HOME

LIPPINCOTT'S
BENJAMIN

BY

EDITED

R.

MANUALS

College,Columbia

Teachers

Ph.D.

ANDREWS,

University

HOUSEWIFERY
A

MANUAL

OF

TEXT

AND

BOOK

HOUSEKEEPING

PRACTICAL

BY

RAY

LYDIA
INSTRUCTOR

IN

HOUSEWIFERY

BALDERSTON,
LAUNDERING,

AND

NEW

UNIVERSITY,
AUTHOR

175

OP

LIPPINCOTT

CITY

"LAUNDERING"

IN

TEXT

REVISED

EDITION,

PHILADELPHIA

J. B.

TEACHERS
YORK

ILLUSTRATIONS

SECOND

A.M.

AND

LONDON

COMPANY

COLLEGE,

COLUMBIA

COPYRIGHT,

1919,

COPYKIOHT,

192

Electrotyped
The

Washington

and

1,

Printed

Square

BY

J.

BY

J.

by

Press,

B.

B.

J.

LIPPINCOTT

COMPANY

LIPPINCOTT

COMPANY

B.

Lippincolt

Philadelphia,

Company
U.

S.

A.

DEDICATED

AFFECTIONATELY

TO

BALDERSTON
E.

M.

"The

has

life

of

poetry

practical

always

side

to

it,

most

worked

affairs

practical

full

out
are

rightly

of

poetry."

and

PREFACE

handbook

This
in the

hope

that

in the

home

and

of

direct

will
or

by

be

serve

as

for

and

colleges.

in

connected

with

references

suggested

for

teachers,
the

for

expressed

can

not

It is with
in

College;

or

to

women
club-

and

schools

by

indirectly
of

means

students,

who

topics within

from

the

courses,

but

the

one

bibliography,

and

the

need

meet

now

cover,

It

experience.

her

will

are

the

is

gestions
sug-

often

so

teachers.

much

Teachers

book
as

appreciation
the

Matilda

Miss

in the

considered

be

reading

of

former

supervision

laboratory

prices stated

The
and

by

of

outline

the

that

from

suggestions

these

home.

other

by

on

keeping
house-

woman

directly

carried

brings housewifery

that

in

and

given

do.

book.

the

requests

many

guidance

of the

extension

sciences,
be

may

work

keepers,
practical house-

home

courses

own

workers

processes

individual

the

throughout

book

offers

author

hoped

housewifery,

of the

Because

of

study

their

of

tasks

book

experience

groups

technical

housekeepers'

further

Any

to

of rural

groups

of

women

This

seeking

are

years

the

only

not

study

the

many

do

professional

other

as

the

upon

help

who

housewifery

emphasis
to

and

books

energy.

who

women

many

of

and

money,

employes

teaching

text

the

to

outgrowth

in

designed

time,

save

reference

with
is

to

to

reduce

to

how

measure

some

offered

is

housekeeping

in

show

help

is the
and

It

it may
how

consulting
book

practical

household

supervise

The

of

Household

that

McKeown,

College;

and

in

definite

manuscript
J.

merely

are

to

the
Dr.

locality.

any

Administration,

Andrews,

R.

formerly
Professor

Instructor

H.

Emma
Teachers

L.

ance
assist-

acknowledges

author
B.

value,

relative

give

to

Ray

Teachers
of

wifery,
House-

Gunther,

College.

Balderston.

partment
De-

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

material

as

Figures

follows

for

made

is herewith

Acknowledgment

use

of

illustrative

Mead,

of

Schenck

the

1, 5,

Marcia

by

7, drawn

and

"

Mead.

Figures

17, 18

Figures

20

19, U.

and

and

Pittsburgh,

Company,

Plumbing

Standard

22,

Bulletin.

Government

S.

Pennsylvania.
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figures
Figure

29, J. L. Mott

Stove

33, Dangler

"

44, Richardson
and

51

Cleveland

53, The

York

New

Boynton,

City.
New

Company,

Gas

Metal

Jersey.
Ohio.

Cleveland,

Company,

94, Consolidated

City.
New

Newark,

Works,

Iron

York

New

Company,

Helps

27, Home

Products

City.

York

Cleveland,

Company,

Ohio.

Figure 55,

H.

Newark,

Company,

Manufacturing

Corwin

B.

New

Jersey.

Figure

58, U.

Figure

59, Caloric

Figure

65, Janes
70

S.

and

Figures
Figure 74, Dodge
Figure
Figure

Cooker
"

Agriculture.

Company.
N.

York

New

Kirtland,

71, Chas.

Pa.

York.

New

Manufacturing

New

Company,

York

Bingham

Company,

Manufacturing

1900

City.

Pittsburgh,

Kain,

Zuill, Syracuse,

"

75, Hurley
76,

of

Department

City.
ton,

New

York.

Figure

77, Joseph

Figure

78, Hill

Figure

80, Chicago

Figure

83, Roma

Figure

87,

Cohen,

L.

Dryer

York

New

Company,

Manufacturing

Chicago,

Illinois.

Company,

Chicago,

Sweeper

Company,

Pneumatic

Duntley

Massachusetts.

Worcester,

Company,

Dryer

City.

Illinois.

Chicago,

Illinois.

Figure

88, Franc

Figure

89, Cadillac

Figure

136,

Figure
New

York

E.

159,

City.

The

Premier

C.

Cleaner
Stearns
Metal

Cleveland,

Company,

"

Company,

Chicago,

Company,

Syracuse,

Sanitary

Toilet

Ohio.
Illinois.

Cleaner,

New

J.

York.

Anderson,

CONTENTS

CHAPTEB

PAGE

HOOSEWIFEKY

I.

II

AS

BUSINESS

Plumbing

21

III.

IV.

Heating

Lighting

and

Equipment

52

Labor-Saving

and

Appliances

84

"

V.

Equipment

Labor-Saving

and

Appliances

II

103

"

VI.

Supplies

Household

Furnishings

Household

VII.

129

148

Storage

VIII.

IX.

204

Cleaning

Care

and

of

Metals

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

Cleaning

Suggestions

Beds,

Bathroom,

Kitchen,

240

Renovation

and

Disinfectants

Household

Rooms,

and

273

Fumigants

Pests

for

297

307

Teachers

318

HOUSEWIFERY
CHAPTEK

AS

HOUSEWIFERY

"

definition

If. this

"business"

and

roof.

Thus,

of

of

individuals
The

accepted

man

do

not

can

careful

in

her

unless

and

Division
involve

three

unit.

No

Work

work,

there

that

give

results
materials

small

how

size of the

the
"

The

be

from
a

worker
so

good

unit

and

placed

taking
greater

of

the
these

the

in

efficiency of
given

only through
business.

of most

homes

unit, and
division

the
is

according

area

house

the

As

the

long

various

from

as

the
this

only

not

tools

is saved

steps, and
than

includes

must

rooms

housewife

unnecessary

distance

division

is, this

cellar.

light, but

that

most

already built may

recreation

decreases

or

the

organized

house

the

house

As

rest
matically
auto-

to

the

family.

work

laundry,

ideal, but

his.

handicapped

the

it is

real

Any

"

the

It increases

group

consideration

because

any

unit, the

work

literallya workshop,

the

to

the

to become

and

is

to

careful

be

Home.

not

are

is

arranged.
add

house,

in

facilities

and

house

can

is

housewife

the

be

the

there

in the

Unit.

is

in

space

one

ery

to

ought

man

best

the

should

of

business

the

of

that

pantry, the

ought

plan

parts

the

office, so

the

Space

housewife

suitably planned

is

matter

income, and

his

under

Housewif

in

versed

living

read

word

the

person

individuals

every

without

planning

made.

to

as

conditions

is into

rooms

realm

of the

division

dividing

the

her

that

housewife's
the

is that

workshop

order

In
the

to-day
work

find

roof.

one

in

the

family."

the

everything pertaining

in

fact

organization

should

definition, it would

under

good

of

of

mistress

detail, we

group

versed

person

living

proficient

as

to

the

the

"mistress,"

the

enlarge

of

in

concern;

"family,"

to

concern

business

analyzed

were

meaning

everything;
the

is the

Housewifery

BUSINESS

the

and

kitchen,
group

be

of

arranged

equipment
which

fatigue

carrying

tools

is necessary.
1

and

HOUSEWIFERY

mixing
above
it;

shelves
around

that

about

by
usually

is

the

at

of

stove,

which

and

be

For

processes.
table or cabinet

and

cooking
and

.placedthe

ple,
exam-

at

sink ;
of

center

small

necessary

the
done

are

is done

becomes

into

with

baking

dishes

sink, each

the

should

division

arranged by

different

processes
washing of foods

table, the

units,

these

food

; the

stove

the

controlled

are

of

the

so

units

The

units.

itself is to be

work-shop

kitchen

The

sils
uten-

and

equipment.
In a large kitchen, as
great saving if the room

in many
farm
be divided

house

by

kitchens, it will be

imaginary

an

line

into

and
the
these
rest part. Under
part of the kitchen
conditions, a large kitchen is not a handicap (except for the extra
work

the

clean)

to

space

it makes

because

better

ventilation

part of the kitchen, one groups

not only reduces
stove, table, and sink, one

in

if,in the work

kitchen
has
of

so

her

it would

the work

possiblefor

her

on,

and

the

do

to

she is

distinct

itself into

other

her

watching

two

are

of

some

her

the

table, so

that

sewing, reading

or

food.

units,

so

that
the

where

parts, one

the

where

of

large
housekeeper, who
this rest portion

gains the benefit of better air. The

interruptionsin her work, might use
many
for her sewing machine
and
small
kitchen
a
be

relationship

close

but

studying during the time

In the laundry there
the laundry divides
carried

possible; and

cally
automati-

washing

ironing is done.
two
laundry units

The

is

stove

and should
these
connecting link between
to each.
be placed so that it is convenient
The
pantry is a part of the work unit, connecting the kitchen
unit
is between
the work
The
and
the dining room.
dining room
and
the recreation
by
unit, and therefore in its plan is influenced
The
both
units.
efficiencyof the pantry is increased by having a
of serving and
that all the work
sufficient closet room
sink and
so
clearing away may be done Avithout going the greater distance into
Such
the kitchen.
a
pantry is called a butler's pantry. In order
into
its purpose
that it serve
best, there should be two doors, one
A kitchen
and one
into the dining room.
the kitchen
pantry having
is the

only

one

When
care

door
the

is less convenient.
housewife

to consider

the

relationship between
large window-like

has

butler's
the

all the

pantry, but

dining

opening

work

made

room

to

instead

and

in the

do

the

herself,she
may
kitchen

wall, fitted

secure

may
a

not

close

by having a
with
a glass or

AS

HOUSEWIFERY

of such
of

plenty

slide, plan

the

for

room

side will make

room

do

the work

slide to reduce

wooden

with

away

large shelves

dishes.

add

the

to the

sides

so

screen

ience
conven-

to have

as

the

on

of
purpose
width
the

Avhioh

walking

extra

on

serve

To

both

Standing

this window

the

serving.

of

BUSINESS

dining

pantry, and

of

pantry

requires.
Unit.

Recreation.

recreation

The

"

be

may

the

room,

one

assemble.
Whether
it also
family may
includes
a
a
den, and other
library,a parlor, a reception room,
of
and
the method
special rooms
porches, depends entirely upon
belongs equally,of course,
living of the family. The dining room

living

to

room,

recreation

the

Unit.

Rest

is called

The

"

is true

such

to

advice, the house

bedrooms

depends largely upon

unit

rest

This

for

the

unit.

household.

the

of

in which

unit

plans

that

extent

an

made

are

number

the
if

architect

an

around

in

number

the

bathroom

belongs to this unit, and

the comfort
and convenience
of the family depends to a large extent
the placing of the bathroom, and its relationshipto the bedrooms.
on
accessible
this unit quiet,and
to have
Every effort should be made
without
The
going through the other two units.
arrangement
of the hallways will be entirelyresponsible for this.
Small
individual
bedrooms, while making a larger house, are
his own
have
Bedrooms
greatly preferred so that each may
room.
A
for the individual.
are
decidedly rooms
might be
guest room
put in an especiallyquiet part of the house, for then it might be
used

as

required.

sick

currents

of

depend

upon

which

the

all the

the

in different
the

should

directions

comfort

so

have, if
to

as

secure

of the

night's rest will

architect's plea for low-lying roofs,
bedrooms
to a single direction, have

no

different

in

bedroom

of

"

directions."

sunlight possible,remembering

windows

two
The
that

for

unit

rest

the

should

is

sun

every

one

of

side

of

disinfectants.
the

rest

house,

house,

Let

Each

of
exposure
with
the standard

bedroom, opening

As

much^of

this.

weight compared

the best

opening

air,-for

reduce

have

if needed.

room

windows

possible,two

The

so

because

processes,

then

they

be

will

unit
the

is best

work

these

unit

away

may

they
from

be

will be
the

the

on.

south

placed

require

rooms

in winter
cooler

placed

at

artificial

warm

sun.

or

sunny
the north
heat

enough,
The

in
and

choice

of

the
in

the

work

summer

position for

HOUSEWIFERY

the

dining room

sun

is

were

is at

the

pleasanterthan

east, because

that

of the low

the

cheer

settingsun

of

early morning
the dining room

if

the west.

on

Halls

or

passageways

the

connect

may

three

units.

tionship,
rela-

This

toward
properly established, does much
increasingthe
of the house
and reducing its labor.
The
efficiency
hallways make
convenient
the passing from
division
of the home
to another,
one
improve ventilation,facilitate supervision,and may make
the home
attractive by an interrelation
of color in walls and furnishings.
more
without

Houses

halls

only

not

may

be

noisy, especiallyin

the

rest

center, but, unless

for privacy.
carefully planned, will not make
All of these things
not be possiblein a house
which
one
may
house
rents, but in a new
they are possiblethrough the suggestions
of the housekeeper, her
help in making architects' plans,
and iher cooperation with
the builder.
Housewife's
If this thought of
Suggestions to Architect.
home
establishingunits is kept in mind
by the housewife, the new
be planned in a most
efficient manner,
for there will be a close
may
relationshipof doors to the yards and to stairways, and windows
will be so
ventilation
but
placed as to produce not only cross
to give proper
Wall
will be planned
light on the work.
spaces
to furnish
suitable backgrounds
for the placement of stoves,
as
so
"

and

tubs, sinks
Cellar
and

furniture.

stairs

cellar;coal

should

windows

as

and

furnace

and

the

in the

bins

outside

the bin

wood,
the

stairs

journey

jujstoutside

leading

down

stairs that

the

are

from

cellar
not

too

as

close

cellar

connection

should

direct

allow

to

together to, eliminate

if not

bring

of

the

kitchen

the

cellar

easy

as

steep, that

door,

is,with

be close

be

kitchen.

possible,plan
a

wide

the

Kitchen

should

the

to

coal.

with

into

coal

coal should

carrying

kitchen

connected

so

delivery of

for furnace

strain

be

between

in
To

bins;

enough
coal

bin

make

stairsi be

and
well

or

near

the

comfortable
tread

the

cellar
a

step

safety,plan
lighted
the
and
from
a
certainlyby
possible,
ment
arrangeproper
of artificial lighting.
It is a proved
Every workshop must have thorough ventilation.
accidents
fact that much
are
fatigue and thus, indirectly,,
many
ventilation
is
The
best
windows
caused
ventilation.
by
by poor
windows
cannot
such
Where
which
drafts.
possibly be
give cross
not

too

high;
window

and

for

that

if

"

the

AS

HOUSEWIFERY

secured,

transoms

objection to them is
less privacy.
For

the

curved

being

in

made

over,

floor is to

new

much

of

cleaning, and

planning of a
it is possible to

be

better

to

for

kitchen, laundry, and

in

the

add

of noise
greater possibility

convenience

baseboards

considered

doors

over

BUSINESS

laid

the

over

If

curved

an

reasons,

should

old

is

house

foundation, if

Outside. Door

Y777

__

M2

Aasonr^Vall

W^

Wall

Frame

Vail

Frame

be

old.

JE

Maaoiirvj Walt

in

set

sanitary

bathroom,

house.

new

ventilation;an
and
ingly
correspond-

Poor
In.5i"fc

^.

6 win

Door

^3-cf

Vail

frame

m.

Fir*plac./t

Window

^|

Hasonr^Wall

AasonrjVail
\t

u"-^3'-o""

Frame
Ki tch
Frame Wall

Vail

n\Z

Fig.

1.

That
for

Architect's

"

is blocked

the

the

to the

new

off in

house,
so

Figs. 1, 2, 3,

in

be

able
in

changes
in turn

he

houseplans.
Allow

squares.

may

that

indicating

inch

and

drawings expressed
her.

of

method
quarter

housewife

architect

Vail

s-o'-*-i?

ir"

which

Chimne

a^onr"j

r3

Vail

not
the

may

architectural

inch

Easily
for

drawn
foot.

know
form

"

farm

house, and

Colonial

special

only to help make

old, but to express
what
are

she

house.

paper

plans
herself

wants, these

presented

give examples of the various

used
in architects'
drawings. Figs. 5, 6, and 7 are
drawings of typical houseplans for, respectively,a

house,

on

to

assist

conventions
architects'
workman's

HOUSEWIFERY

Space

some

up

before

and

made,

Furniture.

for

bedroom

has

allow

been

furniture

that

to

have

the

proper

and

(to

cardboard

which

pieces of

cardboard

bureau

plan

for

the

will

the

space

not, there

or

have

to
for

space

for the bed ?

be

house

these

scale

same

the

represent

bed

or

sideboard

or

house

whether

is

plans)

the

order

5
3'-!0"to

aji

can

pieces of

cut

These
ments
measure-

allowed

space

If she

large enough.

WW

V.C.

pieces

In

large pieces of furniture.

the plan, and if the
on

be moved

may

certain

pieces of furniture, she

the

as

space
furniture

the

house.

heen
check

wall

the

Whether

the

in

has

should

obviously

are

placed

accurate, they will prove

are

the

for

purchased

of

measure

the

it is

accepted as final,the housewife

important points. For example, does

very

in the

After

"

for

has

not

7-o-

'-o'

"acta**

Corner

911

ba.5in
Tub
if

r-o"
c

"

Fig.

bought

the

as

Indicating

"

furniture, she

of furniture
taken

2.

as

minimum

Placing
consideration

in

found

Tools
next

space,

should

the

plumbing

for

the

sizes

standard

this standard

may

well

be

anyway.

After
the house
is planned,
Equipment.
given to purchasing tools and equipment, in

and
is

fixtures.

measure

stores, and

*"tt'

"

fact, all the things needed

for work.

The

housewife

buy her

may

her
equipment and arrange
work-shop so that it represents the
of work
with
the least possible
possibilityof the greatest amount
cost for equipment, and
the least- possibleexpenditure of effort in
accomplishing the work.
(For suggestionswhich may be of service
in buying equipment, see
chapter on Equipment and Labor-saving
Appliances.)
Until
she

uses

the
and

housewife
the

way

realizes
it is

that

the

standard

arranged represent

of

equipment

two-thirds

of

the

HOUSEWIFERY

Detail

"5Up

of

cist n

Uf

|
I'll

J-l-L

LLillill
i_|

Plan

Platform

orLaniin

fnder.3

-Landing

3tai TVK.W

Fig.

4.

"

Indicating

stairs

and

landings.

The

landing

should

be

the

width

of

the

stairway.

HOUSEWIFERY

kitchen

might

be taken

cook's kitchen
The
at

from

that

of the

side,the

rack

of

shipboard,where

on

arrangement
the

AS

chefs

table

everything must

above

shelf

BUSINESS

the

in

be

hotel

"

or

ship shape."

table, the hooks

beneath

or

all these bring

or
deep
and
that
which
together
represent
well-organizedeconomy
makes
for scientific housekeeping.
Certain
things have been done for so long almost centuries
the

additional

shelf

"

the tools

"

that

the

ideas, so

new

workable.

non-

of

The

Such

have

positionfor

is in

eyes, but

erect

not

seems

her

equipment

her

work, but
and

the

as

and

placed

have

to

has

the

so

that
can

reason,

if
them

with

their

been

been

sinks

credited

placed

crouches

almost
is
them

architects

so

of the

one

washtubs

considered
best

have

trations
illus-

been

backs

to the

strain

on

in

window.

the

worker's

side

light secured

The

same

rule

holds

of tubs

and

other

by

years

Tables

it.
that

little cost that it is

only

can

and

who

woman

stood

doing work, because

she not
only stoops

that

to-day unless
and
plumbers

installations.

height

with

over

modern

so

the

last few

lifted; portable ironing boards

with

set

only produces

not

Until

obtain

difficult to
work

tub

is

since

often

are

sinks.

surfaces.

washtubs

important point, too, is

most

working

been
a

of

washtub

almost

"

housewife

as
satisfactoryas the
way
at the side of a window.

no

placing the tubs

good for placing
A

placing

because

this,

existence, they

called,of the

The
the

she

whole

idea

housewife
stands

of

will

guard

all
over

high

find

over

it

tKe

making their measurements

be made
higher; stoves can be
washtubs
be made
can
higher
are

the matter

of the housewife

ing
demand-

Sinks
and stationarywashtubs, however,
change be made.
attached.
not be changed without
For this
some
expense
it is important that they be properly placed in the beginning
possible;if not, it may be worth the extra expense to have
the

lifted to

height that will be comfortable

for the worker.

Tasks:

important, in
and
and
equipment
for the work
is the matter
of standardizing them
they have to do.
who
has had
The
woman
training automatically tries to reduce
of her
the time
and
effort required for her work, and
by means
and
the time
vitallyinterested in cutting down
training becomes
Tools
Standardizing.
turn, as the right selection
"

and

Fully as
placement of tools

in her household
motions
eliminating unnecessary
and much
is indeed fascinatingand interesting

tasks.
of its

work
House-

monotony

10

HOUSEWIFERY

SE

:i

AS

HOUSEWIFERY

when

is gone

she

really

"

the

plays

time-and-motion-study,

she

will learn

more

but
scientifically,

the

next

make

wider

she

has

her

work.

selection
how

learned

and

wiser

not

she

choice
hinder

things

some

"

game

time

11

BUSINESS

intently.

From

this

only how to do her work

purchases tools she will
in what
she buys, because
and
other
things help in

Fia.

plan with
face

the

6.

road

How

unit

adds

many

distinct

housewives

kept

bathtub?

of

this plan is that

off.
entirely closed

feature

it may

be

have

counted

account

Have

bed, of the

unnecessary

where

clothes

the

that

it is

bungalow

compact

Planning

the

kitchen

to

cheer.

and

unnecessary

cleaning

so

good

The

Farmhouse.

"

each

are

of

they

the

ever

the
time
taken

steps in going from

airing?

How

many

motions
in

making

account,
the

bed

and

necessary

in
to

unnecessary

bed

or

making
the

chair
motions

12

HOUSEWIFERY

HOUSEWIFERY

AS

13

BUSINESS

in the process of making ? Of course,

"study is to see how the effort may be reduced
used

are

gain from

the

the

and

such

of

standard

finished

the same.
product remain
For a comparative study where
tools and
materials
enter
in, a
The
cloth ;
bathroom
a
might be chosen.
type of brush used versus
the question of soap
the rinsing by a bath
powder versus
soap;
cloth versus
versus
fillingthe tub with water; a soft spongy
spray
when
tub is spotted
all these play a part in the study.
a
none,
Such
in no
be called
a
study can
standardizing of tasks
way
unless the worker
has an
ideal, and unless she is willing to check
herself by many
studies.
brief efforts with
But
such
studies
even
will prove
stimulating and practicallyhelpful.
If the housewife
is interested
in such a study, it will not take
her long to note that the results are
influenced
by the skill of the
worker, by the height of the working surface, by the tools and supplies
by the time of day and
being fitted to their tasks, and. even
the

"

the

fatigue of the

consequent
in any

different
studies

settingthe table, dusting, and

an

that

like.

the

so-called

the

become

going

ested
inter-

about

all the

time-and-motion

these
like

window

She

will become

drudgery

of housework

washing,
so

ested
inter-

becomes

interestinggame.
Cards:

Score
of

study

has

find herself

soon

housework, testing how

applied to routine processes

be

in the

she

of

tasks
may

will

study, she

one

If

worker.

task

some

or

material

or

tally.sheet

is made

on

in which

and

less

The

plan

is to

assign a
in the

number
ideal.

used

in schools

used

for
use

list in

tests

example,

For
in

and
of

points to

of

dairies

and

in

made

of them

little has

been

done

proportion

cards

score

essential

various
in

each

Score

county fairs.

been

has

the

form

score

for

cards

rating

percentage basis.

perfect conditions or results equals 100

are
correspondingly reduced
perfect conditions

sum

Eecent

tool

like

are

total for

The

and

cards

Score

to

cent.,

per
in

score.

elements,
its

tance
impor-

testing bread
have

been

are

widely

agriculturalexperiment stations.
in scoring restaurants, housing

conditions, etc.
While

has

been

each

home

with

a
profitmake
which
might

below

thought
test

score

be modified

such
card

housewife, largely because

individual
problem, she may

the

by

an

for herself.

to be

Examples

fitted to her

use.

are

given

14

HOUSEWIFERY

Kitchen

Location

Score

Card

Exposure

Plan

in

Place

house

10

Size

Proximity

cellar, pantry,

to

Division

of

Window

arrangement

for

space

dining

room

work

5
5

Closets
Interior

finish :

Floor-material

10

Wall-material

Color

Sanitation

15

Ventilation

Cleanliness

Equipment

10

Choice

of

for

"

Arrangements

efficiency

10

"

Working

centers

Grouped

utensils

Routing

Condition

Height

10
of

working

surfaces

Total

Style:
Appropriate
Appropriate

for
for

Card

for

Garments

purpose

person

Color

Kind

10

Amount

Trimming

Form:
Conformation

to

A^rSf }

""

Workmanship
:
Uniformity

figure

**"

9
-

-"*"

"

10

Seams

10

Stitching

10

Finish

10

Total

40

100

Score

Material

25

100

16

HOUSEWIFERY

who

woman

does
for

all her

the

own

work.

housewife

In

such

'household

it is very

have

to
of special
a
important
daily schedule
tasks:
washing day (Tuesday is better than Monday);
ironing
items
of
day; baking day; cleaning days; mending day. Some
work, for example, cleaning of silver,may well be brought in only

free

* CHILDREN

PART

Fig.

once

work

dry

SHOULD

HAVE

-Chart

weeks.

a HOURS

SUNLWS

PER

DAY

at

pound
with

list duties
will

do

and
work

their

relationship.

Such

schedules.

It is also

hire ; for

can

method

may
she

TIME

OVER

WEEK

ALTERNATE

Schedules

when

ALL

maid
showing duties of the housewife
and
of checking
plan adds to the ease
up

in two
she

ATTERNOON
EVENING

EACH

IN THIS SCHEDULE

8.

ONE
AW

Tfme

important for her to consider what

example, the family washing done by rough-

rates.

Employed
for which

them;

if

wife
Help (Figs. 8 and 9). The houseand
she is responsible,
and plan how
she employs one
or
more
maids, the
"

AS

HOUSEWIFERY

for

greater the need

making

In

duties.

of

the number

able to

being

she

similar

into

take

must

list of
account

house, the size of the family, the

in the

rooms

to them

present

schedule

the

out

17

BUSINESS

ber
num-

(in washing, etc.),days off of

helpers,etc. A good way to begin would be to list regular duties
for every day in the week, such as cooking, washing dishes, bed
making, and dusting. The next thing is to note specialcleaning
guests, outside

of

assistance

House

w/fe

Care

Marketi/ipSuperv/s/ON

Mend/ny

/sr Emp/oyee

Dai/yDuties

2nd

WeeklyDuties

of

Children

Emp/oyee

Dai/yDuties
MAKE

MARE

aunsim

CLEAN

sweep

BATH

MCCLEAM

BEDS

MA/OS

Week/y Duties
asvst/n

CIUHIESS
LAUNDRY
USED

3EO

SERI/EMEALS
ONE

DAY

Free

ONE

DAY PEP

AL TERNATE

IN

Fia.

on

certain

other

that

With

SHOULD

9."

Chart

the time

YYEEH

WEEK

ALL

ALTERNATE

T/ME

TO

0M#

BPEAHfRSTj
HOURS

SUNDAYS

PER

0Ar

showing

larger organization

as

needed

for two

maids.

week, and specialcleaningon certain days every

be
If this is done, there can
schedules
that there
so
every

equal

either

of

amount

have

into the

can

DAY PER

NEXT

DAY

//SMS
A

prfmoiffABisriHG

{AFTERLUNCH

DAy

HAVE

SCHEDULE

overcrowded,
It

PER

HOURS

THIS

days

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TIME

OVER

SUNDAYS

children

brought

ALL

TO

week.

will be

PREPARE
ONE

CHILDREN

ASSIST/IK

worn

ROOMS

OF

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Free7/me

W""/f

CHILDREN
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WFER

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small

cleaning every

household

tasks

plans.
schedule, apportion the

so

that

be

done

rest
"

required for

periods are

here
each

is where
task

week.
and

work

these

is reflected

should

no

both

be

day is

helpers.
knowledge of
organization.
one

housewife's
in the

too

that

so

possiblefor
the

It is desirable

or

18

HOUSEWIFERY

Service

Hour
ProJe

For
hour

"S hour

service

ZScexti

Lur

an

"""l

Ctnh

3.S

Fio.

""a

d."n"

day }..

there

are

One

Chart

several

way

showing
instead

service
in

to

Each

week

Once

in two

service.

7 A/%

Utfiff-Jii

II AH-

f"/t

'.
.

of hour
housewives
time
when
service.
Today
many
is of great
week
chart
help, especially
service, such
a
Each
line represents
broken
one
vertical black
person's

silver.

as

,"

lt/1-S:*f!ri;l:)**fl-k"*H,

'

'

of

clean

13/1; Sfi/i,"

to advantage is
work
arrange
clean rooms
used most.

weeks

Service.

//"*"":

i/ews:

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i hour

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10."

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having

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follows

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when
hours

HOUSEWIFERY

in

Once

19

BUSINESS

(alternate with

clean

cleaning silver)

the

least.

used

rooms

weeks

two

AS

Should

side
weekly cleaning for each part he demanded, either an outhave
would
be
the
housewife
to
assist in
helper
employed, or
of
the
herself.
work
doing some
This
is possibleby her taking as
her task that part of the
that she does well or the maid
work
does poorly, making special
desserts, salads, breads and cakes, or each day doing the beds and
dusting,leavingonly the cooking and general cleaning for the maid.
If there is much
entertainingone can hardly expect the one maid
to do
everything.

Hour

Service.

worker

for

and
there

certain

maid.

is

no

Hour

"

hours

For

hour

only, has
for

she has

maid, the time

time

is
On

is

the

"

freedom

of the

more

office

the

rate

store

or

do

to

type, superior

cooperation with her employer. For

for work
is specifiedand
extra
any

and

demanded

paid for as an extra.

the accompanying charts arrangements

situations

less because

is much

workhours

tress
mis-

gent
for intellieducation, greater possibilities

more

organization of work
the

after

hired

both

help, although perhaps

like the
arrangement is more

iseems

in that

for

the

high. The
factory with regular hours, and
as
one
pleases. The type of worker
per

in its favor

much

mistress, the expense

the

of food

expense

is, bringing in of

service,that

one-maid

household

and

of hours

the

for different
household

two-maid

"

ice
presented. Possible arrangements of hours for part time servA shows
are
an
presented in chart form in Fig. 10.
ment
arrangefor a four-hour
service
from
and
from
to
ten,
eight
day
per
five-thirtyto seven-thirtyin the evening; B shows an arrangement
for five hours
of service
ing,
seven-thirtyto nine-thirtyin the mornand from
five o'clock to eight in the evening; C illustrates two
eight-hour-dayplans for two maids in a household, with two different
eight hours of work,
arrangements of hours which give each maid
and also time off every
day.

are

"

"

SUGGESTIVE
1. Draw

two

them
2.

With

the

taken
3.

plans

from

Modify
steps

plan

of your

"

the

of

your

in

making

the

plan

and

lessened

apple
of

kitchen

own

viewpoint
own
sauce

QUESTIONS

of

of

ease

kitchen,
and

kitchen
your
labor.

and

one

work.

trace

by

preparing
so

other

doing

that

dotted
for

it will

you

know.

lines

the

serving.
be a workshop

Compare
journeys
with

few

20

HOUSEWIFERY

4.

Make

5.

Discuss
be

6.

In

alike.

which

may

save

be

must

many
?

office

management

may

unlike.
have

ways

found

you

"

that

your

"

what

spend,

to

and

management

they

heels

your

dollars

ten

library

dishes.

home

in which
Ways
how
housekeeping,

your

Given

washing

for

in

ways

head
7.

card

score

books

would

buy

you

for

housewife's

REFERENCES

Andrews,

B.

Education

R.,

Bulletin

Wanted

Helene,

Barker,
Yard

"

Barrows,

for

Home.

the

U.

S.

Bureau

of

Education,

36.

No.

Young

Woman

to

Housework.

do

Moffat,

Co.
Farm

Anna,

Agriculture,
Broadhurst,

Kitchen

Farmers'
Home

Jean,

as

Workshop.

Bulletin

No.
Community

and

U.

S.

of

Department

607.

Hygiene.

J.

Lippincott

B.

Company.
Campbell,
Dodd,

Household

Helen,
B., The

G.

Child,

Frederick,
Gilbreth,

Kinne,

Mabel

C.

Taber,

The

W.,

Tarbell,

The

Ida,

of

"

Co.

Whitcomb
J.

Co.
Co.

Century
"

Lippincott

B.

"

Barrows.

Company.

Barrows.

Macmillan

Woman.

Co.

Management.

Scientific

of

Co.

Macmillan

Whitcomb

Being

of

Family.

Household.

Principles

W.,

"

Page

Co.

Spends.

Household.

Business

Barrows.

Brown

Management.

Who

the

Modern

"

Nostrand

its

Co.

Co.

Doubleday,

and

and

Woman

Business

Frederick

Taylor,

Home

J., The

Van

Home

Anna,

The

The

Marion,

D.

"
"

Little,

Housekeeping.

Study.

Cooley,
H,

Bertha

Richardson,

"

and

Helen,

New

Motion

Frank,

Kittredge,

Talbot,

The

Christine,

Putnam
Nast

Whitcomb

House.

