IGC 2 Question & Answers

1. a. Identify Four types of ignition source that may lead to a fire in the workplace.
A. Sources of IGNITION:
i.
Smokers material
ii.
Naked flames
iii.
Fixed or portable heaters
iv.
Hot processes e.g. welding
v.
Cooking
vi.
Electrical equipment or machinery
vii.
Static electricity
b. Outline ways of controlling each of the ignition sources identified in (a).
i. The control of smoking & smoking materials, good housekeeping to prevent the
accumulation of waste paper & other combustible materials.
ii. Regular lubrication of machinery
iii. Frequent inspection of electrical equipment are not obstructed
iv. Ensuring ventilation outlets on equipment are not obstructed
v. Controlling hot work
vi. Security measures to prevent arson
vii. The provision of proper storage facilities for flammable liquids
viii. And the segregation of incompatible chemicals
2. Outline the factors that may reduce the affectiveness of a local exhaust ventilation
(LEV) system
i.
Poor design & a lack of maintenance &/ or periodic testing
ii.
And the more immediate factors
iii.
Such as the hood being placed too far from the source of the emission
iv.
Damaged or blocked filters
v.
Unauthorized alteration to the system
vi.
Incorrect settings
vii.
A faulty fan
viii. And possible changes to the process leading to increased dust
emissions.

3. Outline the specific Hazards associated with the use of battery powered fork
lift trucks, and state the precautions necessary in each case.
A. Hazards
Splashes of chemical
Electrocution during charging of batteries
Fumes from batteries
Manual handling issues
Chemical burns while refueling
Control measures
Charging connector should be tightened
Isolate the area of charging & only authorized personal should enter with
training
Personal protective equipment should be used e.g. goggles, gloves shoes
etc
Manual handling training
Information, instruction training & supervision
Monitoring & supervision
4. Outline Eight precautions that should be taken when leaving a fork lift truck
unattended.
A. i. Returning the truck to a designated parking area where possible
ii. Applying the brake & leaving controls in a neutral position
iii. Ensuring the forks are resting on the floor & the mast titled slightly forward
iv. Avoiding the obstruction of walkways, exits & fire points
v. And removing the ignition key & returning it to a responsible person
5. a. Define the term target organ within the context of occupational health
A. The organs of the human body upon which a toxic material exerts its effects
was all that was required for full marks.
Eg. Asbestos & The lungs was commonly cited
b. Outline the personal hygiene practices that should be followed to reduce the
risk of ingestion of a hazardous substance.
A. i. Washing hands before eating
ii. The avoidance of eating
iii. Drinking & smoking in the workplace
iv. Utilising facilities for contaminated clothing
v. Appropriate use of gloves
vi. And avoiding hand - to- mouth contact where all relevant in this respect.

6. Outline the control measures needed to ensure safety during excavation work on a
construction site.
A. i. The nature of the subsoil For example: wet may require close shoring with
sheets.
ii. Projected life of the excavation A trench box may give readymade access
where it is only needed for short duration.
iii. Work to be undertaken, including equipment use for example : The use of
the trench box for shoring where pipe joints are made.
iv. The possibility of flooding from ground water and heavy rain close shoring
would be require.
v. The depth of the excavation A shallow excavation may use battering instead
of shoring, particularly where shoring may impede access.
vi. The number of workers using the excavation at any one time a lot of space
may be required so cantilever sheet piling may be preferred.
vii. Prevent collapse by battering the sides to a safe angle or supporting them with
sheeting or proprietary support systems.
viii. Use experienced workers for the erection and dismantling of timbering
and other supports
ix.
Adequate material must be used to prevent danger from falls or falling
objects.
7. Explain the tern respirable dust.
A. The respirable dust is an atmospheric dust of a particular particle size range that
enables it to enter the lungs during respiration.
8. Outline the specific hazards that may be encountered in motor vehicle repair
premises.
A. i. Electric shock
ii. Tripping over trailing cables or pipes
iii. Injuries from the handling of cylinders
iv. And the problems associated with oxygen enrichment leading to an increased
risk of fire and / or explosion.
v. Fume inhalation
vi. Damage to the eyes from UV light
vii. Burns to the skin
viii. And the increased risk of fire from hot materials or sparks,
ix. Falls & Falling Object
9. Outline the factors that may affect the risk from manual handling activities in
relation to
a. The Load: i. The weight & size of the boxes
ii. The weight distribution
iii. The provision of handles or other means to ensure an adequate grip
iv. The presence of sharp edges
v. The surety of the loads within the boxes to prevent unexpected movement
vi. Address the size & weight of the load
vii. The location to which it is to be moved

