DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WIDEBAND

ANTENNA FOR BASE STATION APPLICATIONS

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to the
FACULTY OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
In partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of the degree
Of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMMUNICATION AND RADAR ENGINEERING
By
VENKATANARAYANA CHITTELA
ID NO: 13204003
Under the guidance of
Mr. K. SURESH
External Guide

Dr.D.V.RATNAM
Internal Guide

K L University (KLEF)
VADDESWARAM 522502
May 2015

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project work titled DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
OF WIDEBAND ANTENNA FOR BASE STATION APPLICATIONS that is being
submitted by VENKATANARAYANA CHITTELA (13204003 ) is in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in
Communication and Radar Engineering, is a record of bona fide work done under
our guidance. The contents of this Project work, in full or in parts, have neither been
taken from any other source nor have been submitted to any other Institute or University
for award of any degree or diploma and the same is certified.

Mr. P.DESIGAN

Dr. D. V. RATNAM

Assistant Manager

Internal Project Supervisor

(Amphenol Antenna Solutions, Chennai)

Dr. A. S. C. S. Sastry
Head of the department
Electronics and communication Engineering

The thesis is satisfactory

Internal Examiner

External Examiner

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I am highly indebted to Mr. B. GANESH, Manager at Amphenol

Omni connect India Pvt. Ltd, Chennai for giving me the permission to carry out this
project.
It is difficult not to overstate my gratitude to my supervisor, Mr K. SURESH.
With his enthusiasm, inspiration and great efforts to explain things as lucidly as possible,
he made my learning experience an absolute pleasure. Throughout the duration of my
thesis work, he provided encouragement, sound advice, good teaching and most
importantly, his invaluable time.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. P. DESIGAN, Mr. RAJ and
Mr. A. NUTAN REDDY for their immense help and support throughout the project
work.
I am thankful to, my internal supervisor Dr. D. V. RATNAM for sharing his
wealth of knowledge with me and always being there to help me out throughout my
journey of master of technology degree.
I would like to thank Prof. A. C. S. SASTRY, Head of the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering (E.C.E), for being moral support throughout
my period of the study.

Place: Vaddeswaram

VENKATANARAYANA CHITTELA

Date:

ID. No. 13204003

iii

ABSTRACT
A wideband dual-polarized antenna with high isolation and low cross polarization
is designed. The overall height of the antenna is 25 mm. We have used a new kind of
feeding technique i.e., a defected ground complementary phase microstrip feed in order
to decrease the height of the antenna and a metal dipole used to reduce the cost of the
antenna. It is observed that the dual polarized base station antenna has VSWR below 2 in
the ELTE and GSM850 bands, 10 dB gain, Front to back ratio is less than 25dB, port to
port isolation is less than 40 dB and the cross-polarization level is 20 dB below the copolarization level over the entire band. In order to increase the user capacity and
sensitivity the antennas are skewed to 45 degrees.