Housework.

and

P.

McBride,

Farm

Marketing

Agnes,

G.

Kitchen.

Healthful

Katharine,

Donham,

Economics.

Efficient

Harper

Bros.

Terrell,

Household

Bertha,

American

Management.

of

School

Home

Economics.
C.

Thompson,

The

Bertrand,
Houghton,

U.

S.

Bureau

No.

of

Standards,

University

No.

Scientific

of

agement.
Man-

for

Circular

Household,

the

The

Texas,

of

R.,
cook,

nurse,

Charles,

Bulletin

Planning

Agricultural

H.

B.,

No.

108.

Directions

butler,

Service,

Extension

Business
Planning

Home

(for

Women.

Kitchen.

to

No.

waitress,
Green

Longmans,
How

and

for

the

Circular

Homes.
Series

laundress).

Homes

Successful

Simple

of

Simple

Everyday

Mary,
Mrs.

Kitchen.

12.

Caroline

Wadhams,

Young,

Materials

Farm

Missouri,

of

Circular

Wilbur,

Practice

and

Co.

70.

University

White,

Theory

Mifflin

Build

Houghton
Cornell

39.

bermaid,
cham-

Co.

Them.

Mifflin

millan.
Mac-

Co.

University,

CHAPTEK

II

PLUMBING

convenience

The

the

that

and

pressure,

because

connections

and

in

of

single

can

various

the

the

under

supply

pipes

carrying

and

water

In

house.

water

day
tohave

can

we

given

installing

bringing

is, How

problem

the

waste,

whether

adequate

an

expense

for

required

of

lack

the

of

need

we

fact

accepted

an

is not

city

or

do

of the

country, because

open

town

plumbing

what

but

plumbing

in

question

is such

good plumbing

of

FIXTURES

PLUMBING

WASTE"

HOUSEHOLD

SUPPLY"

WATER

away

house

supply

its

water

is

unusual

own

system ?
A
in the

introduced
for

given

modern

the

served

equally by
for

where

home

farm

for

accommodations

being

included

The

get the

question

disposal

first

in

of

what

is thus

in

She

do

convenience

fixtures

be

hired

with

who

one

the

If

provided

lavatory,

at

should

may

cared

least, are

best

decide

efficiencyare
be

able
avail-

is

to

be

plumbing.

proper

be

ing
direct-

give the

funds

with

must

man

in

houseworker

most

given house,

and

that

so

It

system.

will

they

is the

for, separate
and

more

more

installation.

establishing

next, the

to
a

plumbing

; the

water

the

him,

question

that

so

lavatories.

and

quarters should

her

employed,
the

basins

extra

to

can

thus

are

introduce

to

appropriate

sinks

expensive

less

plumbing

various

they

opportunities

builder

installation, whether

of

quality

that

give intelligent cooperation

light.

best

get the

and

the

materials

and

tubs

and

improved

some

should

inexpensive

homes,

and

best

the

of

spacing

service

In

and

housekeeper

the

have

to

architect

the

system

while

the

of

rural

still

however,

on,

goes

and

simple

so

small

home

every

duty

is the

out,

into

of sanitation

study

the

worked

are

disposal by running

waste

As

country.

systems
be

of

system

kind
waste

large problem

of

plumbing

water

water

in

the

and

after

plumbing

is how

system
then

follows

it is used.

to
the

Sewage

situation.
21

22

HOUSEWIFERY

WATER

Water

in

supply

that

the

city is
think

many
persons,
but
just accept it.
comes,
never

fortunate, unless
to

connection

secure

Water

be

must

present

In

to

The

country

choosing

where

dweller

to

is

city

or

course

how

or

usually

safeguard health.

the
investigate
of

from

town

some

of

matter

and

it

not

so

is able

supply.

in order

pure
should

such

as

ask, even,

to

its water

neighborhood, its degree

in it.

taken

lives close
with

residence, one

that

he

SUPPLY

purity

hardness, and

In

ing
purchas-

of the

the kind

water

in

of minerals

of water

the

supply
greatest
from
get pure
keep it free
tamination.
conThe
water
which
is chosen
for drinking purposes
should
be carefullyexamined,
by an expert before being piped to
the house.
It is not
sufficient to send
to be
a
sample of water
examined
but an
should
the
of
expert
personally inspect
source
supply and the surrounding ground so as to discover possibilities
of contamination
if they exist.
be taken

must

care

Kinds

of Water.
rain

are

kinds

"

"

"

and
forms

and

soft

suds

is not

Hard
When

it is
does

soap

in the water

dioxide,
"

There
carbonates

the lime

and
are
are

in

processes
carbonates

action

the

precipitatesthe

make

lime

lump

of

good

of water.

Let

water

for

stone
the

There
salts
these

Rain

"

are

two

in

tion,
solu-

salts and

water,

illustration

hard

private systems

which

of soft water,

of housework.

temporarily hard.
by boiling such as
boiling water for vegetables.
or

be softened
in

or

this water

is that

the

mineral

is

matter

carbonates,and the boilingdrives off

of the water
so
is
doing the hardness
is deposited asi often seen
in the teakettle.
for precipitatingthe mineral
water.
The

of

of chalk

or

magnesia, and

little lime

gallon to every gallon of the " hard

for drinking purposes.
water
The
chemical
To
magnesia or lime in an insoluble form.
"
water
softening temporarily hard
use
a

water, in the proportion of

water, will soften

it may

water

in the form
and

from

quickly.

permanently

boiling softens

held

is free

best

"

certain

districts for all sorts

hard

heating wash

in

broken

in rural

for

springs.

has

water

water, is the

temporarily

and

easily and

is either

reason

carbon

Soft

to

of water

sources

which

water

water.

used

water

chief

and

water, wells,
"

hard

with

The

"

The

"

necessarilypure

is much

one

or

new

water

roof

of water,

to

source

"

one

"

lime

lime

about

the

settle and

size of

throw

egg to two
off the first water.
ap

quarts
Add

24

HOUSEWIFERY

The

first fall of rain

not

also

the

their

buildings of

only

washes

dirt.

the

air of its

impurities but

To

dition,
keep rain water in good concut-off in the pipe so
that the first fall of
first, have
a
rain
be prevented from
(for half an hour) may
going into the
its journey
cistern; second, as an extra precaution, the water
on
from
the roof to the cistern may
be led through a filter which
may
be a hogshead filled with gravel or
small
sometimes
mixed
stones
with
In this way
the water
is filtered as
it
pieces of charcoal.
through the barrel to go into the cistern.
passes

-This

11

Fig.

could

pump

have

easily
would

Storage.

Water
all sides

so

needs

to

be

cleaned

aeration

better

condition

Wells

like

chain
tban

should

occasionally. The

or

bucket

with

cisterns

the

near

sink

in

the

kitchen,

work.

be

bricked

cemented

or

on

are

best

time

do

to

this is

just

possibilityof its being

cistern water
it
if one
is dependent on
the cistern emptied for cleaning. The
when

usual

from

much

storage will be kept free from dirt

water
other
container,
cistern, like any

rainy season
filled immediately, because
is a great handicap to have
before

placed

in

water

contamination.

and

been
saved

Cisterns

"

the

that

have

there

pumps
less active

home

is

keeps cistern

pump,
necessities

water

like the
which

in much

piston pump.
must

be

most

25

PLUMBING

carefullybuilt and supervised. The health of the family depends

where
they are located, how they are built, and from what
upon
Wells
source
they are filled. Cisterns are filled from roof water.
of water.
filled from
There
are
springs or underground streams
are

kinds

two

of

wells

the

driven

Driven
dug wells.
pipe being driven down

well, and
closed

iron

fiftyfeet

or

hundred
has
so

and

more,

sometimes

feet, through many

down.
filtered its way
well
that a deep driven

gives good

drilled

or

drilled

or

wells

as

sian
arte-

an

made

by a
varying distances, usually
deep artesian wells several

for
in

as

well, such
are

layers of rock, to find water

This
filteringtends to purify the
if entirely free from
any surface

which
water
tamination
con-

water.

gather and hold

in from
that runs
water
or
springs. The
underground streams
should
be planned for with
the dug well
same
general conditions
well.
All wells are
influenced
ings,
with
driven
a
by the surroundas
be sure
that no
for that reason
cesspool,privy or drainage
so
wells

Dug

cemented

are

reach
the
of any kind
can
in at the top of the well.
it

have

pure;

have

states; and

drainage

into

Pumps.
it be made

needed.
and

"

the

There

Do
state

that

feeds

be

not

well,
in

will do

or

can

thinking
it free

in

seep
it is
some

possible contamination

up

supply.
being present,

the

satisfied

department

check

expert

an

Water

water
are

bucket, force

hydraulic ram, gas

The piston pump
"

spring

which

by

water

accessible

raise

to

analyzed
"

bowls

stone

or

to the

from

several
pump,

worker
lower

and

almost

next

Some

level

types of pumps

engine, or
has

the

question is, How

form

to
"

power
pumps
electric motor.

the

of pump
is
point where

may
sary
neces-

it is

the

chain
piston pump,
operated by windmill,

everywhere replaced

"

the old oaken

operated on a long sweep, or with a rope and

(Figs. 11, 12) is easier to operate
windlass; the iron piston pump
the water
and delivers water
is low in the well
more
rapidly. When
reservoir it is necessary
to start or
or
prime the pump
by pouring
the
down
fill
So
water
to
cylinder.
long as the water is
enough
rise
the
the
have
it
in
pipe,
deep enough to
pipe, of course, has
water
in it and
is ready to deliver water.
The
piston is at the
stroke
top of the cylinder, and the beginning
raising the handle
results in forcingthe piston down
(1 ) The valve in the piston opens
and lets the water
it.
When
the piston
pass into the space above
bucket

which

was

26

HOUSEWIFERY

The
cylinderthe water will be above it (2, 3)
up-journey of the piston forces the water into the spout (4).
and
indoors
connecting it with a
Bringing the piston pump
is one
be placed directly
sink
It need
not
great improvement.
is at the bottom

of the

the

over

line

as

well

Chain
The

well,
as

and
is

water

as

the

will

pump

on

the

water

thirty feet vertically.

bucket
operate by means
pumps
elevated
through a pipe by small

along

horizontal

about

Fia.

fastened

draw

an

endless

12.

chain.

"

Piston

These

of

crank

buckets

handle.

which

are

pump.

buckets

filled

are

on

their

stops, the water

upward road to deliver water; if the pumping
left drops back through a very small opening in each of the buckets,
bucket
back
to the cistern by dropping from
thus working its way
to bucket, and
(This is
being thoroughly aerated in the process.
the same
principleas aerating boiled water for drinking by pouring
from
several times
the water
one
pitcher to another.)
Force
(Fig. 13, 1 and 2), which deliver
are
piston pumps
pumps
be forced through a pipe to some
that it can
under
water
so
pressure
delivered
elevation
By
or
through a hose for garden purposes.
means

be

of

and
filled,

force
so

pump

make

elevated

tanks

in the

possiblea gravityhome

attic
water

or

elsewhere

system.

may

27

PLUMBING

Gravity

System.

Water

"

For

system

supplied by gravity
hold a supply for two

large enough to
"With a large elevated
three days is sufficient.
spring the tank
or
out
In order to provide a gravity system, withbe dispensed with.
may
be at such
a
height as to insure
pumping, the spring must
flow through the pipe to the
the water
to make
proper
pressure
from

spring

'ia. 13.

"

Types

storage tank

of force

1, water

pumps.
on

The

louse.

of
The

the

pressure

both

up

out

goes

and

down

depends upon

spring, and

the

iy2 to
pipe should be from
spring at great elevation, when
If the spring is located
below

2
a

of

stroke;

2, water

size of the

pipes, the

the

from

inches
smaller

goes

out

spring
in

diameter

pipe

will

the
unless

tion
elevahouse.
from

do.

house, or if the water supply

he pumped
is from
must
to the storage tank.
a
well, the water
In this case
the size of the tank depends upon
how
often the owner
wishes to pump.
be pumped
The
water
by hand or by power.
may
The
be furnished
by a windmill, gasoline or electric
power
may
engine.

the

down

strokes.

the

distance

the

on

28

HOUSEWIFERY

by Power.

Pumping
wind, which
a

in turn

windmill,

such

of

at the

pressure
which

water

be

may

When
Hydraulic Ram.
(Fig. 14)
a
hydraulic ram
than
the source
much
higher
from

farm, the water

of

device.

with

By

by

the
of

means

and

the

then

fall,is available,

to force

used

supply.
be
might
pumped

brook

be

may

high piece of ground

revolved

flowing water,

"

on

other

or
pump
forced
into

wheel

is located.

tank

the

operates

is

tank, and there stored at

ience
height as to produce through gravitythe convensystem in all parts of the house and grounds. The
outlet depends upon
the height above
the outlet at

water

elevated

an

windmill

The

"

water

level

example,

For
to

distributed

to

tank

on

situated

by gravity.

The

Spring

Fig.

pumping
water.

feet

of the
power
For
example,

into

the

times

many

and

"

Setting of hydraulio

is derived

ram

will

ram

that

14.

two-inch
lift

height into

a
a

ram.

the

from

of

stream

three-fourth
tank.

Such

force
water

inch
rams

of the

falling
falling a few
of

stream

cheap

are

water

to install

nothing to operate.
Gasoline
engines are of specialservice on a farm for power
ing
washthe operation of pumps,
of all kinds, including in the house
In thus
machines, milk separators, etc.
operating a pump,
mill,
than for a windattention
fuel is of course
required and also more
of water pumped is greater ; and when
but the volume
a storage
intervals
done
be
at
the
tank
has
a
good capacity
pumping can
A li^-H.P. gasolineengine
used.
of water
according to the amount
be
feet high; it can
250
will pump
about
5]/2 gallons a minute
purchased for $35 to $45.
cost

Electric
motor

may

Throwing an
is required.

Pumps.
be

"

Where

installed
electric

electric power
directly connected

switch

starts

the

pump

is available
with
and

an

water

electric
pump.

little attention

29

PLUMBING

is one
built in the attic
of tank
cheapest form
on
Placing .the tank in the attic overcomes
or
top of the house.
the danger of possible
the possibilityof freezing but introduces
clean out
be provided with a
damage from
leakage. It must
"
This
overflow
and
an
pipe to prevent leakage into the house.

Tanks.

The

"

"

"

"

type of tank
is

and

sometimes

Elevated

tanks

bands, and

built

is often

built

large enough

often

supply

several

houses.

metal
with
oak, bound
should
be
zinc-lined; the tank
cedar

of
or

copper

to

house

of the

outside

separate tower

constructed

are

are

on

or

prevent its rotting. The cost of complete installation

of tanks
iences
and, pipes is small in amount
"compared with the convenof such
a
system. From
resulting from the establishment
is piped to the various fixtures in the usual
elevated tanks the water
way, and flows by,gravity.
tank system is the air
Air
Pressure
Tank
Another
System.
outfit and a
tank system.
This system includes
a pumping
pressure
painted

to

"

steel tank
its

located

in the

as

the

water

fills the

one-third

is

water

The
pressure.
the pipes of the house.
Installation

be

drained

of

the

is to be used
be

be drained,

the

the

then

against the

forces

"

the

In

water

case

and

on

All

the

filled with

that

sewage

traps in

through
the

water

only; all of the

season

summer

such

of

pressure
the
air
is compressed
;
air is under
about
45

System.

Water

for

in

the entire
grades
fall,thereby preventing freezing and
laid

in the

of

two-thirds

that

of the tank

in until

pumped

Care

and

piping system.

should

other

pumped

air pressure

pounds

supply system
piping should

constructed

so

be filled with

capacitymay

of the air which

cellar and

summer

system

can

destruction

system

oil.

system is to be used all the year around, every part

be made
that is exposed, the piping, tanks, etc., should
frost-proof.
In

case

the

frost-proofby laying it at sufficient distance below

the surface
of the ground and by not laying it in the outer walls
of a house.
buried
not
in the
are
Pipes outside the house which
earth below
the level at which
freezingtakes place (some two or
three feet in the northern
age
Storstates),will freeze and often burst.
Piping

is made

tanks
to

must

be

enclosed

watch

the

protected from

the

housewife's

water

kept sufficiently
warm

responsibilityin this matter

original installation of pipes. Inside pipes are
to get too cold.
freezingby not allowing rooms

prevent freezing. The

is to

and

30

HOUSEWIFERY

However,

freezing of pipes in kitchen, laundry, or in any room

sufficientlyheated, is usually so -slightas to be easilythawed

not

out

by the housewife.
To

Thaw

would

Pipes. Do not put a

too rapid expansion,

cause

Oloths

wrung
and most

safest

candle

"

of

out

hot

and

under

like

pipe, as

burst

probably

water, wrapped

successful

the

the

bandage,

that

pipe.
the

are

of

opening a frozen pipe. Lead

pipes that are frozen will bulge slightly. Iron pipes will not show
this bulging. A pipe once
thawed
out may
be kept warm
ing
by standa lighted candle
nearby.

CELLAR,

means

CUTOFF
WATER

Fig.

Water

in

Be

around

in

inflow

istreet

houses

careful

or

that

should

turn-off

use

of

the

wrench

does

to turn

To

individual
close the

main

of

case

it.

the

sinks

and

shut-offs

house, see

know

leak

cases

housewife

In

on

the

ask

After

piping
is, and

it

; to turn
cases,

some

must

one

in the
to be

cellar

shown,

shutting off, the

apartments the shut-off is often

washbasins

for each

turn-off

should

its location.

with

house

handle, in other

usually a

put

water

In

is not

where

in the

cellar

or

connection

faucet.

is

chapter

foundation

all the

is to

shut-off

water

obstruction

direct

to turn

There

which

the

radiates

thing

than

more

be drained.

closet,and under
has

this

already know

not

is the

house.

main

other

or

regular faucet

pipes should

house
a

private house,

if she

in

has

from

it off in

reallynothing

the

This

it.

The

"

inside

bin

of the

supply

water

Shut-off.

coal

The

turn

main

commonly

and

houses.

the

it off is

is

of

pipe,

for

and

that

front

through
one

Cut-off

"

Cock

Stop

(Fig. 15)
Avail.

15.

such

the
item

modern

more

of

equipment.

Storage,page

232.

ing
plumb-

32

HOUSEWIFERY

Wash
rH"S"Y -VEJfT

after

water,

laundering, is often used

house, where

in the farm

facilities

water

are

poor,
is

This

scrubbing.
provided
good use
for

is

water

clean

floors

the

soiled

water

soapy
often

one

washtub

the

is

will

and

clean

not

rinsed

The

in

sees

that

or

are

afterward.

no

other

clean

longer
things

the

The

floors

such

water

washed

with

yellow or

soon

turn

and

often
the

from

Fixed

soap.

washtubs

gray

slippery

are

stalled
in-

be

can

just as a sink, to
be
emptied through a
trough or
pipe which
the

into

enough

is

and

plants
roots

garden

far

from

the

away
Clean

house.
water

or

often

free from

if

around

keeps

"

Sanitary

plumbing

stack.

on

the
a

plant

insects.
Waste.
of

"

age
sew-

disposal is through
which
is
public sewer
to
sewage

16.

poured

best method

conducted

Fig.

soapy
fectant
disin-

good

Human
The

down

the water

conducts

plant. Where
no
community

munity
com-

disposal
there

is

system,

33

PLUMBING

the best methods

and

of these

of

; where

no

is

waste

for

by

the

of Privies.

by

the

there

is

privy.
simplest method

The

"

earth

cesspooland septictank,
these require running water
piped water supply, human

the

are

the latter is safer ; both

is cared

Types

single house

off the waste

to carry
waste

for

closet

disposalof

of
These

(Fig. 17).

closets

human

privies

or

VENT/LRTOR

LATT/CE

OUT

HOUSE

F/LL

IN

'L/ME

OR

FROM

Fig.

17.

privy

Outdoor

"

When

vault.

should
house

be

dug

and

in

water

contamination.

charcoal

Dry

lime

or

to

water

and
vaults
the

into

such

use

the

position in

be

can

no

sand

in

box, and, each

sand

or

closet.

mixed

loam
The

as

relation

chance

fine

kept

removed

T/Af"

and

put

to

the

vault.

new

there

or

is

superstructure

CLAY

T/MEFO

of

whatever

particlesof
using the
person

with

bacteria

and

cover,

in

the

not

to

excreta

absorbs
the odor.
Besides
wastes, and the loam
nent
from
drainage, one meets another danger quite as immithe

serious, that is the contamination

such

access

loam

taught

throw

extra

that

be

be

soil in

should

closet should

decompose
the danger

sandy
supply

the

necessary,
over

W/TH

priviesand manure
flies is impossible.

as

of

from

piles,should

flies.

All

be screened

waste
so

that

34

HOUSEWIFERY

LOAM

COMPARTMENT

REMOVABLE
RECEPTACLE

Figs.

When
is
how

the

closet

by burying.
to

bury?

18

has

This

Where

and

to

19.

be

involves
"

how

"

Two

forms

emptied
another

far away

p" earth

closets.

the

waste

big question, Where

and

the

from

best

the

care

of

house, and

how

"

at

35

PLUMBING

so

low

level that

surface

water

there
into

or

be

can

the

no

water

question of
supply? This

gettinginto

wastes

becomes

vidual
indi-

an

question answered
by the contour of the land, its drainage,
and
its relationshipthrough drainage to the water
supply. For
and
convenience
protection,the closet is often brought too near
the house, but that is better decided
by the natural drainage from
how
it affects conditions
of a surrounding and lower
the privy and
level.
Some

(Figs.

closets

water

and

18

The

19).

also

must

lime

and

kept

method

the

is to

be

re-used

Flush

Closets.

closets

connected

planned

(Fig. 20),
are

to have

trap, and
contain
it be

galvanized

iron

box

closet.

condition

build

vault
and
water-tight concrete
the first is
duplicate vault when
abandoned
vault; the first vault
has destroyed its contents.

to

by

of

means

and

sand

are

and

with

water.

flushed

The
each

is

piped

to

closets,one

them

"

of
it is

the

flush

used, but

of
way
supply. Flush

water

flush

waste

called the

siphon."

in the

modern

of the house

system

of water

the

the

course

Both

plumbing

partialtraps themselves,

care

time

of

called

with

also

there

flow

of

are

the water

types

the other

are

closets

free

connected

both

the

where

waste

two

cover

Flush

have

to

There

out.

be

containers

good

fermentation

"

human

are

to

after

caring for
be

Flush

20."

superstructure

filled,being careful
may

in

type of drawer

charcoal.

Another
remove

be

the

should

drawer

Fig.

and

of

built

are

closet
that

and

should

and

down

"

"

flush
open
of these closets
efficient water

an

because

they always
requires not only that
it be

so

flushed

as

to

36

HOUSEWIFERY

insure

clean

below.

water

Flush

tanks

only

not

closets

in

cesspools, and

or

in the bowl

houses

in the trap
into

emptied
city dwellings into

country
in

those

of the closet hut

are

septic

the

sewage

system.
For

flush

cleaning

closets,see

chapter

and

Cleaning

on

Care,

258.

page

Water

Traps.

pipes which,
water

so

that

inflow

the

the

as

sewer

RUNNING

traps

water

goes

bends

are

enlargements in waste
the pipe, hold the last lot of
in the pipe, sealing it against
As more
pipe into the house.

down

constantlystands
gas through the

water

of

Water

"

TRAP

or

TRAP

HALF

TRAP

ra

WJ
TRAP

S
AND

WITH

CLEAN

VENT
OUT

OUT

Fig.

from

water

above

The
and

common

the

Half-S

It will be
in the
be
but

trap after the

use

seen

water,
or

waste.

traps

CLEAN

AND

COVER

of traps.

Types

the

in the

trap

flows
over-

level full.
the

U-tube,

the

S,

traps.
once

more

of all

into

at

clean

21."

WITH

HOLE

pipe, the water

the pipe,always leaving the trap
forms
of traps (Fig. 21) are

off down

flows

TRAP

HOLE

that
of the

otherwise

there

less

unhealthy

Let

it be

after

use.

the

the

sink, tub,
can

be

conditions

housewife's

Kitchen

that

water

sinks

not

from
concern

are

or

is allowed
flush

to remain

closet

ought

to

only disagreeableodors
this water
to teach

often

which
the

tains
con-

flooding
gradually stopped

37

PLUMBING

up

of the grease

because

sides

pipes and

of the

closes the

trap with

dishwashing
with

had

hot

Continued

trap.

the

warded

been

of

water

would

which

used

be
may
sold to the soap
for home-made
soap.
which

water

Sewers.
is

trap,

taken

the

Care, page
the
or

26G.

connection

plumbing

institution

in
This

kitchens.

out

factory or

"

Where

available,but

on

every

storage

ning
run-

with

no

a
single house
community
sewers,
waste and
dispose of the human
may
water
waste
sewer
by running its own
into
or
a
septic
private cesspool
pipe
tank.
This requiresproper
provision
if
of water
desired, a
traps, and,

grease

after

Without

Disposal

Sewage
Community

sink

ened,
hardthis grease
had
and carried off the
melted

have

sinks, especiallyin large hotel

grease
later and

the

expense

an

causes

thorough flooding, before

trap (Fig. 22) allows

grease

This

off had

See chapter on
Cleaning and
grease.
Grease
traps are often put in with
kitchen

cooling and hardening on the

repetitionof this naturally

stoppage of grease.

easily have

could

which

dishwater

in

waste

water

of

an

inner

waste

water

outer

chamber

water

supply

chamber
and

through

circulation_of
outside

grease

which

chills

or

congeals

the

flows.

around
the

the

and

pass,

for the house

cold
water

P"

which

into

an

cold
The
the

grease

into the inner

the
entering
chamber;
piping.
than
lighter
water,
being
grease,
is thus
be
the
at
gathers
top and
vented
preCesspools. Cesspools may
from
the
through
passing
built some
feet
from
the
outlet.
thirty
away
house, choosing, if possible,a sandy
built by making a welllike
soil for the outlet.
Cesspoolswere
originally
cistern (Fig. 23) lined with wood
which
stone
to receive
or
was
the waste
from
the house ; the liquid material
then leached
through
the sandy bottom, and
the solid waste
remained
behind
to purify
itself by its own
bacterial action.
The
constant
of contamination
cesspoolis likelyto become
source
a
to the water
supply, as the liquid containing organic waste
leaches out and contaminates
the surrounding soil,and is very likely
the well or
to reach
cistern.
The
also become
cesspool may
a
if
nuisance
the
soil
is
not
absorb
to
by overflowing,
enough
porous
the liquid. Tt mav
to empty out the cesspool in order
be necessary
"

to

remove

the

sediment

which

has

collected

in

too

great

amounts.

38

HOUSEWIFERY

The

frequency with

of the soil ; sometimes

The
sewage

this must

which

it is

never

he done

23.

"

on

the

porosity

necessary.

Septic Tank
(Fig. 24) is
disposal. This tank is made

Fig.

depends

satisfactorymethod
entirely of concrete, is

of

more

Leaching

box-

cess-pool.

T^STJWl-

,r"SK

SCUMBO/l/?""

"m
FrfOM

//0{/S"

uT
CO/VCft"r"

Fia.

shaped,
the

and

number

three

times

of persons

connected, and

24."

long
living in
as

also depends

upon

Septic tank.

wide; and

as

the

house

whether

with
the

the

size varies

which
total

the
outflow

with

tank
from

is

40

HOUSEWIFERY

the

outflow

is led

pipes,having
the

through

open

results

are

is not

joints underneath

the

best

in

accomplished

active

more

porous
liquid absorbed.

the

cultivation

The

question of whether
through the septic tank

pass

there

be made

larger and
by organic matter.
pass
sink
the

the

through
is
tank

grease
kitchen

trap
sink, and

When

realizes

one

of waste,

be

it will

seen

porous
be carried

of the

ods
meththe
to

on

house

soil
have

should

of

matter

the

from

grease

by forming

film

the

kitchen

of grease

on

prevent

this

pipe leading from

run
through it into the septictank.
of the problem of the
seriousness
that the cost of the septic tank
is

the

irrigation

installed

the

is

is that

nuisance

all water

If

opinion among
the tank
must
through,
passes
of liquid contaminated
greater amount
disadvantage of having all the waste

in the
be

both

water

septic tank

should

In
soils.

waste

drain

of

means

must

not

or

Another

likelyto become
and pipes and

is

by

area

furrows.

all the water

all the

If

sanitary experts.

cultivated

the

in

ditches.

To

the

care

very

age
slightin comparison with the cost of the risk involved in the drainfrom
either poorly built or
carelesslyoperated cesspools and
privies. The privy must -be kept dry so that the bacterial action
will destroy the material
the
into
without
the
risk of seepage
water
supply.
PLUMBING

All
while

metal

FIXTURES

fixtures should

cheaper

at

first will

While

the

of

be

good quality,the

require much

best

refmishing.
plated, the material
usually chosen
it should
keep this in good condition
and
wiping dry, and as far as
of strong metal
use
polishes. Nickel
and naturally the friction as well as
cleansers

will

Faucets.

"

chosen.
that

this

remove

For

the

metal

faucets, then, nickel

will

soon

will

fixtures

quality
require

is silver-

is first

quality nickel, but to

ing
be cleaned
by carefullywashthe
without
possible cleaned
is a coating on
another
metal,
the

chemical

action

of strong

finish.

and

laundry brass fixtures are usually

They will oxidize, forming a green deposit of copper
brass fixtures will need
a
Of the
good deal of care.

so

Enamel

surface

kitchen

oxide,
cleaners

and

care

quality for bathroom

poorer

give the
for

best

handles

kept free from

results

is

at

chemicals

medium

extensively used

and

scratchy

first cost.
in

the

more

modern

41

PLUMBING

with the sanitaryplumbing fixtures, first gaining use in connection

tion
outfit required in hospitals. The
great advantage is the eliminaof polishing metals, the great disadvantage is
of the extra work
than balanced
be more
This
its cost.
by the saving in money
may
work

and

and

nickel

expensive than

They

handle.

metal

on

less

so

more

are

silver-

than

platedhandles.
Usually
stays

(Fig. 25)

screw

rates

where

water

that

stay open

sometimes

important

item.

or

level faucet

that

so

or

hand

the

it is

where

operating

it is

the faucets

As
machines

either

or

both

On
faucet

the

as

outside

attachments

beds, and
Leaky

and

more

will

pipes

often

of

to

and

in

as

great

installed

venience
consave

have

and

of water
is used
of

in

the

when

then

be

to

assist in

extra

can

charge
dis-

fillingwater
and

faucets

washing
which

be installed

are

at various

a
great advantage. Such
rubber
hose
of
a
by means

easilydrawn

from

tion
combina-

bathtub.

house
for

you
flood

individual

and

can

to be used

spurt out and

have

used,

high curved

machines

and

little expense
end

to

plan either plug or

cleaning porches,watering flower
one

should

repairing a faucet, close the house

begin to take the faucet apart, the
the room.
In modern
plumbing the

stopcocksunder

water
to shut off all the house
necessary
of such a shut-off,all the water
In the absence

not

be

such

at the sink

with

pantry

supply

"

shut-off, otherwise

the

more

for fire emergency.

Before
Faucets.

water

typical spigot,

25."

handle

to work

cold water

screw

kinds

such

faucet

fio.

common

(Fig. 27)

devices

with

have

in

useful

and

hot

working points
should

to touch

(Fig. 26), those

faucets

with

faucet

cases

work

other

great hindrance

pipe, are most

or
pitchers.
dishwashing
are
being

connected

V*"*

open.

Goose-neck

bottles

for

free

hospitals. This device would

where
spring faucets are to be

in
kitchen

in

used

are

disadvantage

water, because
hold

be

must

rooms

in

'

chosen.

Foot-pressure faucets
where

"^JSP^"

high, spring faucets

long as held open may

are

only

be

an

closed, is preferred,but

until

open,

is

of faucet

choice

The

each

fixture

supply

to fix

will have

so

it is

faucet.

to be turned

42

HOUSEWIFERY

off.

The
of the

end

leaks

faucet

because

has

screw

take

out

block

the

and

the

Fig.

Fig.
sink
Such
the

new

the

and

This

the

big

old

washer

from
in

stem

Fig.

sink, showing

Fig.

27.

the

in

replaced
and

stem
of

the

end

the

faucet

the
and

27.

Dish-washing

"

fit the

is held
be

must

the

on

not

washer

around

nut

the

washer
does

washer

worn

Replace

one.

use

flows.

the

this loosen

lubber

26.

Porcelain

20."

the

big nut, using

tight that
Filters.
sink

constant

or

device.

strainer
and
faucet.
goose-neck
outfit
is especially
for
good
an
laboratory; also for pantry.

reset

use

on

and

nut

leather

water

Remove

stem.

put

with

worn

opening through which

or
place with a screw
To do
one.
by a new

the

it does
"

not

Filters,when

plumbing. They
kitchen,and
belief

Instead, they need

may

not

that
very

become

monkey-wrench

loosen

in the
common

when

turn

faucet

to make
filters
close

kitchen, are
so
placed as
the cleaning of

be

once

installed

it and

make

it

so

is used.

in the

should

the

to

are

supervisionin

breeding-placefor

with

the

be convenient

for

connected
to

the filter easy.

