DIGITAL SIMULATION LAB
1 Department of Aeronautical Engineering
Department of Aeronautical Engineering
EXPERIMENTS
1.
Flow over an airfoil
2. Supersonic flow over a wedge
3. Flat plate boundary layer
4.
Laminar pipe flow
13
5.
Flow past a cylinder
17
6. Flow in a convergent and divergent nozzle
21
7. Programm for Unstructured grid
25
8. Programm for Structured grid over an airfoil
27
9. Programm for Burgers Equation
29
10. Programm for Blasius solution of Boundary layer over flat plate
31
11.
Programm for Riemann solver for Shock Tube
Department of Aeronautical Engineering
39
Department of Aeronautical Engineering
Department of Aeronautical Engineering
Experiment - 1: Flow over Airfoil
Aim: To obtain flow field over an airfoil at 00 Angle of attack chord length 1m with incoming
flow conditions to be velocity 180 m/s, at Isothermal condition.
Software: ICEM and CFX
Procedure: Pre processing:
1. Create geometry in ICEM
Import vertex data of airfoil coordinates from File Import Geometry
Formatted point data.
Join the points by selecting geomtry tab, Create curve from points.
Create a line in Z direction to extrude airfoil.
Geometry Create surface Curve driven select driving curve and then the
remaining lines under the driven curve Apply.
Geometry Create surface Simple surface for upper and lower surface.
Create domain for the flow analysis.
Delete unwanted surfaces, lines and points.
From the model tree right click on parts create part Name
Inlet in_1
Outlet out_1
Top top_1
Side sidewall_1
Bottom Bot _ 1
Airfoil Airfoil_1
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Apply
Geometry Create body Location centroid of 2 points select the two
diagonally opposite points on the model such that point should not be within
airfoil Apply.
2. Mesh geometry:
Click Mesh Function tab
Give global mesh parameters in global mesh setup like element scale factor and
element max size = 0.1 display on apply.
Create partmesh setup for inlet, outlet and wall.
Compute mesh volume mesh mesh type tetra/mixed create prism
layers create hexa-core mesh method Robust[octree] select geometry
compute.
Edit mesh check mesh quality mesh smooth mesh.
3. Export mesh
Output output to cfx save project output type output scale factor - .msh file
created.
4. CFX:
CFX Pre New file general.
Mesh - Import mesh ICEM CFD open .msh file.
Default Domain Basic Settings Materials Air at 250c, Reference Pressure 1 atm
Domain - Default Domain Modified
Type
Location
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Fluid
FLUID
Materials
Air Ideal Gas
Fluid Definition
Material Library
Morphology
Continuous Fluid
Settings
Buoyancy Model
Non Buoyant
Domain Motion
Stationary
Reference Pressure
1.0000e+00 [atm]
Heat Transfer Model
Isothermal
Fluid Temperature
2.5000e+01 [C]
Turbulence Model
SST
Turbulent Wall Functions
Scalable
Domain
Boundaries
Default Domain Modified
Boundary - inlet
Type
INLET
Location
IN_1
Settings
Flow Regime
Subsonic
Mass And Momentum
Normal Speed
Normal Speed
1.3000e+02 [m s^-1]
Turbulence
low Intensity = 1%
Boundary - outlet
Type
OUTLET
Location
OUT_1
Settings
Flow Regime
Mass And Momentum
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Subsonic
Average Static Pressure
Pressure Profile Blend
5.0000e-02
Relative Pressure
1.0132e+05 [Pa]
Pressure Averaging
Average Over Whole Outlet
Boundary - WALL
Type
Location
WALL
Airfoil_1, Top_1, Bot _1
Settings
Mass And Momentum
No Slip Wall
Wall Roughness
Smooth Wall
Click ok and define run to start solution.
POST PROCESSING
5. Analyze results in CFX POST:
Create plane
Create contour pressure, mach number
Create streamlines
Create chart for velocity along plate.
Results:
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Experiment -2: Supersonic flow over a wedge
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Aim: To obtain flow field over a 150 Angle wedge length with incoming flow conditions to be
Mach 3, Pressure 1 atm and air at 250c.
Software: ICEM and CFX
Procedure: Pre processing:
1. Create geometry in ICEM
Create the points 1(0,0,0); 2(0.5,0,0); 3(1.5,0,0); by selecting geomtry tab
Create point Explicit coordinate method.
Join the points 1-2, 2-3 by selecting geomtry tab
points
Geometry Transform Geomtry Translate/Rotate/Mirror/Scale select Zaxis Select centre of rotation as 2 coordinate Select line Angle 15 0
Apply.
Create a line in Z direction to extrude airfoil.
Geometry Create surface Curve driven select driving curve and then the
remaining lines under the driven curve Apply.
Create Wedge Surfaces.
Create domain for the flow analysis.
Delete unwanted surfaces, lines and points.
From the model tree right click on parts create part Name
Inlet in_1
Outlet out_1
Top top_1
Side Side wall_1
Bottom Bot_1
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Create/Modify curve from
Wedge Wed_1
Apply
Geometry Create body Location centroid of 2 points select the two
diagonally opposite points on the model Apply.
2. Mesh geometry:
Click Mesh Function tab
Give global mesh parameters in global mesh setup like element scale factor and
element max size = 0.1 height 0.1 height ratio 1.2 display on apply.
Create partmesh setup for inlet, outlet, domain and wedge.
Compute mesh volume mesh mesh type tetra/mixed create prism
layers create hexa-core mesh method Robust[octree] select geometry
compute.
Edit mesh check mesh quality mesh smooth mesh.
3. Export mesh
Output output to cfx save project output type output scale factor - .msh file
created.
4. CFX:
CFX Pre New file general.
Mesh - Import mesh ICEM CFD open .msh file.