iv

LIST OF FIGURES
1. Figure 1.1 Polarization of waves

2. Figure 1.2 Determination of HPBW from radiation pattern

3. Figure 1.3 Half-wave dipole Antenna

4. Figure 1.4 monopole antenna and its radiation pattern

5. Figure 1.5 Loop antenna design

6. Figure 1.6 Helical Antennas

7. Figure 1.7 Different types of Horn Antennas

8. Figure 1.8 Microstrip Antenna construction

10

9. Figure 1.9 Tower Mounted base station antennas

12

10. Figure 3.1 Bazooka or Sleeve Balun

19

11. Figure 3.2 Equivalent Representation of Sleeve Balun

19

12. Figure 3.3 Tapered Baluns - (a) coaxial cable and (b) Microstrip
Transmission Line

20

13. Figure 3.4 A Spiral Antenna Fed with a Coaxial Cable from Below

21

14. Figure 3.5 Marchand balun design for different freedom degrees

22

15. Figure 3.6 power divider

23

16. Figure 3.7 the proposed design of microstrip based feed to the
dipole antenna

24

17. Figure 3.8 PD design

25

18. Figure 3.9 Top face of the power divider in 3D view

25

19. Figure 3.10 Bottom face of the power divider in 3D view

26

20. Figure 3.11 Power divider simulation results

26

21. Figure 3.12 Top face of the fabricated PD

27

22. Figure 3.13 Bottom face of the fabricated PD

27

23. Figure 3.14 Measured S11 of PD

27

24. Figure 3.15 Measured S21 of PD

28

25. Figure 3.16 Measured S31 of PD

28

26. Figure 3.17 Power divider design for port1

29

27. Figure 3.18 Top face of the PD1

29

28. Figure 3.19 Bottom face of PD1

29

29. Figure 3.20 Simulation results of PD1

30

30. Figure 3.21. Simulation phase difference results at the output ports
of the PD1

30

31. Figure 3.22 PD2 design

31

32. Figure 3.23 Top face of PD2

31

33. Figure 3.24 Bottom face of the PD2

31

34. Figure 3.25 Simulation phase difference results at the output ports
of the PD2

32

35. Figure 3.26 Simulation phase difference results at the output ports
of the PD2

32

36. Figure 3.27 Isometric Z view of the orthogonal Power dividers

33

37. Figure 3.28 Isometric Z 3D view of the orthogonal Power dividers39

38. Figure 3.29 Simulation results of orthogonal Power dividers

34

39. Fig.3.30 Phase difference between the output ports

of orthogonal Power dividers

34

40. Figure 4.1 (a) Two-wire transmission line, (b) A simple wire dipole

35

41. Figure 4.2 Solutions to achieve dual polarization (a) Two dipoles in
a cross, (b) Four dipoles in a square

35

42. Figure 4.3 Antenna array in base station

38

43. Figure 4.4: Basic design for the bowtie antenna

39

44. Figure 4.5 Tuned design of the bowtie antenna

39

45. Figure 4.6 Design for the bowtie antenna with an added parasitic element 40
46. Figure 4.7 Tuned Design for the bowtie antenna with an added
Parasitic element

40

47. Figure 4.8 Dual polarized design of the bowtie antenna

40

48. Figure 4.9 Antenna with Microstrip feed1 top view

41

49. Figure 4.10 Antenna with Microstrip feed1 top view in 3D

42

50. Figure 4.11 Antenna with Microstripfeed1 front view

42

51. Figure 4.12 Antenna with Microstrip feed1 side view

42

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52. Figure 4.13 Antenna with Microstrip feed1 front view in 3D

43

53. Figure 4.14 Antenna with Microstip feed1 side view in 3D

43

54. Figure 4.15 Simulated S11 of the antenna with Microstrip feed1

43

55. Figure 4.16 Simulated Impedance of the antenna with Microstrip feed1

44

56. Figure 4.17 Simulated elevation Farfield parameters of the antenna with
Feed1 at 830MHz

44

57. Figure 4.18 Simulated azimuthal Farfield parameters of the antenna

with Feed1 at 830MHz

45

58. Figure 4.19 Simulated Farfield parameters of the antenna with

Feed1 at 830MHz in 3D view

45

59. Figure 4.20 Antenna with Microstrip feed2 top view

46

60. Figure 4.21 Antenna with Microstrip feed2 top view in 3D

47

61. Figure 4.22 Antenna with Microstrip feed2 front view

47

62. Figure 4.23 Antenna with Microstrip feed2 side view

47

63. Figure 4.24 Antenna with Microstrip feed2 front view in 3D view

48

64. Figure 4.25 Antenna with Microstrip feed2 side view in 3D view

48

65. Figure 4.26 Simulated S11 of the antenna with Microstrip feed2

48

66. Figure 4.27 Simulated Impedance of the antenna with Microstrip feed2

49

67. Figure 4.28 Simulated azimuthal Farfield parameters of the antenna

with feed2 at 830MHz

50

68. Figure 4.29 Simulated elevation Farfield parameters of the antenna

with feed2 at 830MHz

50

69. Figure 4.30 Simulated Farfield parameters of the antenna with

Feed2 at 830MHz in 3D view

51

70. Figure 4.31 Dual polarized antenna top view

51

71. Figure 4.32 Dual polarized antenna top view in 3D

52

72. Figure 4.33 Dual polarized antenna front view

52

73. Figure 4.34 Dual polarized antenna side view

53

74. Figure 4.35 Dual polarized antenna front view in 3D

53

75. Fig 4.36 Dual polarized antenna side view in 3D

53

76. Figure 4.37 Simulated S11 of the dual polarized antenna

54

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77. Figure 4.38 Simulated Impedance of the dual polarized antenna