It is
good for all time.

order

that

bacteria.

they
The

selves
themfilter

43

PLUMBING

should

supply clean water, and the better types with proper care
do supply pure water, that is,free from
bacteria.
Filtration
medium
with such
means
passing water through some
close crevices and
of particlesof
pores" as to prohibit the passage
dirt.
If the pores of the filtering
medium
of microscopicsize,
are
well as the dirt and
such
filter is
as
they keep back the germs
a
called germ
their
proof. All sorts of cheaper niters have found
into homes, with
fillingsof cotton batting, picked cotton or
way
asbestos, sand, gravel, or broken charcoal.
Many of these filters
built

are

clean

to be

water

will

In

given for many

and

contents

might

be

all

attained, but

no

one

This
of

filters

the

candle,

force

with

dirt.

of the

on

the

Directions

the filter and

once

flood with
filter

market

by

with

the

the

system

with

day, and the

a
possibilitythat clean
call it germ
proof.

is enclosed

water

Those

daily.

of

are

cylinder of fine

cylinderis connected

outer

the

which

is

would

approved
many
which
consist of a hollow

called

teacup of

oversaturated

boiled,there

The

type,

about

pad changed frequently,even

are

and
germs
filler and
so

proof against

filters say to reverse

If this is done
at least

it.

filters will

These

themselves, although they

be

of these

to clean

water

the

and

hold

they

faucet.

water

clean

are

becomes

soon

to have

are

cold

bacteria,

cases

amount

an

pads

most

the

they

as

all

remove

disease.

to

long

as

never

small

screwed

metal,

supply pipe
to

Pasteur

unglazed porcelain,
of

one

water

the

water

be

and

glass.

or

by

means

filtered is forced

through the pores of the porcelain to the inside of the candle

dropping into the reservoir,it leaves the suspended matter
coating on the exterior of
proof if the filtration
germ
length of time during which

the

porcelain candle.

is not
a

continued

too

In

localities

some

the

Fahr.

these

should
this

time,

to the

candles

new

factory to

Sinks.
sink.

time

is

by the firm
inspected regularly and

be

"

The

are

be baked
first

It should

put in
in

thing
be

is

water

The

days.

many

to

be sterile for

nine

only five days.

filters may
he rented
which
In such
rents.

assumed

care

of

at 95"

as

sterile filtration may

be obtained
its contents; at
of the filter and

the temperature
depends upon
temperature of 72" Fahr. the filter is said

days, while

Such

; then

at
to

too

replace the

large ovens
to consider

not

and
is the

the

cases

long
old

rendered
standard

with

month

per

filters

intervals.
ones

which

At
go

sterile.

requirement
smooth, easilycleaned,non-absorbent,and

HOUSEWIFERY

44

used
are
wood, iron, slate,soapstone
non-rusting. The materials
called
which
is
alberene), copper, enamel-lined
iron,
(one grade of
increase
in
named.
and porcelain; the prices
the order
Sink
Wood:
Materials.
made
Many of the early sinks were
"

wood, and

of

few

wooden

ones

used

are

The

to-day.

tage
only advan-

that,in institutions where dishes may be washed in

the sink, there is less danger of the dishes
being chipped. The
the advantages that in modern
homes
disadvantages so outnumber
of wood

wooden

is

is not

sink

slowly softens,rots
sweet-smelling,and
Galvanized
and

considered.

and

grease.
Galvanized
iron

"

easily be kept
disadvantage is that if

to

prevent
Slate.

few

Both

"

require much

to

care

Enamel-lined

agate

both

its

in

Size
small

stain

or

in

it

and

durable

The

greatest
off, it will

grease.
worn

surface

Sinks.

will

help

without

One

and

of these

baked.

the
The

chipping

or

This

"

is
it

the

from
the

is

impossible

breakage.
than

chooses

institutions, for

surface

one

an

ware
earthen-

an

mined
is deter-

which
blisters,

cause

enamel,

is necessary
of any kind

it is
with
may

consideration, because

to

is

wash

so

and
will

sink

be

deep that

tub-shaped
washing vegetables.
a

like

enamel

of

word

the

finish.

shallow
which

like

surface

important

an

is^ as

porcelain is
quality of the

under

is

would

surface, made

metal

its freedom

gets

materials

Enamel

housekeeper.
on

which

and

bright.

Either

"

will

pensive,
smooth, inexbe a gradual

except in pantries. They

of any

that

means

clean

while

once

used

are

material

cleaning agent. Care

porcelain,because a sharp blow

cracking

tub.

them

Porcelain.

kept in good condition

shallow

from

soapstone sinks
However, there

seldom

are

keep

and

and

sink

sinks

saucepan,

reach

of

easily and

cheap

are

penetrates the

thickness, and

If

enamel

result

free

and

covering

bowl, molded

chipping.
beyond the

sinks

galvanized coating is
drops of oil wiped over the

of every

enamel

implies, an

by

impossible to keep

the

which

and

first choice

or

and

easilykept clean.

"

enamel

clean

slate sinks

absorption of grease,
impossible to remove.
Copper. Copper

the

slimy,

rust.

and

be

water, becomes

free from

Iron.

rusted.

soaks

It is almost

splinters.

can

become

It

sink

only
A

as

rinse
more

dishes

easily

it becomes
a

slop sink,

good general

size

45

PLUMBING

is

large enough

one

stand

Outlet.

Fig.

28.

"

Well-planned

arrangement

of

sink.

windows,

it fine

pans

may

enough

both

working
center
drawers, cupboards

below

small

sieve,keeping back
bits of food,
for the smallest

The

outlet

flat with

be

should
as

sinks

rapid drainage. Some

slightly sunken
great disadvantage,because
the

rinsing

extent, it acts

certain

be too fine for

outlet

drain

The

"

openings so that, to a
larger particles. Were
it would

and

washing

that

sink.

in the

Drain

so

the

is made
and

level

the

of

built with

are

by the excellent
complete
of cabinet.
proximity

the

sink; this is

requiresspecialcare to keep it clean.

Sink-strainers
should
be kept at one
end of the sink and should
be used to prevent small particlesgetting into the trap.
Drain
Boards.
Two
drain
boards, if space permits, are more
satisfactorythan one, because
they make
possible the separating
it

"

and
hard

classifyingof
wood,

most

just deep enough

the

dishes.

often oak, and

to carry

These

drain

should

be

off the water

boards

grooved, with

; if

they

are

usually

are

the

too

of

grooves

deep they

46

HOUSEWIFERY

will

be

hard

clean.

to

advantage

to mount

allows

board

the

all of which

is

the

when

limited

Iu
drain

board

in

not

an

on

cupboards (Fig. 28) are built under

build them
that they fit tightly and
so
them

rollers

on

prevent collection

floor,and

cleaning.

In

quite open

and

that

so

case

must

be

Fig.

Open
drain

Plumbing.

board

sink

or

allow

29.

"

the

board
wall, base-

water

build

or

easilyrolled out for frequent

the cupboards must
leave the plumbing
proof against leaks and dirt.
they

either

solidly to
and

If drawers

boards, either

drain

of dust

an

fixture,which

sink.

the

these

found

against the wall,

up

great help in cleaning under

or

and

extension

pushed

to be

use

it is often

spaces,

"

be

may

Sink

with

Building

should

in

drainboards.

two

drawers

no

close

way

closets

and
in

under

the

trap, because

it

thorough cleaning, and because it is a principle of

sanitation
to-day that all plumbing should be open so that traps
easily accessible (Fig. 29). A kitchen of good size need not
are
stool.
have
the sink except perhaps the worker's
anything under
must

Towel

for

racks

level than

and

shelves

below

closets

of the

out

more

way

above

drain

the

it.

Space-saving
built-in

are

Sinks.

"

The

idea

and

space-saving illustrated

of

further

by

drawers, may
sinks and
combine
washtubs,
'by using appliances which
former
the
setting into the top of the latter,each having its own
the
faucets, so that either is complete without
depending upon
be

carried

out

in

small

kitchens

other.
of

the

The

tub,

drain
so

that

of the

sink

the

washtub

meets

an

is in

extension
no

way

drain
soiled

by

in the
the

side

waste

48

HOUSEWIFERY

(Fig. 31).
gas piping

It will be wise
can

be

to look

painted

paint, for that matter, and

with

into

the

question of

aluminum

can

easilybe

onb

which

paint, or
cleaned

and

because

cost

white
is

enamel

cheap

and

satisfactory
support.
The
at

Fig.

height is

best

right angle

30."

Sink

only 50

that

at

the

elbow.

per

cent,

efficient, because

standard

back, good poise

of the

of sink

This

keeps the worker's

position insures

materials

and

too

low

drainboards

for

the

bent

straight

worker,

The

good.

fatigue. The depth of the

must
be considered
in determining the height that is desired,
for a shallow sink can
be placed higher than
So long
a
deep one.
the
of
sinks
wiser
be much
to plan
too low it would
as
majority
are
for;the usual worker's height, 5' 5"
5'
5' 6"
7", and set the sinks
40"
from
accordingly about 34"
top of sink to floor; wasbtubs
body,

and

it is set

arms

less

sink

"

"

"

should

be 36"

to 40"

from

top to floor; then

for the

unusually

short

49

PLUMBING

worker

platform

fatigue from

no

it

causes

use

of

Fig.

31.

much

large

"

This

had

shows
sink

and

the

bracelet

is divided

allow

to

Such

makes

possible for

without

each

at

to

the

worker

platform, even
the

older

comfortable, with

more

platform, that
be overcome
by the
down, may
side, and by having the platform

The

which

extension
furnish

work

her

position.

boards

step off.
it

make

stepping up

drain

large enough

would

objection to

may

be

used

place for washing

to

step about
needed

if not

children

to

and

to

take

raise

all low

sinks.

This

rinsing dishes.

without

by
their

the

having

housekeeper,

share

fatigue of overreaching, and without

and
splashing caused by the height of work

to

the

of

washing
dish-

panying
accom-

worker

not

50

HOUSEWIFERY

each

being adjusted to
children

will

the

be

or

bright

The

finished.

to be renovated

tub.

"

very

useful

in

washing

task

Fig.

Bathtubs.

The

found

mothers'

device

other.

32.

"

in

It

at least

requires
once

all

platform for
duces
greatly re-

and

faces.

bathroom.

is

great

year,

movable

lavatories;it

hands

well-arranged

cheapest bathtub

of

of

one

amount

making

tin, either painted

of

care,

it in the

end

and
an

needs
sive
expen-

51

PLUMBING

The

enamel

A
porcelaintub is by far the most satisfactory.
bathtub
is
porcelain
very expensive,and reallygivesno better service
than the heavy enamel
(Fig. 32). The newest
porcelaintubs are
made
without
set
into
the
and flat upon
the
legs,
directly
corner,
that
there
is
chance
for
dust
to gather under
them.
floor,so
no
For

or

materials,see
Washbasins.

Washbasins

"

Marble
which

Sinks, page 43.

is

more

less

or

of every

Enamel-lined

or

is

the

2.

Where

3.

procedure
should
Why

What

the

first choice

in

do

of

be

placed?

method

Describe

Why?

of

stoppage.
have

not

perfectly straight pipe

outlet

an

as

for a flush closet?

consider
the best substitute
you
should
it
shut-off?
Where
the
of
a
purpose
What
box?
is a street
waste"?
is a "stop and

to

Why?
be

is

the

Considering
rain

of

of

diagram

system.

case

you

Draw

system?

washbasin?

or

What
6.

satisfactory

more

be

by acids,

QUESTIONS

plumbing

"clean-outs"

should

sink

of

purpose

general plumbing

What

porcelainis

celain.
por-

or

housekeeper.

1. What

5.

is affected

porcelain would

or

SUGGESTIVE

4.

marble, enamel,

absorbent, and

destroy the glaze. Enamel

in all ways.

of either

are

should

7.

Why

8.

How

can

9.

How

could

of

cost

economical?

water

from

water

hard

building
Why?

be

water

hot-water
test

brick

or

boilers

converted

housewife

the

into

soil for

cistern, is

cement

for

water

and

absorption

the

use

for drinking?
laundering?
rapid drainage?

used

be

never

good

placed?

REFERENCES

Bailey, E.
Bboadhubst,

S., Sanitary

H.

Jean,

Home

Care
T. M., The
Clark,
J. J., Principles
Cosgrove,
and
Farm

Home

Fuller,

and

Conveniences.

U.

Myron

D.

trand

the

Co.

Bulletin

Harrington,
Hering-Shaw,

of

L.,

Chemistry.

Community

and

Manufacturing

Farmers'

Applied

and

J.. B.

Macmillan

House.
Practice

S.

Macmillan

Hygiene.

of

Dept.

of

Co.

Lippincott

Co.

Co.
Standard

Plumbing.

ing
Plumb-

Agriculture, Washington,

D.

C,

927.

Water

for

Farm

Homes.

U.

S. Geol.

Survey,

ington,
Wash-

C.
Practical
Hygiene.
Charles,
Sanitation
A., Domestic

Ginn

"

Co.

Plumbing.

and

D.

Van

Nos-

Co.

General
Science.
" Eldridge.
Hogdon, D. R., Elementary
Hinds, Hayden
McGraw-Hill
Book
Keene, E. S., Mechanics
of
the
Co.
Household.
Hot-Water
Steam
Lawler, J. J., Modern
Heating.
and
Plumbing,
lar
PopuPublishing Co.
Lynde, C. J., Physics
Macmillan
the
Household.
of
Co.
Hygiene.
Macmillan
Co.
Ogden, Henry
N., Rural
E. T., Modern
Conveniences
Farm
Home.
Wilson,
U. S. Dept. of
for

Agriculture,
Winslow,
Wood, H.

Farmers'

C. E. A., Sewage

B., Sanitation

Bulletin

No.

Disposal.
Practically

270.
John

Wylie

Applied.

"

John

Sons.

Wylie

"

Sons.

III

CHAPTER

HEATING

Heating

and

As

the

although
no

its

stoves

which

fuels

rural

the

Where

home

housewife

not

taken

in

the

end

which

for

adaptable

used

for

Humidity
has

the

keeping

stove

This

of

that

In

will

heated

lower

fill the

cycle

is

which
the
52

promotes
cook

stove

heating

it is of

as

letting
is

it

water

This

it

as

and

and

in

in

the
it is

circulation

by
control

problem

the

stove

water

on

the

of

matter

or

erable
consid-

room.

leave

room

is

of

stantly
con-

Nature's

air.

it

ventilation, because
for

air, in turn, heats

or

fuel

by putting

that

so

much

evaporates.

about

ventilation
flues

evaporate

as

is

burning

needed,,

automatically

level.

most

are

investigation

Recent

"

easily accomplished

rise

Some

her.

to

(compressed acetylene)

Presto

artificial

brought

air

ism
mechan-

or

gasoline, kerosene,

are

Problem.

Heating

water
the

Ventilation
gases

be

and

device

the

or

light.

moist

and

renewing

of

and

comfortable
air

cooking,

the

they

idea

in

saving

for

because

electricity) which

and

gas

separate

electricity.

and

new

new

much

its

must

available
gas

often

is

home

as

it is not

are

the

so

than

for

the

can

quantity

mean

city

they

consider

to

acetylene,

heat

radiator

or

and

and

that

shown

furnace.

(other

heat

both

time

of

them,

because

; (but

well
made

has

place

adopted

not

would

Kerosene,

acetylene.
are

fuels

other

of these

law

has

has

the

take

may

time

of

so

because,

there

rural

individual
as

house,

handicap,

and

heating plant

increasing,

is

the

and

advance

necessarily expensive

are

of

lighting

The

furnace.

country

electric

in

common

suffer

ing.
plumb-

water

upon

conveniences
a

is

as

way

dependent

apartments,
districts

their

in

lighting arrangements

separate

or

in

lighting system,

community

have

of

use

is

Rural

comforts.

added

offer

which

possible greater

makes

lighting, and,

community

essential

as

plumbing,

systems,

sewer

lighting are

modern

LIGHTING

AND

cold
and

air

to

vides
pro-

and

enter

rises, and

the

air

produced.

openings

increase

the

ventilation

; and

HEATING

in

rooms

fresh

with

room

used

air.

air

these

With

given
Suggestions for
window

Lower
Have

Use

the

ventilator

more
as

and

up

out.

with

basis, various

working

board,

Lower

"

window

top and

raise from

door

opposite

and

open

window

air to pass
rapidly than one

stale.
tions
sugges-

ventilation.

from

heated

for

facts

Ventilation.

window

heats

two

for

be

may

be allowed

must

spaces

53

LIGHTING

AND

that

so

the

air

from

the

tojx

the bottom.
also

open.
sift in

may

between

the

sashes.
Use

manufactured
that

ventilators

be

can

grate with
sick

hallways

fire

principle of

window

form

some

board;

of shutter

pipe

or

hall

the

act

as

flue.

in it will ventilate

burning

out
with-

open.

been

has

and

candle

or

cool, moist

rooms

which

sheet

the

on

usually have

into

being

windows
In

is

regulated.

opening

Doors
A

which

be

air may
of

out

wrung

supplied by hanging

cold

As

water.

fast

up

it

as

dries, remoisten.
FUELS

Fuel
it

is food

produces

partly by

the

produce
Wood

is rated

which

it is

duration, and

hand

little cost, it is

so

at

keep

to

easy

much

hard

wood

"

Of

the

at
two

especiallyserviceable
which

are

still in

flues,careful

the

attention

one

if

an

has

local

from

by

the

ciency
its effi-

market;

odor, and
needed

amount

abundance

an

used

for

of wood
A

wood

have

as

is controlled

dirt and

expensive fuel.
it is possibleto

being

proportion

from
by its freedom
intenselyhot fire,but

and

makes

very

wood

for slow

less cost, and

Coal.

unless

coal; but

as

wood, the light softer

heavier

quickly

rapidly and

of short

to the

used; its economy

required heat

burns

supply

in

price

Its

its freedom

by

value

volume.

and

of the

home

in

It is rated

fire.

its cost

proximity

the

with

ease

for

heat

in the
the

for the

to

waste.
a

fuel

fire
at

fire is not
two

types of

quick burning and the

fire can
be operated at

burning, the wood

greater convenience.
types of coal, hard
because
soft

and

of its freedom
As

coal.

will have

to

be

hard

soft, hard

from
coal

given

is

to the

the

coal

excess

is

gases

likely to corrode
care

of the

flues.

54

HOUSEWIFERY

heat

(great
slowly

burns

little

care

C high burning

[
coal

Soft

flue

corrodes

Advantages.

"

'

]*
less

Disadvantages^

point

high

cost

Disadvantages-!

Pom

heat

dirty
smoke
low

Wood

Advantages

"

burning

point

ash

little
clean

less

Disadvantages
6

with

ovens
a

is

charcoal

coal

from

residue

supply

small

made

in

the

which
either

than

porous

and

temperature,
Coal

"

type

low

in

most

great

part,

as

illuminating gas, and

burning point and so

it
is

work.

by partiallyburning wood, is more

soft coal, bursting into flame
at low
for broiling, since broiling over
used

is

so

often

wasted,

as

of substitute

lumps

is available

coal is

minutes

of coal.
a

very

The

into

is made
in

molded
markets.

some

greatest disadvantage
which

heavy smoke

is

given

of its

burning.
sene,
some
localities,
play an important part: kerogasoline,alcohol,acetylene, Presto-lite,gas, and electricity.
fuels each
require a different type of burner, and vary in

These

fuels, in

price under

different

Kerosene

In

used

are

first few

Other

has

heated

secured, in

of

and
briquettes,"

as

bricks

off in the

and

or

is often

which

dust,

bricks, known
of this

coke

It is

when

gives a specialflavor.

charcoal

These

is made

watching

coal

manufacture

Charcoal,

soft

air.

cheaper fuel than coal. It

especiallygood for quick kitchen
is

requires

from
of

})urninS

expensive

(
Coke

heat

ral)id

is

wick
the
a

is

fuel

a
is

used

modern
wick.

an

which
in

conditions.

oil which

has

necessitates
the

lamp

or

with

strong odor, burns

much
stove

cleaning
to

feed

and

the

heaters, the oil is vaporized and

so

care.

flame
may

an

odor,

Usually
with
burn

fuel.
out
with-

56

Fig.

HOUSEWIFERY

34.

"

Interior

of

gas

the bellows
showing
Washington,
Standards,

meter,

action.

D.

C.

Courtesy

of

the

Bureau

of

57

LIGHTING

AND

HEATING

be
should
of the gas being poisonous,one
connections
all burner
are
tight,and that

Because
that

be turned

flame

as

be obtained

can

Gas, which
is

natural

is

invisible

an

is substituted

gas

obtained

the

from

Fig.

water;
if

second

vein

Read
1

For

are

gas

the

for

localities

some

are

so

oil

factured
manu-

by companies

consumers

The

dial

"

indicates

100

sand
thou-

two

meter

as

shown

one

taken

at the

is distributed

by

end
small

$.80-$1.00

and

the

on

for

right hand

figures;
any two
the
dial on
and
figures;

figures.
between

reads

of the

$.25-

feet between

1,000 feet betweea

numbers

or

connected

Both

give out.

gas,

is

gas

feet.

which

natural

10,000 feet between

lesser of the

example, the

Gas

cautions.

Natural
gas.
is piped like

79,500 cubic

veins

(Fig. 35).

Meter

thousand)

left indicates

the

reads

of gas
or
79,500 feet. The amount
the reading taken
difference between
and

oh

first may
furnished
to

feet

dial indicates

the middle

the

and

tapped, the

cubic

per thousand
manufactured
gas.

$.30

read

earth

in

earth

In

cooking.

index

"

as

it so much
per
gas (Fig. 34) and charge for
be represented at about
The
feet.
cost price may

cubic

(marked

the

serve

the

meter

To

is

natural

meter

the

into

and

j(2 ^L

Gas

"

will

manufactured

of

depths

35.

it extends

and

the

bide
car-

office in any large city.

secured
from
coal by heating,

vapor

for

that

The

out.

the

by writing to

lighting, heating,

for

used

that

blow

likelyto

issue rules which

Underwriters

Fire
These

be

purchased in water-tightcontainers and is perfectlysafe so

tional
kept dry and in a well ventilated storage place. The Na-

is

long

that it would

low

so

extremely careful
by no chance the

500

used

in

at the

In

reading, always

which

the

hand

rests.

plus 9,000 plus 70,000,

a

month

beginning

would

be the

of the month

month.

pipes and

is controlled

by stop

cocks

58

HOUSEWIFERY

of various

shapes (Figs. 36 and 37). For

lighting, an air mixer
monly
comheating, cooking, and incandescent
mixes
burner
the
the
Bunsen
known
right proportion of
as
air

burners

individual

and

and

that

so

gas

gas
not

'burns

stove

enough

air

with

with

air burns

Fig. 36.
Blue flame
produced
by the Bunsen
"

which

has

which

mixes

holes

for

and

flame

yellow

like

give
a

the

kerosene

that the flame

of the
cooking. Be sure
that there is
blue ; a yellow tip to the flame
means
is between
the stop
going in at the mixer, which

as

blue

in

deposits soot

and

lamp

burn

unmixed

Gas

greatest heat.

it will

for heat,

with

intake
the gas

the

flame.

Fig.

burner
of

37.

"

chance

Yellow
for

flame
air

until

for
at

has
light. Thisflame
point of burning.

no

the

air,

before

burning.

cock
into
has

and
the
too

Gas

mixer.
much

This
flame

is
that

by opening the

overcome

pops

on

lighting and

on

ventilator

turning

out

air.

heating and lightingappliances are a

A pilot light is a small
burns
great convenience.
gas jet which
the burners
tures,
constantly near
on
heaters,and light fixgas ranges,
and is used to ignite the gas as the valve or cock is opened.
One
must
not feel that this pilot is not costing something, but to
its cost is more
is
than
nalanced
This
some
by its convenience.
especiallytrue with high chandelier
lightsand for lightsthat are
pilot lights on

gas

HEATING

at the

off

foot

head

the

or

by pulling

of

may
cock.

the

easilyturned

be

stairs,which

of

chain

the

59

LIGHTING

AND

or

on

gas
for gas

of using an
is the method
lighting system
wire led from
electric spark produced by a dry battery with copper
to
the battery to each individual
wire, attached
gas tip. A second
wire as the chain
the copper
the lever operated by the chain, crosses
the gas valve; the two
wires coming in contact
is pulled to open
Continual
produce a spark,which ignitesthe gas.
burning of pilots
of gas stoves, because matches
is not necessary
in the use
are
cheap,
at very little cost a flint lighter may
be purchased which
and because
will at any time spark a light; it is much
cheaper to turn on the
than
and
carelesslyto keep the burner
going.
light matches
gas
have
is
like
The newer
a pilotwhich
a
type gas stoves
spark burner.
this
has
which
lever operating
The
a
automatically
pilot
spring,
released
the
worker.
This of course
shuts off the pilotas soon
as
by
caused
the extra cost of gas
eliminates
by most pilotlights.
Gas, Gasoline, Kerosene,
Acetylene.
Any of
Danger from
the gases used for fuel will cause
asphyxiation if breathed in quantity
in
the pipes, or
must
hence
one
guard against leaks
against
air
the
fumes
of
if
mixed
with
Gas
and
flames
blowing out.
gas,
therefore
in certain
proportions,are highly explosive. One must
for a leak in gas pipes with
hunt
flame as a candle,
an
never
open
of
kerosene
and
gasoline should always
lamp, or match.
Storage
the thought of avoiding spread of odor and
he with
danger of fire.
to
fuel
but
is a safer
than
both are
Kerosene
store,
more
gasoline
outside
house.
of
the
inflammables
the
Keeping any
safely stored
An

electric

"

at

temperature makes

low

Electricity.
"

and
currents
which

the

is not

There

current

is

often

more

currents
furnish

course

used,

so

that

difference

the

for the

types of

will of

company

Knowing

necessary

of these two

nating
types of electric currents, the alter-

two

are

direct.
so

safer to store.

them

housekeeper

of these

is to

she

the

motors

these

for her

as

The

use.

information.

The

which

are

two

to know

local

tric
elec-

alternating
to operate

cream
freezers, electric
washing machines,
likelyto be alternating motors, but one can buy any

ice

sewing machines,
fans, etc.,are

between

machines

with

direct

current

if

one

but

current,

one

should

motors

asks

for

them.
Besides
the

knowing

voltage of

the

the kind

current.

As

of electric
the current

is most

often

know

alternating,

HOUSEWIFERY

60

machines,
lights and home
age;
.voltand
110
then, are usually operated on alternating current
should
make
but one
inquiry of the local electric company
before
buying electric appliances and equipment. A low voltage
'be attached
to a high voltage line without
electric utensil cannot
The
overheating and melting the wiring in the utensil.
pressure
measured
the
flow by
force
is
of
electric
rate
of the
by voltage;
so

Home

voltage is usually 110.

the

the

amperage;

and

through

conductor

unit

resistance

of

is called

ohm.

an

flow

the

to

the

of

current

is the

watt

unit

of

electric power.

Heating

lighting by electricityis brought

or

offered

the

KILOWATT
Fig.

heaters, warming
In

the

lamp

incandescent
To

the

and

heat

that

is, the number

electric

of

dial

kilowatt

and
rests.

the

hours;

read
To

beginning

In

the

100

then

the

period

composition
a white
light.
Electricityis measured
used

as

is

watt

used

the

hours;

two

the

numbers

that

10

the

by

meter

small

unit,

thousand

thousand
:

kilowatt

third

between

end

which

the
of

watts

complete
hours; the

indicates

right-hand dial

subtract

at the

to become

as

left,indicates

extreme

from

(Fig. 38)

meter

consumption,
from

have

we

heat.

of "kilowatt-hours,"

terms

dial indicates

kilowatt

the

in

are

the

reading, read
of

radiate

of such

that

hand

last,on

lesser

meter.

is the kilowatt,or
electricity

read

right

case

irons, special wires

of watts

bills

To

the

obtain
of

"

of hours

indicates

hours.

Meter.

of

current.

revolution
next

electric

Our

emit

the number

of the electrical
passage
of the stove, hot-water

watt-hour

electric

or

Electric

an

of

Dial

"

ance
resist-

by

HOURS

is finer and

distributingunit

watts.

of

the wire

indicates

which

pads

with

Bead

38.

the

to

In

produces heat.

which

current

materials

certain

by

about

1,000

watt
10,000 kiloto the

the

reading
period.

left,
hand

at

the

If

the

HEATING

AND

61

LIGHTING

ingly
multiply/' multiply the difference accordthe reading is direct,and gives
; if the dial is plain,as above,
The
hours.
reading above is
the actual consumption in kilowatt
hours.
8 plus 30 plus 500 plus 0000, or 538 kilowatt

dial

the

on

has

meter

"

HEATING

Stoves
vary

to

in the
and

Cooking, Laundry,

for

of fuel

use

with

extent

some

partly upon

the

Stoves

Heating.

"

type of fuel which

they

Fig.

39.

escape

odors

must

"

furnaces

Economy

use.

part upon the proper kind of heater,

Either
furnaces.
of stoves and
the management

depends

in

bums

for the

and

the
A hood
stove
over
air and
of heated
cooking
be
connected
with
the

w/rw

burner with
Fia.
A Bunsen
40.
of burner
flame
spreader. This kind
used in the gas stove.
"

the
is

chimney.

have

must

for

compartment

fire called

to furnish cold air to the

passages
dampers which open and
gases and
air and

of cold
is the

same

of waste

for stoves and

gases

and

furnaces.

fire-box,openings

fire,and

flues to carry
close to regulate the

hot

air.

Coal

and

The
wood

and

off waste

draughts

principleof firing
are

the

common

fuels, particularlycoal.
Cook
but

stoves

have

follow

the

oven

the
as

of all stoves and furnaces,

general principles
extra compartment for baking.
an

62

HOUSEWIFERY

Coal
waste

cook

forces

cook

either

Fig.

*but adds
the
the

which

termed
oven

the

heated

work
of

of

without

stoves.

only

1, electricity;

2,

gas;

well
of

ornamentation

irregularity not

stoves:

holds

dirt

coal

3,

of

cleaning. A hood
(Fig. 30) above
heat and
to
cooking odors adds much

kitchen.
A

"

usually

four

such

portable
either

kinds

cook

in many

is built

Every

escape

Stoves.

stove.

that

one

the

to

of the

or

are

Different

it is

three
if

"

Cook
case

Two,

an

for

comfort
Gas

and

41.

the

damper is rightly adjusted,

used
'box.
the oven
for
Wlarming ovens
like the oven,
less
heated
only to a much

nickel.

or

much

stove

is

for

the

conveniences, found

stove

casting

specialdamper

which, when

around

to go

extra

degree, are
chosen

air

dishes, that

and

food

and

gases
them

require

stoves

oven

With
below

or

gas stove may

called
burner
a

consist

of

or

plate (Fig. 40).

gas

burner, in

one

put together are called gas plates;

is
be put on
burner, the combination
one
on
top and
perhaps three or four burners
burners

above

these

burners,

one

has

gas

range.

HOUSEWIFERY

64
wick

The

odor.

so
particles,

of such

flame

the

that

sooting. A longer time

as

is not

the heat

stove

must

intense

so

be

must
be

will

that

of coal

wood

Stoves.

Laundry

into

stove, can

be

can

boiler

clothes

either

set

would

separate, in which

laundry.
coal

water

They
flat

are

will heat

planned

to

the

stove

burning

becomes

this intense

kerosene

way

the

the

heat

rest

up

(Fig. 44).
irons

closest

hottest

come

contact

part of the

care

will have

to be used

not

to throw

boiler,

irons

are

by

around
In

this

into

the

with

the

fire.

As

old, it naturally is gradually weakened

very

heat, so

sides

very

in

stove.

the

hold

having them
the

all

laundry use.
usually built with

the sides of the stove

while

for

to

top

contain

not

may

water-back,which
the

dry
laun-

for the

stove

or

may

for
device
the cook

the two

keep

lect
might sespecial laundry stove

for the

-A

ideal

-the housewife

case

43.-

laundry
The

be to

workrooms

Fig.

fire.

necessary

be combined.

plan

irons

or

and

kitchen

where
must

because

such

over

fact, is

This, in

Any

"

laundry stove,

or

pan, like
be converted

that will heat

cook

coal

(Fig. 43).

stove

stove

possibleto

in

kerosene

of

means

it is

specialburner
burn

kerosene

over

By

gas.

or

without

burn

to cook

allowed

usuallybe
as

will

and

even

all charred

free from

kept

by

the irons

against the side.

Gas

laundry stoves may be purchased with a central section just

largeenough to hold the average wash-boiler,and, to help in lifting
the

boiler, the

stove

is built

with

lower

working

surface.

In

HEATING

type of stove,

this

burners

of

irons.

These

because

fuel-savers

are

both, sides
the

heating

for

burners

covered

or

one

on

65

LIGHTING

AND

the

the

heat

central

space are
hooded
or

covered
is

held

in

around

iron.

the

Heating by
the

most

placed in

stoves,

method

common

one

of

is still

more

or

rooms,
individual

heating

ably
prob-

houses.

spite
De-

dirt,of carrying
coal through the house, of care
involved,
be
such stoves give a cheery heat and
can
its drawback

easilycontrolled
Their
furnace

or

cook

with

the

sible.
posof a

Fireplacesutilize only
produced, so that one must

"

room

about

the

evenly heated

as

By

stoves.

or

it is

room,

as

fire.

stove

furnaces

air chambers

heat

is like that

management

part of the heat

not expect to have the
as

much

give as

to

Fires.

Grate

and

of dust

of iron

means

fireplaceopening into
throw

possibleto

out

more

heat into the room,

and it is also possible
that
the heat from
the grate on
the first floor
be conducted
may
This is a
above.

flues to heat

by

the

rooms

effective system

more

Fig

than

44."
a
coal stove
defor heating
irons.
A
boiler may
be connected
with
this
stove
allowing for hot
all over
water
the house.
.

the

"

simple

Tl

mtO

COme

factory method
where
the

winters

severe

Serve

as

"

SatlS-

heating houses

of

located

air and

the

fall of

cold

air, whether

stove

is

to be used

in

ventilatingby

the

not

are

old-fashioned

Franklin

that
fireplace,

pleasure of the open

and

with

connects

for
satisfactory
Hot-air

heats
space
an

the

between

the

not

or

fires

designed

to sent
represtove, giving the

is

placed out in the

stovepipe. It will be found

room

very

use.

Hot-air

fire burns

cold
the

"

by

stove

like

much

grate. It

flue

occasional

The
the

really heats
fire of

Furnaces.

(Fig.45).

means

Will

built in them.
The

to

beginning

is

houses
very mild or for summer
cold weather.
Fireplacesare useful for

rise of hot
are

and

",!

It

USe.

signed

*"""""

fireplace grate,

"

tO

in the inner

air which

jacket and

furnaces

is

piped

are

reallyjacketedstoves

compartment
in from

the firebox.

This

and

by

out-of-doors
cold-air

should
opening in the cellar wall, which
of wire grating,from the chance entrance
of

be

tion
radiato the

flue extends

protected,by

animals.

Cheese-

66

HOUSEWIFERY

cloth sieves
to

of

hot-air

low

jacket into

the

air enters

at

the

over

openings

of air

the air

as

As

dust.

flues which

attached

are

parts of the house.

each

reaches

flues

TO

cold
from

passes

are

terminating

room

ciple
prin-

the

through these

to it and

These

comes

the

(Fig. 46),

level,is heated, expands, rises and

separate flue

that

so

of street

is circulation

furnace

various

rises to the
that

put

furnace, it is partiallycleaned

the

the

often

are

in

divided

so

register.

