective of control strategy for
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SHAPF is to extract source current harmonics or load voltage
harmonics or combination of both [12]. Using vector algebra,
it is possible to decompose voltage vector into quantities that
represent different components of power [18, 19]. The
separated components of voltage are useful for generating
reference of SHAPF that compensates for source current
harmonics. Moreover, the reference for unbalance in source
voltages can be added to this reference for compensating
unbalance in source voltages.
This paper is intended to highlight the problem of current
unbalance in three-phase diode rectier working under
unbalance source voltages and provide power electronic
solution to this problem using SHAPF. Operation of
three-phase diode rectier under four distinct modes are
identied that ranges from balance currents to extreme
unbalance currents equivalent to single phasing. SHAPF
along with a new control strategy which simultaneously
compensate the source voltage unbalances and source
current harmonics is proposed as a solution to compensate
this problem. The proposed solution is veried with an
experimental study. The main components of experimental
prototype are three-phase diode rectier with capacitive
lter working under different unbalance power supply,
SHAPF and a control circuit developed using ARM Cortex
M4 microcontroller STM32F407x. The source current of
three-phase diode rectier with capacitive lter, working
under four possible modes of operation is compensated
using the experimental prototype and results are reported.

2 Operating modes of three-phase diode

rectifier
Detailed analysis of line current characteristics of three-phase
diode rectiers working under unbalance supply is given by
Jeong and Choi [5]. Following are the four possible modes
of operation of this conguration, which depends on the
unbalance in source voltages and the ripple in rectied
voltage.
Mode I Six pulse operation under balanced source voltages:
with perfectly balanced source voltages, six line-to-line
voltages appear sequentially in the dc rectied voltage. A
balance pulse shaped current around the peak of line
voltages is drawn by each line in this mode of operation.
Fig. 1a shows the source current waveform while working
under this mode. It is observed that the peaks of two pulses
in each line currents are equal in this mode.
Mode II Six pulse operation under unbalanced source
voltages: with a small unbalance in source voltages, the dc
rectied voltage still touches peak of all six line voltages.
As shown in Fig. 1b, unbalance current is drawn from
different lines in this situation which is pulse shaped around
the peak of the line voltages. The two peaks of current
pulses appear in each line currents are of unequal height in
this mode of operation.
Mode III Four pulse operation under unbalanced source
voltages: in this mode, because of the small unbalance in
source voltages, the dc rectied voltage is not touching peak
of one set of line voltages, resulting into four pulses in
rectied dc voltage. As shown in Fig. 1c, the line voltage
having highest peak voltage still draws a current similar to
Mode II. One set of line current pulse are nding return path
through second line and another set of line current pulse are
nding return path through the third lines. This will result
into third harmonic intensive unbalance line currents.
IET Power Electron., 2014, Vol. 7, Iss. 6, pp. 15661577
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0605

Mode IV Two pulse operation with unbalanced source

voltages: in this mode, as one of the three line voltages is
signicantly larger than the others, only two charging
periods appear over a cycle in the rectied voltage. As
shown in Fig. 1d, this will result into extreme unbalance
condition similar to single phasing in three-phase circuit
where there is no current owing in one of the line.
The proles of line current in this mode of operation are
third harmonic intensive harmonic rich extreme unbalance
currents.
The unbalance and high distortion caused in the source
current because of this load is compensated using SHAPF
working with appropriate control strategy, which is
discussed in the following section.