viii. Then outlined a technique that included issues such as the correct positioning of
the feet
ix. Keeping the back straight
x. Bending only the knees
xi. Lifting smoothly while keeping the load close to the body.
b. Individual: i. Slipped disk, torn ligaments
ii. Tendon sprain or hernia
iii. Causing cuts
iv. Abrasions & even fractures.
10. Mobile tower scaffolds should always be used on stable, level ground
List eight additional points that should be considered to ensure safe use of a mobile
tower scaffold.?
A. i. Ensuring that the ratio of the height of the tower to its base dimensions is
appropriate
ii. The provision of adequate diagonal bracing
iii. A fully boarded working platform with toe boards & guardrails in place
iv. Safe means of access to the platform
v. Means for locking the wheels of the tower when work is in operation
vi. The use of outriggers
vii. Checking that the condition of the ground on which the tower is sited is
suitable (e.g. level & firm)
viii. The errection and inspection of the scaffold by competent persons.
11. Outline the main categories of Guards and Safe Guarding devices that may be
used to reduce the risk of contact with dangerous arts of machinery.
A. Guards are 4 types mainly:
Fixed Guard
Interlock Guard
Automatic Guard
Trip Devices
A fixed Guard is a physical barrier, Held in its place at all times
Not linked to the machine operation, requiring a special tool for its removal
e.g. Tree Shredding Machine
Interlock Guard is a guard linked mechanically, electrically, or pneumatically to
the machine operation, and preventing access when the machine is in a dangerous
position, while also preventing operation of the machine when the guard is open.
e.g. Power press machine
Automatic Machine A guard which operates as the machine goes through its cycle
in some cases it physically moves the operator away from danger and he is therefore only
suitable for slow cycling equipment.
e.g Large panel machine
Trip Devices: A sensitive, cable or other mechanism, which causes the device to
activate a further mechanism which either stops or reverse the machine.

e.g Pressure sensitive mats

12. i. Outline the main hazards that may be present during the demolition of a
building.
A. i. Falls from a height
ii. Falling debris & premature collapse
iii. Use of explosives
iv. Contact with noise from equipment & heavy plant
v. Dust (possibly including asbestos)
vi. The possible presence of services such as electricity, gas & water
13. Identify the possible risks to health associated with the use of display screen
equipment (DSE).
A. Significant health risks associated with display screen equipment relate to a range
of work related upper limb disorders caused by poor posture and / or repetitive
movement such conditions can cause pain, swelling, soreness or stiffness in
fingers, wrists, elbows or shoulders.
Other risks are:
i.
Eye strain or migraine from uncorrected eyesight problems or poor
workstation layout
ii.
Fatigue
iii.
Stress
iv.
And, in rare cases, facial dermatitis ( which is thought to be more
related to the working environment than the workstation or equipment
itself)
B. Identify the features of a chair to ensure it is suitable for use at a DSE,
workstation.
A. Reference should have been made to factors such as:
i.
The height and adjustability of the monitor
ii.
Arrangements for the keyboard, such as wrist support, or separate from
the monitor
iii.
The adjustability and stability of the chair provided for the operator
iv.
The positioning of the pointing devices
v.
The location of the workstation with regard to lighting and glare

vi.