CH/WEY

SMO/fE

PI//PSAIR
FROM

Fia.

Hot-air

heat

relieves

the

purpose

in

to

"

Diagram

of hot-air

is

likelyto be dusty and

dust difficulty,
and
water

the

make

45.

air chamber

of

the

furnace.

The

dry.
in

furnace

tank

The

to

water.
one.

as

water

rise to

the

air

arranged for the

the

air

so

it less

water

warm

siftingof

will moisten

parched.
Hot
water
heating systems operate by
water
through pipes or radiators located in

as

OUTS/DE

the

This

it cools
and

in

the

descends

to

radiators
the

the
the

becomes

circulation
rooms

than
hot

radiators, thus
system is

keeping up the circulation

easilyoperated, and the heat is

hot

(Fig. 47).

heavier

boiler, forcing other

of

the
water

of heated
a

pleasant

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HEATING

One-pipe or PipeJessHeater.
furnace

differs

to conduct

the

off the smoke

The

All

hot-air

and

from

gases
of the

where

one

furnace, in that

and

circulation

into

open

air

is

rooms

only

will carry

to

small

quite compact.

other; otherwise, the

each

prohibited.

is

suited

is best
of

arrangement

heated

of

flues

no

that

This

necessary.

or

the fire.

should

rooms

it has

One-pipe means

one-pipe system

the

pipelessheater

one-pipe or

through the house.

with the chimney is

and

heater

halls

free

the

"

the hot air

connected

pipe

house

from

67

LIGHTING

AND

The

rooms

the

on

Fig.

second

floor

that the heat

The

equal

by

"

ease

built without

for

The

without

heater

heating

water

should
be

may

that the heat

the house.

registersset

in the

floor

furnace, it is possibleto heat

inconvenience

and

having unsightly
(see Fig. 46) is about
a

of

so

lower

planning

expense

house

pipe heater

means

connections.

in

One

floors may
rise to the upper.
with which
such a furnace
be installed is about
may
In an
old house, which
was
settingup of any stove.
of the

to the

the

heated

are

48a.

This

may

6^

feet

of

The

either
of

depth

and

could

breaking

be

the

it without
walls

cellar

pit

or

easilyarranged

or

even

cellar.
be

on

the north

placed in this

used
be

to heat
overcome

side of the

furnace,

the water

but

is that

house.

it must
much

Coils
be

bered
remem-

less heat

by using a larger furnace.

for

for

HOUSEWIFERY

68

for
efficient heater
heating apparatus is the most
winds.
there
bleak
where
are
large buildings and in situations
boiler in the basement
The
system operates by a low-pressure steam
rises through pipes to radiators ; as it cools
steam
which
from

Steam

the

changes

steam

which

water,

to

back

runs

boiler

the

into

(Fig. 48).
Hot
for

Heating.

Water
the

heating

hot

"

cook

supply

water

of

has

often

stove

the

Pipes

house.

back

water

let

are

COLD
HOT

Fio.

49.

through
from
a

the

the

back

bottom

higher

heated

Diagram

"

level

and

showing

of the
at

stored

as

at

small

water.

cost

The

with

latter

and

by

circulation

level into

the

heater, and

return

hot

heating coils are

Special water-heating

hot-water

water

often
stoves

box,
from

in the

put into
are

coal fire,and
are

more

the

also

boiler

and

of

fire

lower

the

on

connection

water

boiler

at

back, the

water

is

which

constant

satisfactory,as

water

water

(Figs. 49, 50).

available

maintain

cold

of

hot

fire boxes

the

cookstove.

water

of

lar
Simi-

furnaces.

heat

supply

water
of hot

heating

in

70

HOUSEWIFERY

insulating the boiler the heated

water

be

may

kept

for several

warm

hours.
heaters may
gas water
directlywith the tub and basin.

be

Instantaneous
for

use

where

houses

water

52).
any

The

gas
faucet
is

Fig.

burner

of

faucets
A

the

is the

water

the

on

Instantaneous

"

creates

as
as

water

the gas is on
kerosene
hot-water
heater, while
run,

easy

heater, makes
if there

one

is

the hot-water
water

pressure

system

no

not

most

furnishes

faucet

(Fig.

the

turns

flows,and
is opened.
how

matter

in the

problem
to force

gas

giving
Careless

long

instantaneous

an

when

bathroom.

for

long as the water

long as the faucet

gas bill,as
full force.

that

water

for

The

pilotlight,and

heater

large

heater

small

is chosen

system.

of the

turn

hot-water

gaa

heater

automatic

continuously as
opened, the change in

52.

This

plumbing

burns

immediately and

like the gas

an

hot-water

no

full, continuing

on

hot water
use

is

heater
gas water
all over
the house

convenient
hot

there

placed in the bathroom

the

heater

rural

water

the

home

through

pipes (Fig. 53).

MAKING

Starting
should
material
to burn

be

Fires

free

for the

AND

in Stoves

from
fire

it will settle

all

ash

FIRES

REGULATING
or

Furnaces.

and

"

The

unburned

firmly but looselyso that

evenly and not topple over,

fire-box

material.
when
as

the
it may,

or

Lay
fire

grate
the

begins
reversing

such

?ia.

as

53.

"

or

paper,

Blue
there

flame

is

leal of heat
the fire with

burning-material
shavings, then wood

easiest

The

the fuel.

no

hot-water

coal

range

heater.
and

where

and

required to bring the coal to

the
only enough coal to cover
or

in

be

should

then

put

on

coal.

the
As

bottom,
a

heater
Such
gives great service in houses
a
cookstove
is used
entirely.
a kerosene

is

this coal is hot

71

LIGHTING

AND

HEATING

flame, add

more.

great

where

its

naming point, start

wood
lightly. As soon

Should

any

unburned

coal,

72

HOUSEWIFERY

clinkers,be left from

not

it is

when

regular time

and

night

at

over

keep

old

an

general

When

"

be

be removed

far

made

these

It is

an

back

in

ashes

back

heat

the

as

the

between

but

paper,
furnace

regular

cheaper
build

to

fire

times.

When

hold

to

the

fire

fire than

new

at

day

to

in

more

or

back

into

log

the

not

as

In

log that
A back log
chunky stick of

has
is

been

the

the

across

wood

is chosen

inches

deep

fire

; and

fire.

it often

on

place
fireor

the

when

as

on

sticks

so

making a
kindling so that
led

to
up
the andirons.

Usually
lasts from

the

heavy

one

fire

and a
brought forward
new
log put in. To keep a large log from burning, perhaps late
fire is no
at night when
longer needed, stand the burning piece
end back in the corner
on
or
against the side,and as it is isolated
the heat of neighboring pieces it will stop burning.
from
Such
a
piece can be used on the next fire.
to

In

as

grate fires soft coal burns

it is porous
and
grate fire. It
because
hard

dirt and

lowest

can

noise

be

may

with

yellow flame, and

full of gases it burns

quickly and makes an
requires, in fact will stand, only little

it burns

coal

In

it grows

smaller

heat.

more

out, and

kindling

flat

than

great help in building

hard

another, and

placed

fire is

building a

range fire. Lay the heavier sticks on the

flame
burns
along the kindling, it will be

heavier

are

andirons, lay the paper

cross

shape

ashes

out

blow

to

fire.
three

or

when

several

room.

the

across

wood

throwing
until

the

andirons, and
hillock

in

two

or

left,because

sometimes
far

so

"

of air to the

access

Usually

assist

them

forward

free

or

the

each

out

burned, the andirons

and

heat

fire,place the back

shavings

it is

grate.

to leave

economy

throw

to

out

fireplaceand

the

will

always pushed

but
as

is

brushed

fire at

to have

as

so

wood
where
fireplace,
the place of
take
bricks
In

the

to

fireplacefire is made, the same

followed.
In making a grate fire the

grate

should

directions

should

ashes

cleaned

the

coal

more

added

fire.

Fires.

Grate

take

be

established.

be well

coal

it will

as

should

ashes

placed on
in
and day
day

and

fire is burned

the

thoroughly

clear,hot, and

clinkers

The

fire,it may

former

slowly and

be laid
of

on

the

steadily. Small
fire,and in that

paper
way

bags
the

because
excellent

handling,
filled with

heavy lifting,

shoveling coal in the grate are eliminated.

regulating the dampers of stoves and furnaces, opening the
front damper lets in air which
will feed the fire and
assist

its

burning

dioxide

together with

of vapor,

gas

and

Closing these dampers, partly or

same
degree. In a cook stove, the
of the
should

will

and

chimney
and

under

Fig.

54.

This

closed.

be

the

if the

that

so

oven,

entirely, checks
damper

is to

be

the

keep

heated
from

heat

the

burning.

fire to

the

controls

the

the

heating
damper

oven

going

form

out

of

the

behind
passage
go in a roundabout
is called the indirect draught (Fig. 54 B);

it to

This

of coal

-Diagram

will

cause

oven.

oven

in the

in the

assists further

third

allows

the chimney

(Fig. 54 A)

water

smoke, and

the

73

with

connected

opening the damper

of carbon

the escape

LIGHTING

AND

HEATING

stove.
Home

B, indirect
A, direct draught.
Co.
Economics,
Century

draught.

From

Parloa's

box
turning of the heat up the chimney from the firedirect draught; the latter is used
especiallyin
the oven
is to
with fuel, whether
startingup the fire. To economize
stove or a furnace, the chimney
be used or not, and whether
a cook

whereas

direct

is called

damper
should
In
on

the

ordinarily be closed, that

should
be

used, so

taking

too much

care

coal.

to

as

of

save

fuel and

range
Keep the

have

from

more

indirect

draught

heat.

grate fire,do not pack

extending beyond the lining

fire,furnace
coal

is, the

or

fire-box,
keep the ash-pan clean,and keep the fire grate free
from
ashes,so as to let in air and prevent the grate bars from being
overheated.
If, as in a kitchen range, one has a water tank in the
from
that part of the grate
to keep the ashes away
range, be sure
which
is to heat the water.
These
water
pipes are usually placed
just back of the fire-brick at the back of fire-box.
Dampers of furnaces may be operated from the second floor by
having chains extend up through the floor from the cellar. The

of the

74

HOUSEWIFERY

ring on it and by pulling the chain, the damper door

and
on
is opened ; the ring is then fastened
a hook
so
long as it is,
the damper is opened. By releasingthe chain, the damper is allowed
of
This
to close.
simple device can often be installed by the man
condition
is nothing in comparison
the family; its cost under
any
down
stairs to open
to the saving of strength in not going up and
chain

has

the

fire in the
the

during
Ash

will
and
be

Chutes.

accomplish

included.

There

that

they
To

poker

is

man

the

house, ash

be

found

is

of the

to the

dampers

leading

chutes

to

usually all

attend

can

care

in the

little;and

cost

from
these

of

down

chute.

the

the

from

adhere

and

fuse

day

easilytake

woman

break

likelyto

"

the

Certain

fire is at

fire-brick.

the

to

Fire-pot.

if the

others, and

than

the

coaled

emptying ashes
reducing the work
that
should
of cleaning up,
certainly
they
places
special dustless ash trap-doors for fireashes
the blowing back
of
to reduce
so
as

Clinkers

clinkers

clinkers
with

dropped

are

Remove

more

are

devised

are

and

in

much

so

subsequent work

the

when

the

will
fireplace

or

cleaned

dampers during
until night. The

planning

In

"

coal range

the

and

morning,
day.

well

furnace

of

fire will need

the

care

regulating

the

morning,

With

draft.

close the

and

white

they

form

heat, these
off

them

break

To

fire-brick,so

coals

are

best

moved
re-

the fire
At the time
when
by using oyster shells or lime.
from
the fire-brick,
the hot coals away
is a good clear red, draw
quart of oyster shells,or a pint of lime, close the
drop in about one
and

the

break

off

door, keep the fire hot

either

the

clinkers

the

poker, when

of fires.

of Heat.

in

There

or

in the

to

be

oyster shell will

very

easilytapped

cause

off with

fire is out.

the

Conservation

economizing

to

lime

the

cost

"

of

possibleto-day in the way

management
fuel, especiallyby proper
Much

also several

are

is

specialdevices

which

result

of

in heat

conservation.
so-called "simmering
Gas
Burner."
stoves have
"Simmering
large
burners," which while they are small burners, are sufficiently
be well
It would
to keep a large pot at simmering temperature.
to investigatethis
for the housekeeper in purchasing a gas stove
the stove has a small
simmering burner;
question as to whether
"

such

Gas

burner
Stove

can

also be

Tops.

"

put on old
Tops are made

stoves.

of cast-iron

like the

top of

HEATING

75

LIGHTING

AND

and

be fitted to the entire

may
range, which
that cover
two
available
smaller
ones
are

The

idea

may

be

top of the gas stove,

kitchen

top is that with the heat of one

direct
for cooking, with
the more

back

of

when

coal stove

radiated

lighted. The

is not

that

the

burner, and

the

directlyover
burner

burner

of this
used

the

heat

same

than

one

with

broad

top.

Covers

fuel.

Burners

the
cost
the

so

heat
for
same

to

than

much

those

heat

are
as

of

when

the

way

the

the

material

more

those

that

the

of which

is

are

bottom

operated
the

pan

and

is

side

types
the
the

back

over

the

on

is

down

pan.
of metal

shape

and

so

save

do

not

to

keep

actual

fuel

approximately

that

of the

constructed, that

hence

enough
The

; pans
ical
econom-

flare at the

saucepan

is

heat
Such

burner.

accomplished

heat, and

the

same,

The

gas.

of saucepans
make
more

of the

turned
of

saving

bottoms

the

the

of different
pans
the conditions
are

burner

small

conserve

kettle

cooking

the

fuel

kind

proper

that have

on

of the

quickly and

flaringup

directlyunder
heating

the

also

saucepans

that

saving

by using

will heat

bottom

of the gas

use

give

realize

would

More

"

kettle

the

front.

fire is in the

"

Utensils.

for

as

This is a good
Cast-iron
means
55.
Fig.
top for a gas stove.
for slow
is sufficient
under
the front
burner
cooking
of the flame
the gaa
stove
top like the coal stove.
a
top makes

Economical

kettles

two

for the

heat

is the

idea

(Fig. 55).

burners

pan

secures

it is
than

more

it is

economy.

76

HOUSEWIFERY

"

sending

proper
fuel is by
current

direct

a
more

damper

will also

damper

often

it will check

the fire

the

out

the

Fig.

hot

Home

Ladies

"

It is

the

to

damper

open.

hot

air, steam,
Covering
pipes (Fig. 56) leading from the

the

conserve

will

covering
This

heat.

in

sections

in

at

are

once

the

with

stove, and

do

much

asbestos

covering

the

work

The
it

bands

to

1
i
hold

-i

"

it

insulatingjacket

dollars.

few

and

foods

many

An

them.

fuel

they reduce
cooking process.

metal

with

to attach
easy matter
be had for
boiler can

an

in that

savers

oven

*^

cookers

Fireless

with

clear,that

closed, the
front

the upper

insulation

with

furnace

for the hot-water

food

the unburned

Journal.

place.

to

the

because

fuel

waste

damper

front

hot-water

comes

labor

lower

lightcovering of coal,

in

The

is,
fire

rapid when

so

oi

white,

e.

Charles

and

water

v^ouricsy

pipes,

lower

Insulation.

insulated

56."
or

forcing

the

in use, leave it

with

ashes

closed,and

damper

steam

open,

that it dies out, and

the fire is not

is,clean from

botwJ^^^"

mon
com-

that

usually wasted with the ashes in cleaning

fire.
fire-box and startinga new

When

with

but not

most

flue.

the

fire will

the

much

so

fuel is

in

thus

up

escapes

rapid burning
Ashes

is closed.

oven

heat

the

The

damper
and

brought

is

stoves

dampers.

oven
keeping
the
chimney
up

more

cause

of

the

rapidly while

to burn

in kitchen

wood

adjustment

the

of

waste

of coal and

Saving

Dampers.
about
through

labor
of

They

savers.

.are

constantly attending

cooking time
is so long that

is

longer

the

than

housewife

The
time
pleasure for several hours.
required to cook each thing is quite definite,and not indefinite as so
be left in so long that it
not
should
Food
to think.
seem
many
not
only cooks, but has time to over-cook, and finallycool in the
Constant
kettle.
steaming and cooling of foods will give the cooker
a

about

go

may

strong odor, and

called

"cooker

thorough airing
The

work

other

or

give the food

will
taste."

when

not

first fireless cooker

To

was

strong flavor that has been

this

overcome

in

give

kettles

and

boxes

use.
a

hay

box

in which

the

European

set in this nonconducting

peasant placed hot dishes, with the idea that when
the workers
finish cooking while
material
they would

wooden
or

be
Inexpensive cookers may
flour pailsor boxes filled with insulatingmaterial
be made
by digging a hole in
camping, may

about

went

when

their

work.

made

with

(Fig. 57),
the ground.

HOUSEWIFERY

78

sizes,and

of various

be

foods

may
essential

The

requirements
box

The
The

have

to

of small

for

housewife

the

good tireless cooker

good

ones

that

so

several

ferent
dif-

simultaneously.

cooked

thing

for

in nests

even

know

to

is the

standard

insulation.

good, tightly-clamped

kettles

to

have

lining

of

compartments

be

to

covers,

non-

rusting.
The

to

non-absorbing and easily

cleaned
preferably aluminum.
Soap stones or iron plates
provided for roasting, baking,
and long boiling.
of the tireless
The
efficiency
cooker
is greatly increased
by
to
the
floor
save
raisingit from
the
and
stooping on
bending
be

"

"/?

gives only fiftyper cent,

if operated in
of its efficiency
conjunction with a coal stove.

""C

The

amount

time

necessary

cooker

to

get

of

hot
means
58.

Home-made

"

fireless

cooker.

for

container-box
lating
trunk;
outside
B, insuor
material"
sawdust,
cinders;
C,
paper,
metal
tin, zinc, aluminum;
D,
lining of nest

A,

E, soapmaterial;
G, hinged

"

of
In

the

combined

fuel- and

labor-saver

burner

firelesscooker
with

the

gas

gas
stove

than

stove

ing
to boil-

stone

disc

reason
a

or

it is with

blue

by making

the

flame

tireless

stove

cooker

coal range.

tireless cooker

stove, the

process.
small
gas

the

make

the

oven

principle is

with

insulated

nomical.
heat; this type of stove, properly used, is very ecohave
stoves
One
two
of the burners
the top of some
or
on
the kettle, and at
over
non-conducting hood that may be lowered

walls

or

finish

to

this

For

will
more

coal

enough to roast or bake,

enough fire to cook food
a
long time, perhaps long

enough

"

kettle
cooking
aluminum,
agate;
heat-containing
stone
plate, or some
for
covering;
F, pad of excelsior
for the
cover
top of the outside.

the

and

of water

kettle

fuel

for

temperature

Fig.

tireless

The

part of the worker.

once,

The

to

retain

without
ovens

liftingor
are

so

changing,

insulated

that

the
when

food
the

is in the

tireless cooker.

baking temperature

is

HEATING

be turned

reached, the fire may

until

sustained
cooker

temperature is practically
the

in

roasting is completed

or

tireless

oven.

Vacuum
as

the

containers

bottles

or

tireless

cooker; while

indirectlysave
metal

baking

the

the

and

out

79

LIGHTING

AND

They

fuel.

are

primarily
from

principle
convenience, they do
the

on

same

with

glass containers

double-walled

are

air is exhausted

jacket. The

constructed

these

between

two

glass

'"

Fia.

walls, thus forming

material

of heat.

prevent
metal
may

The

of

jacket

replacea

broken

either
can

heat

be
one,

heat

a
or

linings of non-conducting

or

bright

unscrewed
thus

cooker.

several

the

bottle has

vacuum

leakage

fireless

and

vacuum,

mirror, because

outer

Calorie

retaining either

assist in

like

59."

cold.

surface

The

so

In
that

vered
is sil-

prevents radiation

tight cork and

cold.

inside

the
a

saving in renewal

new

screw

new

top

so

models

inner

as

to

the

container

cost.

LIGHTING

In

building, one

should

study the location of lighting fixtures

carefully,both ceiling lights and wall lights; with electricity,
one
should
also locate " plugs " in the baseboard
for attaching vacuum
cleaners,cooking appliances,etc. Placing lightsin rooms
and halls

HOUSEWIFERY

80

for much
thought,because bad positionsare not
really a matter
through
only inconvenient, but too often mean
expense
unnecessary
A good droplight
burners
having more
lighted than is necessary.
for reading and sewing requiresonly one
burner, and will give more
several ceiling
and better light directlyon
the user
at less cost than
light.
the clearness
of the light,and, like
influence
Types of shades
The
of light used.
wall-paper, increase or decrease the amount
following table showing degrees of light absorption by different
types of glass shades is interestingfor a study of comparisons :
is

Per

Clear

glass

Slightly ground

25

Ground

25-40

all

over

or

painted

light linings to

or

pleasant to
Some

"

35-60

Opal
Colored

White

cent.

5-12

the

64

dark

shades

will

give

clear

light most

eyes.

modern

the principle of indirect lighting or

lighting uses
reflection (Fig. 60). The lightburns in a bowl fixture hanging from
the ceiling;the light is reflected to the ceiling,and this, in turn,
The
reflects it to the room.
and
so
angle of light is broadened
the room
surface.
Such
a
spreads over
light gives a brilliantly
without
the softeningeffects of any shadows.
It is
lighted room,
most suitable for show rooms,
stores,and largehome rooms
requiring
indirect
clear,strong light. One would hardly depend entirely
upon
and libraries,as the light is tiresome
because
lighting in bedrooms
so
general. To soften it,one would find relief in a dull opalescent
of the light.
or
ground bowl, which absorbs some
Paraffin

candles

least,in dining
where

there

are

rooms,
no

most

and

for convenience

lights,provided

smokeless, non-drip candles.

one

candle

in

going

burns
will

soon

about

the

use,

the house

better

prove

at

its

non-

value,

unpleasant smoke odor and no dripping of

white
or
colored,is hard to remove.
paraffinewhich, whether
excellent
Kerosene
lamps give an
light when
kept in good
The
condition
properly filled,clean wick, and clean chimney.
ever,
lamps, howlight is a soft yellow, and is most pleasant. Kerosene
much
do involve
in the
care, give off a great deal of heat
because

there

"

will be

Such

occasional

attractive, for

are

no

HEATING

dirty lamp

for their

use

and odor from

and the smoke
oxygen,
chief
turned
low is disagreeable. The

much

consume

room,

or

one

that the first cost is

are

81

LIGHTING

AND

either
reasons

low, the fuel is easilyobtained,

Kerosene
lightingvaries in its
expensivesystem is necessary.
Of ordinary wick
efficiencyaccording to the type of burner used.
and

no

burners, those with

air within

round, hollow

the flame

wick

and

especially
good.
of
kerosene
the newest
lamp, has a
type
of the light four-fold,with no
brilliancy
are

mantle

60.- -Inverted

must

The

center

draft

kerosene

mantle
extra

mantle

lamp,

increases

which
cost

to furnish

for fuel.

the
The

4J9"A

L/G//T
Fig.

lighting.

be handled

as

Specially suited

carefullyas

for

lighting large

rooms.

and the wick

gas mantle
clean kerosene
lamps, see

To
kept carefullytrimmed.
chapter on Cleaning, page 250.
Presto
(condensed acetylene) may be used
Acetylene and
like gas.
Such
of lightingis most
with mantles
a means
adaptable
fixture
be used, but the
and to camps.
to rural homes
can
Any gas
tip must be double so that the flames coming from two opposite
holes in the burner
strike each other and spread the flame.
In an acetylenehouse-lightingsystem, a tank is provided where
from
this tank the
the gas is stored as fast as it is formed, and
supply pipes branch.
Gas
Lights. Unless gas is suppliedwith a specialburner, it
it requiresa globe or lamp shade
burns
with a yellow light,and
old-fashioned gasis at all satisfactory.The
to give service which
tip spreads the flame into a so-called "bat's wing" (see Fig. 37),
*
fish tail," light. The
newer
or
burners, called
Welsbach,"
must

be

"

"

"

"

HOUSEWIFERY

82

Bunsen

are

gas
burn

burned, and

heated, reflects

light,very

white

is often

mantle

The

burn.

flame

into

incandescent

becomes

mantle

the

air with

mix

burners, which

mounted

but

and

there

draft.

no

mantles

is

not
to

oxidize

flame.

the

are

longer
jarring

no

that

there

To

is

below

in from

the ventilator

mantle, open

they blacken

Should

burning, it means
enough air going

in

lightis

will last much

very
in places where

itself

which, when

These

soot.

frail,and

This

not

Welsbach

entire

glow, so that the

clear,burning without

white

does

rod

calcium

on

it is

(Fig. 61).

glowing white,

or

before

gas

mantle

white

the

the

clear

and

wide

until all the soot is

let the gas burn
the
off. For a few minutes
burned

light will
the

(J IsIlJII
Ul

may

for

An

old mantle
be

may

used

as

that

at the

CHECK

The

Fig.
Produces
a

mantle

61.
a

to

"

white
light by
incandescence.

burner.

and
most

with

is

the

filament.

first

lamp

inefficient because
relatively

modern

filament

powder

so

there

filament
uses

are

so

is

no

used

lights,

light,and

less

electricity.
vacuum
glass

filament

that

proved
im-

been

has

sealingthe bulb;
when

been

the

the

air

lamp

air present to
was

of

carbon,

The
electricity.
gives a clear light
different degrees of

much

tungsten, which

consumption of electricity.The
brightnessdepend upon the size of the filament
a

small

is the

it

whiter

use

electric bulbs

is exhausted

The

saved,

first carbon

time

same

is heated
oxidize

be

silver

have

they give a

put before

heating

lamps

globes in which
Bunsen

may

clear

cleaning silver.
since the

GAS

after

but

readjustedto give a good

De

Electric

so

good,

so

cleared, the regulator

is

mantle

light.
and

be

not

and

upon

its

position.
com-

tungsten filament is, for example, a finer

filament than the carbon, and yet gives a greater light. A sixteen
watts with a carbon filament,
candle-powerlight,while using fifty-five
with a tungsten
in the same
time only twenty-fivewatts
consumes
filament,making the consumption cost in the latter case about oneThe

modern

half of the former.

HEATING

Tt pays

to

household.

electric

use

AND

lamps

83

LIGHTING

of two

or

three

sizes in

lamp will do for closets and

fifteen-watt

ordinary

an

other

places
sixty-

requiringlittle light; a forty-wattlamp is generallyuseful ; a

watt
lamp will illuminate where a singlelarger light is desired.
It requires more
with
dark
light in a room
Lighting Hints.
"

walls

with

than

white

ones.

flickeringor dazzling light produces eye strain and headache.

above and over
the shoulder.
The light should
from
come
not in use.
Be economical
by turning lights out, when
A modern
lighting system should not be selected on the basis
alone.
Money spent in proper lighting may be saved
economy
A

of

in the oculist's bill.

QUESTIONS

SUGGESTIVE
What

the

are

2.

is

Why

3.

Why

will

4.

Why

do

5.

If

0.

What

7. In

one

What

9.

Why

10.

tall

chimneys
camping,
the

causes

8.

How

at

ways
not

water

to

normal

of

smoke

when

the

better

draft

than

could

tireless

rise in

coffee

too

of

coils in

those

as

much

from

heat

the

other

water.

heating
furnace.

damp

very

short

cooker

chimneys?

be

made?

stove?

stove?

going

to

the

attic

radiators

floors?

How

What

fire is first started?

percolator?
light bills be reduced?
of a highly polished

economical

on

room

temperature

feel comfortable?

how

prevent

methods

Describe

have

fireplace as

you
may
the expense

11. Give

above

electric
might a housewife's
advantage and
disadvantage

is the
is

successfully lighting

heat

to

the

were

what

in

factors

occupant will
fireplace or stove

before

room

main

it l.ecessary

affect

this

does

precaution

be

must

coal

the

taken

with

bill?
them?

REFERENCES
Fletcher

Dressler,
Bureau
Farmers'

U.

S.

Hogdon,

D.
F.

Nostrand

Luckiesh,

No.

Science.
Dwellings

for

Grounds.

and

U.

S.

12.
Fireless

General

R., Elementary

H., Ventilation
F. H. King.
Electric
Lancaster,
Maud,

King,

Schoolhotjses

B., Rural
Education, Bulletin
Bulletin
771, Home-made
Dept. Agriculture.
of

Cooking,

Cookers

Their

and

Use.

" Eldridge.
Hinds, Hayden
Rural
Etc.
and
Schools,

Heating,

Cleaning.

D.

Van

Co.

M.,

Lighting

The
the
Home.
Century Co.
General
Chemistry.
" Co.
Ginn
Henderson,
Medicine
Hygiene.
Milton,
and
Rosknau,
J., Preventive
Appleton Co.
U.
S. Bureau
Saving
Fuel
Heating
of
Technical
Mines,
in
a
House.

McPherson

Paper
U.

S. Bureau

and

No.

97.
of

Vulte, Herman,
White,
Marion,
S. S.,
Wright,

Standards,

Safety

Household

Chemistry.

Fuels
The

for

Kitchen

the

for

the

Household.
Fire

and

Household.

Chemical

How

Circular

Publishing
Whitcomb

to

Run

"

It.

No.

75.

Co.

Barrows.
S.

S.

Wright.

IV

CHAPTEE

EQUIPMENT

LABOR-SAVING

AND

GENERAL

Given

lighting, the
of

tasks

often

and

labor

savers

equipment

stated,

are

in

the

with

for

such

later

chapter (VII)

on

her

not

should

be

renewed

to

requires study
the

answer

question,

for

question,

the

the

following

Construction

What
outline

is

may

these

things

length

homekeeper
good
help

tool ?

In

Fitted

Time
Labor

its

task

saved
saved

bought

are

This, then,
to

answer

be

able
to

"

Renewal
Care

Related

cost

cost
cost

costs,

as

to

that

capacity

Purchasing

obtained

pense,
ex-

"

Economy

to

are

of

Renewal

Results

amount

as

so

is

housewife

the

time.

"

Wearing

Efficiency

than

discussed

are

that

of

Shape

"

which

rather

use,

certain

Utility

"

is

ings
its furnish-

has

equipment,

of the

scribed;
de-

laundry

supplies

in

etc. ;

involves

the

is

described.

are

Size

Material

84

of

working

furnishings.

buying

many

the

miscellaneous

and

household

hangings,

considerable

part
"

the

of

the

household

work

them

chapter

kitchen

for

satisfaction

This

that

mean

on

"

tools.

working

and

In

the

cleaning

(VI),

household

this

placing
of

of

work.

In

equipment

for

equipment,

Selecting Equipment'.
buying

the

household

furniture,

as

and

the

tools,

the

some

"

house

equipment

immediate

and

comfort

work,

in

working

this

Besides

the

equipment

equipment

with

used

in

selection

succeeding chapter

the

In

tasks.

kinds

chapters:

two

chapter (V)

next

presented, together

in

in

and

used

are

principles regarding

involves

and

for

equipment

equipment
of various

which

"

heating,

plumbing,

working

adequate

conveniences

other

of

Working

subject is presented

general

for

is

household,

called

The

are

installation

problem

next

the

machinery,

with

KITCHEN

EQUIPMENT;

house

APPLIANCES"

supplies

86

HOUSEWIFERY

of time

expect

hand,

an

washer

motor

appliance

investment,

poor

In

more.

or

year

"

breaks

same

down

how

matter

no

the

for itself in

to pay

that

just

it is not

way,

On

washing.

one

after

one

little it costs.

One

the other
trials is

two

or

fair to

must

figure

One
must
gain or loss on the basis of one year, or five years.
of repairs,and
of keeping in
cost in the way
figure on the renewal
and
from
the investment
by the amount
working order ; the income
method
as
compared with the
quality of work done under the new
from
fatigue, and
through saving the housewife
old; the income
allowing time for other productive work such as mending, making
otherwise
must
and renovating of furnishings and garments, which
the

be hired

for the housewife

they

energy
and her

are

only
hastily bought
definite

; without

money
these

when

time

The

cost ; and

for

and

time

more

at considerable

out

the

income

the

necessary

savers

without

not

are

study

find

to

of how

knowledge

all, as

is often

operate them
Labor

the

and

with

the

maid

to

best

either
;

or

does

to
not

not

be

the

for

Under
so

poorly

to be used

at

learn

to

how

them.

use

mechanical
necessarily mean
and
and
cylinders, or
pulleys,or vacuums
how
simple, and every
Every tool,no matter

however,
motors

housewife

the

is when

operate them.

to

the

teach

cannot

savers,

equipment

when

case

investment

an

into a home
come
they may
is greatly reduced
their efficiency

that

spirituallife

and

family.
labor

conditions

operated

through allowing

mental

and weight.
pressure
convenience
in work, is

do

labor

not

saver.

is where

Here

the housewife's

saving, by putting herself in a

of mind, and
becoming willing to shift from old
The
of all is to raise the
habits and methods.
simplest labor saver
height of working surfaces, to create a close working relationship
between
tools,and to group tools about the working center in which
study may
open
frame
receptive

they

are

towards

door

to be used.

has been
Much
Placing Equipment.
efficiency
produced by grouping together
This is most
helpful and is one
process.
"

effort and

fatigue in housework.

said in recent
the

tools that

years

on

belong

the
to

of the

It is this

best ways
to reduce
that
principle
suggests

floor levels,each closet equipped with

two
cleaning closets
its own
working outfit so as to avoid the waste of time and effort
to go after the tools.
in going over
the stairs,and leaving one's work
the
shelves
the stove, near
the sink, near
Racks
and
placed near

two

for

possiblethis grouping
these
working centers.

table, make

kitchen

of

service

at

be

should

themselves

so

related

that

87

APPLIANCES

LABOR-SAVING

AND

EQUIPMENT

every

of

is especially

tools, which

working centers
possibleextra step and
The

especiallytrue in the kitchen and in

there are
the laundry, where
more
permanent pieces of equipment
facts of relationship
detailed processes of operation. These
and more
grouping
of stationary equipment, height of working surfaces,and
all points to study and
thoroughly
of tools in best positions are
is saved.

movement

work

out

the

when

it afterward

without

This

house

is

is

great inconvenience

which
the saving in years of work
the
bought finished may warrant

is to be
cost

impossibleto

it is often

planned, as

and
done

expense.

in the

Even
house

that

do
so,

is

alterations.

of extensive

study is to take the architect's plan

and
of the kitchen, pantry, or laundry, and imagine it is a real room
in it. For example, let the housekeeper pretend she is
do the work
potatoes, remembering to begin by going after
preparing creamed
shed?
the potatoes. Where
are
they down cellar,back porch, or the woodNow
washing them,
through all the processes
carry them
paring,boiling, draining after cooking, getting butter, cream, salt,
? Creamed
how far is it to the dining room
pepper, dish ; and, lastly,
potatoes are not the real question; the question is,have we arranged
A

good

way

to make

this

"

"

working centers so that they lead one to the other, or are we

walking miles because we have not planned the kitchen properly?
should, for efficiency,be a well-equipped
Believing each room
to plan separate sets of equipment for
workshop, it is wise for one
with
If it is necessary
to economize
each working center.
money,
but
used
two
the
in
be
tools must
disadvantage
of course
places,
some
and
it is wanted.
where
when
is
for
is that the tool
rarely ready
use,
The
Surfaces.
equipment being chosen,
Height of Working
added
the
to
much
be
satisfactoryworkshop by having the stamay
tionarytools,such as sinks, tables,washtubs, and stoves, placed at
a crouched, uncomfortable
good working height. A low working surface means
it
muscular
means
fatigue in
position;
unnecessary
backache
and compressed
bending and stooping many times ; it means
lungs, all of which increase fatigue. The housekeeper who goes into
which
she is giving her share of intelligent
a
new
house, over
vision,
superwill insist upon
raising the working levels of most of the
washpermanent tools. Sinks have usually been set too low, most
tubs
have
given the feeling of going head first into them, and
all

"

88

HOUSEWIFERY

tables

are

of the sink

ordinarily far
than

the

that the
Keep in mind
working level,and that

It is easy for the housekeeper to raise

tables and
stoves; this is possibleby means

Fig.