Details of SHAPF system configuration

The complete system conguration of SHAPF used for

compensation of three-phase diode rectier is as shown in
Fig. 2. The SHAPF consists of shunt passive lters and
series active lter. The arrangement is controlled to act as a
current harmonic isolator by forcing all the harmonic
currents to sink into passive lter.
The series active lter in SHAPF works as active
impedance which offers low impedance at fundamental
frequency and high impedance at harmonic frequency. This
will force all harmonic current to sink through passive lter
and allow only fundamental current to come from source.
The shunt passive lter consists of fth harmonic (250 Hz)
tuned lter, seventh harmonic (350 Hz) tuned lter and a
high-pass lter. Since, the dominant (lower order)
harmonics are eliminated by the passive lter and the series
active lter has to compensate only higher order harmonics
and thus the rating of the active lter needed will be less
compared with conventional shunt active lters [16].
The power circuit of the series power lter is made up of the
three-phase PWM voltage source inverter (VSI), the coupling
transformers and the ripple lter. The arrangement of the
series active lter and shunt passive lter reduces the need
for precise tuning of the passive lter and eliminates
possibility of series and parallel resonance. The purpose of
the three coupling transformers is not only to isolate the
PWM inverters from the source but also to match the voltage
and current ratings of the PWM inverters with those of the
system. The ripple lter inductor and capacitor are used to
suppress the switching ripples generated because of the
high-frequency switching of the PWM inverter. In addition
to remove source current harmonics, this conguration can
also be used to compensate for source voltage unbalances by
adding appropriate voltage component of fundamental
frequency in the series injected voltage.
SHAPF topology is practically more viable, cost-effective
and enables the use of signicantly small rated active lters.
SHAPF improve the compensation characteristics of passive
lters and thus realise a reduction in the active lter rating.
SHAPF effectively mitigate problems of both active and
passive lters and offer several additional value-added
features such as line voltage regulation, reactive power
compensation and harmonic isolation which increase their
practical viability [16, 17].

Details of control algorithm

The reference signal to compensate supply voltage unbalance

and source current harmonics is calculated in two steps. First
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Fig. 1 Different operating modes of three-phase diode rectier

a Mode I six pulse mode balance
b Mode II six pulse mode unbalance
c Mode III four pulse mode
d Mode IV two pulse mode

of all, the unbalance fundamental component of the source

voltage is derived using sequence analysis. The positive
sequence component of source voltage derived using sequence
analysis is used further as the fundamental voltage applied to
the load. In the second step, the reference voltage to
compensate supply current harmonics is derived by
decomposing the voltage vector into different components that
represent different power quantities. Generalised instantaneous
power theory is used to dene instantaneous powers and then
the appropriate voltage component is separated and chosen as
reference voltage to compensate supply current harmonics
[18]. These two reference voltage components are added
together to obtain resultant reference voltage for SHAPF. The
reference voltage signals are compared with high frequency
carrier wave in order to generate gate pulses for VSI.

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4.1 Reference generation for compensation of

source voltage unbalance
For generating the reference for compensating the source
voltage unbalance, rst of all the positive sequence
components of the source voltage is derived using sequence
analysis of unbalanced source voltage are as follows

1
+ 1 2
vsb =
a
3
a
v+
v+sa
sc

a
1
a2

vsa
a2
a vsb
vsc
1

(1)

where operator a ej (2/3).

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Fig. 2 SHAPF system conguration with control circuit

The unbalance fundamental component of the source

voltage is then calculated as
v+ v
sa
sa
vsaub

vsbub =
v+sb vsb
vscub
v+ v

sc

(2)

source voltage unbalance. The positive-sequence component

of source voltage is used in further calculations as the
fundamental voltage applied to the non-linear load.
4.2 Reference generation for compensation of
source current harmonics

sc

This is the rst part of reference voltage which compensates

IET Power Electron., 2014, Vol. 7, Iss. 6, pp. 15661577
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0605

For a three-phase system the instantaneous quantities of

source voltage and currents are expressed as
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T
v = v+sa , v+sb , v+sc and i = [ia, ib, ic]T. Instantaneous active
power p is dened as the inner product of voltage and
current vectors and expressed as
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = vT i = v+sa ia + v+sb ib + v+sc ic

(3)

Instantaneous inactive power q(t) is dened as the outer

product of voltage and current vectors and expressed as

0
q(t) = v(t) i(t) = qab
qca

qab
0
qbc

qca
qbc
0

(5)

q(t) = vq (t) i(t)

(6)

The component of instantaneous voltage vector vp, can be

expressed as
(7)