Default Domain Basic Settings Materials Air at 250c, Reference Pressure 0 atm
Domain - Default Domain Modified
Type
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Fluid
Location
FLUID
Materials
Air Ideal Gas
Fluid Definition
Material Library
Morphology
Continuous Fluid
Settings
Buoyancy Model
Non Buoyant
Domain Motion
Stationary
Reference Pressure
1.0000e+00 [atm]
Heat Transfer Model
Isothermal
Fluid Temperature
2.5000e+01 [C]
Turbulence Model
K- epsilon
Turbulent Wall Functions
Scalable
Domain
Boundaries
Default Domain Modified
Boundary - inlet
Type
INLET
Location
IN_1
Settings
Flow Regime
Supersonic
Mass And Momentum
Normal Speed
Normal Speed
1.04000e+02 [m s^-1]
Rel Static Pressure
1 atm
Static temp
300 K
Boundary - outlet
Type
OUTLET
Location
OUT_1
Settings
Flow Regime
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Supersonic
Mass And Momentum
Average Static Pressure
Boundary - WALL
Type
WALL
Location
Top_1, Bot_1, Wed_1
Settings
Mass And Momentum
No Slip Wall
Wall Roughness
Smooth Wall
Click ok and define run to start solution.
POST PROCESSING
5. Analyze results in CFX POST:
Create plane
Create contour pressure, mach number
Create streamlines
Create chart for velocity along plate.
RESULTS:
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Temperature contour
Pressure contour
Experiment -3: Flat plate boundary layer
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Aim: To obtain flow field over a flat plate at 0 0 Angle of attack length 10m with incoming flow
conditions to be velocity 30 m/s, Reynolds number 2.5x106 to 3.6 x106 and air at 250c
Software: ICEM and CFX
Procedure: Pre processing:
1. Create geometry in ICEM
Create the points 1(0,0,0); 2(10,0,0); 3(20,0,0); 4(20,3,0); 5(-10,3,0); 6(-10,0,0);
7(0, 0.1,0); 8(10,0.1,0); 9(0,0,0.1) by selecting geomtry tab Create point
Explicit coordinate method.
Join the points 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-1, 1-7, 7-8, 8-2, 1-9 by selecting geomtry tab
Create curve from points.
Geometry Create surface Curve driven select driving curve 1-9 and then
the remaining lines under the driven curve Apply.
Geometry Create surface Simple surface Select the lines 5-6 and 3-4
apply.
Geometry Create surface Segment surface Select the surface to be
segmented select curves 2-8, 8-7, 7-9 click apply.
Delete unwanted surfaces, lines and points.
From the model tree right click on parts create part Name
Inlet in_1
Outlet out_1
Top top_1
Plate flat_ns_1
Bottom back_ns_1 and front _ ns_1
Apply
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Geometry Create body Location centroid of 2 points select the two
diagonally opposite points on the model Apply.
2. Mesh geometry:
Click Mesh Function tab
Give global mesh parameters in global mesh setup like element scale factor and
element max size = 0.1 display on apply.
Create partmesh setup for inlet, outlet and wall.
Compute mesh volume mesh mesh type tetra/mixed create prism
layers create hexa-core mesh method Robust[octree] select geometry
compute.
Edit mesh check mesh quality mesh smooth mesh.
3. Export mesh
Output output to cfx save project output type output scale factor - .msh file
created.
4. CFX:
CFX Pre New file general.
Mesh - Import mesh ICEM CFD open .msh file.
Default Domain Basic Settings Materials Air at 250c, Reference Pressure 1 atm
Domain - Default Domain Modified
Type
Fluid
Location
FLUID
Materials
Air Ideal Gas
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Fluid Definition
Material Library
Morphology
Continuous Fluid
Settings
Buoyancy Model
Non Buoyant
Domain Motion
Stationary
Reference Pressure
1.0000e+00 [atm]
Heat Transfer Model
Isothermal
Fluid Temperature
2.5000e+01 [C]
Turbulence Model
SST
Turbulent Wall Functions
Scalable
Domain
Boundaries
Default Domain Modified
Boundary - inlet
Type
INLET
Location
IN_1
Settings
Flow Regime
Subsonic
Mass And Momentum
Normal Speed
Normal Speed
0.3000e+02 [m s^-1]
Turbulence
low Intensity = 1%
Boundary - outlet
Type
OUTLET
Location
OUT_1
Settings
Flow Regime
Mass And Momentum
Pressure Profile Blend
Relative Pressure
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Subsonic
Average Static Pressure
5.0000e-02
1.0132e+05 [Pa]
Pressure Averaging
Average Over Whole Outlet
Boundary - WALL
Type
Location
WALL
flat_ns_1, back_ns_1 and front _ ns_1
Settings
Mass And Momentum
No Slip Wall
Wall Roughness
Smooth Wall
Click ok and define run to start solution.
POST PROCESSING
5. Analyze results in CFX POST:
Create plane
Create contour pressure, mach number
Create streamlines
Create chart for velocity along plate.
RESULTS:
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velocity at leading edge
pressure at leading edge
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Experiment -4: Laminar flow through Pipe
Aim: To obtain flow field through pipe of 10cm diameter and 1m length consider fluid to be
water flowing with velocity 0.01m/s.
Software: ICEM and CFX
Procedure: Pre processing:
1. Create geometry in ICEM
Create the points 1(0,0,0); 2(0,5,0); 3(5,0,0); by selecting geomtry tab Create
point Explicit coordinate method.
Geometry Create curve circle on arc select the center as point 1 select
other two points as 2 and 3 Apply.
Create the point 4(0,0,100); by selecting geomtry tab Create point Explicit
coordinate method.
Join the points 1-4 by selecting geomtry tab Create/modify curve from points
Geometry Create surface Curve driven select driving curve 1-4 and then
the circle lines under the driven curve Apply
Geometry Create surface Simple surface select lines apply.
Delete unwanted surfaces, lines and points.
From the model tree right click on parts create part Name
Inlet in_1
Outlet out_1
wall wall_1
Apply
Geometry Create body Location centroid of 2 points select the two
diagonally opposite points on the model Apply.
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2. Mesh geometry:
Click Mesh Function tab
Give global mesh parameters in global mesh setup like element scale factor and
element max size = 1 display on apply.
Create partmesh setup for inlet and outlet element max size = 1 height 0.5
height ratio 1.2, and wall element max size = 0.5.
Compute mesh volume mesh mesh type tetra/mixed create prism
layers create hexa-core mesh method Robust[octree] select geometry
compute.
Edit mesh check mesh quality mesh smooth mesh.
3. Export mesh
Output output to cfx save project output type output scale factor - .msh file
created.