62.

"

One

surface

working
is suited

them.

Sinks

readjusted at
the plumbing
drains
or

be

of the

cost
law

sink

telescoped,so
readily raised
To help the

only

and
three
the one

to

the
of

the

the side

top of the table,

of

some

ten

working surfaces of
blocks placed under

The
workers.
height of
who
is abnormally
worker

tubs, unfortunately, when

and
a

that

bottom

work.

places for

the

low.

top is the
rather than the bottom, and

rather

of the washtub
are

too

to fifteen

requires that there

tub.
or
Naturally

be

the

each

drains

be

time, because

tight connections

these

table

only

set, can

once

dollars

regular kitchen

short.

are

in

not

the

elastic

cannot
up to the present time sinks and tubs
lowered.
(See chapter on Plumbing, page 48.)

that
or

housewife

plan

the

sinks,tables,etc.,it is well for her

height of working surfaces

to

stop

to consider

what

her

like

body

AND

EQUIPMENT

position would
how

has

she

LABOR-SAVING

be

if she

did

been

forced

to

the

comfortably,

work

stand

89

APPLIANCES

because

in

and

all these

to

notice

the
years
ing,
Dishwash-

stationaryequipment has been set too low (Fig. 62).

preparing vegetables,beating cakes, and mixing bread are
bent at right angles at the elbow.
with the arms
If the surface
low, the body is bent down,
giving fatigue at the waist
line (Fig. 63). If the surface
is too high, a raised arm
and shoulder
positionbrings
the ache of fatigueup higher
between

the
of

line.

the

back

table

top

at

The

shoulders

higher than the

placing of

its

on

bottom
be

of

of

reach
a

deep

too

the

the

sink

much

is used
when

worker

over

the

cannot

the

as

cause
be-

one,

not

can

high

wall

worker's

the

of

arm

least strain

constantly bent

not

pending
de-

if it is elevated

; the

with

bottom,

sink

shallow

be

sink

high

as

the

waist

depth;

deep

mounted

bottom

the

is too

stead
in-

can

sink

the

done

at

wrist.
Levels

washing

be lower
for
may
clothes on
board,
washa

ironing, kneading
bread, and in
angle at the
straightso as

Fig.
from

worker's

the

63.

"

The

floor.
back.

top of this tub is 36 inches

Note
good
position of

there is need of pressure,

process where
and
the arm
line
elbow
becomes
wider

any

because
more

the

nearly

produce leverage.
Let
the housewife
with
her
practice doing most of her work
back straight; if bending is necessary
with her work, bend
forward
at the hips, not at the waist; better, raise the working surfaces
so
that the body need
bend
shoulders
not
at waist
to reach
to the
or
work.
Just
how
inches
high should a working surface be?
many
That
depends, of course, upon the worker's height, and there is no
to

90

HOUSEWIFERY

than

rule

better
medium

height

"

Avork

should

about

34-40

oneself

to observe

be

and

experiment.

feet,6 inches, or thereabouts

about

inches

inches

33-38

to the

top

; and

of
persons
tables for standing

"

kitchen

high;
washtubs

For

sinks

about

36-40

should
inches

be
to

the roll of the tub.

Surfaces

for

standing work are of course

higher than those for
sittingwork
(28-31 inches). Tables and other surfaces should be
should
usually put at a standing height. There
always be a high
stool available so that as much
work
as
possiblemay be done sitting.
of
shelves
where
The
height
equipment is to be put away is also
as
important ; avoid as much
possiblestooping down and stretching
Put
heavy equipment on lower shelves.
up high.
KITCHEN
Suggestions
Ware:

Agate
Double

EQUIPMENT
for

Kitchen

Equipment
brush

Sink

boiler

Colander

Earthenware

Funnel

Butter

Ladle

Casserole

Pie
Pie

plates,

shallow

pans
1

4
6
8

Spoon,

Dish

large

(basting)

Coffee

percolator

Coffee

pot

"

Kettle

cups

oval

pan,

Platter

Refrigerator
Soap dish

dishes

Glass:

dish

Baking

covers

for

for

for

for

for

kettle

Dust

small

Pitcher

Aluminum:

Bottle

large

pot
White:
Enamel,
small
Bowls,
Dipper

Skimmer

Brushes

Tea

quart
quart
quart
quart
quart

cups

bowls

Mixing

measure

Sauce

crock

Custard

plate, deep

Quart

Tea

brush

Vegetable

"

quart pan
quart pan
quart pan
quart pan
quart pan
3 quarts

brush
brush

Butter

jars,

Fruit

cover

dry groceries
quart

pint

1
Lemon

with
for

Containers

squeezer

Measuring
Spice jars

cup

Iron:

Dripping

Pastry brush
Refrigerator brush
Scrubbing brush

Griddle

Silver

Kettle

brush

dish

Frying
Garbage

pan

pan
can

for

large
(galvanized)
deep

fat

frying

AND

EQUIPMENT

iron

Bussia

Boasting pan,
pot
ware:
Japanned

LABOR-SAVING
Broiler

Soup

Bread

Dish

drainer

Potato

masher

Puree

box

sieve

Cake

box

Sink

strainer

Dust

pan
bin

Soap

shaker

Flour

Toaster
Tea

box

Sugar
Tray

and

Cloths:

Wooden

board

Bread
Cheesecloth

Chopping bowl
Dough board

towels

Dusters

Ice

Floor

cloths

Glass

towels

Hand

towels

Back
Salt

(nickel)
forks

tablespoons

box

Spoon
Step-chair
Table, 3 feet

Miscellaneous

teaspoons
half
teaspoon

long

sheet

Asbestos

Broom

Steel:
Bread
Can

Calendar

knife

Carpet

opener

sweeper

Clock

Cork

screw

Hammer

Coffee

Ice

Cork

pick

Knife

Large

skewers

Metal

mesh

Nut

pot

needles

Match

cleaner

box

Pad

cracker

and

pencils

Pail

knife

Paring

mill

Labels

sharpener

Meat

Paper
Greasing

Scissors

Spatula

Shelves

Tin:
cake

Angel
Apple

drawers

Scales
corer

cookie

and

doughnut

cutters
Bread

Cake

and

Waxed

tin

Biscuit,

pans,
shallow

basket
hooks

Thread

deep

Thumb
Labor

sifter

tacks

Savers:

Aluminum

Grater
standard
cups,
each
2 muffin
tins, G cups
Pastry sheet

Measuring

fits any

Steamer,

kettle

y., pt.

Cake

for

deep

fat

frying

cleaning
mixers

Bread

mixers

Fireless

cooker

Half-teaspoon
Meat

Basket

Scrap
Screw

String

pans

Flour

Wire

towels

for

Rolling pin

board

cloths

Silver

freezer

cream

Knife

soft

Holders,
Oven

beater

egg

skin

Chamois
Dish

strainer

coffee

or

Wire

Linens

91

APPLIANCES

Wheel

measure

grinder
egg-beater.

pan

HOUSEWIFERY

92
Tables.

Kitchen

material

Firmness, height, and

"

points to

are

Choose
a
strong, well-built table
buying a table.
with substantial
legs,as an unsteady table is especiallytroublesome.
be overcome
that may
by putting
The lesser evil is short legs,because
to raise the table to the proper
height. Settles,
blocks underneath
not
be purchased with
only excellent
which
tops make
square
may
be

tables,but good laundry tables.

kitchen
of these
of

in

considered

close

such

of such

texture

material

for

and

be
may
and

be

only care
on, gives a
long, unless
its surface.

tear

Both

needed
table

are

wipe

top which

are
pans
Sheets of zinc

but

concerned,

acids

is to

hot

bought,
and

be

top tables may

Wooden

tear.

be

papers,

great

to

the

may

they

in good condition.
Waterproof
keep them
proof against water, but hardly against the marring

needed

while

they

alkalies

with

cloth.

damp

with

set

it,

on

they

are

not

are

knives

or

be used

may

and

as

serviceable

zinc, so

or

so

in

easily kept
it is not

will

care

varnish
of

one

this

wear

that
cover

that

allowed

are

cover,

tack

are

most

oilcloth,so
To

quite serviceable

is

affect

covered

tear.

then, unless

even
or

stains,

and

wear

unless

scrubbing

carefully protectedby working boards, trays

smooth,

be
resist

to

to resist

varnished, and

are

and

non-absorbing

be

easilycleaned,
require constant

or

top should

table

the

to be

as

oil stain

with

to

as

top tables

Wooden
stained

material

The

rooms.

in each

table is necessary

lasts
to

cut

zinc-toptables

far

as

good

suitable

wear

and

condition.
material

to

directlyin contact with food.

easily cleaned, not affected by chemicals,
Glass-top tables are
that is, any hot dish, for example,
not proof against heat
but are
such
set upon
them, is likelyto cause
rapid expansion
a
saucepan,
to produce breakage.
as
Enamel
tables, before being accepted,should be guaranteed proof
against chipping with such things as screwing on meat
grinders
and bread mixers, or by the knocking of heavy bowls or knife handles,
which
it is almost
impossible to prevent. Very great heat, too, will
Enamel
is being perfected to
chip an inferior quality of enamel.
such a point that the housekeeper in buying stoves and tables should
to the subject before
give careful consideration
refusing either.
Enamelled
of fact,are
giving good service,
gas stoves, as a matter
and
tables are
which
will
all requirements.
meet
being perfected
come

"

Kitchen
been

cabinets

constructed

as

are

the

combined

outcome

tables

of the

and

study

of

closets

which

have

methods.
efficiency

94

HOUSEWIFERY

and

where

the

temperature
Fahrenheit, agate, enamel, or tin may
process,

is

Aluminum

metal

that

may

therefore
be

be used

is not

212*

over

purchased.
for either

method,

be

may

heated

it

as

ferent
dif-

to

degrees of heat
with

without

or

It is

ure.
moist-

capable

of

into any
being made
but
is
shaped pan,
more
expensive than
metals.

some

is

slightlyaffected

both

by

num
Alumi-

acids and

lies
alka-

for
vegetables,

ample,
ex-

will discolor
whereas

fruits and

foods

acid

brighten

clean

it.
be

never

with

It

and

should
soak

to

put

soda

it,

water, and

is most

easilycleaned
with dilute acids,such
as
rhubarb, lemon, or
tomato.

In

cooking

any

foods

in

an

pan,

the

fact,after
of

aluminum

pan
when

bright as
Crockery
chosen

are

baking,
for
like

Fio.

65.

White

"

enamel

kitchen

cabinet.

baking
in

less

therefore

utensils
time
with

of

other

is

than
a

all

has
kinds, and which
that
required for metal

smaller

consumption

of fuel.

as

new.

and

glass

for

slow
roles
casse-

custards,and

baking acid foods

apples, tomatoes,

or

ware

is

for

as

and

these

fruits.

glass cooking

new

which
been

There

is used

shown

baking

to

for
cook

dishes, and

AND

EQUIPMENT
VARIOUS

Fig.

Fig.

66.

67.

Utensils

"

"

for

Different

dough

shapes

TYPES

work.

and

LABOR-SAVING

Courtesy

kinds

of

Good

I'io. 68.

"

BakiiiK

dishes.

OF

Courtesy

COOKING

of Miss

95

APPLIANCES

TOOLS

Mildred

saucepans.

Maddocks,

Courtesy

of

Miss

Good

Mildred

Housekeeping.

Maddocks,

Housekeeping.

of Misa

Mildred

Maddocks,

Good

Housekeeping.

HOUSEWIFERY

96

Enamel

like

high temperatures

glass like coating

frying,

boiling, and

with

than

more

is

agate

or

the

expansion is
no
expansive

the

and

heats

steel

sheet

steel.

sheet

on

With

expands
the

great that

so

is likely to
has almost
power,
covering, which
which
is gray
that
agate ware
usually considers
chip off. One
as
plain color, either blue, white, or
mottled, and the enamel
or
but there
in the wearing power,
is little difference
There
brown.

enamel

is

temperature,
for enamel

is

as

Fig.

69."

given

and

ware,

Small

cessities.

Courtesy
Housekeeping.

placed

in

if, before

better

wear

boiling,let

the

pan

should

be

they

of cold

larger pan

its worth.

usually proves

kite!

cool

Sudden

agate.

professionaltesting,is

in

Good

usually

of the

cost, in favor

the

in

difference

and

water

in

the

for

all

are

water,

of

Mildred

put into
boiled

test

utensils

will

Maddocks,

service,they

in that

this

seems

of

severe

very

Enamel

Miss

as

change

; after

water

to

are

toughen

the enamel.

Steel

steel should

be

to

buy

not

pay

holds

used

chosen
a

when

sharp edges

cheap grade

of

the

cutlery, and

steel,as

higher tempered

required.

are

it neither

takes

It
a

does

sharp

housekeeper should
plan to have
a
carving knife of high-tempered steel,a good bread knife, and one
small vegetable knife with a thin blade of high-grade steel so that it
thin parings. These
cuts
better
knives
should
be saved
from
the
edge

nor

rougher

work

one.

of the

The

kitchen

such

as

the

work

of

turning

food

on

97

APPLIANCES

LABOR-SAVING

AND

EQUIPMENT

griddle or in a frying pan, and as most of them are sharp-pointed

they are not suitable for bowl scraping or for measuring. A spatula
is best for dough work, for turning food, and for scraping; a roundand a can
knife is best for measuring. Buy a cork-screw
ended
case
is no
need
of taking a good knife to open
that there
so
opener,
bottles

tin

or

butcher

bones,

to

crack

or

the

knife

need

so

for that

be used

coating of

thin

tin

of

on

icids.

For

itensil
over

Tin

melts

this reason,

without

in it for

for

acid

and

outside

the

baking

foods.

stewing
melting of tin is
in the globules of
the

put

thing
some-

moisture, and

suitable

or

by
tin

be

never

fire

it is not

tem-

is affected

should

sheet

comparatively low

)erature, and

on

not

made

steel foundation.
it

saw

work.

is

Tinware

the

Get

cans.

The

often
tin

seen

found

of sauce-pans,

dark

rings

Fia.
70.
Folding wheel
suitable
kitchen
in small

on

of baked

and

the

apple on

tin of the

dish.

bought for dish drainers, strainers,bread

racks,frying baskets,and egg whips.
Woodenware

standards
or

with

is most

mixing,

General

should
or

difficulty.(To
pages

261,

Below

method

In

"

kept

lines
clean

discussed

in the nature

Aluminum
The

for

for

that

spoons

and

to be

are

used

cake

for

dough boards, bread, and meat boards.

selecting all utensils, the following

in mind

from

which

kitchen

Avoid

utensils

food

be

may

utensils, see

with

sharp edges,
only with
chapter on Cleaning,
cleaned

262.

are

equipment

be

suitable

and

Standard.

cracks

age
stor-

considered.

is

stirringand

ally
Especi-

where

apples show

the effect of the acid of the

Wireware

be

must

space

bottom

table.

"

the

items

some

of labor

Cleaning
or
is
discussed
using
Pan

of

of

specialimportance

in kitchen

savers.

Disc
in the

for

Silver.

chapter

on

"

Cost, $l-$3.

Cleaning

and

98

HOUSEWIFERY

It

Care, page

263.

the silver

leaves

(See

"

also

they

do

machines

given

the
mixer

and

whiter

worker, and

the

finish and

134.)

Mixers.

of bread

Cost

"

These

labor

savers

of work

amount

time
less

mechanism,

if

is

greater necessity than

an

even

harm

not

satin

gloss.

mixers, $3.00-$4.50

are

much

in

does

less of the

Supplies,page

mixers, $2.00.

can

bread

Cake

and

of cake

it with

chapter on

Bread

time

saves

because

savers,

time, and

like all

results.

true, produces standard

cake

the

The
mixer.

is reduced
to careful measuring
by the use of this machine
and baking, with no
expended in long kneading.
energy
Cork
for Cleaning Knives.
Any large flat cork like that from
for cleaning knives.
It not only
a
big jug is a great labor saver
and stainingof a good dishcloth.
saves
labor, but the wear
A string mop
Dish
'be used for washing dishes, if
Mops.
may
bread

Making

"

"

does

one

want

not

put the hands

to

very clean.
Cookers.
Fireless

in water, but

such

be

must

mops

kept

Lighting, page

Measure.

in

small

Meat

making

Grinders.

investment

food

materials.

In

pots and
cleaner
with

by such
the dish

grit in

the

Dish

Paper

sanitary,and
Palette
strokes
a

with

dish

be

may

on

grains are

to

its

consequent

called

several

times

of

use

abrasive

an

the cloth and

on

wear

with

Spatulas.

invaluable

before

cleans

knife

case

These

cents.

"

for

are

efficient,

throwing away.

Cost, from

"

thin, flexible blade

strokes

the

25

cents

up.

mixing bowl,

instead

of material

less waste

turning

food

cents.

Such

in

Two

and

frying pan

griddle.

Sink

kept

it eliminates

Cost, 3 cents-5

"

used

greater efficiency.Also
or

and

water.

Cloths.

the

and

use;

cloth,with

Knives,

dozen

meals

other

flours,the grinder may be used as a mill.

Pot Cleaner.
Cost, 10 cents. This device cleans
is
much
than
a
knife, which
more
efficiently
pans

iron

on

various

when

almost

an

bread, vegetablesand

meat, but

this way

knives, have

"

dulled

soon

efficiency.The
different

the

helps represent an
grinders,through

These

into

Metal-Mesh

of

and

with

only

and

Very handy

cents.

60

Cost, $1.25-$3.00.

"

not

use,

converted

and

Heating

chapter on

measurements.

towards

unlimited

Cost,

"

economy
possibilityoffered by

the

See

76.)

Half-teaspoon
accurate

be

Cost, $4-$40.

"

Strainer.

in the sink

"

Cost,

reduces

10

the

cents-40
sink

cleaning to

such

labor

minimum

saver

that

AND

EQUIPMENT

no

shovel

sink,

pumps
washed

just

puree

strainer

Egg-beater.

and

"

Cost,

efficient in

very

with

close ;

mediumly

woven

Wheel

the

out

tin

5 cents-15

making

strainer

of the

It

or

it

is best

close.

It is

cents.

may

sink,

strainer

is too

light.

eggs

This

The

strainer

puree

the

pipe, and

waste

sides.

of the

out

scraps

easilyoperated,

be

can

used

as

whip.

cream

71.

"

Wheel
table.
and
cleaned.

Window

increase
two

should
the
sweet

table is a real labor

A wheel
The
shelves
and
extra
top

Food-storage

the window

on

clean

food

easilyas a china plate.

wire to keep in the corner

as

of

one

to

clean

to

necessary

needed

force

no

be
may
of wire

Fig.

are

scraper

be
may
three-sided

sink
be

and

99

APPLIANCES

LABOR-SAVING

sill
its

or

outside

and
efficiency

cleats to raise
have

it should
make

it

provided

space

make

window

to add

it

this

Cost, $10-$15.

"

"

be

any

it should

easily moved

efficient.

Any

box

moisture
roof
be

on

which
well

the

window

projects
ventilated

to

to

facilitate
be

put

box."

window

large and shelved to

easily cleaned, it should
be

be

can
one

a
may
its
to
sanitation, it should

slanting rain-proof

smelling;
to

the

it above

dryness of contents;
and

Box.

saver,

on

To

be

put
sill;itinsure

keep

it

organization;
with

painted

100

HOUSEWIFERY

enamel

white

food-work

storage closet
wall, and made

to

the outside

on

directlyinto

open

window

house

new

at

the

house,

kitchen

food

ventilated

of the

the

near

on

the kitchen

specialdoor

by

wall.

the

through

be built

can

located

be

building

In

center.

should

It

paint.

This
is a most
Cost, 10 cents-$1.50.
dishes.
in draining hot, well-rinsed
By using
helpful labor saver
of
eliminates
it
the
for
water
hot
wiping
necessity
rinsing,
very
dishes.
and
clean
and
labor
thus
towels,
insuring
dishes,
saving
Wire

Drainer.

Dish

Spoons.

Wooden

noise, no

less hand

possible,hence
After

handles.

marks

use,

bowl

on

and

arm

soaking

them

worker's

or

ache,

from

grip
metal

hot

makes

water

rasping

no

better

hand,

burns

no

in cold

is

There

cents.

5 cents-20

Cost,

"

metal

black

"

easily

them

cleaned.
Machine.

Dish-washing
labor
If

stops

one

to

think

is finished

work
and

will be with

and

saver,

dishes

be

be

six

part

or

eight,or

more.

of the

scraped, sorted,

are

whether

done

of about

considerable

the

when

this must

that

that

family

should

This

Cost, $75-$110.

"

dishwashing
stacked,

and

is used

machine

the

or

not, it

only in the
is perhaps the
large family. A labor-saving dishwashing method
in small
economical
most
families; try, as the dishes are brought
the dining-room, to rinse and stack, and have a pitcher or pan
from
is efficient,
the silver; this method
of water
to receive
reducing
when
there
has
been
a
considerably the time required for washing
will

be

that

seen

machine

the

will

prove

the

dishes

disorderlypiling of dishes.
In dish-washing machines,
inside
soda
that

the

has
the

tank

of

and

machine,

the

an

the

economy

are

scraped, and

be well

should

dishes

on

water, in which

dissolved,is forciblysprayed over

been

arranged
them.

then

so

rack
or

soap

This
stacked

requires
the

that

The
racks hold the dishes apart
part is free to be washed.
from
each other, and
usually there is a holder especiallydesigned
and
be dissolved
Soda
for silver.
put into
or
soap powders must
soiled

the

formed

; then

which

throws

soda

solution

and

the

as

wiping

"

the

hot

either

by

As

water.

the

water

water
a

hand

over

or

the

is most

often

used

rinse

leaves

the

hot

film is not

left

as

into

comes

is the

power

dishes

and

case

washer

the

device, force
removes

the

it

because
dishes

the

to

when

suds

is

is created
soil.

The

saponifiesthe grease,
drain
dry there is no
glass or china has been
"

102

go

HOUSEWIFERY

the

through

easily

from

journeys

many

though

door

is

poor,

(Figs.
A

room.

better

than

1.

Given

$25.00

to

What

points

must

carrying

whether

sweeper,

what

3.

In

4.

What

economies

5.

Make

can

ways

or

by

of

cost

but

even

singly.

the

listing

operating

in

would

purchasing

you

buy?

electrical

an

device,

ironer?

an

in

between
this

Do

washer,

represented

comparison

utensils.

thing

devices
in

know

economize

you
are

the

saves

substitute,

poor

each

labor-saving

housewife

It

QUESTIONS

what

spend,

its

is

tray

SUGGESTIVE

2.

72).

and

71

machine?

table?

different

advantages

electrical

an

wheel

materials

used

for

cooking

disadvantages.

versus

REFERENCES

Child,

Georgia

Farmers'

B.,

927,

The

Christine,

Frederick

Kitchen.
Farm

Housekeeping

Institute,

New

McBride,

Home

D.

Washington,

Agriculture,

Goon

Efficient

Bulletin

Nast

"

Conveniences.

Co.
U.

S.

of

Dept.

C.

Housekeeping.

Doubleday,

Household

Engineering.

Page
Good

"

Co.

keeping
House-

Institute.

Parloa,
U.

S.

Maria,
Bureau

No.

Vulte,

Herman,

Home
of

Economics.

Century

Standards,

Measurements

Household

Chemistry.

Co.
for

the

Household.

lar
Circu-

55.
Chemical

Publishing

Co.

CHAPTER

LABOR-SAVING

AND

EQUIPMENT

LAUNDRY

The

disposal

laundry
of

Plumbing,

page

Laundering
desirable
of the

process

21.

and

items
more

requires

Laundry

Renovation,
of

APPLIANCES"

facilities

SUGGESTIONS

FOR

are

processes
273.

page

items

of

for

discussed

are

laundry equipment

important

II

EQUIPMENT

water, which

waste

and

in

given

the

Herewith

and

chapter

in the
are

supplies, with

laundry equipment

LAUNDRY

supply

water

on

chapter
listed
a

on

the

tion
descrip-

(Fig. 72).

EQUIPMENT

103

104

HOUSEWIFERY

glass
Washboard,
2-3
Washtubs,
machine
Washing

zinc

or

105

APPLIANCES

LABOR-SAVING

AND

EQUIPMENT

broom

Whisk

Wringer
Wooden

spoon

Wax

discussion

detailed

For

chapter

see

SUPPLIES

LAUNDRY

FOR

SUGGESTIONS

Supplies,

on

Alum

Hyposulphite

Alcohol

Javelle

Ammonia

acid

Oxalic
Paraffin

wash

Blue

Potassium

Borax

Soap
Soap
Soap

bark

Chloroform

Soap

chips

Detergent

Soda

Bran
Chloride

of

lime

form,

(powdered

or

crystals

solution)

Starch

chalk
earth

Fuller's

permanganate

solution

in

Ether
French

soda

of

Kerosene

"

Benzine
Blanket

136-142.

pages

corn

Gasoline

rice

Hydrochloric acid
peroxide
Hydrogen

wheat

Turpentine

Washtubs.
that
is
Process.
Any material
Washing
smooth, non-absorbing, and easily cleaned is good for washtubs, so
to price.
of a personal matter
as
that the type of tub is somewhat
(See chapter on Plumbing, page 44. )
should
have
benches
Wash
long enough legs so as to lift the
will save
fatigue.
height which
portable tub to the comfortable
Folding benches are great helps where space is limited.
be mounted
on
gas-pipe legs, cut to the
Stationary tubs may
For

molded

These

longer by
Plumbing,

page

more

are

wringer

board

in either
Wash-boards

metal

glass.

With

it is

extension
and

ease

washing

convenient.
that

legs which are sold with the

be made
always too short, but may

are

metal
For

the molded

Have

bracelet.

rapidityof
machine
the

possible to

the

use

work
tub

one

tubs

(See chapter

so

three
will

will

do, though

connected

wringer

tubs

on

on

by
all

the

tubs,

direction.
come

in either
crack

with

glass,zinc, or galvanized iron. The

knock
a
or
a fall as
easilyas will the

glass ones, however,

their corrugations,and

The

sharp in

47.)

will not

ones

on

legs

of

means

efficient.

be most

and

than

length,rather

proper
tubs.

two

"

"

are

are

just
more

as

efficient,
are

easilykept

usually less

clean.

The

fact

106

of
the

HOUSEWIFERY

corrugation being

the
wear

the

on

long feet, so
be

may
lower

the

shortened

board, and

with
a

lower

and

saw,

board

beyond

it

advantage
the

easier

it is much

makes

an

washboards

Most

projects up

board

is

pronounced

is considered.

clothes

that

less

when

have

very

tub; the feet

to work

possibleto

work

with
with

less

boiler
of washing
machines.
73.
A, the Dolly type, a, dolly; B, a vacuum
Types
with
lining; E, a
corrugated
and
suction
C, pressure
type, a, funnel; D, washer
wooden
or
cylinder
copper.
revolving cylinder type; o, inner cylinder perforated; b, outer
Gentleman.
Country
Courtesy
Fig.

"

washer;

"

of

chance

High

spilling water.

will

washtubs

require

shorter

washboards.

Wringers
ones

add

have

two

much

to the

action
three-

reversible.
The
stronger
greater service when
The side springs
side springs and ball-bearing action.

are

and

of

strength and

is smoother

and

wringer, and

bearing
the ball-

The

wringers have

usually

the

cheaper wringer

will go

endurance

of

easier.

five-yearguarantees, but

even

EQUIPMENT
far

beyond that time

taken
not

AND

off when

if

LABOR-SAVING

kept

in action.

not

expensive,and is
Washing Machines.
washing machines

a
"

"

Pressure

and

clean, and

if the

pressure

is

the

on

into five groups

usually found with wooden

74.

and

three-year or five-yearwringer is
better purchase than the cheaper ones.
There
two
dred
hunCost, $12-$150.
are
some

be divided

Fio.

oiled

107

APPLIANCES

suction

market

; but

for

study they

may

(Fig. 73). Of these five groups, two

tubs, the other three are likelyto

all
are

have

75.
Fig.
The
clothes
Rotary washer.
are
which
in this inner
revolves
in the
cage
and
The
action
of the cage
water.
verses,
resoap
and
the load should
be so full that
not
do
the clothes
not
revolution.
drop on each
"
The
of the dirt.
causes
a displacement
"drop

washer.

"

put

metal

tubs.

gives its

best

unheated

wooden

service

tub

when

machine

stored

and

is
used

cheaper
in

in

first cost; it

cellars,sheds, barns,

heat of the house

porches. The continual
and
to dry
causes
shrink, and soon
leakage
A wet
results.
in
the
machine
when
in
not
kept
use
sponge
may
furnish
moisture
this
to
enough
drying.
prevent
One
of
the
machines
is
called a " Dolly." This
cheaper
type
tions
rotadolly is like a four-leggedmilking stool which by reverse
draws
the clothes
clothes
through the soapsuds. The
are
cleaned by the displacement of dirt brought about by means
tion
of fricand agitationas they are
drawn
through the soapsuds.
rooms,

the

"

"

wooden

or

on

machine

108

HOUSEWIFERY

has the wash-board

principle.Two
type of machine
corrugated boards, shaped like discs or half cylinders, rub the
clothes top and bottom, and the mechanical
principleis friction,and
The

second

this,with

the

solvent

remaining

The

suction, rotary and

of the
power
three
types of

suction

fall in the

7G.

"

(Fig. 74) depends

tub, pressing the clothes on the
machines

cleaned

entirelyby forcing

no

the

lift

when

cones

on

soap

the

are

The

Oscillating washing

suction

is

machines

oscillatingtypes.

Fig.

and

water, cleans the clothes.

action

and
pressure
of the pressure

machine.

upon
down

up

and

water

rise and

stroke, and

stroke.

the

which

cones

clothes

The

through

creating

them.

are

There

friction.