The component of instantaneous voltage vector vq is

obtained by multiplying both right- and left-hand sides of
(6) by current vector i(t) and expanding the cross product
of three vectors as follows
i(t) q(t) = i(t) vq (t) i(t)

(8a)

i(t) q(t) = (i(t)i(t))vq (t) (vq (t)i(t))i(t)

(8b)

i(t) q(t) = i 2 vq (t) 0

(8c)

 i(t) q(t)
vq (t) = vqa , vqb , vqc =
i 2

(8d)

In the geometric algebra framework, the conversion of this

outer product multiplication to matrix multiplication
is done
T
using relations, i q = [i ]x q = q x i where [q]x =
(vi T)Tvi T and q = v i. Using this, vq(t) is expressed as

ca

qab
0
qbc

ia
qca
qbc ib
0
ic

i 

p + p = vp + vp
2
i 

(12)

The overall resultant reference voltage for SHAPF is

calculating by adding (2) and (12) as

vca
vsaub + vha
vcb = vsbub + vhb
vcc
vscub + vhc

(13)

SHAPF injecting voltages that follows this reference voltage

can compensate for the source voltage unbalances and supply
current harmonics simultaneously. The distinct features of
this approach are: simple expression for separating
harmonic voltage component, less computational intensive
as compared with existing techniques, fast in hardware
implementation; and the expression is valid for balance as
well as unbalance source conditions.

Experimental results and discussion

For verication of compensation of three-phase diode rectier,

an experimental prototype of SHAPF is developed. The
control circuit is realised digitally with STM32F407x, which
is ARM Cortex-M4 based 32-bit microcontroller. The
prototype is designed for 110 V, 50 Hz, three-phase system
having system parameters as shown in Table 1. The VSI is
implemented using six STGW30NC120HD IGBTs from ST
Microelectronics and three-phase bridge driver IR2130 from
international rectier. Three single-phase matching
transformers with turns-ratio of 1:1 are used. A reasonably
high switching frequency of 20 kHz is considered for
implementation and the kVA rating of the VSI used is 2
kVA. The PCC voltages and source currents are sensed and
are interfaced with six number of controller pins, which are
congured as analogue-to-digital converter. Calculation of

prototype

(9)

Sr.
No.

Parameters of the
system

Value

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

balanced supply voltage

DC-link capacitor
DC-link voltage
ripple filter
tuned PPF (250 Hz)
tuned PPF (350 Hz)
high pass PPF

8
9
10

series transformer
carrier frequency
load

110 V, 50 Hz (lineline)
1000 F
100 V
Lf = 1.35 mH and Cf = 50 F
L5 = 12.32 mH and C5 = 32.88 F
L7 = 6.29 mH and C7 = 32.88 F
L = 2.36 mH, C = 29.88 F and
R = 17.75
1:1, 1 kVA
20 kHz
RC load (470 F and 265
connected parallel) fed
through diode rectifier

(10)

Similarly, the total inactive power calculated using (4) is also

divided into average inactive power
q(t) and oscillating
inactive power q (t). Voltages corresponding to these two
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vap + vaq
vha
vhb = vbp + vbq
vcp + vcq
vhc

Table 1 System parameters considered in experimental

The quantity p(t) that appears in (3) can be further divided

into two components, namely, average active power
p(t)
and oscillating active power p (t). Voltages corresponding to
these two components of active powers are
vp =

(11)

The required components of active and inactive power that

need to be considered for harmonic compensation are
pc (t) = p (t), qc (t) = q (t). The corresponding reference
voltage for harmonic compensation is vc (t) = vp (t) + vq (t)

(4)

p(t) = vp (t)i(t)

0
1
vq (t) =
q
ab
i 2
q

vq (t) = v
q (t) + vq (t)

where
qab = v+sa ib v+sb ia ; qbc = v+sb ic v+sc ib ; and qca =
+
+
vsc ia vsa ic .
The applied voltage vector v(t) can be decomposed into
two components viz., vp(t) that correspond to active power
and vq(t) that corresponds to inactive power. This can be
further expressed as [18]