4. CFX:
CFX Pre New file general.
Mesh - Import mesh ICEM CFD open .msh file.
Default Domain Basic Settings Materials Air at 250c, Reference Pressure 0 atm
Domain - Default Domain Modified
Type
Fluid
Location
FLUID
Materials
Air Ideal Gas
Fluid Definition
Material Library
Morphology
Continuous Fluid
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Settings
Buoyancy Model
Non Buoyant
Domain Motion
Stationary
Reference Pressure
1.0000e+00 [atm]
Heat Transfer Model
Isothermal
Fluid Temperature
2.5000e+01 [C]
Turbulence Model
K- epsilon
Turbulent Wall Functions
Scalable
Domain
Boundaries
Default Domain Modified
Boundary - inlet
Type
INLET
Location
IN_1
Settings
Flow Regime
Supersonic
Mass And Momentum
Normal Speed
Normal Speed
0.01000 [m s^-1]
Rel Static Pressure
1 atm
Static temp
300 K
Boundary - outlet
Type
OUTLET
Location
OUT_1
Settings
Flow Regime
Subsonic
Mass And Momentum
Average Static Pressure
Boundary - WALL
Type
WALL
Location
Top_1, Bot_1, Wed_1
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Settings
Mass And Momentum
No Slip Wall
Wall Roughness
Smooth Wall
Click ok and define run to start solution.
POST PROCESSING
5. Analyze results in CFX POST:
Create plane
Create contour pressure, mach number
Create streamlines
Create chart for velocity along pipe.
RESULTS:
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meshed model
velocity contour
Pressure contour
Experiment -5: Flow over A Cylinder
Aim: To obtain flow over a cylinder of 10cm radius and 1m length consider the flow with
velocity 34m/s.
Software: ICEM and CFX
Procedure: Pre processing:
1. Create geometry in ICEM
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Create the points 1(0,0,0); 2(0,10,0); 3(10,0,0); by selecting geomtry tab
Create point Explicit coordinate method.
Geometry Create curve circle on arc select the center as point 1 select
other two points as 2 and 3 Apply.
Create the point 4(0,0,100); by selecting geomtry tab Create point Explicit
coordinate method.
Join the points 1-4 by selecting geomtry tab Create/modify curve from points
Geometry Create surface Curve driven select driving curve 1-4 and then
the circle lines under the driven curve Apply
Geometry Create surface Simple surface select lines apply.
Create domain over cylinder to analyze flow field.
Delete unwanted surfaces, lines and points.
From the model tree right click on parts create part Name
Inlet in_1
Outlet out_1
wall wall_1
Cylinder- cyl_1
Apply
Geometry Create body Location centroid of 2 points select the two
diagonally opposite points on the model Apply.
2. Mesh geometry:
Click Mesh Function tab
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Give global mesh parameters in global mesh setup like element scale factor and
element max size = 10 display on apply.
Create partmesh setup for inlet, outlet and wall element max size = 10 height
0.5 height ratio 1.2, and cylinder element max size = 1.
Compute mesh volume mesh mesh type tetra/mixed create prism
layers create hexa-core mesh method Robust[octree] select geometry
compute.
Edit mesh check mesh quality mesh smooth mesh.
3. Export mesh
Output output to cfx save project output type output scale factor - .msh file
created.
4. CFX:
CFX Pre New file general.
Mesh - Import mesh ICEM CFD open .msh file.
Default Domain Basic Settings Materials Air at 250c, Reference Pressure 0 atm
Domain - Default Domain Modified
Type
Fluid
Location
FLUID
Materials
Air Ideal Gas
Fluid Definition
Material Library
Morphology
Continuous Fluid
Settings
Buoyancy Model
Non Buoyant
Domain Motion
Stationary
Reference Pressure
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1.0000e+00 [atm]
Heat Transfer Model
Isothermal
Fluid Temperature
Ideal gas
Turbulence Model
K- epsilon
Turbulent Wall Functions
Scalable
Domain
Boundaries
Default Domain Modified
Boundary - inlet
Type
INLET
Location
IN_1
Settings
Flow Regime
Supersonic
Mass And Momentum
Normal Speed
Normal Speed
34.01000 [m s^-1]
Rel Static Pressure
1 atm
Static temp
300 K
Boundary - outlet
Type
OUTLET
Location
OUT_1
Settings
Flow Regime
Subsonic
Mass And Momentum
Average Static Pressure
Boundary - WALL
Type
WALL
Wall_1
Location
Settings
Mass And Momentum
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free Wall
Wall Roughness
Smooth Wall
Boundary Cyl_1
Type
WALL
Wall_1
Location
Settings
Mass And Momentum
No slipWall
Wall Roughness
Smooth Wall
Click ok and define run to start solution.
POST PROCESSING
5. Analyze results in CFX POST:
Create plane
Create contour pressure, mach number
Create streamlines
Create chart for velocity along pipe.
RESULTS:
24 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
velocity contour
pressure contour
EXPERIMENT 6: Simulation of compressible flow in a convergent-divergent nozzle
Aim: Consider the nozzle having a cross sectional area A varies with axial distance from the
throat, according to the formula A = 0.1+X2; where X varies from -0.5<X<0.5. Stagnation
pressure Po = 101325 pa; stagnation temperature To = 300K;
Software: ICEM and CFX
Procedure:
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Pre processing:
1. Create geometry in ICEM
Create the vertex data of Nozzle contour variation along axis line with vertices (0.5, 0) and (0.5, 0) and A = 0.1+X2 in excel sheet.
Import vertex data into ICEM by creating .dat file.
Create edges by create/modify curves and face by create/modify faces of nozzle
using geometry function tab.
Create body point.
Create parts inlet, outlet and wall.
2. Mesh geometry:
Click Mesh Function tab
Give global mesh parameters in global mesh setup like element scale factor and
element max size.
Create partmesh setup for inlet, outlet and wall.
Compute mesh volume mesh mesh type select geometry compute.
Edit mesh check mesh quality mesh smooth mesh.
3. Export mesh
Output output to cfx save project output type output scale factor - .msh file
created.
4. CFX:
26 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
CFX Pre New file general.
Mesh - Import mesh ICEM CFD open .msh file.