Environmental issues such as noise, temperature, humidity and

draughts and cable management

14. An organization uses small quantities of toxic chemicals.

A .Identify the possible routes of entry of toxic chemicals into the body.
a. Inhalation
b. Ingestion
c. Absorption
d. Injection

B. Describe acute and chronic health effects.

i Acute Effects: Continuous personal monitoring with rapid response, Continuous
background monitoring with rapid response, Short term readings of background
contaminant levels at selected positions and times.
ii. Chronic effects: Continuous personal dose measurement, continuous measurement
of average background levels, Short term readings of containment levels at selected
positions and times.
C. Identify four sources of information which could be used in the assessment of risk
of toxic chemicals.
i. Providing hazard information
ii. Labelling
iii. Material Safety Data Sheets
iv. Limitations of Information in assessing risks to health
D. Outline the control measures that might be require in order to minimize risks to
workers
i.
Elimination (e.g. By introducing pre formed components or
outsourcing the dusty operation)
ii.
Substitution (e.g. of powder by granules, liquid or paste)
iii.
Isolation of the process in a separate room
iv.
Enclosure ( in a glove box, for instance)
v.
The provision of LEV
vi.
Suppression by damping down and carrying out cleaning operations by
vacuuming rather than sweeping.
20. Identify the control measures that could be implemented to reduce the risks to
pedestrians in areas where vehicles are maneuvering.
A. i. Segregated systems for vehicular and pedestrian traffic
ii.
Appropriate road markings
iii.
Maintaining good visibility ( mirrors, transparent doors, provision of
lighting etc)
iv.
And audible warnings on vehicles
v.
Drawing up and enforcement of site rules

vi.
The provisions of refuges
vii.
The wearing of high visibility clothing
viii. A good standard of housekeeping
ix.
And training for and supervision of all concerned
21. Excavation work is being carried out on a construction site, Identify the control
measures needed to reduce the risk to workers?
A. i. Who might be harmed by a collapse of the excavation
ii. Contact with buried services
iii. Ingress of water
v. Build up of fumes or being struck by falling materials, important as these are
broader answers also included dangers associated with
vi. The excavation machinery (e.g. contact with overhead lines)
vii. The effect on adjacent structures
viii.
And the possibility of vehicles or people falling into unprotected
excavations
ix. Support of sides (shoring, benching, etc)
x. Detection of services (e.g. from plans, use of cable/ pipe detectors, etc)
xi. Storage of materials, equipment and spoil away from edge
xii. Means of preventing vehicles falling into the excavation or causing collapse (e.g.
stop blocks)
Xiii Means of preventing people falling in ( guard rails, barriers, crossing points and
covers)
22. Identify four mechanical hazards associated with the use of a pedestal drill
A. i. Entanglement of hair with the drill bit or chuck
ii. Stabbing injuries from the end of the bit
iii. Contact with the drill bit or chuck resulting in abrasions
iv. And ejection of, or impact by, unclamped work pieces, made worse by the fact that
the work piece may be spinning at fast speed on the bit.
v. Cutting hazards may also be presented by metal swarf produced by the drilling
process
B. Outline four control measures to reduce the risk of injury to operators of pedestal
drills.
A.

i The fitting of guards to protect the blades

ii. The provision of personal protective equipment such as car defenders, eye
protection, and high visibility clothing
iii.
Coming off areas in close proximity to moving traffic
iv.
Training drivers in operating the machine on sloping ground, in refuelling procedures and in carrying out routine maintenance work

23. Outline precautions that should be taken to reduce the risk of injury from electrical
equipment in a workplace.

A. i. The need to check that the appliance is of a suitable type for the operations to be
carried out
ii.
That the connecting plugs are in sound condition and sockets not
overloaded that the fuses fitted are of the correct rating
iii.
That the appliance is operated at reduced voltage (where
appropriate) and/or protected by a RCD
iv.
That cables are undamaged and routed safely
v.
And that the causing of the appliance is in good condition