T
i(t)
vp (t) = v pa , v pb , v pc = i 1 (t)p(t) =
p(t)
i 2

components of inactive powers are

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reference voltage signal and its comparison with carrier wave
are part of controller program. Mathematical calculations on
sampled data are performed to derive reference signals as per
the control strategy. The comparison of this calculated
reference signals and carrier wave is performed using a fast
time-base timer in order to generate six gate pulses for PWM
inverter. Six gate pulses generated by the controller are
optically isolated before it is connected to bridge driver.
The SHAPF experimental setup is tested for compensating
three-phase diode rectier working in four distinct modes
of operation explained in Section 2. For testing the
performance of SHAPF conguration under different modes,

the system is supplied with following set of supply voltages:


Mode I: Vab = 2 104.2 sin(vt),
Vbc = 2104.7 sin(vt 1200 ) and
Vca = 2104.5 sin(vt + 1200 ).
Mode II: Vab = 2 96.1 sin(vt),
Vbc = 299.2 sin(vt 1200 ) and
Vca = 299.1 sin(vt + 1200 ).
Mode III: Vab = 2 88.7 sin(vt),
Vbc = 282.3 sin(vt 1200 ) and
Vca = 290 sin(vt + 1200 ).

Fig. 3 Compensation of three-phase diode rectier working in Mode I using SHAPF

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1572
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73.63
4.30
74.23
4.40
84.57
4.77
79.85
4.67
73.4
4.2
66.1
3.8
100.7
4.6
0.00
4.8
75.9
4.1
77.3
4.5
98.2
5
80.30
4.5
22.43
1.66
26.87
1.76
32.27
1.17
100
0.49
1.71
1.75
1.44
1.77
1.23
1.51
0
1.35
1.25
1.78
0.89
1.73
0.91
1.49
1.85
1.36
1.29
1.73
1.28
1.72
1.56
1.52
1.84
1.36
0.28
0.72
2.06
0.22
5.41
0.66
19.65
1.27
104.5
103.1
99.1
103.3
90
85.8
75.2
75.5
104.7
103.7
99.2
103.5
82.3
85.9
63.9
75.9
104.2
104.4
96.1
103.1
88.7
86.7
89
77.1
IV

III

II

%UB = % Unbalance

181
182
158
178
134
138
123
113

Ib
Ia
%UB
Vca
Vbc
Vab

Source active power

no compensation
with SHAPF
no compensation
with SHAPF
no compensation
with SHAPF
no compensation
with SHAPF

When the diode rectier is supplied with an unbalanced

supply as specied for Mode III, it draws unbalanced,
non-linear current similar to the one explained for Mode III
operation. Fig. 5 shows the load voltages and source current

Compensation in Mode III of operation

Compensator used

When the diode rectier is supplied with a small unbalanced

supply voltage as specied for Mode II, it draws unbalanced,
non-linear current from the source. Fig. 4 shows the load
voltages and source current before and after compensation.
It is observed that although the unbalance in source
voltages is very small, it results into signicantly
unbalanced source currents.
After compensation is done with SHAPF, all the harmonics
are considerably removed and the source currents shape almost
near to balanced sinusoidal wave. Table 2 shows the overall
performance of the system where the percentage unbalance
have been calculated, according to standard EN 50160 [20].
The percentage unbalance observed in the source voltage is
2.06% before compensation which is reduced to 0.22% after
compensation. The percentage unbalance observed in the
source current is 26.87% before compensation which is
reduced to 1.76% after compensation. The average THD of
source current is 74.23% before compensation which
reduces to 4.40% after compensation. The reduced THD and
reduced percentage unbalance implies that nearly sinusoidal
balanced current is drawn from the source and load voltages
are balanced set of voltages.
5.3

Load voltages (line values)

Compensation in Mode II of operation

Table 2 Performance with different unbalanced supply

5.2

Source currents

When the diode rectier is supplied with balanced supply as

specied for Mode I, it draws balance current from the
source. Fig. 3 shows the load voltages and source current
before and after compensation. It is observed that before
compensation, the source current is balance but rich in
harmonic content. All the harmonics are considerably
removed after compensation is done with SHAPF and source
current shapes near to sinusoidal wave. The magnitude of
load voltages, source currents, individual harmonics and THD
of source current are measured using MECO make Power and
Harmonic Analyzer, model PHA-5850. Table 2 shows the
overall performance of the system. In this mode of operation,
the average THD of source current is 73.63% before
compensation, which reduces to 4.30% after compensating
the system using the SHAPF. The reduced THD implies that
nearly sinusoidal current is drawn from the source.