Domain - Default Domain Modified
Type
Fluid
Location
FLUID
Materials
Air Ideal Gas
Fluid Definition
Material Library
Morphology
Continuous Fluid
Settings
Buoyancy Model
Non Buoyant
Domain Motion
Stationary
Reference Pressure
1.0000e+00 [atm]
Heat Transfer Model
Isothermal
Fluid Temperature
2.5000e+01 [C]
Turbulence Model
k epsilon
Turbulent Wall
Functions
Scalable
Domain
Default Domain
Modified
Boundaries
Boundary - inlet
Type
INLET
Location
IN
Settings
Flow Regime
Mass And Momentum
Normal Speed
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Subsonic
Normal Speed
2.8000e+02 [m s^-1]
Turbulence
Medium Intensity and Eddy Viscosity
Ratio
Boundary - outlet
Type
OUTLET
Location
OUT
Settings
Flow Regime
Mass And Momentum
Subsonic
Average Static Pressure
Pressure Profile
Blend
5.0000e-02
Relative Pressure
Pressure Averaging
1.0132e+05 [Pa]
Average Over Whole Outlet
Boundary - WALL
Type
WALL
Location
Wall
Settings
Mass And Momentum
No Slip Wall
Wall Roughness
Smooth Wall
5. Solve the problem:
Solver Control Basic setting
Advection scheme
Turbulence Numerics
Convergence controls
Fluid timescale control
Convergence criteria
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POST PROCESSING
6. Analyze results:
Create plane
Create contour pressure, mach number
Create streamlines
Create chart for temperature along nozzle axis.
Mach number contour
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Pressure contour
EXPERIMENT 7: Write a program to generate unstructured grid using
Delaunay Triangulation method.
function tri = triangulate(xnod,ynod,nodes)
% tri = triangulate(xnod,ynod,nodes)
% triangulate the quadrilateral mesh
nele = size(nodes,1);
tri = zeros(3,2*nele)';
iv = [];
ii1 = [2 3 1];
jj1 = [4 1 3];
ii2 = [1 2 4];
jj2 = [2 3 4];
nrtri = 0;
for iel = 1:nele
iv = nodes(iel,:);
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d1 = norm([xnod(iv(1))-xnod(iv(3));ynod(iv(1))-ynod(iv(3))]);
d2 = norm([xnod(iv(2))-xnod(iv(4));ynod(iv(2))-ynod(iv(4))]);
if d1 <= d2
nrtri = nrtri+1;
tri(nrtri,:) = iv(ii1);
nrtri = nrtri+1;
tri(nrtri,:) = iv(jj1);
else
nrtri = nrtri+1;
tri(nrtri,:) = iv(ii2);
nrtri = nrtri+1;
tri(nrtri,:) = iv(jj2);
end
end
x=[0:1/(numx):1];
y=[0:1/(numy):1]; %Matlab's meshgrid is used to create 2D grid from specified divisons above
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
X1=reshape(X',length(x)*length(y),1);
Y1=reshape(Y',length(x)*length(y),1); %Coordinates of the node
node=[X1 Y1]; % Node
tri = triangulate(X1,Y1,element); % element connectivity
nele = size(tri,1);
Z= zeros(length(y)-2,length(x)-2);
nn = tri; % nodes in a long list
xx = X1(nn); yy = Y1(nn); % coordinates corresponding to nodes
xplot = reshape(xx,size(tri));
yplot = reshape(yy,size(tri));figure(1);
clf;
fill(xplot',yplot','w');
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title(['Triangular Mesh ', num2str(length(nn)),' elements'])
%%%%%%Subfunction % triangulate
EXPERIMENT 8: Write a program for 2D Strucutured grid over an airfoil.
%Algebraic Grid Generation
clear;
clc; %Assign values for t and beta
t=0.15;
beta=1.05; %Prompt user for number of grid points
n=input('Enter the number of grid points in the i direction: '); m=input('Enter the number of grid
points in the j direction: ');
%Create zeroes matrix for surface plots
z=zeros(n,m); %Assign lengths and values for eta and xi
L=3;
eta=linspace(0,1,m);
xi=linspace(0,L,n); %x is equal to xi
X=xi; %Find height
ytop=2;
for i=1:n
if X(i) < 1
ybottom(i)=0;
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elseif X(i) > 2
ybottom(i)=0;
else
x2(i)=X(i)-1;
ybottom(i)=(t/.2)*(0.2969*x2(i)^.5-0.126*x2(i)-0.3516*x2(i)^2+0.2843*x2(i)^30.1015*x2(i)^4);
end
H(i)=ytop-ybottom(i);
end %Loop to calculate coordinates
zeta=beta+1;
gamma=beta-1;
alpha=zeta/gamma;
for i=1:n
for j=1:m
chi=1-eta(j);
y(i,j)=H(i)*(zeta-gamma*alpha^chi)/(alpha^chi+1)+ybottom(i);
x(i,j)=X(i);
end
end surface(x,y,z);
xlabel ('x');
ylabel ('y');
title ('Algerbraic Grid');
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Discussion of Results Enter the number of grid points in the i direction: 50 Enter the number of
grid points in the j direction: 50 Figure shows the algebraic grid generation with the growth rate
=1.05 the grids are very fine at y=0 and it gets coarser as the y increases. The value of growth
rate can be varied and you can see the difference in the growth rate of the grid. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
3 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.81 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.82 x y Algerbraic Grid.
EXPERIMENT 9: Write a program to get the exact solution of Burgers equation.
Program for function f
function ret = f( u )
ret = 0.5 * u.^2;
function ret = df( u )
ret = u;
function ret = nf( u, v )
for i = 1:length(u)
if (u(i) >= v(i))
if ((u(i)+v(i))/2 > 0)
ustar(i)=u(i);
else
ustar(i)=v(i);
end
else
if (u(i)>0)
ustar(i)=u(i);
elseif (v(i)<0)
ustar(i)=v(i);
else
ustar(i)=0;
end
end
end
ret =f(ustar);
Burgers Programm
clear all;
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%Selection of equation and method.
xend = 2; % x-axis size.
tend = 2; % t-axis size.