Rotary
clothes

in

machines
soap

and

(Fig. 75)
water,

on

are

the

like
same

cages

which

principle that

revolve
the

the
coffee

110

HOUSEWIFERY

with

lined

connecting with
All washing
the

metal

heavy

or

sewer

machines
that

of sheets

number
bulk.

measured

can

be

well

"

by

washed

wash

outlet

an

for

waste

water

drain.

house

are

machines

Most

having

pan,
other

in

"

sheet

i.e.,
capacity
load, or an equivalent

one

six double

"

sheets ; four

towels

sheet; three

sheet.
Those
pillow cases
equal one
should
consider
who
buying
expect to operate a washing machine
half-barrel
also
barrel
and
in
or
quantities,
washing soda
soap chips
in powdered form.
(See chapter on Supplies,page 138.)
who
feels
Various
washing devices are possiblefor the housewife

equal

in bulk

it unwise

one

spend

to

aid

complete

most

funnel

to

may

shortened

neck

the

into

larger

made

be
broom

in

money
the home

The

funnel

machine.

by fastening

down

handle, cut

funnel.

of the

for

of

amount

at

tin

one

end

to

fit

cents

to

10

about

costs

hand- washer.
ing
washVacuum
a good vacuum
reallymakes
75 cents
be purchased from
to $1.50.
devices may
They have
speciallydesigned funnels, which often have smaller funnels inside.
their efficiency,
To increase
the suction.
there is
All this increases
a
perforated soap cup, which produces suds as the washer works the

cents, and

and

funnel

up
There

the

are

in the

down

water.

percolating washing devices

two

percolatingcoffee pot, which

$1.50

As

to $3.00.

the

water

heats

and

constant

top of the funnel.

spray
forces
and
water
which
soap

the

principle of

put into the wash-boiler

to be

are

the

on

expands,

it is forced

circulation

the

clothes.

through
clothes,just as the liquid coffee

is
The

out

"

at

produced
is

water

does over
the
the
percolate over
the clothes are
cleaned.
These
ground coffee,and after five minutes
percolating devices are suitable only for white cottons and linens,
be done
work.
the device
The
to have
vacuum
as
boiling must
all
device
be
of
but
funnel
used
on
materials,
types
requires
may
to

work

constant
aid
own

for

washing

For

wools

for that

one

all these

part of the woman.

and
silks,so valuable

the

on

for soiled

devices

hand

plan to buy and

Drying Process,

dirt and

clothes

should

dust, so that

shaped container,

or

is

most

valuable

it would

that

pay

to

alone.

use

should
For

It

a
a

be

as

wife
machines, the house-

power

soap chips instead

Baskets
and
Hampers.

of cake

use

free

washable
metal

for the

can

from
muslin

"

The

soap.
container

ornamentation, which
bag,

(Fig. 77)

a
are

collects

papier-mache
far better

basket-

than

the

111

APPLIANCES

LABOR-SAVING

AND

EQUIPMENT

hamper. The baskets to be used in the laundry

be light in weight, and preferablyhave an
adjustable
process should
muslin
lining. These linings are easilycleaned, which is important,
is so likelyto be soiled.
the basket
as
like
useful
when
shaped and worn
Clothespin bags are most
with a wide pocket. It is best to have them
not too deep,
an
apron
the whole
viceable
being shallow and wide.
Ticking is the most serapron
used

much

willow

material

bag, take

convenient

screwed
the

or

side

the

to

fence

hold

to

very
like

hook

hook, such

clothes-line

be

can

another

easily. For

washed

and

of the
the

is

as

house

line,
clothesa.

able
of heavy washsquare
the corners
material, and sew
cut

of the
Such

square
bag will

clothes-line

and

always

the

to

hook
slide

'"km

screw.

the

on

ahead
the

holding

worker,

the

of

pins

at hand.
"

either

hemp
gives good

clothes-1 ine,

The

Dryers.

wire,
rope or copper
service at little cost.

efficient
copper wire is more
ing
it is put up permanently, needonly to be wiped off just

The
as

before

The

use.

stretch,and
wet, and
after

each

Fig.

also will shrink

the

that

line will

hemp

soil enters

it is hard

to

77

"

Clothes

container

(papier

mache).

when

its fibres

clean,

so

so

deeply

that

when

it is wiser

left out

nently
perma-

to take

it down

use.

hangers have been so perfected as to give excellent

the
service,especiallyin small yards and on back porches where
Some
clothes may
of the
if in a limited
dry in the air even
space.
dryers are of specialservice for kitchen drying, because they pull
full of clothes.
Eein use
when
not
or
up to the ceiling,when
volving umbrella
hangers (Fig. 78), having good capacity,take up
small yard or porch space, at the same
time making it possiblefor
the clothes to dry in the air.
Patented

112

HOUSEWIFERY

The

efficient for all kinds

of weather
is the
dryer that is most
indoor-heated
because
it
is not dependent upon
sunshine
for
dryer,
Such
with
stove
a
a
dryer may be bought
drying.
(Fig. 79) and be
the
house
is
built.
It
be
built
set up as
into the corner
of
being
may
the

of

laundry (Fig. 80), and

installingthe

moist

the

Fig.

dense
the

78.

on

drying

Revolving

clothes

dryer.

place of
two,

one,

metal

the

or

even

track

for

oven

the

used

Closes

may

like

set

stove, and

connected

clothes

will reduce

and

with
pass

as

up

flue

unit.

coal,

either

use

out, and

umbrella

an

the cost

when

that

so

not

in

not

con-

use.

dryer, the drying compartment takes

These
stove.
dryers may be bought with

In

such

in

three

so

kitchen

be

the

the clothes.

must

air from

"

walls

bought complete
like

electricity. They

or

gas,

if

constructed

dryers are

These

dryer,

the two

sections,and

pulling out

do

of the

better

work

if

they have

racks, for wooden

wheels

"

shrink and crack.

pulley fashion
For
Ironing Process.
Sprinklerspay to buy, because they do
the work
more
rapidly,evenly,and thoroughly, than sprinklingwith
"

"

the

hand.

One

of the

best

will fit any bottle.

Other
like a bath spray.
If
or
are

very

kinds

costs

ten

like flour

sprinklersare
one

buys

this

cents

and
or

with

its cork

shakers,

sugar

kind, be quite sure

the

holes

small.

Ironing boards may be found to

different housekeepers. Many need
in

when

not

board

between

use.

two

The

fit the
a

kind

that

housekeeper used

chairs

or

table

and

various

requirements of
occupies little space

to have
a

to stretch

chair; whereas

such

to-day

it

is

EQUIPMENT

AND

possibleto purchase

in

metal

board

the
costs

Boards

that

have

can

than

more

into
of

some

drawer

small

cold

when
This
in

in

for

end

the

could

shelf-fashion

set

wax,

folding

boards.

up

right-

J"-

iron

the iron

in this way.

stored

be

less substantial

the

the

at

storage of
holder, wiping cloth, and even
hand

fastens

be put at any height, and

may
it. It is much
efficient and
more

permanently

are

which

bracket

hooked

quickly

no

folding board

This

bracket.

113

APPLIANCES

LABOR-SAVING

good way to store equipment

laundry or laboratory that is limited
is

boards

Most

space.

inches

56

are

To
size.
is the standard
long, which
help in doing up shirtwaists and shirts,
used
like those
a
square-ended board
in a commercial
laundry is most useful
(Fig. 81).
a
By spending more
gas
money,
ing
be piped directlyto the ironstove may
board, making the outfit a complete
working unit,entirelysaving the worker
ing
from
wasting time and energy by walkforth
back
and
to
change irons.
Elaborate
ironing equipment of this
be purchased at some
kind
cost,
may
little planning on
the part
but with
a
of the housewife, that is, getting gas
and board
together,she will have good
equipment with little cost.
With

likely to

electric

an

take

it would

to work

near

the

iron, because

one

(See chapter on
ironed

as

boards
well

and

the

to connect

be

other

ironing board,

Sleeve

board

the

one

to

is
the

more
FlG-

iron.

79.

"

Diagram

of

clothes

dryer.

Sometimes

the

iron

tory
satisfac-

more

way
have

round.
an

Choose

electric

iron

plug

This

are

without

labor
the

savers;

not

that

specialboard,

attachment

is

(Fig. 82).
is not running the risk
Heating and Lighting, page

but

good light place

placed right

safer way

of

to

affectingthe
57.)

the

sleeve

the time

for

the

use

light.

not
may
and work

be
are

114

HOUSEWIFERY

much

reduced.

There

is

no

need

to

pay

the

extra

for

money

so-

called

the padding is usually only sheet

padded board, because
with
three
thicknesses
no
wadding,
of
lasting qualities. Two
or
domet
flannel
will
make
better pad. Every houseor
wife
a much
outing
well
have
that
to
on
plan
hand, for it will pay to buy some
may
for house
to use
remnants
iron
cloths,
wipes, polishing cloths, and
the many
times when
soft
material
is wanted.
a
heavy
As old blankets
do not give long service
Ironing-board Pads.
the ironing board, they might preferably be kept for some
on
other
"

Fig.

Heavy

use.

table, makes
or

too

three

80.

Metal

"

silence
a

of the

cloth, such

inches

cents

as

is sold to

old, will make

for three ; six would

These
and

pads

should
then

be

there

are

is part

of

the

dryer.

protect the dining-room

Two
layers of the new,

padding.
The
a good pad.
felts large enough

padded. Cut these

for shrinkage; thumb
tacks or
chooses
to buy clamps that
one

Embroidery

Stove

serviceable

most

much

unless

cabinet.

clothes-drying

board
to

is better

allow

tapes will hold

for

come

the

not

about
them

purpose

two

firm,
at

50

be needed.

always

made,

and

will be

needed

for

kept ready

less likelihood

ironing heavy
to

ery.
embroid-

use
as
ment,
any other equipof using: a srood towel.

is

there

need

no

the

Cover

size.

it

have

to

felt with

old

blankets, and

long enough
wide

to

enough

put

on

are

to

be

fresh

equal

the

used.

Clamps

in

not

An

use.

Good

"

the
and

even

unless

board

may
Irons.

most

one

have

to make

way

stand
"

has
away

they

closet

from

Flat-irons, or

efficient

the

pad

should

the

dust
them

than

that

60"

wide

may

of

this

ironing-board
inches

two

tapes

pins

fashion, large enough to slip on

covers

good

is

muslin

ironing.

about

four

sew

for

of the

board

or

should

easy

is

service

muslin
width

The

equipment

length

better

unbleached

fastening that
possibleeach ironing day

Stationaryboards

18"

lasting service

more

no

to much

put

heavy

under

hem,

is

cover

81.

to choose

size ;

any

together so

two

give

sheets

serviceable.

half-inch

it is better

be
A

Fig.

to turn

be cut

may
bulky, 12"

the

sew

Old

"

can

is most

and

bought,

large and

board

kept always ready.

ironing-board covers.

be

ironing

muslin

easilycleaned and
Ironing-board Covers.

than

as

the

on

be

may

of

felt like that

piece of

115

APPLIANCES

LABOR-SAVING

AND

EQUIPMENT

are

is

better

so

easy
if needed.
covers

to

kept

is to cut

side
than

if

them

easily. Portable boards

for laundry equipment,

tapes

tacking,
that

remove

on

side,

each

on

each

on

Cut

cover.

them

when

pillow-slip
will
where

need
the

dust.

sad-irons,are of great service, but to be

be purchased of different
shapes and

116

HOUSEWIFERY

weights
such

for
to

Be
to

from

"

work
is

has

in the

catch

asbestos
irons

or

such

mar

materials

irons.
them

silks

and

wools

as

ones

allowed

frequent changes for hot

cause
base, as irregularities
may

irons,irons with

by

portable handles, are

be as
lasting as flat-irons
becoming loose.

handle

dle,
jacket and hanpreferred by some, but are
of the possibility
because

removable

with

to

likely not
of the

and

goods

number

insures

smooth

small

two

or

mark.

leaving a
The

this

three;

iron

the

sure

eight pounds, allowing one

children's
clothing. The usual

as

ironer

an

five to

asbestos

Puffing irons are not needed for the ironing of puffs to-day, but
if one
already owns
one, it will be of great service in finishingsmall
gathers as baby-dress sleeves and bonnets.
Iron
be purchased in any
holders
department or housemay
These
side of asbestos.
The
furnishing store.
usually have one
make
of folded
old stockings, covered
with
one
housekeeper may
muslin.
of ticking, gingham, or
The
outer
cover
soft, smooth
a
stockings are especiallygood as a foundation, because their weave
makes
are

them
and

soft

holders

for

restful

and

swollen

from

Iron

less non-conductors

or

easily fold
each

saves

board

is used

hand,
hand

sheet

labor

is set.

iron

saves

walking
fuel

irons

because

savers

will

reduce

worker's
seem

the

with

the

to

and

they

hand

of

unexpected

fuels.

draughts
end

of

Two

iron

is very
parched and

holder

getting

gas
a

The
that

paper,

asbestos

an

the

save

end

wiping cloth, iron

electric irons

their

stove

to

is best

get
to

with

heat
a

hot

ironing room,
and electricity
are
main

may
rubber

of

care

and

thought
fan

the

of

must

flame.

this

them, and

iron.

The

the
the

heat

becoming
The

to

on

used

most

be

able
avail-

self-heating

These

use.

and

matter

(cost,$3" $6)

the
and

familiar

beware

gas-iron

of
is

gas-pipe; this pipe will be safer and

with spiralwire to prevent cracking
give greater service if it is wound
The electric iron is sensitive to a fall,and to being wet;
the rubber.
operated at

the

the

while

safest,it is only
other

cold

tin, will also

Put

carry

which

heat

; and

iron.

they

sheet.

the

from

determine
the

as

the

because

ironing sheet;

cake

Gas, alcohol, kerosene, gasoline,and

are

of

from

the

to

top of the asbestos

rest, etc.,on

the

savers

under

the

where

handle

heat, and

heat.

great

are

of

the

prevent the

to

continual

as

about

worker

helps

rests

sheet, such
of the

more

118

HOUSEWIFERY

is heated
like

by

iron, and

an

board.

The

The

the

Better

folded

second

and

board

iron

hands

results

take

to

the

efficiencyof

that

so

or
gasoline,electricity,

gas,

roll

mangle

of the

towels, napkins

worker

in

on

covered

each

is increased
are

also obtained

are

is cloth

revolve

This

steam.

free

steel roll is

like

an

ironing

power

driven,

other.

by being
attend

to

the

to

by having the machine

ironing.

wide

single thicknesses, and

sheets

enough
when

in half

of the machine, especially

lengthwise. The economy
if electrically
heated, is increased
by being able to heat only onehalf of it at a time, as in ironing handkerchiefs
and
other
small
pieces. The secret of good ironing is that the cylinderspress evenly
each

on

and

other, and

allowed

also that

to stand

linen

time

be

evenly dampened,

sprinkling and
of a help in machine
folding is perhaps more
ironing than in hand
size greatly reduces
ironing. A heated power mangle of household
the labor of ironing flat-work; one
family, for example, reported
one-fifth
that these pieces take about
work.
the time
required for handsome

before

slightlyand
ironing.

Good

CLEANING
Materials

and

Tools

Vinegar

Supplies:
alcohol

(wood

Alcohol
used

may

be

Wax

Whiting
Equipment:

Ammonia

Bowls

brick

Bath

Box

Borax

Dutch

earth

Fuller's

French

or

chalk

Small
oil

linseed

or

Whisk

oil

Brushes

Lime
Oxalic

Floor,

acid

Pumice

Scrubbing,
Spotting
Wall

stone

polish

metal

Rottenstone
Sal-soda

Carpet

Salt

Cloths

Soap
Soap
Steel

soft

hair

Radiator

Porcella

Silver

tray for cleaning materials

Large

Kerosene

Putz

or

Brooms

cleanser

Lemon

Cleaning

for

soap

or

cream

Broom
Cheese

wool

"

sizes

sweeper
substitutes
and

bag
cloth
dusters

powder

Turpentine

size

small

oo

Cork

cloths

"

EQUIPMENT
Cover

cloths, special
ticking, etc.
cloth, tub cloth

Knife

cloths

Measuring
Mop

old

or

Dish
Dust

Oil

cloth

Floor

cloth, loosely

can

Sanitary
Scissors

Tissue

paper

Screw

Waste

(cotton)

Skewer,

Step

pan
closet

Flush

spoon

Pails

woven

Newspapers
Polishing cloth

Dust

119

APPLIANCES

LABOR-SAVING

AND

driver
wooden

ladder
cleaner

Vacuum

cleaner

tongs

Wrench

Hammer

ment
presented the important items of cleaning equiptures,
(Fig. 84), as brushes, mops, cleaning cloths, sweeping mixThe
including labor-savingappliances used in this work.
treated respecof cleaning and the suppliesnecessary
are
tively
processes
and
and
Care
in the chapters on
plies
SupCleaning
(page 240),
There

here

are

(page 129).
and

The

brushes.

greater. The

best
does

which

wood

Brushes.

and

Brooms

It does

"

first cost
brushes
not

not

is less but

have

solid

easily warp;

pay to buy cheap brooms

in the end the cost will be

backs
and

backs
Solid
shaped for its special task.
for scrubbing brushes.
Upholstery brushes
of them
hair like a paint brush.
Some
are
the

crevices

and

folds

around

buttons

of

that

made

are

of hard

should
be
good brush
are
especiallynecessary
should

be made

tapered
tufted

at

the

of

soft

end

for

furniture.

For

the

satins,and brocades, the regular soft-haired

dusting of portieres,
better
for
brooms
paint brush is most
satisfactory. Whisk
are
them
as
a
they would
cleaning heavy fabrics; they do not mark
velvet or velour.
wood
Long-handled brushes with hair bristles for hardfloors will do the work
with less dust, more
thoroughly, and
more
easily. Silver brushes should be soft to prevent scratching,but
firm enough to get in cracks and crevices. They give greater service
if bought in two
to clean around
sizes,one
very thin and narrow
handles

and

purchasing

in
of

small

grooves.

Old

tooth

brushes'

will

save

the

expensive brush ; old nail brushes are not so

good because they are broad and stubby.
Brooms
should
be chosen
with
such
that there are
good corn
seeds. They may
no
be bought with two types of handles, the light
bamboo
handle
and the heavy wooden
stick. The
is
lighter broom
a
will do much
great saving to the worker.
Hanging the broom
to lengthen its wear;
and if the new
broom
is plunged into a pail
a

more

120

HOUSEWIFERY

of hot

water,

seems

to

have

skewer, bore

string with

allowed

and

hole

which

into

to

the
the

hang

With

broom.

Various
the

on

are

in the

them

cold,it

hot

wire

insert

or

heavy

patented hangers
market, most of
nature of clamps,
the

hold

which

it is

and

handle

broom

until

water

of endurance.

greater power

in the

to remain

broom

or

closelyas to prevent
swinging, which is noisy and

brush

so

the door

marks

Dust

to be used

covers,

the contents

covering up

for

of

sweeping,

while

room

wall.

or

cause
good cleaning aids, bewalking,
they save
extra
much
carrying, and
are

used

that

work

part of

for

pieces

special

size

generous
be used

may
furniture

of

sizes and

various

can

Fig.

84.

"

Tools

large piecesin each

and

book

material
those

for

Smaller

roOm.

shelves ; and several

be planned
should

pictures

of this material

with
can

heavy
be

enough
couch,

cleaning.

made

and

oneas

ones

for

or

or

three

for the

chairs

the

desirable

large

bed,

cover

or

two

two-yard squares

of the

same

pictures,especiallyfor
frames.
ornamented
Bags
or
covers, so that the portieresmay

covers

carved

are

to

two

be

should

covers

of

shapes. No
be
given

except to suggest that

three

the

Make

better.

they

it

marks

of such

covers

terial
ma-

pattern

sheets

even

size that
for

which

other

house, is
the

distinct

color

from

lin
mus-

other

some

or

with
and

thorough

used, but checked

be

gingham,

sidered
con-

Unbleached

cleaning.
may

be

to

for

121

APPLIANCES

LABOR-SAVING

AND

EQUIPMENT

of drawstrings and
dropped down into the bag, and then, by means
by pins, this pillowcase covering is brought up close to the curtain
poles,entirelycovering the portiere.
The
75
cents.
Cost, 50 cents
Dustpans.
Long-handled
housekeeper will find that the long-handled dustpan (Fig. 85),
though it does cost about double the price of the short-handled
even
will be a great saving. It does as good work, as far as dust
one,
be

"

Fig.

85.

"

One

worker
other

the

is

concerned,
with

he

quantities at
sawdust
up
or

or

the dirt
wood

short-handled

the

Three

"

and

one,

called

often

broom,

materials

sweeper

because

may

86.

tools

for

sweeping.

if

child's

used

in

broom,

tion
conjuncbe

will

saver.

Dustless
process,

Fig.

back;

money.

small

great back

as

her

saves
saves

they

bought
about

fine sand
as

the

floors,are

aid

the

reduce
in

packages

ten

dollars.

into which

material
most

is

of

amount

in

much

very

dusting.

the

cleaning

These

rials
mate-

twenty-fivecents, or in barrel
They are usually finely ground

at

oil has

been

worked.

swept along. Bare

easilyswept

with

these

The

oil takes

floors such
different

as

tile,

sweeping

122

HOUSEWIFERY

materials.
in

The

carpet

hard

to

broom

the

on

carpet

they gather

because

makes

them

it settles in the
make

may

dustless

inefficient

carpet and

is

material

sweeper

leaves,or

tea

which
by tearing bits of newspaper
water.
Sprinkle either the tea leaves or
floor,and as they are tossed ahead of the

sprinkled with

the paper

of the materials

housewife

The

left-over

been

in most

sweeping,

rug

remove.

by using
have

or

sand

or

the

dirt.

moistened

broom

is

sweeper, but hard

of the carpet or on

dustless

the colors

on

the

polishof

the floors.

Carpet
$3-$6.

This

brushes

Fia.

87.

"

which

pushed

makes

small

box

on

turn

the

over

the

as

box

floor.

It

dust, is easilyoperated,
takes up threads, and
is
no

for

excellent

Vacuum

is

Cost,

"

containing revolving

wbeels,
is

Sweeper.

removing

sweeper

surface

dirt.
Vacuum

Sweeper.

(Fig. 87)
cleaners; they have the

Cost, $6-$12.

"

These

combined

and vacuum
carpet sweepers
revolving brush of the carpet sweeper,

are

the

Their

vacuum

sweeper.
with
satisfactory,

most

Vacuum

Cleaners.

cleaners

(Figs. 88
types. As washing

is not

cost

operator is a labor
in the hand

the

big

The

saver.

; these

dirt adheres.

power

may
brushes

rubber.

As

or
are

they

machines

machines

type, and
these

excessive, and

machines

are

passes

chines,
ma-

power

again

to

as

part of the
pistonand bellows types may be bought

are

not

These

truly labor
shotgun, in

are

over

savers,

that

but

are

dust

the

drawing up
which
air goes, carrying with it
lined with a soft woolly material
are
small, inexpensive,and easily
on

divided

not have
some
may
bristles ; sometimes

the brush

of

"

carried,but require a great deal of work

The

suction

more

piston is like a water

of the plunger leaves a vacuum
into
the dirt. This receivingchamber
is
to which

bellows

fatiguethan with the carpet sweeper.

so-called
The
vacuum
Cost, $35-$125.
89) are divided into piston,bellows, and fan

no

The

savers.

the

be divided into hand

and
may
cleaners ; and the question comes
vacuum
may
hand
tool which
involves so much
work
the
on

so

whether

and

and

sweepers

the

part of the operator.

into fan type and bellows
of brush.

form

they

the rug

are

flat

in the

Sometimes

revolvingbits

same

way

that

of

the

carpet sweeper
for the

suction

efficient in

does, it stirs up
to receive

their

work,

Vacuum

it.
if

the

dust

These

they

cleaner.

and

throws

machines

have

The

ordinaryconditions
larger and

more

need

not

are

Courtesy

ready
easilyoperated,
it back

suction,

sufficient

are

not

Franz-Premier.

necessarilyvery expensive. The bags into which

they
usually about equal in efficiency;
up are
under

123

APPLIANCES

LABOR-SAVING

AND

EQUIPMENT

the
are

dust
dust

is sucked

proof

and

be washed.

powerful machines, while

more

efficient

124

HOUSEWIFERY

from

the

point of
weight keeps them

view

of

close

housewife

difficult for the

the

to

operate. The

cost

established

basement

the

several

floor, are
hundred

of

the

suction, since their

better

to

expensive machines
in

producing

heavy that they are

powerful and most

so

most

dollars
house

and

with

to be

pipes extending

throughout
be planned

the house.

connections

be made
in the baseboards
of each room,
lead
and
may
cellar.
A flexible hose then connects
the cleaner in any
with
the permanent
pipe opening in the baseboard.

back

for

to the

desired

room

type of machine
house
is built, so

the

consider

should

which

with

ease

when

housewife

The

If this

built

are

it

size of slot in the

be

can

cared

the

that

used, it should

the

various

pipe

weight of the machine; the

for ; the

end, and

suction

is to be

convenience

facilities for

in

the

oiling;

keeping

the

slot

on

floor,so that it is always close to the rug or carpet ; and the final
dust, if any, is left in the rug after cleaning. There
test, how much
the

is

better

no

and

how

see

cheaper

The
smaller

motor

suction, and

question as

The

the

name.

is wide

and
of

to

whether

the

Some

of the

seems

fabric

dusting

This
a

in

for

or

be

must

Cost,

"

40

the

have

brushes

brush

not

or

hardly worthy

are

is whether

important

nozzle

the

irregularitiesof, movement

to

is substantial

motor

are

not

when

cleaners

and

one,

in

mop

of

to

$1.50.
a

The

use

polishers,

of

loose

dirt.

stooping. There
one
plain deck mop,

wooden

of

handle, makes

flat mop
; in this
flat metal
clasp attached

mop

mop,

two

are

whether

for

types of mops

with

strings fastened
a
good dry dust mop.
the stringsor pieces of

scrubbing because

patented

great saving of strength,because

and

in

wood

close

kept clean.

is best for

either

slot is not

not

are

type is the broad

held

the

collectors

washers, but

scrubbing, affords

around

type of

round

is broken

Vacuum

cents

bending
cleaning. A

circle

second

cloth

so-called

whether

suction

cleaners; are

it eliminates

should

adjust itself

to

to be cleaned.

themselves

Mops.

in

machine

more

as

the

that

fabric

to the

used

rug

usually lighter in weight and have a

should
have good weight, good
the better machines
is an
longer slot,which
advantage in any machine.

swivelled

Eemember

They

the

are

worker, and

the

beat

to

be raised.

can

machines

What
so

than

question

size.

good

but

dust

decided.

is still not
of

the

latter

settle this

to

way
much

wringers

to
it
or

wooden

handle.

wrings better than

by hand; besides,

126

HOUSEWIFERY

the

outing flannel for polishing furniture.

good floor cloths, broom
bags (Fig. 92, A

flpnnel

Outing

makes

B), wall wipes, and

be used for polishingcloths.
The
first requirement is that the
be clean, free from
scratchy material, absorbent, and non-

may
cloth

and

lmtinsr.

scrub
The
long-handled
90.
is
its ball-and-socket
adjustment,
brush.
complete scrub
Fig.

"

with

In

these
usual

or

unnecessary

used

cost is at least

134.)

page

are

paper

wrapping, so

found

in

machines
every

home.

and

mop

need

woman

wringer
scrub

never

means
on

her

for

more

treated

are

other

rapid work, special

and

chemicals

with

cleaning powders

tures;
mix-

or

Their
cleaning silver and other metals.
(See chapter on Supplies,
twenty-fivecents.

cloths, when

These

The

91."

for

as

to

MISCELLANEOUS

Sewing

to-day
which

made,

polishing cloths are

powders that make

most

knees.

demand

the

to

response

Fig.
that
a

brush,
a

not

should

in use,

prevent

their

be

getting any

kept in
extra

box

soil.

EQUIPMENT

in various
be had
types, and
may
The
disappearing head machine

should
in

be

which

the

flat top cabinet, is

to

the

folds

mechanism

sewing
run

electric

desirable

one

machine

sewing

any

down

into

type.

the

case,

Electric

($15),

and

leaving a compact

motors
a

for about
be had
$40.
may
below, the regular sewing machine

attached

motor

Fia.

motor

92.

A,

"

various

of

types
Domet

Small
who

are

pronounce
motor
is

Electric

working
them

should

be

purchased

needed.

Such

small

almost

human

Each

where

separate motors
a

motor

machine

the

the

With

be

may

motor

the

to

be difficult.

may

bags found
cloths; B, broom
bags.
makes
good broom

Motor."

placed

with

ready made

in

stores.

flannel

with

machine, the ice-cream

machine.

floor

able
avail-

now

are

specialmachine

suggested
operated by attaching a belt from the wheel of
wheel of the machine, although speed adjustment
small

127

APPLIANCES

LABOR-SAVING

AND

EQUIPMENT

could

Cost, $15-$40.
electric
in

motors

their

for

individual
the

work

have

household

serviceableness.

it will be of most

freezer, the bread

must

Efficiency students
for

use,

when

appliances

coffee

mill, the

mixer, and

wheel

and

for

the

the
belt

use,

Such

are

a
one

not

sewing
washing

which

in

128

HOUSEWIFERY

turn

work.

Voltage and
and

Heating

only

but

also

shows

Fan.

for

surrounds

the

On

cold

radiator

do

to

power

(See chapter

considered.

the
on

60.)
An

electric fan

gives great service

laundry during hot weather,

and

Modern
science
portion of the house.
by rapidly changing the layer of air that
day a fan directed against the steam- or

quicklywarm
drying fruits and

will

latest method

in the

have

must

rest

cool

keep

we

be

must

kitchen

in the

us.

hot-water

in

use

motor

Cost, $5 up.

"

use

for

that

current

Lighting, page

Electric
not

the

kept tight,and

be

must

more

of

room.

is used

fan

vegetables.

The
outfit may
consist of a pressure
cooker
Canning Outfit.
($8-$10), a soldering outfit,and a supply of tin cans, or of glass
rubbers
if preferred. Fruits and vegetables are
with new
now
cans
also preserved by drying in an
by the sun, or by air currents
oven,
"

from

from

taken

fan.

electric

an

Milk

Separator.

if much

of

can

be

course

outfit.

farm

operated either by

be had

should

the

In

"

needed

utensils

small

regular, kitchen

the

It is

The

home,
hand

by power

or

handled.

is to be

milk

pensable.
separator is indis-

milk

tor
separapower
The
separator

of a bowl
or
centrifuge in which, by the rapid revolution
milk
heavier
the
skim,
whole
the
milk,
part or
cylinder containing
toward
the
and
the
is thrown
out
light part or cream
circumference,
is

is held

toward

center,each

the

While

outlet.

appropriate
principlethat the
an

circumference
careful

be very

that

the

The

separator

be

SUGOESTIVE
1. In

what

2.

What

care

3.

Were

an

electric
or

making

the

4.

What

5.

List

care

five

motor

washing

connections

should

labor

or

be
savers

that

construction, the
the

liquid to

housekeeper must, of

kept

clean

and

outer

course,

sweet-smelling.

efficiencyof
cleaner

washing

machine?

gasoline engine to be attached

what
must
special care
to get the most
economical
as

to

machine,
so

given

vary

"separator" by

QUESTIONS

increase
the
would
you
ways
be given to a vacuum
should

machine

in

the heavier

in all.

same

of the

out

separators
throws

revolution

is the

passing

to
are

an

electric
not

motor

operated

on

by

a
a

machine

be
service

sewing
used

in

motor.

REFERENCES

Balderston,

L.

Ray,

Laundering.

L.

Ray

Balderston,

1224

Cherry

St.,

Phila.
Cleaning
Systems.
and
Cooijey, M.
S., Vacuum
Heating
Co.
Magazine
Handbook
". Bros.
Cleaning.
of
MacLeod,
Sarah,
Harper
Home
Economics.
Maria,
Parloa,
Century Co.

Ventilating

VI

CHAPTEE

SUPPLIES

HOUSEHOLD

Supplies

hand

go

tools, so

with

hand

in

the

that

together

two

In buying supplies,
rightly be called the working equipment.
consider
should
: quality, price,
in selecting tools, the housewife
as
and
plies
quantity ; and there is always the question of the kind of supmay

fitted to

best

for

equally good

given

selection.

personal

keeps housekeeping
will

supplies

Rules
standards

then

and

the

for

for

Buying

are

good

count

or

this

seems

Select

through

which

sell

Be

are

best

your

paper

; fresh

stated

as

to the

go

ure,
size,meas-

ard
stand-

the

falsely.
not

buy

knows

store

to them

keep

where

store

do

the

and

stores

know

you,

the

the

'phone

the

over

and

store

or

the

Know
return

the

when

regular price

and

what

is needed

shelf

until

and

can

special sales

offered,

are

regular quality.

be used.

It is not

bargain

if

it deteriorates.

of clerks.

demand
what

quality, and the price on returning

becoming an expert buyer.
study towards
the

necessities

standard

to know

not

selecting

store, where

etc., standard

coarseness,

you

considerate

Do

weight

goods personally; until

Buy only
on

the

regular
sure

it lies

colors

reliable

high

to

the amount,
up
; this will be the best

be

Choose

"

fast

means

Check

but

all

to

catalogue.

Buy

for

standards

too

and

goods,

its tasks.

buying, applicable

in

presents

neighborhood,

in the

new

are

of

which

accurate.

by experience

Learn

over

and

problem,

standardizing

Supplies.

percentage of moisture,

choice

one

home.

All

"

make

must

starch, blues, sewing supplies and

polishes,soaps,

and

desk

home

individual

an

complete

any

supplies,

cleaners

if you

less

three

or

large personal equation which

dislikes,that
or

for

reason

no

chapter presents general rules

household

goods

be

be two

may

housekeeper

the

that

so

there

cases

many

may

more

always prevent
This

and

use

There

except likes and

another

In

task.

is

impossibilities.
wanted,

hence

reduce

delivery

sen

ice

and

service.
129

inate
elim-

130

HOUSEWIFERY

pay cash or settle the bills promptly; stores demanding

sell more
for the privilegeof chargcan
cheaply ; yon pay more
ing
the extra cost, but do your
be worth
share by paying
it may

Either
cash
"

bills

promptly.

Patronize

for

specialsupplies; e.g., the paint store, the

laundry supply house.
Laundry supply houses are established in all
is quite assured.
Parcel
large cities and the quality they handle
it possibleto send an
order ; for after using any supply,
post makes
it can
easilybe obtained again through its number
or size.
stores

CLEANERS

The
or

housekeeper who
As

the

she will have

or

to

of containers

of material

from

away

the

often

less than

considered

poisonous

fire.

will

the

assure

Eemember

not

much

be

must

The

of this kind

everything

sticking) and

cloths

and

in

stored

buy,

can

containers
cost.

Label

labels

the

even

washed,

because

extra

inflammable.

or

she

suitable

plies.
sup-

store

brushes

used

closed

tin

pails or

in

the

laundry

crocks.

Beeswax

is

purchasable

house.

Beeswax

Eenovation,

page

supply

It is sold

irons.
is not

only

best

Paraffin
white

likelyto

It is

of

at
raw

them

is

the

best

same

oil is the
; the boiled

usually is

oil

white

for

waxing

yellow, which

It is also used

is most

therefore
with

alcohol

or

is

goods

after-product in

an

in

often

sold

because

the

laundering.

sene.
distillingkerofor

excellent

ishing
pol-

turpentine and

on

light woods.
the

oil

oil has

for

linseed,and

pressed from

as

and

petroleum,

wax

as

for

place
crude

(see chapter

wax

is used

wax

but

the wood.

well

good

oil is the

or

of floor

same

wax,

from

darken

mixes

It

color

Linseed

made

non-fatty oil,and

woods.
account

white

is distilled

oil

Paraffin

the

store

expensive.

is the

It

paint

foundation

and

295),

is

wax

is

is the

less

but

the

at

yellow or

as

wax.

yellow wax

The

be

little shellac

work, if

this

stone

as

be

of many

amount

either

must

is either

plainly (a

on

for

small

storage
by buying
plan
in
containers
at perhaps
by purchasing supplies

matter

in

will

great deal of the renewing

will need

needed

amount

to do

plans

of woodwork

renovating

POLISHES

AND

pressed

been

It is sold

wax.

from

treated

the
in such

as

seeds
a

way

be

may
raw

or

without
as

chased
pur-

boiled.
ing
warm-

to increase

its

; it is used

wax

way a
Lemon

as

for

lubricatingoil
oil is

use's such

as

work,
floors,wood-

oil is used.

linseed

cleaning oil,because it dissolves

cleaning machinery, rusty iron, etc. It

is useful

Kerosene
and

all household

almost

furniture, the boiled

and

no

For

drying power.