Ic

%UB

Compensation in Mode I of operation

Mode of operation

5.1

71.6
4.6
79.3
4.9
54.8
4.8
79.40
4.7

Ic
Ia

These voltages are generated using the three single-phase

auto transformers connected across three-phase source. The
performance of the system is rst tested without
compensation and then compensation is done with SHAPF
and the performance of the system is observed. Percentage
unbalance in load voltages, percentage unbalance in source
current and percentage total harmonic distortion (THD) of
source current are measured towards performance
parameters of the system. The experimental results are
discussed in following subsections.

Ib

% THD in source current


Mode IV: Vab = 2 89 sin(vt),
0
Vbc = 2
63.9 sin(vt 1200 ) and
Vca = 275.2 sin(vt + 120 ).

Average %THD

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Fig. 4 Compensation of three-phase diode rectier working in Mode II using SHAPF

before compensation and after compensation. It is observed

that all the harmonics are considerably removed after
compensation is done with SHAPF and source currents
shapes almost nearer to balanced sinusoidal wave. Table 2
shows the overall performance of the system. In this mode
of operation, the average THD of source current is 84.57%
before compensation, which reduces to 4.77% after
compensation. The percentage unbalance observed in
the source voltage is 5.41% before compensation which
reduces to 0.66% after compensation. The percentage
unbalance observed in the source current is 32.27%
before compensation which reduces to 1.17% after
compensation.
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5.4

Compensation in Mode IV of operation

When the diode rectier is supplied with an unbalanced

supply as specied for Mode IV, it draws unbalanced,
non-linear current similar to the one explained for Mode IV
operation. Fig. 6 shows the load voltages and source current
before compensation and after compensation. It is observed
that the unbalance in source currents is very signicant and
similar to single phasing observed in three-phase circuits.
From Table 2, in this mode of operation the average THD
of source current observed is 79.85% before compensation
which reduces to 4.67% after compensation. The
percentage unbalance observed in the source voltage is
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Fig. 5 Compensation of three-phase diode rectier working in Mode III using SHAPF

19.65% before compensation, which reduces to 1.27% after

compensation. The percentage unbalance observed in the
source current is 100% before compensation, which reduces
to 0.49% after compensation. The reduced THD and
percentage unbalance in load voltage and source current
implies that the system is properly compensated in this
mode of operation.
Fig. 7 shows the intermediate control circuit waveforms,
which are unbalanced source voltages sensed by the control
circuit, its positive sequence components, fundamental
unbalance voltage and the overall reference voltage
calculated from (13). These waveforms are acquired on
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oscilloscope using two number of digital-to-analogue

converters available on the controller.
5.5

Dynamic response of the system

Fig. 8 presents the dynamic response obtained for a sudden

change in the source current. Another equal value resistance
is added on the DC side of diode rectier to double the
load current. Figs. 8a, b and c show the source current with
no lter, with PPF and with SHAPF connected in the
circuit, respectively. Fig. 8d shows the expanded view of
source current during this sudden change in the load. It can
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Fig. 6 Compensation of three-phase diode rectier working in Mode IV using SHAPF

be noted that, in less than one cycles period the source current
reaches its new steady state.
Table 3 shows the active, reactive and apparent power
drawn by the system under different modes of operation.
These measurements are taken using MECO make Power
and Harmonic Analyzer, model PHA-5850. It can be seen
from the active power readings that the active power drawn
from each phase is approximately balance after
compensation in all the modes of operation. There is an
increase in apparent power because of increase in
fundamental leading VARs drawn by the PPF banks. The
IET Power Electron., 2014, Vol. 7, Iss. 6, pp. 15661577
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load considered in the experiment does not require