N = input('Enter the number of grid points: ');
dx = xend/N; % Grid spacing
dt = input('Enter time step dt: ');
x = 0:dx:xend;
nt = floor(tend/dt);
dt = tend / nt;
%Set up the initial solution values.
u0=(0:0.2:2);
u=u0;
unew = 0*u;
%Implementation of the numerical methods.
for i = 1 : nt
us = u(1:end-1) - dt/dx * (f(u(2:end)) - f(u(1:end-1)));
unew(2:end-1)= 0.5*(u(2:end-1) + us(2:end)) - ...
0.5*dt/dx* (f(us(2:end)) - f(us(1:end-1)));
unew(1) = u(1);
unew(end) = u(end);
u = unew;
U(i,:) = u(:);
end
U=[u0;U];
T=0:dt:tend;
%Plot of the solutions.
figure(1)
surf(x,T,U)
shading interp
xlabel('x'), ylabel('t'), zlabel ('u(x,t)');
grid on
colormap('Gray');
Enter the number of grid points: 10
Enter time step dt: 1
35 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
EXPERIMENT 10: Write a Program for Blasius solution for laminar boundary layer over
a flat plate.
% This script animates the solution to the Balsius' model for a boundary
% layer flow over a flat plate. This model assumes steady flow, constant
% density and viscosity. First one must solve the Blasius differential
% equation f'''+0.5*f*f''= 0 with f(0)=0, f'(0)=0 AND f'(infinity)=0 where
% the prime denotes differentiation wuth respect to eta=y*(U*rho/mu)^.5.
clear all
36 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
set(0,'DefaultAxesFontSize',12);
set(0,'DefaultTextFontSize',12);
eta=linspace(0,10,2001);
deta=.005;
z1=0;
z2=0;
z3=.33193;%input('The second derivative at eta = 0 is');
% Found by trial and error assuming various values until the final
% condition was satisfied.
X=[z1;z2;z3];
for i=1:2000
z1=z1+z2*deta;
z2=z2+z3*deta;
z3=z3-0.5*z1*z3*deta;
X=[X [z1;z2;z3]];
end
figure(1);clf;
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(eta,X(1,:))
xlabel('Variable, \eta')
ylabel('Solution, f(\eta)')
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(eta,X(2,:))
xlabel('Variable, \eta')
ylabel('Solution, df(\eta)/d\eta')
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(eta,X(3,:))
xlabel('Variable, \eta')
ylabel('Solution, d^2f(\eta)/d\eta^2')
F=eta.*X(2,:)-X(1,:);
text(5,1.5,'Press Enter to Continue')
pause
figure(2);clf;
plot(eta,F)
xlabel('Variable, \eta')
ylabel('Solution, \etadf(\eta)/d\eta-f(\eta)')
text(4,.8,'Press Enter to Continue')
pause
y=linspace(0,.003,51);
x=[0 .05 .1 .15 .2 .25 .3 .35 .4 .45 .5]*.1;
figure(3);clf;
axis([0 1 -.0001 .003])
hold on
plot([0 1],[0 0])
hold on
u=zeros(51,11);
eta3=[];
% (U*rho/mu)=1e5:Corresponds to water at 20 C with U=0.1 m/s
for i=2:51 % y loop
for j=2:11 % x loop
eta1=sqrt(1e5/(x(1,j)))*y(1,i);
if y(1,i)==0
fprime=0;
fact=0;
37 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
else
fprime=interp1(eta,X(2,:),eta1);
fact=interp1(eta,F,eta1);
end
u(i,j)=fprime;
v(i,j)=sqrt(1/(1e5*x(1,j)))*fact;
eta3(i,j)=eta1;
end
end
u(:,1)=ones(51,1);
v(:,1)=zeros(51,1);
v(1,:)=zeros(1,11);
for i=39:51
u(i,2)=1;
end
for j=1:11
plot(u(:,j),y)
hold on
end
text(.8,.6e-3,'x = 0.005');
text(.7,.7e-3,'0.01');
text(.38,1e-3,'0.05');
box on
xlabel('Dimensionless Velocity, u(x,y)/U')
ylabel('Distance Above the Surface, y')
text(0.2,2e-3,['\rhoU/\mu = ' num2str(1e5) ' m^-^1'])
text(.2,2.5e-3,'Press Enter to Continue')
pause
figure(4);clf;
axis([-.01 .06 -.0002 .006])
hold on
patch([0 .005 .062 .06 0],[0 -.0002 -.0002 0 0],'r')
box on
plot([0 .004 .004 0 0],[0 0 3e-3 3e-3 0])
patch([.004 .003 .003 .004],[3e-3 (3e-3)-.0001 (3e-3)+.0001 3e-3],'b')
hold on
for i=2:11
plot(x(1,i)*ones(1,51)+.004*u(:,i)',y(1,:))
xtip=x(1,i)+.004*u(51,i);
ytip=y(1,51);
plot([x(1,i) x(1,i) xtip],[0 ytip ytip])
patch([xtip xtip-.001 xtip-.001 xtip ],[ytip ytip-.0001 ytip+.0001 ytip],'b')
hold on
end
x3=linspace(0,.06,201);
delta3=5*sqrt(x3/1e5);
plot(x3,delta3,'m')
hold on
plot([x3(1,150) .033],[delta3(1,150) 3.5e-3],'m');
text(.004,3.5e-3, 'Boundary Layer Thickness')
xlabel('Distance along the plate x, m')
ylabel('Distance above the plate y, m')
text(-.005,4.8e-3,'U\rho/\mu = 100000 m^-^1, Water at U = 0.1 m/s and 20 C')
text(-.005,5.5e-3,'Horizontal Velocity Profiles vs Distance along the Plate')
38 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
text(-.005, 4e-3,'Press Enter to Continue')
pause
dt=.00005;
x1=-5*ones(8,1);
beginningx=-5;
y1=[.5e-5 .00001 .00002 .00003 .00004 .00005 .00006 .00007]'*2;
hold on
v1=zeros(8,1);
u1=ones(8,1);
figure(5);clf;%Do animation
axis([beginningx 200 -2 80]);
hold on
patch([0 4 200 200 0],[0 -2 -2 0 0],'r')
x1new=.000001*ones(8,1);
y1new=y1;
Udt=.1*dt;
plot([x1 x1new]'/Udt,[y1 y1new]'/Udt, 'k');
box on
xlabel('Dimensionless Location, x/U\Deltat')
ylabel('Dimensionless Location, y/U\Deltat')
text(10,70 ,['\rhoU/\mu = ' num2str(1e5) ' m^-^1, U = 0.1 m/s'])
T=text(100,5,'Press Enter to Animate');
text(10,65,'\Deltat = 0.00005 s')
pause
set(T,'String',' ');
x1=x1new;
y1=y1new;
for t=1:200%time loop