Almost without exception, additional reference was made to the need to

check that a PAT has been carried out and is current, and that the relevant
information is provided.
24. Outline the possible health effects from exposure to high levels of noise.
A. i. Physiological damage to the sensory hair cells in the inner ear
ii. Affecting sounds within the audible frequency range
iii. Progressively worsening with continued exposure
B. Give two examples of noise control techniques, other than personal hearing
protection that would benefit all workers
A. i. Insulating the noise by the erection of barriers or screens
ii.
Fitting a silencer to the chisel and/or lagging it with a jacket
iii.
Covering exposed surfaces with absorbent material
iv.
Minimizing exposure times by carrying out the operation where
possible at times when employees f the factory are not at work
v.
And providing hearing protection for the operator and workers
25. Identify safe working practices for the use of a mobile elevating work platform
(MEWP)
A i. The need to inspect the equipment before use and to ensure it is in a good state of
repair
ii. Using only competent workers using outriggers and brakes
iii. Erecting warning signs and barriers to avoid collisions
v.
Ensuring the platform is not overloaded
vi.
Avoiding overhead obstructions
vii.
And wearing a harness
26 a. Identify types of hazards that may cause slips or tricks at work
A. i. Poor design of the staircase ( inadequate handrails)
ii. Steep
iii. Poor tread/riser ratio etc
iv. Slippery condition of the stairs (highly polished, icy, oily, etc)
v.
A poor state of repair (e.g. worn steps or loose coverings)
vi.
Obstruction on the stairs
vii.
A poor standard of lighting

viii.

Bad practice (including the carrying of loads, rushing, improper

footwear, etc)
B, Outline how slips and trips hazards in the workplace might be controlled?
i. The initial design and layout of the workplace, with designated walkways and
non-slips floors
ii. A system of maintenance that ensures that prompt repair of floor defects such as
holes and bumps
iii. Producedures for avoiding and dealing with spillages
iv.
The provisions of adequate lighting and highlighting strips to warn of a
difference in levels
v.
A good standard of housekeeping (including the proper management of
cables and hoses)
vi.
Procedures for reporting defects and incidents
27. Excavation work is being carried out on a construction side identify the control
measures needed to reduce the risk to workers
A. i. Support of sides (shoring, benching, etc)
ii. Detection of services (e.g. from plans, use of cable/pipe detectors, etc)
iii. Storage of materials, equipment and spoil away from edge
iv. Means of preventing vehicles falling into the excavation or causing
collapse (e.g. stop blocks)
v. Means of preventing people falling in (guard rails, barriers, crossing
points and covers)
vi. Means of preventing collapse of adjacent structures
vii.
Safe means of access and egress
viii. Testing for and ventilation of noxious fumes
ix.
Means of pumping out water
x.
Procedures for working with mechanical plant, and general issues as such as
a. Inspection
b. Training
c. Supervision
d. The use of PPE (e.g. for protection against contaminants)
28. Outline the factors that may lead to occupational stress amongst workers?
A. Stress is reflected in relationships at work as:
i.
Tension between colleagues/supervisors
ii.
Poor service to clients
iii.
Deterioration in industrial relations
iv.
Increase in disciplinary problems
29. a. Identify the effects on the human body from a severe electric shock?
A. i. Cardio respiratory effects
ii. In particular the risk of fatal injury due to disruption of heart rhythm as far
as tissue burns are concerned, candidates should have referred to the
iii. Main sites of damage as being the entry and exit points
iv. To the possibility of damage to internal organs

b. Identify four factors that could effect the severe of injury resulting from contact with
electricity?
A. i. The route taken through the body
ii. The length of contact time
iii. The general health and age of the person involved
iv. Those factors that might affect the size of current passing through the body
v.
Dryness of the skin
vi.
Natural body resistance
vii.
viii.

Ground conditions
Type of footwear

30. a, In relation to the classification of fires, give a example of a material(Fuel) that

falls with in each of the classes a.b.c.d
A. Class A: Fire involving solids wood, paper or plastic (usually material of an
organic nature)
Class B: Fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids petrol, oil, paint, fat or
wax
Class C: Fires involving gases liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas or
acetylene
Class D: Fires involving metals sodium, magnesium, aluminums and many
metal powders
Class E: Fires involving electrical apparatus, In many cases, electricity is a
source of heat
Class F or K: Fires involving cooking oils and fats.
b. Identify two methods of heat transfer and explain how each method contributes to the
spread of fire.
A. Convection: The movement of hotter gases up through the air (hot air rises)
e.g. Smoke and hot gases rising up staircase through an open door.
Conduction: The movement of heat through a material (usually solid)
e.g. A metal beam or pipe transmitting heat through a solid wall.
Radiation: Transfer of heat as invisible waves through the air ( the air or gas is not
heated but solids & liquids in contact with the heat are)
Direct Burning: Combustible materials in direct contact with naked flame
e.g. Curtains or carpet tiles may be consumed by combustion and enable
fire to be transferred along them to other parts of a building.
31. Outline the hazards that a worker could be exposed to when using petrol driven
chainsaw to cut down a tree?
A. i. Contact with moving parts of the chainsaw (the chain in particular)