fundamental reactive power, but this could be utilised in a
useful way in case of a load that requires fundamental
lagging VARs. In case of a grid connected system
invariably there is a demand for lagging VARs and that can
be met partially by PPF banks.
The reduced THD of source current, while compensating all
four modes of operation of three-phase diode rectier, working
under unbalanced supply means in all the cases, sinusoidal
current is drawn from the source. The reduced percentage
unbalance implies that the load voltages are balanced set of
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www.ietdl.org

Fig. 7 Control circuit waveforms

Fig. 8 Dynamic performance of the system

a Source current without any lter
b Source current after connecting PPF
c Source current after connecting SHAPF
d Source current after connecting SHAPF (expanded view)
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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

IET Power Electron., 2014, Vol. 7, Iss. 6, pp. 15661577

doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0605

www.ietdl.org
Table 3 Power values with different unbalanced supply
Mode of operation

I
II
III
IV

Compensator used

no compensation
with PPF
with SHAPF
no compensation
with PPF
with SHAPF
no compensation
with PPF
with SHAPF
no compensation
with PPF
with SHAPF

Active power, watts

P2

P3

Total

Q1

Q2

Q3

Total

S1

S2

S3

Total

60
69
61
50
55
54
76
71
49
75
72
41

59
63
58
39
46
56
23
33
46
48
47
44

62
64
63
69
65
53
35
36
43
0
3
40

181
196
182
158
166
163
134
140
138
123
122
125

43
91
81
48
68
79
44
64
60
74
109
52

44
93
88
31
77
88
35
51
56
70
67
40

45
96
82
47
83
87
46
79
57
0
27
41

132
280
251
30
228
254
33
194
173
4
203
133

74
115
102
70
88
96
88
96
78
106
131
66

74
113
106
50
90
105
42
61
73
85
82
60

77
116
104
84
106
101
58
87
72
0
28
57

224
341
310
161
284
302
136
239
221
123
237
183

Conclusions

In this paper, power quality problems introduced by

three-phase diode rectier working under unbalanced source
voltages is addressed. Four distinct modes of operation of
three-phase diode rectier are identied which are six pulse
balance mode, six pulse unbalance mode, four pulse mode
and two pulse mode. SHAPF with appropriate control
strategy is suggested as power electronic solution to
compensate this power quality problem. The control
strategy used for SHAPF compensates the source voltage
unbalances and source current harmonics simultaneously.
Experimental prototype of SHAPF is developed where the
control circuit is implemented using ARM Cortex M4
microcontroller STM32F407x. In order to establish the
operation of diode rectier in four modes of operation, the
diode rectier is fed from four different values of source
voltages. The compensation of diode rectier in four
different modes of operation is done with SHAPF
conguration and it has been observed that in all the modes
of operation the system is properly compensated.
In experimental evaluation it is observed that in Mode II, a
small unbalance in source voltages (2.06%) results in
signicantly high (26.87%) unbalance in source currents
which is reduced to a small value (1.76%) when the system
is compensated using SHPAF conguration. In another test
case of Mode IV, it is observed that with more unbalance in
source voltages, the unbalance in source currents leads to
extreme unbalance situation of single phasing. The
suggested SHAPF conguration effectively compensates
this situation and compensates source currents and load
voltages to a balanced sinusoidal set as well. In all the
cases of compensation, the THD of source currents is less
than 5% and load voltage unbalance is less than 2%, which
meets the guidelines of IEEE 519 and EN 50160 standards.
This conrms the effectiveness of suggested SHAPF
conguration in compensating three-phase diode rectier
having capacitive lter working under unbalanced source
conditions.

Apparent power, VA

P1

voltages. These experimental results conrm the good ltering

capabilities of suggested SHAPF conguration in
compensating three-phase diode rectier system.

Reactive power, VAr

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