for i=1:8%streamline loop
eta3=sqrt(1e5/(x1(i,1)))*y1(i,1);
if eta3>=10
fprime=1;
F1=1.7233;
else
fprime=interp1(eta, X(2,:),eta3);
F1=interp1(eta,F,eta3);
end
u1(i,1)=fprime;
v1(i,1)=sqrt(1/(4e5*x1(i,1)))*F1;
x1new(i,1)=x1(i,1)+dt*u1(i,1)*.1;
y1new(i,1)=y1(i,1)+dt*v1(i,1)*.1;
hold on
end
plot([x1 x1new]'/Udt,[y1 y1new]'/Udt, 'k');
x1=x1new;
y1=y1new;
pause(.01)
end
x4=linspace(0,200,201);
delta4=5*sqrt(x4/.50);
plot(x4,delta4,'m','Linewidth',2)
text(100,62,'Boundary Layer Thickness')
plot([x4(1,90),97],[delta4(1,90),63],'m','LineWidth',2);
39 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
set(T,'String','Press Enter to Continue')
pause
x1=-5*ones(8,1);
beginningx=-5;
y1=[.5e-5 .00001 .00002 .00003 .00004 .00005 .00006 .00007]'*5;
v1=zeros(8,1);
u1=ones(8,1);
figure(6);clf;%Do animation
axis([beginningx 200 -3 120]);
hold on
patch([0 4 200 200 0],[0 -3 -3 0 0],'r')
x1new=.000001*ones(8,1);
y1new=y1;
plot([x1 x1new]'/Udt,[y1 y1new]'/Udt, 'k');
box on
xlabel('Dimensionless Location, x/U\Deltat')
ylabel('Dimensionless Location, y/U\Deltat')
text(20,110 ,['\rhoU/\mu = ' num2str(1e5) ' m^-^1, U = 0.1 m/s'])
%text(20,110 ,['\rhoU/\mu = ' num2str(1e5) ' m^-^1'])
T=text(120,10,'Press Enter to Animate');
text(20,100,'\Deltat = 0.00005 s')
pause
set(T,'String',' ');
x1=x1new;
y1=y1new;
u8=[];
for t=1:200%time loop
for i=1:8%streamline loop
eta3=sqrt(1e5/(x1(i,1)))*y1(i,1);
if eta3>=10
fprime=1;
F1=1.7233;
else
fprime=interp1(eta, X(2,:),eta3);
F1=interp1(eta,F,eta3);
end
u1(i,1)=fprime;%actuallu u/U
v1(i,1)=sqrt(1/(4e5*x1(i,1)))*F1;%actually v/U
x1new(i,1)=x1(i,1)+dt*u1(i,1)*.1;
y1new(i,1)=y1(i,1)+dt*v1(i,1)*.1;
hold on
end
plot([x1 x1new]'/Udt,[y1 y1new]'/Udt, 'k');
hold on
x1=x1new;
y1=y1new;
pause(.01)
end
plot(x4,delta4,'m','Linewidth',2)
plot([x4(1,90),99],[delta4(1,90),19],'m','Linewidth',2);
text(100,18,'Boundary Layer Thickness')
set(T,'String','Press Enter to End')
pause
40 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
41 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
42 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
43 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
44 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
EXPERIMENT 11: Write a Program Riemann solver for shock tube problem
% Riemann solver for solving shock-tube problem
% 6 possible cases of formation of shock waves and expansionfan have been
% considered including the case of cavitation. The cavitationcheck is
% incorporated in the code. It further prevents plotting formathematically
% possible but physically unlikely case of expansion shocks.
%
clear;
clc;
close all;
% Ratio of specific heats for air
gamma = 1.4;
% Problem definition: Conditions at time t=0
% Case 1 : Sod's Problem
ch=0;
while(ch==0)
fprintf ('Choose one of the following cases :- \n');
fprintf ('\n \t Case 1: Sods problem \n');
fprintf ('\t Case 2: Left running expansion and right running "STRONG" shock \n');
fprintf ('\t Case 3: Left running shock and right running expansion \n');
fprintf ('\t Case 4: Double shock \n');
fprintf ('\t Case 5: Double expansion \n');
fprintf ('\t Case 6: Cavitation \n');
cas=input ('\nEnter a case no. <1-6>: ');
if cas==1
% Case 1:Left Expansion & right Shock
fprintf('Case 1:Sods problem \n');
rho1=1;
rho4=0.125;
u1=0;
u4=0;
p1=1;
p4=0.1;
fprintf ('P1 = %f \n',p1);
fprintf ('P4 = %f \n',p4);
fprintf ('U1 = %f \n',u1);
fprintf ('U4 = %f \n',u4);
fprintf ('rho1 = %f \n',rho1);
fprintf ('rho4 = %f \n',rho4);
ch=1;
elseif cas==2
% Case 2:Strong Expansion & Shock
fprintf('Case 2:Strong Expansion & Shock \n');
rho1=3;
rho4=2;
u1=0;
u4=0;
p1=1000;
p4=0.01;
fprintf ('P1 = %f \n',p1);
fprintf ('P4 = %f \n',p4);
fprintf ('U1 = %f \n',u1);
fprintf ('U4 = %f \n',u4);
fprintf ('rho1 = %f \n',rho1);
fprintf ('rho4 = %f \n',rho4);
ch=1;
45 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
elseif cas==3
% Case 3:Shock & Expansion
fprintf('Case 3:Shock & Expansion \n');
rho1=1;
rho4=1;
u1=0;
u4=0;
p1=7;
p4=10;
fprintf ('P1 = %f \n',p1);
fprintf ('P4 = %f \n',p4);
fprintf ('U1 = %f \n',u1);
fprintf ('U4 = %f \n',u4);
fprintf ('rho1 = %f \n',rho1);
fprintf ('rho4 = %f \n',rho4);
ch=1;
elseif cas==4
% Case 4:Double Shock
fprintf('Case 4:Double Shock \n');
rho1=6;
rho4=6;
u1=20;
u4=-6;
p1=450;
p4=45;
fprintf ('P1 = %f \n',p1);
fprintf ('P4 = %f \n',p4);
fprintf ('U1 = %f \n',u1);
fprintf ('U4 = %f \n',u4);
fprintf ('rho1 = %f \n',rho1);
fprintf ('rho4 = %f \n',rho4);
ch=1;
elseif cas==5
% Case 5:Double Expansion
fprintf('Case 5:Double Expansion \n');
rho1=1;
rho4=2.5;
u1=-2;
u4=2;
p1=40;
p4=40;
fprintf ('P1 = %f \n',p1);
fprintf ('P4 = %f \n',p4);
fprintf ('U1 = %f \n',u1);
fprintf ('U4 = %f \n',u4);
fprintf ('rho1 = %f \n',rho1);
fprintf ('rho4 = %f \n',rho4);
ch=1;
elseif cas==6
% Case 6:Cavitation
fprintf('Case 6:Cavitation \n');
rho1=1;