ii. Exposure to fumes and dust

iii. Manual handling hazards
iv. Noise and vibration
v. Ejected particles and fragments
vi. Falling objects (ultimately, the tree itself)
vii.Fire and explosion hazards from the fuel
viii. Hot parts of the chainsaw
ix. Uneven and/or wet ground
x. The use of lubricating oils
xi. Exposure to sunlight
32. A maintenance worker regularly use a hand held grinder, and is exposed to
vibration
a. Identify the symptoms that the worker may experience due to this exposure
A. Worker who suffers from vibration may experience intencity levels disturbing
to comfort
ii. Long term regular exposure to vibration is known to lead permanent and
debilitating health effects such as vibration white finger
iii. Loss of sensation and pain
iv. Numbness in the hand, arms , spine and joints
These effects are collectively known as hand arm or whole body vibration syndrome.
b. Outline six control measures that can be used to reduce the risk from vibration.
A. The employeer must seek to eliminate the risk of vibration at source if not
reasonabily practicable, reduce it to as low a level as is reasonably practicable
ii. Where the personal dialy exposure limit exceed the employeer must reduce the
exposure by implementing a program of organizational and technical measures
iii. Measures include the use of other methods of work, ergonomics, maintenance of
equipment,
iv. Design and layout, rest facilities, information instruction and training
v. Limitations by schedules and breaks
vi. Provision of Personal Protective Equipment to protect from cold and damp
33. Identify eight common causes of fire in the work place?
A. i. Hot works
ii. Discarded lighted cigarette end or match
iii. Smouldering waste
iv. Un attended burning or poor electrical connections
ix.
Over loading electrical circuits and using fuses of too high rating
x.
Failure to follow servicing instructions
xi.
Failure to repair faulty machinery/ equipment promptly
xii.
Electrical short circuit, Electrical earth fault
xiii. Causes for local overheating
xiv.
Electrical insulation failure

xv.

Deliberate Ignition (e.g. Insurance fraud, aggrived persons, concealment

of another crime, political activists or vandalism)

34. a. Give the meaning of the term ergonomics

A. Ergonomics, often reffered to as women factors in the united states is the
application of the scientific information concerning humans to the design of
the objects, systems and environment for human use Ergonomics comes into
everything which involves people
b. Identify the possible health effects that may be caused by the poor ergonomic
design of display screen equipment workstations.
A. MusculoSkeletalDisorder (MSDs) : Can effect the body muscles, joints tendons,
ligaments and nerves.
ii. MSDs affects the back, neck, shoulder and upper limbs
iii. Health problems range from this comfort minor aches and pains
iv. To more serious medical conditions requiring time off work and even medical
treatment.
v. More chronic cases, treatment and recovery are often unsatisfactory the result could
be permanent disability and loss of employment
vi Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULD)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Tenosynovitis
Tendinitis
Peretendinitis
Epicondylitis
Hand arm vibration syndrome
c. Identify the factors to be considered in an ergonomic assessment of a display
screen equipment workstation.
A.
35. Identify the main hazards associated with demolition work
A. Hazards: Demolition is probably the most hazardous operation undertaken in
the construction industry. The principal hazards are,:
i.
Falls of workers, falls of materials, flying materials, dust and debris,
resulting in a wide range of injuries and conditions, some of which are of
a fatal nature
ii.
Collapse of a building or structure, either deliberately or unplanned
iii.
Overloading of floors or the structure with debris, resulting in floor and/or
building collapse
iv.
Explosions in tanks or other confined spaces
v.
Presence of live electric cable or gas mains

vi.
vii.