131

SUPPLIES

HOUSEHOLD

like

volatile

machine

rosin
is in

oil.

oil obtained

from

pressing the rinds of

used
finer qualitiesare

The
tangarines,or limes.
while the cruder
added
to
for perfumes or flavorings,
oils which
are
lightpetroleum products may be purchased in paint shops or housefurnishing stores, to be used for the oilingof lightercolored woods,
floor oils. This
oil is volatile enough to dry
and are often used
as
almost
immediately, affordingless opportunity for it to gather dust.
the pitchfrom
Turpentine is a distilled rosin-like liquid made
first
pine tree. The volatile oil or spiritof turpentine passes over
and the residue is rosin.
When
in the distillation,
fresh, turpentine
is almost
colorless and odorless,growing darker, so dark
to make
as
stain of its own
if used
it so often is to remove
a
as
paint from
with wax
(see chapter on Cleaning and Eenoclothing. Combined
floor wax.
excellent
vation, page 295), it makes
an
Turpentine should be kept away from fires and should be stored
in tightlyclosed containers.
Brushes
and cloths used with turpentine
should
be washed
in
closed
or
burned, or kept
cans
or
tightly

lemons, oranges,

crocks

after their

Naphtha
kerosene

use.

and

benzine

are

sold

as

one

and

the

same.

Like

and

oil ; they are

gasoline they are derived from mineral
volatile (second only to gasoline)and give off inflammable
vapors.
should
be
used
with
with
windows
and
They
always
great care,
open
fires
and
should
be
closed
no
or
when
kept tightly
open light about,
not in use.
dissolves
rubber
and
is
used
like
kerosene
for
Naphtha
the
of
rolls
clothes
rubber
cleaning
wringers (see
goods, chapter on
it
dissolves
fat
for
and
is
used
Storage,page 235) ;
cleaning fabrics;
it dissolves varnish and a drop on the rubbing cloth will often restore
wood
marred
and is one
of the insecticides
by heat ; it kills vermin
most
used
for bedbugs, ants, and
fleas (see chapter on
Household
Pests,pages 312, 314).
Gasoline
and
With
no

is

benzine,and
any
flames

one

nearly
should

of the

present

as

volatile

be used
three

from

with

and

inflammable

the utmost

care

as

to

naphtha

prevent fire.

and
materials, have all windows
open,
matches, lamps, or stoves; and after its

132

HOUSEWIFERY

allow

use

article

into

time

of

plenty

service.

furniture

pests. Such

for

This
that

may
material

thick

thorough airing before bringing the

is especiallytrue
for mattresses
or
holstered
uphave been gasolined for moths
other
or
would

be

slow

allow

to

evaporation of
thoroughly aired for

gasoline. Clothing that has been gasolined and

several hours
be placed in a warm
place,as heat will drive off
may
the last unpleasant odors.
iron produces
Pressing with a warm
the same
result.
But apply no
heat until after thorough airing.
Machine
and

its

form

to

oil should

quality will
hinder

the

oil

be

be of the
be

soon

action

best, free from

proved because
rather

than

rosin
gum

no

lubricate.

or

any gum,
residue
will

Good

sewing
oiling washing machines, sewing or
sweeping machines, or other household
machinery.
Polishes.
Furniture
furniture
Prepared
polishes may be expensive,
and too often contain
little
varnish
which
if
a
used
quite
too frequently will result in a stickygum
deposit on the furniture.
contain
rosin
which
will in time
Cheap varnishes
give a sticky
work
to make
finish.
It is a little more
a
preparation,but if one
to use
has the ingredientsin the house
separatelyat various times,
them.
why not take time to combine
*
directions
Parloa
Miss
for the two
gives standard
following
preparations:
machine

can

used

for

"

Cleaner

Furniture
order

the

Polisher.

"

Put

into

cup

y2 cup
Y2 cup
y2 cup
y2 cup
y^ cup
y2 cup
1

powdered

rottenstone

cold-drawn

linseed

quart bottle, in

oil

turpentine
naphtha
strong solution

oxalic

acid

alcohol

wood
cold

water

which

to

has

been

tablespoon of sulphuric acid.

for Polishing Furniture.

"

lb. beeswax

pt. turpentine

y2 pt. alcohol.
1

named:

y2

Wax

and

Parloa, Maria,

Home

Economics,

pages

332, 333.

added

134

HOUSEWIFERY

should

cleaner

and

labor

Silver

free from

be

time

in its

cleaners

The

dipped

effective

are

jewelry or
small

very

soft cloths
mixture

cleaners, and

bedroom
to

and

silver
for

use

of the

too

much

adheres

clean,

for

or

hole, and

cloths,

cleaning

pans

to

one

outing flannel,
the cloth.
They
one
having only
travelling. They
the

large household, because

a

rouge

of

nature

satisfactoryfor

very
to

the

mixtures),

which

into

wear

soon

five groups:

into

(prepared

are

cleaning

expensive

are

divided

soaps

cloths

rouge
into a

involve

not

use.

are

powders, pastes,
(frontispiece).

should

and

dust,

be

cannot

cloths

are

renovated.

(See Cleaning Equipment, page 118.) These cloths are not washed,
be
cleaned
with
the silver,after having been
but
them, should
washed
thoroughly, as after all other cleaners.
trade
Powders
be bought under
cheaply,
or, more
names,
may
is sold in packages labelled
carbonate, which
as
whiting or calcium
five to ten cents a pound.
The
vantage
disadParis White/' -costingfrom
considerable
of the powders is that they create
dust, which
necessitates
and
is disagreeable for the worker
extra
an
dusting
be partly overcome
after their use.
This
disadvantage may
by
moistening the powder with a few drops of water or alcohol; use
the powder into a thick paste. Owing to the
only enough to make
of the former
cleaning powders have
objection to this dust, many
the
converted
into pastes, so that now
been
by the manufacturers
housewife
in a form
have her favorite cleaner
all ready to use.
may
The
they create
pastes and soaps are both satisfactorybecause
dust ; another
no
advantage lies in the fact that the careless worker
The
cannot
are
possibly avoid washing the silver afterward.
soaps
satisfactory
probably less wasteful than the pastes, but are no more
"

as

cleaners.
Various

"

"

Their
the market.
now
on
are
cleaning pans
is very rapid, so much
action
that the housewife
so
question
may
the silver.
While
whether
there is not possibly a harmful
effect on
in the nature
of electrolysis.In a
the action is chemical, it is more
cleaning pan, or a device to be put into a pan, there are usually
hot water
two
metals, zinc and aluminum
; baking soda, salt, and
are

an

the

reagents used

aluminum

action

silver

takes

base

when

which

place

fhe

is to

between

the

silver is
certain
metals

put into the

extent

and

like
the

an

pan,

it rests

on

electrode,and

chemicals.

The

HOUSEHOLD

to whether

question as
answered

glass.

by
The

is

weight

appearance

rubbed

other

with

some

of

one

negligible. However,
after such cleaning.
over-used, is

the

not

"

The

such

than

loss

soft

by
satiny

method

detrimental

more

any

magnifying

have

be

may

irritated

polishes.

that

seems

silver.

cleaning

"

less

silver will not

It

method

silver under

be much

to

the

pans, if not
method
of

these

found

such

injured by

of the cleaned

will be

surface

of silver

that

the silver is

examination

an

135

SUPPLIES

with

than

also

any

chapters on
Equipment, page
Cleaning
Care, page 263.)
is
in
Whiting
conveniently bought
pound packages. As it is
of most
the foundation
much
be done by buying whiting
cleaners,
can
into
and
it
with
below.
a
a
making
liquid as indicated
paste
two-fold
The
liquid probably plays a
part, forming the powder into
solvent.
a
paste, and supplying a dirt, grease or metal
Whiting
with alcohol
(wood or denatured) for silver;whiting with ammonia
for nickel; whiting with
dilute
acid
(see below)
(kerosene
be added) for metals : aluminum, brass, copper, nickel ; whiting
may
water
with warm
for white
enamel
paint; whiting with steel wool
(See

97, and

Kitchen

and

for aluminum.

dust, and
brick

is

brick

Bath

is much

more

form, and

cleaner, and
Acids.
citric

had

to

acid,

of

are

Eenovation, page

275)

materials, as

cleaners

for metals

exposed

with

great

else,and
used

in

labelled

so

so

cooking
and

or

in

in

metal.
care,

slower
Ammonia.

ammonia

furniture

acids

are

that

they

will

and

serving.

The

trace

without

the

housewife
and

dilute

salts

risk
will

it with

of

when

mixed

oxides

dark

be

not

and

such

can

not

juice

will

form

as

should

out

should

handling

thing
some-

properly

same

For
work

poison.

it economical

water, using

used

them.

the

do

as

of all dishes

be

reach

on

with

be

for

mistaken

to

oils and

cleaners; and

washed

acids

find

lemon,

with

poisons, hence

of

pans.

They are used

rust, ink (see chapter

These

lemon

or

pots and

home.

will be

children

where

soiled

polishes and

These

every

but
"

cleaners

that

stored

way

as

the
iron

as

dissolvingthe

cleaning kettles, vinegar

in

in

clothing such

abrasive

any

as

special service

spots from

remove

the

grit to clean
acid, hydrochloric acid,

Oxalic

"

package form as a powdered brick

sold in
satisfactory.The old bath brick was
be pulverized as needed.
It is the best steel

also be used

can

in

put up

now

to

part

buy

centrated
con-

ammonia

136

to

HOUSEWIFERY

parts of

The

water.

scouring, ammonia

in

best

quality of
form

solid

is sold

carbonate, but the liquid ammonia

Soap.

"

good

is

soap

in

diluted

SODA

SOAP,

is

ammonia
cans

for

all purposes.

SCOURERS

AND

(eithersoda
impurities in the

that is free from

one

ammonium

as

is best

For

cloudy.

alkali

coloringwhich could hide

if the soap is made
Clean
fat is light yellow or white, and
soap.
from
clean fat it will naturally be a very light color.
cannot
be detected
Alkali
come
can
by a pungent odor, which
It is also possibleto recogrosin if the soap is lightor white.
from
nize
the presence
of alkali by the shrivelled,drawn, and
finally
or

and

potash)

dried

from

any

the

feeling of

hands

of moistened

piece
(not by
be

the

If there
blue.

turn

mouth

the

to

Rosin

which

forms

housewife's
because

an

reason

in the

for

the

an

in

grease.
it is not
soda.

quickly
in

is caustic.
of the soap,
in

resinous
boiler.
so-called

the

of

will

bit of soap

stickiness

character,

It

is to

white

the

soaps,
is used

it is to be

in the

form

of

washing soda, is

by the housewife
poured into molds.
brushes

where

work

Ammonia

and

on

it is in the nature

in addition

and

soap

advantage,
action

soda

Alkali

clothes

the

more

or

because

dirt.

of

buy

to

home-made

general heavy

has

line

water

the

on

paper

by holding

tongue.

soap.
soda

borax,

before

and

for alkali

by the odor, by the

decidedly
sticky scum

water

use

clean

soap to
preferablyin the center of the

lay the paper

present, the red

test

hindrance

decided

Ammonia,
to the

surface

it with

likelyto contain little or no rosin, which

Rosin
does produce a suds,
to weight the soap.
be said to aid in the cleaning; but its sticky
may

are

adulteration

added

salesmen

gummy,
the
on

they

quality is

cut

alkali

excess

advantage

for that

and

fresh

test is to

surer

Moisten

and

mouth),

use.

be detected

adulterant

an

its

paper.

if it bites the

see

can

by the

and

is

Soap

litmus

of the

saliva

tested,choosing

cake.

as

red

after

the

any
borax

skin, but

of
are

and
the
mild

will

as

the

For

mops

are

soap

affect

scrubbing, and
used, this

and

delicate

often

is forming,

ingredients mentioned
alkalies

of

have
colors.

soap
cut

no

pleasant
un-

Extra

scrubbing soap is a great advantage because it cuts the

It is an
advantage in purchasing scrubbing soaps, provided
bought at soap price,which is nearly three times that of

Coloring
that

materials

in

matter

laundry

acts as
soaps
; white
soaps

false constituents

are

137

SUPPLIES

HOUSEHOLD

curtain

are

to be

hide

to

preferred.

toilet soaps are often colored violet or rose, for example, because
The
with the volatile oils from
these flowers.
the soaps are scented
The

of scented

cost

into

fine

small

very

toilet soaps

colored

fat and

clean

good

and

its cost

warrant

such

Usually

perfume.

and

cake

should

is double

that

least

at

soap is molded
hold
of better house-

equally efficient as toilet soaps.

It is economical
to buy soap in large quantities. In the first
place,there is the usual grocery saving like six or three cakes for a
There
is
a larger saving in larger amounts.
quarter, and sometimes
of having enough soap in storage
the advantage, too, to the housewife
to allow time for it to dry before use.
Drying soap is a saving, but
if the soap becomes
it fails in economy
so
dry that it does not lather
than
offsets the money
quickly,and the housewife's lost time more
saving. In small families where
soap is bought in box quantities
it is not used up so quickly
because
it is less expensive,and where
which

soaps,

large families, it is wisest

in

as

used

to be

are

All

used, add

into

Fat

other

fat will

at the

bought in

(1%
it.
a

cups)
Stir

smooth

the

in

use

fat

fast

as

of this soda

the

Put

soap

jellyis

soap

are

of soap.

kitchen
from

fat

by trying out meat

deep fat frying, and

several
raw

pounds

have

potato cooked

with

through
soda;
bought in
supply house, or lye may be
combines
with 7 pounds of
warm

caustic

chemists'

or

as

machine.

to make

still

When

dishwashing, in the

washing

scraps

place until
by melting, a

is sold

the
soda
soda

creamy

Solution.

the

pints of water,
Make

which

cakes

strain

it is

soap.

Prepare

To

cool

drug store
One
pound

cans.

fat to make
To

in

in the

discarded

alkali

The

form

those

unwrap

things necessary

two

Prepare the fat

help to clarifyit.

cheesecloth.

lump

remaining

be obtained

may

Store

fats.

accumulated.
the

The

"

suet, and

and

trimmings

for

be saved

to the

water

more

alkali.

to

for the
soap solution
jar, with water, and as

Soap Making.
and

should

of soap
boiler,or for

scraps

not

last.

scraps

clothes
these

are

or

"

or

lye in

can

Soap.

Dissolve

"

One

mass,

then

quart

into
mold.

Warm
the

pound

caustic

in

soda

water.

clean

pound

lye solution.
solution

the

fat

warmed,

fat

fat until

and

just enough

the mixture

14

oz.

to melt

becomes

138

HOUSEWIFERY

Mold.

To

into

cut

paper

Line

"

the

soap

of the

mixture

cardboard

or

pan

strips the width

Pour

boxes).

enamel

an

(likethe

box

into

box

the

and

box

waxed

with

paper

in'

candy

let stand

until

soap is well formed

from
cake
as
a warm

the paper
(24 hours). Before it dries remove
after taking from the oven.
Soap chips, so-called,may be purchased from all soap manufacturing
of
Most
laundry supply houses.
companies and from
be purchased in ten-, fifteen-,
the brands
or
twenty-five-pound
may
in
barrel
One
of
or
packages
quantities.
pound
soap chips to four
which
is especiallysuitable
a
gallons of water makes
soap solution
in washing machines.
has used
for use
One
enough soap solution
the

when
The

suds

of the

cups

and

above

does

scum

soiled

more

or

greasy

two

remain

clothes

solution

to

will

form

not
need

the

more

seven-sheet

in

soap.
washer
is

washing.
Often

enough.

place
purchased a type of
soap
powdered washing soda especiallysuitable for laundry purposes can
acid
be bought. This soda is sometimes
spoken of in the trade as
of its astringent
it is the washing soda with some
alkali " because
This
soda makes
caustic propertiesremoved.
a
saving in the soap
Soda.

"

In

the

where

same

is

"

its cost

bill,because

serviceable
hard.

It may
and one

soap,
of water.

The

in

doing laundry
into

be made
to two

one-third

is about

pounds

saving

will

of

be

soap

work
solution

prepared
very

of soap, and it is cially

espewhere
is very
the water

that

by using

soda

noticeable

pound of
four gallons

one

to every
if the measurement

prepared solution is compared with the solution without soda,

remembering that soap enough has not been used in the water until
suds than
water
produces more
a
lasting suds is produced. Warm
of this

cold.

Soap powders or washing powders are usually

Soap Powders.
the grocery.
These
small
in
packages
packages from
purchased
It
is
three
from
to
possible,however, to buy
one
pounds.
weigh
used
these powders in barrel quantities. These
powders are much
because, like soap chips,they readilydissolve,forming a suds.
The
proportion of soda
Yery few soap powders are pure soap.
varies,but its presence is easilytested by sprinkling a few grains in
of soda
will appear;
the fire,when
a
yellow flame characteristic
after
the effect on
the skin, for a parched dry skin
also, watch
washing and a much
puckered skin during washing indicates soda.
Ai soap
powder containing soda may be very extravagant if one
"

bu}Tsit

at

gold-decoratedchina

will

dissolve

cottons

and
and

wools
All

stores; it will
and
indefinitely,
bark

to

is to wash

value

of soap

former

cottons, where
Do

colors.

the

to

one

not

of soap

large
special

Its

alkaline

reaction

for white

use

keeps

it in

to

the

drug

It

cup

buy
weighs light.

; it

in

or

place.

quantitiesof

in

pounds

silks and

harm

the

water, it is advisable
three

or

dark

do

may

from

cheaper

least two

quantity,at

known

two

it is to be used

as

and

huy soda as soda and

and
as
supplies when

to

bought in laundry supply houses

quart of wash

one

the

use

or

be
may
be much

bark

Soap

mix

and

soap,

hetter

it is much

why

yellows silks

Soda

clothes.

white

except for

use

never

used,

colors.

fades

shows

water;

boil with

never

often

too

wash

washing

When

it.

injured by

be

in

silks,to say nothing of

and

probably

the

linens ;

this

soap as
needed.

in

if used

or
carelessly,

fine woolens

or

colors, all of which

always

if used

rates, or

soap

139

SUPPLIES

HOUSEHOLD

light

or

fabrics.
Scourers

various

the

metals,

well

as

this way
abrasive

Cleaners.

or

methods

will be

one

to have

sure

cleaners, together
soda

contain

be

to
enough
Buy
packages, cakes,
of
quantitiesbecause many

in

The

quantities

Workers

small

of

jars
them
dry
to

should

house.

In

greasy
material

risk

some

which

may
substances.
in

when

buying

one

the

in

buy

and

the

deteriorate

to

warrant

utensils

mixtures
for

sidering
con-

pastes, and

some

scouring
or

allowed

about

two

or

one

or

small

in institutions

soaps,

special cleaners

discount

is too

some

with

these

to the air.

furnishings

after

bought

cleaning, the different

of

different

the

as

be

should

Scourers

"

of

small

such

exposed
supplies

much

waste.

larger,wholesale

quantities.

STARCH

The

essentials

degree
which

of
is

stiffness

which

are

the

but

lasting as
good color as

are

three

good

as

garment,

of

starch,

for the

starch, and
that

are

it shall

that

give a
pliable; give

certain

a
body
keep the fabric
possibleto the fabric; resist moisture, and
well as gloss and finish.

kinds

it absorbs
so

starch

still

especiallysuited

cornstarch, wheat
desirable

as

give cleart
There

of

more

the

garment

well

laundry.

rice

water

as

as

several

The

usual

starch.

than

the

will not

Potato
other
wear

substitutes
starches

starch

starches
so

well.

are

is not
when

in

140

HOUSEWIFERY

Cornstarch

is

fine

starch

of

making a
stiff,
rough and
starching of cuffs and

power
fabric

grain starch

Wheat

which

collars than

which

corn,

has the

is better

to the

special

It makes

resists moisture.

Cornstarch

brittle.

makes

starch

paste

from

adapted
a
baby

the

to

finishingof

dress.

soft

finish
pliablefabric,giving a smooth
It
is
suitable
fine
and a good gloss.
most
for
lingerie.
Corn
combined
and wheat
starch
give better results than if used
two-thirds
to one-third, according to
use
singly. For this mixture
stiffness
d
esired.
lars,
the
For example : for shirt bosoms, color pliability
two-thirds

cuffs,etc.,use
wheat

starch.

Mixed

laundry supply
Eice

starch

is used

be

cornstarch

under

often

most

for fine French

starch

of

very

be obtained

may

; while

two-thirds

to

be

may

bought

modified.

or

lingerie. It has
It
pliablenature.
by using the water

rice is cooked.
Starches.

Prepared
the

one-third

wheat

one-third

for the purpose

the name
of blended

grain and makes

bought in packages, or

in which

so

starches
houses

and

blended

small

very

may

at

cornstarch

dresses,etc.,use
petticoats,

for

at

"

speciallyprepared starch

laundry supply houses

starch has paraffinand

that

with

standard

in

household

borax

mixed

be

may

bought

quantities. This
in standard

recipe, using twelve

pared
pre-

proportions,
of starch

ounces

to

has a standard
gallon of water, one
laundry and hospitalsupply houses
these

materials

advantage if
Mourning
of service
as

tea used
Color

such

as

is

one

used

may
for

color

in

obtained

be

to do

and

in

coloringcandies

form.

Various

or

to starch

water.

pound

the

same

and

as

not

purpose.
form
or
Some

any shade
Blues
and

and

is

necessary,

in

pastes

dyes may

of crepe paper
this water
may

Almost

business.

packages,

powdered
and icings.

shades

quantity of water,

in

browns, but it is

serves

obtained

of this work

any

purchasable

laundering blacks
with ordinary starch

to the rinse water

be

is

in

purchased in soap

enough

secured

attempting

starch

tints

are

be

may

quality of paste. There are

in all large cities,from
which
by parcel post. It is of especial

be

will bleed
be added

of color may
pinks make

by combining various colors.

turns pink to an
violet,and brown
apricot shade.
Boiling the garment
in the dye usually assures
the fastness of the dye.
Starch
substitutes
of great value
in taking the place of
are
starch in case
of an emergency,
for doing fine lingeriework
where
or
the penetrability
of the stiffening
agent is the chief requirement.
Borax
is usually bought in powder form.
Voiles
dimities
or

142

HOUSEWIFERY

bluing
The

will often

soda

show, upon

ironing, streaks

of the

has

or

combined

spots of iron

rust.

potash
soap
rust develops on
formation
ironing. It is a chemical
and
be overcome
either by a better choice of blue, or by thoroughly
may
rinsing out all soap before bluing.
To
test a bluing for iron, put a teaspoonful of liquid blue, or
of the ball or block blue, into a tablespoonfulof water
shave off some
and to this add a strong solution
of soap or soda.
Heat
this mixture,
and if iron is present the bluingwill change to a reddish
brown.
To test solubility,
put a few grains of powdered blue in water,
or

blue, and

shake

the

let stand

and

dissolve.

to

if soluble

no

residue

Filter

through filter paper

Bluing
usually bought at grocery
stores, but
houses
have
the
of
supply
blues, and
greatest variety
small quantitieslike one
ounce.
Aniline
It is very

blue

to be dissolved.

blue

blues

violet,and

sold

are

acid, called

one

an

purposes,
anti-sour.

little time

needed

the

and

in

is used

article

ounce

is soluble

and

the

laundry

will

sell in

without

be purchased as
may
of powder into one

bottle and
dissolve; filter,

SEWING

So

fine

or

store

iron.
a

der,
pow-

gallon
for

use.

of water.
teaspoon for an ordinary washtub
indicates
color, blue or
by number, which
acid is needed
to develop the color or
not.
the
tint
kind
blue
and the
not needing
buy

one

whether

household

Put

all will

solution,use

this

Aniline

an

and

water

warm

For

is the standard

strong, not being diluted,and

ready
Of

of the

will remain.

is

of

iron

iron

and

cloth

with

is not

SUPPLIES!

being

at hand.

forehanded
This

and
is true

so

much

with

lost when

regard

to

all

a
greater extent with sewing supplies.
supplies,but is true to even
These
sizes and quantities and of
supplies are usually of standard
quality; so, as far as cost is concerned, it is as cheap
permanent
time
to buy at one
as
another, and certainlya needle and thread,
needed
is most
and
hook
at the
or
a
urgently needed
eye, when

moment.

experienced housekeeper requires little help in this economy,

in experiencemay
be gratefulfor a suggestive
but those younger
the
such
requisitesas
Why not buy
followingthe very first day

The

list.
one

goes

to

store, and

comforts, by being

on

then
hand

certain
when

necessities

needed?

will

have

become

HOUSEHOLD
Thread

143

SUPPLIES

and
Spool cotton, white
black, sizes 40-90.
O-A-B
(2 size spools, large and
Spool silk, white,
O-A-B
(2 size spools).
Spool silk, black,
A.
Spool silk, light blue,
Spool silk, light pink, A.
Basting cotton, size 60.
Heavy linen thread, spool or skein.
white
and
mercerized.
cotton, black
Darning
Xeedles

small).

Darning
needles, sizes 3-9, 5-10.
(Separate
bought. )
Sewing needles, sizes 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
or
Large sack needle
heavy darning needle.
Bodkin
needle.
tape

of

papers

size

one

may

be

"

Pins

Paper

box

or

pins (cheaper by
convenient, but

of

sizes

Two

are

box

the
if

one

y4 lb. )

is bought

size

choose

one

not

good

large.

too

Safety

pins,

Steel

three

nickel

or

sizes.
The

plated.

steel

is

expensive

more

but

has

needle

point.
Eyes, arid Peets:
Black
and
white, non-rusting, sizes 1, 2, 3.
Snappers :
Black
and
white, sizes 4/0, 3/0, 2/0, 1/0, 00.
Hooka,

Measure:

Tape

measure.

Yard

stick.

expensive

Neither
stick

Tapes

for

the

especially good

tape

about

measurements

accurate

the

for

and

sewing,

yard

house.

Cotton

two

"

three

or

loops,

of

rolls

cheap

cotton

where

tape

for

broom

bags, hanging

firmer

than
places
tapes are
string.
best quality for bindings.
English twilled
Linen
special bindings fori shoe bags, for sturdy bindings and
Bias
for finishing;
Bindings
or
"

"

facings.

"

for

or
mending
sizes
(Several
Ribbon
Binding
for
Used
rough
"

"

Most

useful

Lingerie
Feather
be

"

black

white.

and

replace
Binding

"

the

in

broken

for

underwear;
drawstring.

finishing where

to replace shrunken
about
belting shrinks

Lacers

Color

One

tears.

edges of seams.
for mending.
for drawstrings

Stitoh

(All

Corset

"

in

2-8. )

serviceable

plain

used.

Belting
Shoe

Tape
good to

replacing

to
Lacers

Ion?

black,

"

lace.

pair

short
color

usual

match
"

both

of

short

belts.
2

inches
and

worn.
ones.

to
long.

the

yard.)

bias

and

binding

able;
wash-

could

144

HOUSEWIFERY

Edging

Narrow

embroidery

Narrow

lace

Coarse
Muslins

into
tiers, 2 widths.
tiers, 2 widths.
for darning
foundation
large

to
for

net

to

set

into

set

tears.

lawn, for mending.

light weight, for mending,
heavy, for mending.

Batiste

or

Muslin,
Ball:

Emery
For

cleaning

For

waxing

needles.

Wax:

threads.

heavy

Collar:

Bones

wires

or

"

sizes.

Needle:

Crochet
For

an

emergency

mend.

an

emergency

mend.

Stiletto:
For

HOUSEHOLD

Toilet
It

purchased

be

can

The

of sheets.
to

the

use

the

is

latter

because

economical

more

of expense.
is especiallyuseful

It

about

comes

because

texture.

the

roll,or

the

soft

package

is less

one

likely

put the

to

for

places

where

or

it

fifteen

wrapping dainty

for

by twenty-two
sheets.

hundred

one

The

inches

fragile

or

size,and

in

pieces that come

excellent
house
as
wrappings should be saved, for they make
wipers. Tissue paper, too, is always valuable for packing,
and
is so
soft and
it crushes
a
good
light that it makes

by the quire or

window

is

forms

of two

and

carelessly. It is decidedly economical

patented holder, and this is recommended
of such paper
is likelyto be extravagant,

paper

materials.

into the

in either

surface

smooth

large item

Tissue

is sold

use

rather

have

sheets

into

package
where

should

paper

SUPPLIES

PAPER

odd

fragilematerial.
with
is a
Paraffin
paraffin
light-weight tissue coated
paper
foodstuffs.
It
be
which
is useful
for wrapping
purchased in
may
packages, or by the roll of about twelve yards. If it is used very
economical
to buy in
more
freely in the home, it will be found
house.
pound or quire lots from a wholesale
paper
padding

Paper
towel

for

towels

is needed

are

used

sometimes

many

really a blotting paper,

towels
are
purchased in

times'
so

that

day.

This

it will

rolls of 7

kitchen, where

in the

yards

paper

absorb
each.

should

water

be

clean

rough,

readily.

The

HOUSEHOLD

145

SUPPLIES

have

toweling is excellent for draining foods which

For
fried in deep fat.
greasing cake tins and molds,
toweling is far preferable to the piece of manila
paper
Paper

to the

bag, or
paper
collected on
it would
from

Tray.

in

the

it is

tray-wagon

kitchen

and

possible

dining-room. In
several things
carry

to

paper
like that

or

the fat

papier-mache

even

or

the

be cleaned

must

rancid.
grow
of galvanized iron

tray

service

untold
a

The

"

which

brush

the
at

been

is of
of

absence

The

once.

the scrubbing of a kitchen

table less necessary.
work-tray makes
is a great convenience
hand.
to have on
It can
Wrapping
paper
be purchased either in sheets by the quire,or on
rolls as one
it
sees
used
in stores.
For
clean
economy's sake, save
wrapping papers
that

into the

come

house.

WRITING

Paper

business

"

size,

500

Correspondence
Envelopes

sold

business

"

Letter

size,

24

to

SUPPLIES

sheets

ream.

to

quire, 60-75

sheets

to

package

pound).

as

envelopes

400

to

of

ream

paper.

size.

pack
packs

2
Post

sheets

size,

(Formerly

DESK

to

to

quire paper.
of paper.
package

cards.

Correspondence cards.
Newspaper
wrappers.
Letter

size

Small

memo

pad
cheap
for
pad
"

catches

the

Postage stamps
Blotters
large
"

Printed

stickers

Laundry
Carbon

list

"

eye.
of
and

Box

of

Pad

of

printed

"

"

various

to

denominations

for

copy

not

too

household

Parcel

those

who

small;

two

labels.

bands.

Paste.

"

Ball

of

Paper

twine.

clips.

Thumb-tacks.
Shears.

10

tags.
for

like

yellow

including

is desirable

special delivery.

music

Post.
send

clothes

lists.

Glue.

Key tags; trunk

Mending tape
Sealing-wax.
Ball
of string.

color

small.

for

"

decided

notes.

pad

"

pad

paper
labels

Elastic

paper.

"

or

books.

sizes.

out

to

laundry.

as

it

146

HOUSEWIFERY

TABLE
Linear

WEIGHTS

HOUSEHOLD

OF

inches

foot

feet

yard

rod

5%

yards

144
9

square

inches=

square

feet

sq.

yards

30%

Fig.

93.

"

square

foot

1760

yards

=1

mile

5280

feet

=1

mile

160

square

yard

==

square

rod

Every-day

kitchen

1
36

mile

roirdupois

Weight

square

rods

acre

square

mile

section

square

miles=

township

Courtesy

measures.

D.

Washington,

Bureau

of

Standards,

C.

27.3

grains

r=

dram

16

drams

ounce

16

ounces

pound

Liquid

rods

320

Measure:

Square

Dry

MEASURES.

Measure:
12

AND

100
2000

pounds

cwt.

pounds

ton

gallon

bbl.

Measure:

gills

pint

pints

quart

quart

quarts

31 Mi

gals.

Measure:
2
8

pints
quarts

peck

4
105

pecks
dry quarts

bushel

s=

bbl.

(fruit,

tables,
vege-

etc.)

rice

ss

cups

oatmeal

cups

cornmeal=

cups

2y3
2%
1

of

liquid

to

cup

of

liquid

to

of

cup

teaspoonfuls

teaspoonful

Vv

1 lb.

to

liquid

cups

flour

ss

dough

cups

flour

ss

thick

flour

thin

cup

soda

pint

to

soda

teaspoonful

lb.

1 lb.

cup

to

milk

sour

4-11

tartar

What
What

3.

List

4.

Compare
for

5.

6.

list

How

supplies
prices

as

produce

may

paid

by

"

economizing
soap
in
quantities?

for

bought

be

^spoonfuls

"

baking

powder

if

waste

in

bought

and

housekeeper

one

by

be

can

taught?

List.

quantity.

yourself

and

find

reason

differences.

Make
in

should

"

QUESTIONS

suggestions

practical
supplies
such

\~2

soda

SUGGESTIVE
1.

batter
batter

molasses

cup

of

cream

teaspoonful

2.

MEASURES:

HOUSEHOLD

MISCELLANEOUS

1%

147

SUPPLIES

HOUSEHOLD

the

that

be

may

used

as

purchasing

list

for

cleaning

supplies

home.

may

the

of

quality

and

soap

blue

be

in

tested

the

home?

REFERENCES

Donham,

Agnes,

Parloa,

M.

Souder,
U.

S.

Bureau

Marketing
Home

Maria,
Attie,

Notions.

Little,

Housework.

and

Economics.
Ronald

of

Standards,

Materials

of

Standards,

Safety

Brown

"

Co.

Co.

Century
Co.

Press
for

the

Circular

Household.

No.

70.
U.

S.

Bureau

Vanderbilt,
Teachers

Sadie

B.,

College

Physical
Bureau

and

of

for

the

Chemical

Publications,

Household.
Tests

Bulletin

Circular
for

No.

the

19.

No.

Housewife.

75.