rho4=1;
u1=-20;
u4=20;
p1=0.40;
46 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
p4=0.40;
fprintf ('P1 = %f \n',p1);
fprintf ('P4 = %f \n',p4);
fprintf ('U1 = %f \n',u1);
fprintf ('U4 = %f \n',u4);
fprintf ('rho1 = %f \n',rho1);
fprintf ('rho4 = %f \n',rho4);
ch=1;
else
fprintf ('Please enter an appropriate choice \n');
end % for case selection if-else loop
end % for case selection while loop
% Calculation of flow parameters at initial condition
a1=sqrt(gamma*p1/rho1);
a4=sqrt(gamma*p4/rho4);
M1=u1/a1;
M4=u4/a4;
if u1<0 && u4>0 && (u1+(2/(gamma-1))*a1)<=(u4-(2/(gamma-1))*a4)
%chk for cavitation
fprintf('\n Cavitation is observed in this case of double expansion. No solution possible \n');
break;
else
% Secant Method for getting pressure P*
p23up=(((gamma-1)/2*(u1-u4)+a1+a4)/((a1*(p1)^((2*gamma)/(gamma-1)))+(a4*(p4)^((2*gamma)/(gamma1)))))^((2*gamma)/(gamma-1)); % upper limit
p23down=(rho1*a1*p4+rho4*a4*p1-(rho1*a1*rho4*a4*(u4-u1)))/(rho1*a1+rho4*a4); %lower limit by linear
theory
s=0;
if p23down>=p1
s=1;
end
ss=0;
if p23down>=p4
ss=1;
end
if s==1
m1=rho1*a1*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23up-p1)/(2*gamma*p1)));
m1d=rho1*a1*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23downp1)/(2*gamma*p1)));
else
m1=rho1*a1*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23up/p1)/(1-(p23up/p1)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
m1d=rho1*a1*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23down/p1)/(1-(p23down/p1)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
end
if ss==1
m4=rho4*a4*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23up-p4)/(2*gamma*p4)));
m4d=rho4*a4*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23down-p4)/(2*gamma*p4)));
else
m4=rho4*a4*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23up/p4)/(1-(p23up/p4)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
m4d=rho4*a4*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23down/p4)/(1-(p23down/p4)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
end
p23=(m1*p4+m4*p1-m1*m4*(u4-u1))/(m1+m4);
f=p23up-p23;
p23d=(m1d*p4+m4d*p1-m1d*m4d*(u4-u1))/(m1d+m4d);
ff=p23d-p23;
j=0;
% iteration procedure starts from here
while abs(f)>0.000001
47 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
p23up=p23up-(f*(p23up-p23d)/(f-ff));
if s==1
m1=rho1*a1*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23upp1)/(2*gamma*p1)));
m1d=rho1*a1*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23downp1)/(2*gamma*p1)));
else
m1=rho1*a1*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23up/p1)/(1-(p23up/p1)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
m1d=rho1*a1*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23down/p1)/(1-(p23down/p1)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
end
if ss==1
m4=rho4*a4*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23up-p4)/(2*gamma*p4)));
m4d=rho4*a4*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23down-p4)/(2*gamma*p4)));
else
m4=rho4*a4*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23up/p4)/(1-(p23up/p4)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
m4d=rho4*a4*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23down/p4)/(1-(p23down/p4)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
end
p23=(m1*p4+m4*p1-m1*m4*(u4-u1))/(m1+m4);
f=p23up-p23;
p23d=(m1d*p4+m4d*p1-m1d*m4d*(u4-u1))/(m1d+m4d);
ff=p23d-p23;
j=j+1;
if j>450000;
fprintf ('No convergance \n');
break;
end
end % for while loop of secant method
% Root finder ends
%Calculation of flow parameters depending whether shock oran
%expansion is observed
u23=(m1*u1+m4*u4-(p4-p1))/(m1+m4);
if s==1
rho2=rho1*(1+(((gamma+1)/(gamma-1))*p23/p1))/(((gamma+1)/(gamma-1))+p23/p1);
if u23>u1
fprintf('Expansion shock-not physically possible\n');
return;
end
else
rho2=rho1*(p23/p1)^(1/gamma);
end
if ss==1
rho3=rho4*(1+(((gamma+1)/(gamma-1))*p23/p4))/(((gamma+1)/(gamma-1))+p23/p4);
if u23<u4
fprintf('Expansion shock-not physically possible\n');
return;
end
else
rho3=rho4*(p23/p4)^(1/gamma);
end
a2=sqrt(gamma*p23/rho2);
a3=sqrt(gamma*p23/rho3);
end % for cavitation test
% Print calculated flow quantities
fprintf ('\n Solution of Riemann problem :- \n');
fprintf ('P* = %f \n',p23);
fprintf ('U* = %f \n',u23);
fprintf ('rho2 = %f \n',rho2);
fprintf ('rho3 = %f \n',rho3);
48 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
% Variable initialization
cs12=0;
cs34=0;
expc121=0;
expc122=0;
expc341=0;
expc342=0;
% Calculation of shock/expansion speeds
if s==1
cs12l=a1*sqrt(1+(gamma+1)/(2*gamma)*(p23-p1)/p1);
cs12=u1-abs(cs12l);
else
expc121=u1-a1;
expc122=u23-a2;
end
if ss==1
cs34r=a4*sqrt(1+(gamma+1)/(2*gamma)*(p23-p4)/p4);
cs34=u4+abs(cs34r);
else
expc341=u4+a4;
expc342=u23+a3;
end
%Array construction
maxxt=max([cs12 cs34 expc121 expc122 expc341 expc342]);