54

78. Figure 4.39 Simulated azimuthal Farfield parameters of the dual

55

polarized antenna at 830MHz

79. Figure 4.40 Simulated elevation Farfield parameters of the dual

55

polarized antenna at 830MHz

80. Figure 4.41 Simulated Farfield parameters of the antenna with

56

port1 at 830MHz in 3D view

81. Figure 4.43 Front view of the dual polarized antenna

57

82. Figure 4.44 Side view of the dual polarized antenna

57

83. Figure 4.45 Measured S11 of dual polarized antenna

57

84. Figure 4.46 Measured S22 of dual polarized antenna

58

85. Figure 4.47 Measured S12 of dual polarizes antenna

58

86. Figure 4.48 Measured S21 of dual polarized antenna

58

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LIST OF TABLES
1. Table 1.1 Classification of BSS Service Bands

12

2. Table 3.1 Design Specifications of PD

24

3. Table 4.1 Project Requirements

36

ix

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

iii

ABSTRACT

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

ix

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 MOTIVATION

1.2 OBJECTIVE AND GOAL OF THE PROJECT

1.3 BASICS OF ANTENNA

1.3.1 Antenna Definition

1.3.2 Antenna parameters

1.4 TYPES OF ANTENNA

1.4.1 Dipole Antenna

1.4.2 Monopole Antenna

1.4.3 Loop Antennas

1.4.4 Helical Antennas

1.4.5 Horn Antennas

1.4.6 Microstrip Antennas

1.5 OVERVIEW OF BASE STATION ANTENNAS

11

1.6 MICROSTRIP TECHNOLOGY

12

1.7 THESIS ORGANIZATION

13

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

14

2.2 CONCEPT SELECTION

15

2.3 SOFTWARE USED

15

CHAPTER-3 MICROSTRIP BASED FEED FOR DIPOLE ANTENNA

3.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FEEDING TECHNIQUES
3.1.1 Introduction

18
18

3.2 BALUN DESIGN

19

3.2.1 Bazooka balun

19

3.2.2 Tapered balun

20

3.2.3 Infinite balun

21

3.2.4 Marchand balun

22

3.3 POWER DIVIDER

22

3.4 PROPOSED DESIGN

23

3.5 SPECIFICATIONS OF DESIGN

24

3.6 SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT RESULTS

24

3.6.1 Power dividers design for dual polarization

28

3.6.1 (a) PD for port1

28

3.6.1 (b) PD for port2

30

3.6.1 (c) Orthogonal Power dividers microstrip

feed

32

CHAPTER-4 DIPOLE ANTENNA DESIGN

4.1 BASICS OF DIPOLES

35

4.1.1 Broadband dipoles

4.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

36
36

4.2.1 Frequency band

36

4.2.2 Impedance

37

4.2.3 Return loss

37

4.2.4 Horizontal 3dB beamwidth

37

4.2.5 Vertical 3dB beamwidth

37

4.2.6 Polarization

37

4.2.7 Isolation

38

4.2.8 Cross polarization discrimination

38

4.2.9 Front to back Ratio

38

xi

4.2.10 Passive Intermodulation

38

4.2.11 Mechanical dimensions

38

4.3 PROPOSED DESIGN

38

4.4 SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT RESULTS

41

4.4.1 Antenna with Microstrip feed1 for port1

41

4.4.2 Antenna with Microstrip feed2 for port2

46

4.4.3 Dual polarization

51

CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

60

Appendix-A...61
REFERECES62

xii