Presence of dusty, corrosive and poisonous materials and/or atmospheres

Projecting nails in timber, e.g. Broken Glass and Cast Iron Fragments,
which can penetrate the hands, feet and parts of the body.

36. A worker is manually loading boxes of components onto metal shelves

a. Identify four types of injury that the worker could suffer while
carrying out this activity?
A. i. Slipped disk, torn ligaments
ii. Tendon sprain or hernia
iii. Causing cuts
iv. Abrasions & even fractures
b. Identify factors in relation to the task that could increase the risk of
injury?
A. Factors relating to the load that could affect the risk of injury include:
i.
The weight & size of the boxes
ii.
The weight distribution
iii.
The provision of handles or other means to ensure an adequate grip
iv.
The presence of sharp edges
v.
The security of the loads within the boxes to present unexpected
movement.
37. Outline the welfare provisions that should be made in workplace
A. i. An adequate number of well ventilated & lit sanitary conveniences in relation
to the numbers of male & female employees
ii. Washing facilities with hot and cold running water and means of drying
iii. A suitable source of drinking water (clearly marked where appropriate)
iv. Accommodation for clothing not worn during working hours
v. First Aid facilities
vi. Rest facilities for pregnant women & nursing mothers
vii. Protection for non smokers from the effects of smoke
38 a. Outline four types of engineering control that can be used to reduce noise in the
workplace.
B. Isolation: Positioning an elastic element (e.g. rubber mount etc) in the path
of vibration can isolate a noise radiating area from a vibration input.
C. Absorption: When noise passes through porous materials (e.g. foam,
mineral, wool, etc) some of its energy is absorbed.
D. Insulation: Imposing a barrier (e.g. A brick wall, lead sheet etc) between the
noise source and the receivers will provide noise insulation.

E. Damping: Mechanical vibration can be converted into heat by damping

materials (e.g. metal/plastic/ metal panels).
F. Silencers: Pipe/boxes can be designed to reduce air/gas noise (e.g. engine
exhaust silencers, duct silencers etc).
b. State two other methods that could be adopted if the controls in were not adequate?
A. Force reduction: Reduce impacts by using rubber pads or lower drop heights
Air Exhaust and jet silencers: Proprietary silencers can be used.
38 a. Explain with the aid of a sketch what is meant by the term fire triangle?
A i. Fuel
ii. Oxygen
iii. A source of ignition (that must be present for combustion to occur)
b. List the methods of heat transfer that may cause a fire to spread?
A. The four methods of heat transfer that should have been identified in:
i. Conduction
ii. Convection
iii. Radiation
iv. Direct burning
39. Outline the influencing factors which would determine the first aid provision for a
multi storey office block.
A.
40. a. Outline the function and limitation of a fuse as an electrical protection device.
A. This us a device designed to automatically cut off the power supply to a circuit within
a given time when the current flow in that circuit exceeds a given value. A fuse may be a
rewirable tinned copper wire in a suitable carrier or a wire or wires in an enclosed
cartridge.
In effect it is a weak link in the circuit that melts when heat is created by too high a
current passing through the thin wire in the fuse case. When this happens the circuit is
broken and no more current flows. Fuses tend to have rating in the order of Amperes
rather than mA which means it has limited usefulness in protecting people from
electric shock.
b. With the aid of a diagram describe the operation of a residual current device (RCD)?
A. An electro mechanical switching device is used to automatically isolate the supply
when there is a difference between the current flowing into a device and the current
flowing from the device. Such a difference might result from a fault causing current
leakage, with possible fire risks or the risk of shock current when a person touches a
system and provides a path to earth for the current. RCDs can be designed to operate at