minxt=min([cs12 cs34 expc121 expc122 expc341 expc342]);
offsetxt=0.1*(maxxt-minxt);
if s==1
xt(1)=cs12-offsetxt;
incr=abs(offsetxt)/1500;
for i=1:1500
xt(i+1)=xt(i)+incr;
u(i)=u1;
rho(i)=rho1;
p(i)=p1;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(1500)=cs12;
incr=abs(u23-cs12)/1500;
for i=1501:3000
xt(i+1)=xt(i)+incr;
u(i)=u23;
rho(i)=rho2;
p(i)=p23;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(3000)=u23;
else
xt(1)=expc121-offsetxt;
incr=abs(offsetxt)/1000;
for i=1:1000
xt(i+1)=xt(i)+incr;
u(i)=u1;
rho(i)=rho1;
p(i)=p1;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
49 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
xt(1000)=expc121;
incr=abs(expc122-expc121)/1000;
for i=1001:2000
xt(i+1)=xt(i)+incr;
if expc122>=0
u(i)=2/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)-a1)+(gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*u1;
a=((gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)-u1))+(2/(gamma+1)*a1);
else
u(i)=2/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)+a1)+(gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*u1;
a=(-(gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)-u1))+(2/(gamma+1)*a1);
end
rho(i)=rho1*(a/a1)^(2/(gamma-1));
p(i)=p1*(a/a1)^(2*gamma/(gamma-1));
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(2000)=expc122;
incr=abs(expc122-u23)/1000;
for i=2001:3000
xt(i+1)=xt(i)+incr;
u(i)=u23;
rho(i)=rho2;
p(i)=p23;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(3000)=u23;
end
if ss==1
incr=abs(u23-cs34)/1500;
for i=3001:4500
xt(i)=xt(i-1)+incr;
u(i)=u23;
rho(i)=rho3;
p(i)=p23;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(4500)=cs34;
incr=abs(offsetxt)/1500;
for i=4501:6000
xt(i)=xt(i-1)+incr;
u(i)=u4;
rho(i)=rho4;
p(i)=p4;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
else
incr=abs(expc342-u23)/1000;
for i=3001:4000
xt(i)=xt(i-1)+incr;
u(i)=u23;
rho(i)=rho3;
p(i)=p23;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(4000)=expc342;
incr=abs(expc342-expc341)/1000;
for i=4001:5000
50 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
xt(i)=xt(i-1)+incr;
if expc341>=0
u(i)=2/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)-a4)+(gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*u4;
a=((gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)-u4))+(2/(gamma+1)*a4);
else
u(i)=2/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)+a4)+(gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*u4;
a=(-(gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)-u4))+(2/(gamma+1)*a4);
end
rho(i)=rho4*(a/a4)^(2/(gamma-1));
p(i)=p4*(a/a4)^(2*gamma/(gamma-1));
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(5000)=expc341;
incr=abs(offsetxt)/1000;
for i=5001:6000
xt(i)=xt(i-1)+incr;
u(i)=u4;
rho(i)=rho4;
p(i)=p4;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
end
% Plotting instructions
subplot (2,2,1)
plot(xt,u);
title('Plot of U v/s x/t');
xlabel ('x/t');
ylabel ('u');
axis tight;
subplot (2,2,2)
plot(xt,rho);
Choose one of the following cases :Case 1: Sods problem
Case 2: Left running expansion and right running "STRONG" shock
Case 3: Left running shock and right running expansion
Case 4: Double shock
Case 5: Double expansion
Case 6: Cavitation
Enter a case no. <1-6>: 1
Case 1:Sods problem
P1 = 1.000000
P4 = 0.100000
U1 = 0.000000
U4 = 0.000000
rho1 = 1.000000
rho4 = 0.125000
Solution of Riemann problem :P* = 0.303130
U* = 0.927453
rho2 = 0.426319
rho3 = 0.265574
51 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
Enter a case no. <1-6>: 2
Case 2:Strong Expansion & Shock
P1 = 1000.000000
P4 = 0.010000
U1 = 0.000000
U4 = 0.000000
rho1 = 3.000000
rho4 = 2.000000
Solution of Riemann problem :P* = 406.902385
U* = 13.020508
rho2 = 1.578286
rho3 = 11.998280
Enter a case no. <1-6>: 3
Case 3:Shock & Expansion
P1 = 7.000000
P4 = 10.000000
U1 = 0.000000
U4 = 0.000000
rho1 = 1.000000
rho4 = 1.000000
52 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
Solution of Riemann problem :P* = 8.480870
U* = -0.435229
rho2 = 1.146676
rho3 = 0.888968
Enter a case no. <1-6>: 4
Case 4:Double Shock
P1 = 450.000000
P4 = 45.000000
U1 = 20.000000
U4 = -6.000000
rho1 = 6.000000
rho4 = 6.000000
Solution of Riemann problem :P* = 1701.594168
U* = 8.933681
rho2 = 14.530506
rho3 = 31.206924
Enter a case no. <1-6>: 5
Case 5:Double Expansion
P1 = 40.000000
P4 = 40.000000
U1 = -2.000000
U4 = 2.000000
53 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
rho1 = 1.000000
rho4 = 2.500000
Solution of Riemann problem :P* = 24.897610
U* = 0.450296
rho2 = 0.712733
rho3 = 1.781833
Enter a case no. <1-6>: 6
Case 6:Cavitation
P1 = 0.400000
P4 = 0.400000
U1 = -20.000000
U4 = 20.000000
rho1 = 1.000000
rho4 = 1.000000
Cavitation is observed in this case of double expansion. No solution possible.
54 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I