low currents and fast response times (usually 30 mA and 30 seconds) and thus they
reduce the effect of an electric shock. Though they do not prevent the person receiving
an electric shock they are very sensitive and operate very quickly and reduce some of the
primary effects of the shock.
41. Outline the hazards associated with working in trenches on construction sites.
A. The hazards of work in and around excavations:
i. Falls of Equipment, Materials and Persons Falling into the Excavations: When
workers are working below ground in excavations, the problems are very similar to those
faced when workers are working at a height falls and falling objects.
ii. Collapse of the Excavation: Often, the soil and earth that make up the sides of the
excavation cannot be relied upon to support their own weight, leading to the possibility
of collapse.
iii. Collapse of Structures Nearby: Excavations that are carried out within close
proximity to existing buildings or structures may result in their foundations becoming
undermined and create the potential for significant settling damage to occur or worse
still, collapse.
iv. Buried Services: Although electricity cables provide the most obvious risk, gas
pipes, water mains, drains and sewers can all release dangerous substances.
v. Flood: Unless a major watercourse is breached, leading to a massive ingress of water,
drowning is not likely to be an issue. However, heavy rainfall, breaking into drains and
digging below the natural water table can all lead to flooding.
vi. Hazardous Substances: Digging may uncover buried materials that have the
potential to be hazardous to health. The history of the site should be examined to try
identify if substances have been buried on the site during its previous use.
42. a. State 2 types of injury that could be caused by incorrect manual handling?
A. i. Muscular strains
ii. Torn ligaments & injuries to the spine from handling and carrying bags of
unknown weight over varying distances and then lifting them into the ear.
There was also the danger of cuts and abrasions arising from contact with the contents
of the bags with possible bone and flesh injuries following slips, trips and falls over
kerbs and other obstructions.
b. Describe the technique that could be adopted to reduce the probability of (a)

A. Under the heading task for instance, there was a range of issues to be considered
such as
i. Frequency of the activity
ii. Vertical and horizontal distances to be lifted/ transported
iii. Distance of the load from the body
iv. Awkward body movement and so on

43. Diesel powered fork lift trucks are used in a wide range of organizations and can
introduce additional hazards into the working environment
a. Identify four hazards associated with such vehicles that may pose a risk to the health
of drivers?
A. Such hazards include:
i. Exposure to fumes
ii. The possibility of fire or explosion
iii. Contact with the moving parts of the strimmer
iv. Being struck by flying stones and fragments
v. Noise and vibration
vi. Manual handling
vii. Slips, trips and falls
viii. The possibility of being struck by moving traffic
ix. The exposure to extreme weather conditions
b. Describe the various circumstances that may cause such a vehicle to overturn
A. i. Overloading or uneven loading
ii. Cornering at excessive speed
iii. Hitting obstructions
iv. Driving too close to the edges of embankments or excavations
v. Mechanical defects
vi. Inappropriate tyre pressures
vii. Driving across slopes.
c. Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in areas
where fork lift trucks are operating.
A. i. Segregated systems for vehicular and pedestrian traffic
ii. Appropriate road markings
iii. Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc)
iv. Audible warnings on vehicles

44. With respective manual handling activities

a. Identify ways in which the nature of a load may present a risk of injury
A. The size and weight of the load
ii. The possibility that the contents might move and the load become unbalanced
iii. The position of the centre of gravity
iv. Difficulty in securing a firm grasp of the load
v. The presence of sharp edges.
b. State 4 factors relating to the individual that may increase risk of injury
A. Address the size and weight of the load
ii. The location to which it is to be moved
iii. Then outlined a technique that included issues such as the correct positioning
of the feet
iv. Keeping the back straight
v. Bending only the knees
vi. The lifting smoothly while keeping the load close to the body
45. a. Identify two main functions of First Aid Treatment?
A. Firstly, the preservation of life and/or the minimization of the consequences of serious
injury
ii. Secondly, the treatment of minor injuries that do not need medical attention
b. Outline the factors to consider when making an assessment of a first aid provision in
the work place.
A. i. Number and distribution of employees
ii. The hazards and associated risks in the workplace
iii. The distance of the workplace from the nearest emergency hospital
iv. The need to provide cover for shift work, staff holidays and sickness
v. The possibility of cooperating with other employers in shared premises
46. Identify the factors to be considered to ensure the health and safety of persons who
are required to work away from the work place
A i. The type of work to be done and its attendant hazards and risk
ii. The equipment to be used
iii. The work environment
iv. The control measures in place
The competence and suitability of the persons involved, the meathods of communication
with the home base, and emergence & first aid procedures would all be relevant in this
respect.