CHAPTEE

VII

HOUSEHOLD

In

considering

obtain

economy

their

as

ideal,

details.
act

as

With

hindrance

limited

limited

wearing

according

and

what

and

desired

It

be

may

seems

too

the

housewife.

for

daily

it
the

It
that

use

who

housewife

upstairs

to

carefully, may
home,

of

however,
In

only

absolute

be

and

buy cheap

to

and

construction,
the

house.

house,

built

the

things

what

sees

of

first,made

with

harmonizing

in the

often

easily cleaned,

are

its

buy hastily.

to

necessities

they

that

all

complete

them
will

in

is to furnish

purchasing,
standard,

reasonable
which
to
is
are

be

may

replace,
poor

so

every

precious
evening
her

had

and

rule

in

is

that

wanted,
needed

things

many

that

they

rolls

less

use

adequate quantity,

living

for

to

moreover,

is not

so

pillow is

and

fifty to

buy the bare

to
are

her

up

not

necessities

chapter

there

are
are

three

the

of

source

of

matter

solid

silver

American

is

anxiety

material

have

pensive
ex-

which

to

things
concern.

and

standard

one

dollars, if spent

hundred

necessities

kitchen, dining-room,

this
148

for

it

lines, poor
thought

lives

one

have

to

tendency

one

so

couple usually have,

takes
for

century.

hundred

Two

As

put under

twentieth

and

added.

more

expensive

not

background.

house, complete

bad

buy

to

is available

money

is like

utility,beauty,

by causing

their

standards,

later

equipment

The

plan

approved

to

bought

be

may

results

material, constructed

best

as

the

with

furnished

serve

young

desire

their

for

not

the

represent

power,

floor

furnished

spend,

may

begin

to

when

room

background,

and
best

to

which

the

home,

new

the

sum

helpful

together.

perfectly

to

Instead, why
the

the

enthusiasm

Their

furnishings

for

their
the

is

walls, ceiling,and

considered

planning

for

room,

results

be

may

In

the

best

it

furnishings,

empty

which

picture, to

To

the

of

appearance

FURNISHINGS

for

bedroom,

small
and

plainly
bath.

most

furnished

Even

then,

possible.

presented

in

turn

standards

for

various

150

HOUSEWIFERY

Papers

be

may

follows

prices,

as

classified

(Figs.

and

95

.15

per

roll

Crepe

Oatmeal

30

per

roll

Tile

30

per

Engraved

GO

per

94.

"

study

the

showing

Put

Wallpaper

On.

Cold

per

roll

Stipple

1.20

per

roll

roll

Pressed

3.00

per

roll

roll

Japanese

4.50

per

roll

of
sized

same

Hard

laundry,
which
the

can

wall

to imitate

light by

wallpaper.

and

water

to

make

thick

make

to

or

Cement

may
tile

produced by
be
or

sized

room,

paste.
like

Walls.

kitchen, the walls

be

same

lb.

pieces of wallpaper for future

Plaster

The

burner.

"Recipefor paste:

"

glue.
Boiling water
%

some

lbs. flour,

Save

approximate

.60

absorption
the

To

with

Cartridge

Fig.

96)

tinted.

are

"

cream.

In

patching.

in

use

like

rooms

best finished

with

In

hard
If

bricks, and

plaster or cement.
be
desired, it may

then

finished

the
hard

either

first marked

in enamel

cellar,

paint.

finish
case

off

HOUSEHOLD

Oatmeal

Cartridge

Fio.

95.

Tile

Samples

"

Crepe

of

96.

"

Samples

of

Engraved.

wallpaper.

Stipple

Fig.

151

FURNISHINGS

Pressed

wallpaper.

152

HOUSEWIFERY

Paint

used,

often
with

one

or

two

or

Calcimine

and
can

be

two

coatings of

of

coats

has, the

Walls.

finished

enamel

with

hard

paint.

surface

moisture

to

the

Naturally

then

covering

applying

the

one

wall

the

coats

more

it is and

is most

as

first

by

paint, and

flat house

impervious

more

Ordinary plaster,such

"

easily

more

cleaned.
Calcimine
will

frequent renewal,

need

with

and

soap
Oilcloth

if Avell

good

Tile

it makes

makes

enamel

be

easilycleaned
for

for

wall

finish

the

fails in the

clean, and

naturally

less

old

is

be

For

like

plaster

is still
This

firm,

gives

porcelain

tile.

hard

for
This

of

room

where

finish

is most

any

ease

in

cleaning
usually

tilingis

tile in the wall

of the

be

tile,may

plaster
relativelyexpensive,

greater

Ornamented

hard

paint, makes

floor, with

baseboard

use

than

present.

curved

of the

covering.

wall

finish.

suitable

most

tile effect

The

plaster that

cheaper

especially

an

enamel

good

the

durable.

purpose

Avails.

ceiling,while

is set.

wainscot

is

metal, marked

over

may

sanitary walls, a

and

this,with

from

above

finish

attractive

give

to

feet

is. very

and

more

set in before

rather

put

five

grease

or

finish, and

for

impervious

moisture, odor,
and

spotted
by washing

covering, and

wall

for

explained above,

tile,and

painted

walls

for

an

cost, but

are

renewed

kitchen

As

"

form, and

in sheet

enamelled

first

at

easily,and

used

an

well.

wears

be

makes

off to imitate

wainscoting

Tile

be

may

Walls.

satisfactorywall

most

may

walls

and

cloth

Tile-like

and

then

off

bathroom

good finish,which

and

rub

cheaper

water-proof

this enamel

purchased

both

cloth

freshen

to

be marked

can
a

enamel

pasted

possiblein

are

water.
or

way

finish
as

painted

Good

water.

with

whitewash

and

finish

tile,for it is hard

to

sanitary.
FLOORS

Kinds

of

Woods.

advantages

and

prefers to

choose

it is
in

an

the

economical
local

serviceableness.

The

"

following
for

disadvantages
a

wood

for

advantage

market,

use

woods
as

are

floors.

given

with

Sometimes

their
one

often
special qualities,but more
that is relativelycheap
wood
a
use

its
to

provided

it

meets

the

requirements

for

153

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

Disadvantages

Advantages
woods:

Soft

pine,
quality

White
2nd

Moderate

price

Excellent

floor

Soft

Too
flat

permanently

White

from

knots

for

Hard

woods:

North

lina
Caro-

Cheap

pine

Can

Georgia

pine

do

Next

show

Carolina
and
with

polish

wax

Grain

If

slashed

parquetry
floors
to

be

Not

often

floor

pattern

used

to

are

doors

May

make

Very

frames

good

floor

Best

for

used

in

tinge

Unsuited

be

for

cut

narrow"

severe

do

rings
floor

where

entire

2"

or

Annual

for

home

must

and

that

bluish

slivers

wear

wear

not

adhere,

in

places

comes

Limited
white

sapwood

market

closing
en-

heart

beautiful

for

Varied
Does

to

covered

pink

Oak

that

hard

Contains

Very

and

door
a

be

stairs

covered,

and

is to

Birch

for

be

"rift

ends

2%"

May

tacks

boards, apt

acquire

at

Boards

Ash

if

monotonous

of

in

oiled

or

carpet

boards"

Boards

desirable
the

take

not

splinter

Tough

make

injures

appearance

cost

rift boards

Whiteness

which

sapwood

hardness

good
use

off

boards

North

in

Takes
Must

select

not

above

pine

edges,
of

out

Avears

sapwood,

Does
to

which

soon

Shows

wax

Possible

ridges
wearing

at

Splinters
Stain

well

kept fairly polished

with

curl

to

carpet

spruce

as

be

through

tend

Hastens
pearance
ap-

tacks

stain

Takes

in

fresh

when
Soft

show

forming

agreeable

and

appearance

staining

soft

Boards
free

Nearly

in
for

Knots

Cheap

Spruce

knots

many

Unattractive

Unsuited

little

Shrinks

Maple

carpets

tacks

for

Lies

Contains
for

floors

and
not

agreeable

sliver

Liable

grain

to

shrink
Much

waste

have
and

knots
work

in

which

loose

laying

floor

154

HOUSEWIFERY

Fancy woods like cherry, mahogany, beech, walnut, and redwood

used only where
one
are
may
pay large prices. Cherry often is used
with
or
as
mahogany, and usually takes the curved or bent lines of
and
chair backs
arms.
Mahogany is not pliableenough to form
curves.

do

to
sawing and the part of the log used have much
used
for
the wearing qualitiesof wood, especiallythat
The young,
immature, or sapwood is usually separated from

of

mode

The
with

floors.

good lumber,

Fig.

97.

that

Mode

"

as

of sawing
wood
different
produces
Parloa's
Home
showing layers. From

easilydecays.

wood, with
amounts

This

The

mature

or

much

organic

A,
type boards.
Century
Economics,

heart

is

wood

very close
that the chance

grain ; its organic material

for decay is eliminated.

heart

sawed, and

place from

is

wood

which

second, slash

the

will have

give short
the grain

In
cut

the

annual
as

boards

are

wood.

bastard

or

drawing (Fig. 97).

A-a; then the log is
which

filled with

and

it is soft

this way
and

long

cut

annual

rings called

shows.

Slash

according

sawed, we
The
log
or

one

two

the

to

wood

The

is cut
broad

wood
so

log; B,

Co.

darker, harder

method
or

according
boards

called

the

as

comb,
to

the

cut

are

boards

small

or

first,rift

have

slivers and

cutting

is in such

again,giving such
layers or rings
slash.

matter

and

"

e,

rift; d will

is all cut
is bad

for

across

floors

it would

as

comb

quartered or
well.

and

shrink

Boards

should

that

so

is most

hard

have

resist

woods
into

the

or

of the

Such
is to

of

easy

will

maple,

oak

or

is

rest

this

part
made

or

parquetry floor. Any of the woods

with

without

or

Waxed,

Oiled,

Varnished

or

least

expensive, hence

floor

may

warmed

be

oiled

work

quarters

easilycleaned,

floor

grease.
house, wood

wooden

floor

pattern,

oiled,waxed,

Wood.

often

most

warmed

with

"

found, in

flooringis
the pine,
or

or

so-called

varnished,

or

wooden

grease spots are less likelyto be made.

Oil and color together may
be applied by

linseed

oil it

and

floor

house.

paraffine or

penetrate the wood

oil will

oiled

and

into

may

laundry

unless

stain.

be

the

of the

plain laid

the

For

grease.

soaking

or

resilient,but

be

resinous

or

kitchen

good

to moisture

be stained

may

Wood

be to have

non-absorbent

used, and

commonly

most

should

pine

"

much

be washed

prevents moisture

makes

and

moisture

and

rosin

the

to

are

Yellow

rooms.

wood

recreation

the

shape,

cracks.

floors that

school

standard

tread, and

For

for

chosen.

be

soak

the

house

used

because

decay,

wood.

covered

wears

in size and

permanent
and

of

like

wear

floor,if wood

to be

as

and

is smooth

that

The

depth, but rarelyin length. They

and
so

covered.

be

should

forming
warping
and
are
grooved, or " matched
usually tongue
tight joints,and if well seasoned, will
they make

boards

lasting. Maple
and

dried

chance

the

prevent

Floor

lumber,

in width

thoroughly

be

so

splinter; if used, it
grain wood givesa board

soon

155

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

is the

wooden

oil.

thoroughly

so

The
that

future

plain oil

oil stain

or

The

first coat

will

be

with

than
the

the

first.

exception

light oils,like
that has

not

lemon

been

varnished

rest

of

Oiled
the

to

or

service

before

Whether

get the oil into the wood.

quality

floors

and

recreation

are

most

floors

it has

them

thin, and

rub

had

time

to

clean.

Use

off every

bit

gather dust.

glossy and unless

rosin) and put on

the

nish
var-

in thin

short.

satisfactoryfor living rooms

quarters

service

give good

keep

to

floor is very
(free from

life is very

Waxed

needed

paraffin,very

shellaced

or

hard-wood

care

absorbed

is of excellent

layers,the

objectis

dye.

probably all go in so that in a few hours there

nothing to wipe off. Several coats of oil on the
will give a good finish,each
coat
making the floor

floor

darker

the

color

will

almost

stained

is used

so

far

as

appearance

is

and

general

concerned, but

156

HOUSEWIFERY

floors must

waxed

oil

floor,and
free

Water

care.

it to grow
water, and

causes

dust

from

have

and

brush, usuallyweighted. Such

leaves

sticky.
to
a

rub

The

dark

spot

best

it with

keep it
heavy polishing

bought for the purpose

may
scuffled
the
and
feet
to the feet
be

brush

over

sometimes

or

waxed

is to

care

carpet is fastened
the floor.
The
weight of the body increases the
the polish. (See chapter on
Cleaning and

on

of producing

ease

Kenovation,

292.)

page

Whatever

Fig.

98.

the

Types

"

tolith; 5, colored

of

tiles for

floor,be

flooring.
borders;

sure

to

it very

have

smooth

that

so

it

1, Interlocking
rubber; 2, parquetry
floor; 3, tile; 4, asbeswith
6, marbleloid
sanitary base; 7, linoleums; 8, terrazio;

9, dreadnaught.

will

easily cleaned.

be

mouldings
make

in

as

baseboards
walls

joining between

in

gives

unfortunately
floor which

the

walker

is easy

baseboards

are

be

or
or

some

easiest

98.

of

of

forward
the

"

possiblewith

in different
all these

tread,

for

as

These

colors and

floors.

sanitary

most

it lacks

iency.
resil-

i.e.,
resiliency,

linoleum, cork

composition

laid in sections.

bought

the

is said to have

of tread

impetus

an

interlockingrubber,
spread with a trowel
tile,and may

the

not

special
(Fig. 98),

likelyto prohibit

"

floor,but

tile,or

floors

not

room

Tile

the

and

only easilycleaned,but more

Types of flooringsare shown in Fig.
Tile makes
or
Composition Floors.

vermin.

it

set

Curved

floors

carpet,

which

floors often

patterns.

are

sent
repreCurved

158

HOUSEWIFERY

will

pores

closed, making

be

sealed

waxed, and
has

it resist water.

and

impervious

The

"

worker's
Such

and

floor

as

covered

spruce

the

composition

and

still be

and

and

oak

or

old

an

dangerous and

which

where

floors

the

one

to

serve

is

hard

so

bit here

by planing
quality linoleum.
floor
Oiling a wooden
Often, in order
or

and

soft

"

forms;

as

over

or1

spring

well

as

of

board

be

soft wood

of

some

moisture

floor,

old floor which

an

foundation.

hard, close grained and closely

be planed smooth, as splintersare
In
cleaning process.
planing is hard work

cheaper

there

it

to make

and

old
and

level

as

houses
quently
conse-

possible

as

then

covering the whole with

(See page 157.)
makes
it less likelyto show
spots.
grease
oil stain, such

spots, an

Apply

and

pine

have

to

top

on

obtained

finish ; white

enough

to make

as

that

old

cover

floor.

wood
a

to

for

be

as

be chased,
purbe put

may

potassium permanganate

the

the

for

easy

be

in any

medium]

over

or

may

resist soil

spread

are

should

hindrance

wood

into

most

easy of tread
materials
most
pervious
im-

worker

soft

to

way

expensive,it will be

on

and

be

its various

are

grained enough
latter

the

is oiled
in

floor,it should

for

linoleum

good enough
is used, it

Avood
If

the

always resilient

not

which

materials

These

still be

laid.

The

grease.

easiest

seems

and, if well chosen, this is

If

It makes

should

floor

are

grease

with

close

grease.

may

worker.

service

feet.

by using yellow pine

or

kitchen

moisture

to

to moisture

the

to the

leum,
lino-

floor.

Floors.

Kitchen

or

floor,will give excellent

to the

resiliency to give comfort

satisfactorykitchen

Medium-priced

with

lasting in

soaks

dye (page 281) may

Either
will
paint brush.

much

proportion

the

as

easilyand

more

wood

sink

is hard

thoroughly

than

hardwood.
To

will

use

the

oil

"

Allow
the

oil

oil that
be

time

remains

with
floor

if much

washed,

and

housewife

oil and

soak

into

on

the

surface.

will

soon

hold

the

apply

wood

with

and

paint

brush.

finally wipe off

If this

is not

much

dust

so

done
that

the
the

floor
whole

dirt.
is not

cooking
for

linseed

to

slippery and

will be gummy
A waxed

Every

warmed

that

satisfactoryfor

so

is to be
reason

feels that

done.
seem

.Waxed
less

it is necessary

kitchen

floor,especially

floors cannot

suitable

for

to wash

the

the

be wet

or

kitchen.

kitchen

floor

HOUSEHOLD

of chance

because

it times

159

FURNISHINGS

spots and

grease

floors,

(See waxed

soil.

155.)

mge
A

varnished

loor, but

will

neither

with

)vered

floor would

give greater satisfaction

than

the waxed

the

floor

or

give

service

of

oiled

an

floor

linoleum.

"tiU
WOOD

Fia.

Rugs

99.

the

material

has
efficiency
much

ire

cut

made

into

small

in

about

into rugs

"

is the

ip.

The

same.

carpet unusual

floor covering.

each

in

size,

sanitation

and

home, since rugs

Carpets have been

handled.

them

carpets have

rugs, except that

has been
by way

of

only

in the average

and

sew

other

study

called druggets, or
squares
the reverse
proportion that

brussels

like rag
All this

roven

linoleum

differ from

These

buy stripsof carpeting and

ingrain and

for

attachment

easily cleaned

more

up

wall

Proper

Carpets.

and

?ause

"

have

been

stripped

housekeepers' used

to

together into carpets. Some

been

the
of

stripped,fringed, and renap in weaving has been forced

getting rugs into the house to

replace carpets.
The

it be

mt

lat

essential

on

the

ittern and

be the

requirements of a floor covering

durable, easily cleaned, and substantial
enough to
floor.

artistic

requirements

good

are

the rug harmonize

with the room.
foundation
of the room,
and the color and

as

to

Types
As

The

that

said to contribute

room.

economic

to the

be

to

the

of rugs
size of

harmonious

whole

when

factor
all-controlling
are
a

shown

single

on

rug

pages

for

The

the

rug

pattern

neither
in

color

are

design

are

lie
and

should
may
so

be
nounced
pro-

of

the

good general

rule

159-165.
room,

160

to

HOUSEWIFERY

for

use

if there

is one,

and

equal.

rug

inches, and
small

to

that

feet

12

the

the

come

rug

margin
looks

are

the

cover

main

best

the

usually best follow

unit

lines

well

up

with

floor

18-inch

an

the

spaces,

fireplace,

of the

margin

be

room

12

arranged about

lines

of

15

to

If several

margin.

sizes,and

of the

to the

opposite sides

on

larger rug better with

to be used, in various

rugs

room

is that

measuring

the

rugs

the
will

room.

""if"""

OWPET

B/fL/SSELS
/S A

W/LTO/V

of

101.

Diagram

"

Ingrain

Eugs

showing

of

carpet

classified

are

BRUSSELS

W"M"

CmPET

weaves

2, Brussels

carpet;

W"fll/"

COT

AXMJNSTER
Fro.

C/l/?P"r

OF WGftM

WEAVE

CLOTH

the

(Wilton

according

different
is

to

cut

the

types of carpeting.
Brussels); 3, Axminster

weave,

1, Cloth

weave

carpet

weave.

ingrain,pile,and

as

tufted.

Ingrain

(Fig.

101

is

(1))

fashion, with

cloth

woven

and

woof, and, like cloth, is reversible both

that is, it may
be used either side up.

to

as

finish

warp
colors

and

Pile

carpeting includes Brussels and Wiltons.

Brussels
(Fig. 101 (2) ) has only one usable side. It has a pile
like velvet,but the pile is uncut.
Its weave
is like Wilton; that is,
it consists
the

locked

be

the

to

the

finished, the

constitute

the

looks

pile.

and

to

wires

be

drv-cleaned

are

Brussels

in

rather

the

is

better.

The

is

woven

and
held
warp,
When
the fabric

out, and

brussels

steam-cleaned.

thread
in

loops thus
grade carpet,
"

is better

sizing and

loops

is about

the

middle

much

over

woolen

the

only a
"
body
has

thread

one

wires.

drawn

latter

than

which

holding
looped in

But

wear.

"tapestry brussels," as
to

stitch

pile is
weaving by stretched

constitutes

during

as

next, thereby locking and

which

to

of

would

left
both
than
have

is

Wilton

durable
carpet or rug
velvety,and more
with a pile like Brussels, but the pile
It is made
is finished and
steamed, whereupon it appears like
is especially
lay it with the
good for living rooms;

heavy, more

Brussels.

than

when

is cut
velvet.

it

Wilton

pile against

the

with

light as

backs, and

cotton

161

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

Oriental

Wiltons

colors and

in Oriental

usually woven

are

French

rugs.

have

patterns.

Velvet
for a cheaper quality. Wilton
Royal Wilton is a trade name
in plain
is better in figures than
is a cheaper-grade rug, which
Hartford
colors.
Saxony is a Wilton with a longer nap, but not so
Saxony is best in
serviceable,because the nap may be pulled out.
Wiltons
Chinese
so
are
grade. Because
patterns; there is only one
For
limited incomes
closelywoven, they hold dust on their surface.
most
is the best, as it gives the longest and
Wilton
the French

satisfactoryservice.
Tufted.

The

"

of the

of the nature
in

in

woven

third

rugs,
Axminster

and

serviceable,as

the

Cotton

rug.

Chenille

carpeting is

This

hooked

(Fig.

101

tufts

Axminster

is not

in

type, and

and

are

Oriental
thread

in

of color.

used
rugs

the

Axminster,

fillingis
Chenille,

Wilton
comes

and

less

-from

the

is like Axminster

in ance
appeardomestic
of
expensive

It is the most

weave.

cost of Chenille

richness

where

It is

reversible.

European carpeting. It is more

adapted to hard wear, although

pileand

kind.

tufted

(3)) is cheaper than a

lint
Much
easilyloosen.

is of the tufted

The

rugs,

includes

group

or

Orientals.

the

carpets.

like Wilton

and

of

old-fashioned

tufts.

Oriental

kind

Cotton

like

an

Oriental

it is often

is determined
Chenilles

are

used

by

rug
to

the

but
save

depth

reversible

and

not

so

costly
of the
able,
wash-

for bathrooms.
are

hand-tufted, made

by stretching the warp

short or long lengths of wool

frame, and then looping in

filling(Fig. 102). Before finishing,the rugs are sheared to make
the filling
For tufted rugs,
the most
economical
from
the
even.
view
those
sheared
of
that
the
threads
are
cleaningpoint
are
so
are
not too long (Figs.103, 104).
and
Grass
kinds
Various
of hemp
and
Hemp
Rugs.
grass
much
used
for livingrooms,
braided, are
or
sun
rugs, woven
parlors,
and on
porches. Because
they are light,cool looking, and easily
lifted to be cleaned,they are
much
used
for summer
homes, and
where
the income
demands
something inexpensive.
a

"

11

162

HOUSEWIFERY

other
Two
types of rugs are made
by braiding
Rag Rugs.
stripsof cloth and sewing the braided stripstogether, or by weaving
Denims
and cretonnes
stripsof cloth as a woof in the warp thread
Either of these materials,or strips
effective for this work.
most
are
into burlap or crocheted
be hooked
of ticking or silk,may
into rugs.
"

ABC

Fia.
knots

"

of Oriental
102.
Diagram
rug
knots
left twist; C, Turkish
"

Other
are

weave.

"

"

center

knots
right twist; B, Persian
A, Persian
of Country
Courtesy
Life in America.
"

"

twist.

(Fig. 105), such as flax,jute, and wicking,

produce varietyand various degrees of cheaper rugs.

materials

rug

also used

"

to

of

values

Comparative

of

following table, though

rugs

course

carpets

pricesmay
Price

Carpet

Kind

and

by the

shown

are

greatly.

vary

Price

Kug

Width

Flax, grass
Rag, woven
Rag, braided, oval
Ingrain, plain wool.
figured
Body Brussels

3x6

ft.

3x6

ft.

4x7

ft.

$1.56
.50-9.00

$7.75

1
1
1

$1.45

yd
yd
yd

1.60
3.00
4.00

yd.
yd.
yd.

yd.

Wilton

Hartford

Saxony

Axminster

Chenille, linen

back

back

wool

6-8.00

3x5 K
3x5^

2-4.00

3x5

3-5.00

ft.

20.00

It.

20.00

j| ft.

7.50

8.95

only wide

14.00

3x5M

ft.

44.00

widths
Note

$25

for

"

Oriental
very

small

not
one

usually
to

made

$3,000 and

sizes; prices
$4,000 for larger ones.

in standard

range

from

164

Propeity

HOUSEWIFERY

of Mr.

A.

Dilley.
Fig.

104.

"

Hamadan

rug.

color

into

door,

or

room,

they are

and

are

color, as

in

need

They
their

backs

universal

supply

close

or

Coco

to

woven,

be lined

heavy

of

room,

with

of

cotton

are

attention

suitable

and

to

economy

artistic

matting.

inexpensive.

rugs,

soft fabric
and

usually
two
of material, however, which
thicknesses
of cleaning,add to the cost of renewal
curtains from being as clean as they should.
The

contrasting touch

shield

to

Rat;

Cloth

clean.

used

heavy velours, plushes,velvets,and brocades

folds which
give artistic effects of light and shadow;
high priced, hard to keep free from dust, and expensive

Klearflax.

to

often

cheer, and

The

window.
soft

furnish
but

warmth,

introduce

CURTAINS

AND

DRAPERIES

Draperies

165

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

and

not

of

harmonizing

attractive.

have
and

different
often

sanitation

draperies which

The

has
are

possibilities
keep the
resulted

washable,

166

HOUSEWIFERY

HOUSEHOLD

167

FURNISHINGS

Cretonnes
to resist dust.
non-fading, and of such, a nature
as
(Fig. 106), denims, sunfast (Fig. 107), "and various silk and wool
this requirement.
fabrics meet
Often
a
plain or solid color as a
richness
with
of tone, provided it harmonizes
a
lining introduces
the drapery material, and
furnishes
the
increases
lining which
a

weight and

excludes

Fig.

so

107.

"

the

light.

Sunfast fabrics

"

serviceable

because

If strict economy
be practised,select
must
often as to prevent much
in cutting
waste

patterns. Ups
poor

advantage,

before
if rugs

and

downs, and

rights and

of fast colors.

pattern that repeats

lengths and matching
lefts,in patterns cut to
a

large patterns which spread over

large space
best
repeating. Usually plain hangings are
(Fig. 108), but
and paper
are
plain, a figured hanging introduces
light and
as

do

contrast.

Dining-room
lightweight so as

and
to

bedroom
be

draperies

easilyshaken

and

should

be

aired.

This

washable

and

is necessary

168

HOUSEWIFERY

for

that

rooms

The

direct

of material

range

of cost, the

order

such

play

part

in

is very

used

the

life of the

extensive, including, in the

following :

Materials

Drapery
Cotton

individual.

Per
like

fabrics,

crash

yard

.35

Sunfast

75

to

$1.00

Cretonnes

25

to

1.50

Linen

40

to

.65

50

to

1.50

Poplins,

monks'

cloth

Denims
Velours
Velvets

and

plushes

.75

45

to

3.00

to

6.00

3.00

to

5.00

through the same

changes as
the heavy draperies. They are
shorter,lighterin weight and pattern,
find filmy pretty patterns
and, if the housekeeper desires, she can
from
the passerby, but will not
bar
which
will shield the room
air.
shut out the light, sun,
and
Most
of these
and
the window
materials
by washing in the home,
(Fig. 109) arc easily renewed
Curtains.

Curtains

"

have

gone

"

"

and

the

cost

in time

either

of renewal

and

that the curtains

suitable

find

dotted

that

About

material

washable

should

so

more,

to

be

put

inch

one

for
on

is not so great but

money
The housekeeper will often

materials
and

weave

which

materials

inch

one-half

crisp.

dress

of finer

are

regular curtain

the

of

swiss

be fresh
may
for curtain
use

or

are

should

be

Braid

full

to allow

allowed

on

gimp

or

for

good facilities for laundering the material, it would

to

voiles, crepe,

or

much
cheaper than
prove
sold at the drapery counter.

shrinkage.
enough

like

each

shrinks

this.
be most

If

one

yard
even

has

practical

sides
piece before cutting into curtain lengths. Beor
allowing for shrinkage, if the material has an up and down
for matching
be purchased to allow
large pattern, enough must

shrink

the

whole

designs.
The
cost

of

following relative pricesmay

draping

the windows

be of service

in

considering the

Fig.

108.

"

Cotton

draperies

and

upholsteries.

A,

Burlap;

B,

Monk's

cloth.

170

HOUSEWIFERY

window

frame, and

causing
air creeps

is made
which

fly screen,
of not

work

to

between

should

be

considered

page

128.)

two

the

one

on

the

sets of

have

fresh
drafts.

tages.
special advanlike

frame

is of

metal

be
glass,which may
and has the advantage

by

electric

have

ones

With

flue-

slides,or
which

of

means

uprights.

the

from

extension

window,

only holes

that

so

annoyance

an

it,thus

to meet

middle

many

another

Other

have

some

no

put

air;

view.

in

sold, and

cloth

its way

Equipment,

cause

are

down

brought

sashes

angles from

off the

shutting
pipes, and

like

the

filters the

different

two

of

is

sash

patented ventilators
One

set at

lower

displacement of
in so gradually as

Various

the

air

the ventilator

fan.

can

lem
prob-

Miscellaneous

(See

FURNITURE

Furniture

should

be

principleshave
and

shape;

the

style and

the

possibilityof

the

Selection.

Very

if

also

thing

are

else.

Shape.
than

it too

making

Service.
return

usable

saves

in

the

for

room.

combines

bedroom

the

used

are

in

book

extra

so

article

of

furniture.

for

to

every

difficult.
be wider

larger than

over-crowding,
its

measure

usefulness, against the space

actual

whose
space

top surface
than

shelves, for instance.

of

drawer

cupboard

with

an

be
but

room,

not

furniture,

one

it

is its

with

serving

extra

sumes
con-

only

lower
table

service-leaf

article.

likely to be oak, walnut,

substitute

temptation

account.

cleaning
should

and

cost

dwarf

to

size
use;

must

small

seem

furniture

the

room,

make

eight inches, as

library table

function

of the

space

frequent

move,

more

underhung

they

to

and

into

the

in

overcrowd

and

piece of

any

and

portion, consumes

the

than

choosing

storage space,

Woods
as

in

give ;

mental
funda-

as

comfort
to

space

appearance
to

deeper

in

shelf, and
that

drawers

In

"

in

certain

be taken

must

the

manipulate and offers

heavy to pull easily.

to

have

all these
to

after

appearance,

style may

"

hard

are

home

Its suitableness

large pieces not only

feet,nor

this is hard

to

as

each

massive

The

the

considered.

and

renovation

They

"

three

service

for

Size, in relation

"

considered.

they

been

weight;

to

as

chosen

the latter.

Maple

mahogany,
is

with

birch

occasionallychosen

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a
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raaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
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.

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":":"::::::"::.

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III
S!!lii

Fig.

109.

"

Washable

curtain

materials.

171

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

satisfactorywood, of pleasing grain and texture,

finishes.
It is
different
durable, and capable of taking many
very
"
fumed
(treated with
or
quite yellow in tone unless stained
to darken
fumes
ammonia
it) but it can be colored almost any shade,
black.
browns
and
The
from
even
highly varnished, shiny
greens,
finish, has been replaced by the dull lustre of the
"golden oak"
Oak

is very

"

waxed

or

oiled

surface, which

from

showing.

scratches
Walnut

is the

needs

of

first choice

for

Bird

walnut
for

has

and

where

roots, and

using

red

back

only

the

for its
finish

own

to-day

led to

With
a

stoutly built with

points

an

every

and

reserved

its

the

of natural

use;

for

leaves

In

of

are

staining is
than

made

of

mahogany.

disregarding birch
latter

surface

does

about

strong
ture,
furni-

birch, stained,
grain and

unfortunately,

as

woods,

that

the

The

substitute,but

It

to-day

pieces of

many

the

veneering.

color,rather

years.

is all imported,

trunk

furniture-makers

better

excellent
our

the

It

to

cabinet

as

with

oak, the

reflect

not

wood

ugly

angle.

simple

in

maker's
cabinet-

though

even

The

all of these

drawer-pieces.

convenience

it

ings,
mark-

maple,

eye

before

piece is
lines

It

important.

very

that

give strength, and

strain,like

chair, the joining of body and

of the

are

to tone

dull, waxed

of

bird's

grain, and

surfaces

has

is

was

that

work.

pieces,where

many

it

Construction

reinforce

so

make

glaring lightsfrom

any

"

branch,

to

stain

prominent

sake.

it is the

lost

it

dark

walnut.

as

sides,or unexposed parts, are

and

this substitution

crotch

cherry wood.

brown

of birch

texture

in

"

prevailedfor

which

and

dark

exaggerated

great beauty

as

it starts

the color of native

inlay

has

beautiful

very

expensive furniture,

fine,close,strongly marked

are

not

choice

the

like

or

and

that

structure

carving

for most

experts it has

many

rich

and

in which

period

grain, with

wood

prevents

panelling.

is used

Mahogany

fine

grain

and

veneer

true

so

the

color, so

close

itself and

cabinet

styleof

beautiful

roots, and

at

has

has

It

stain, a fine,even,

no

is used

horrible

of the

prestigebecause
most
popular.

native

beautiful

most

wood

the

preserves

the

joining

leg-postsin

It should
it should

be

arranged

set

should
braces

of seat

and

be
that
back

cabinet,bureau,
so

as

to

absolutely firm

or

mum
give maxiand

solid

172

on

HOUSEWIFERY

surface

plane

; it should

between

its bottom

drawers

should

with

the

of

their

on

of

ease

cleaning. Any
should

tracks, and

built

be

glued. A protecting
the drawer-space
sealing
completely closing or
inexpensive prices may be simple in
dustproof. Even

line, harmonious
in

smoothly

run

floor, for

the

of at least five inches

clear space

to the

nailed

front, not

proportion, free

in

such

and

decoration

so-called

from

they will harmonize

that

way

or

"

"

them

finished

and

dovetailed

sides
board

makes

line

give

with

scheme

any

furnishing.

lady's desk, set on four spindle legs, and with no

for keeping letters,records, or
supplies,has no justification
space
of beauty or
utility. A plain, firm, flat' top office desk will give
The

Style.
"

double
For
and

satisfaction.

the

get

bureau

separate mirror
the

dresser, as
"

"

to

good plan

would

buy
be

can

"

to make

Furniture.

Light
has

and

new

twisted

mache,
or

and

braided

and

in cords
woven

on

frames;

of air to the
the

and

house

which

is

of

paratively
com-

papier-

fibre,twisted

; of grass

braided

of cretonnes

or

sleeper.

summer

furniture

frames

on

woven

footboard,

style. It is made

in

passing

be

may

bungalow

four-

sanitation.

and

head

low

"

for modern

excuse

by modern

out

lightappearing

and

places where

modern

no

circulation

free

the

With

"

lightweight

come

allowing

and

up,

has

drawers,

regulation

of the

The

impossible.

be

of

chest

in many

used

poster bed, copied from Colonial models,

reproduction, since bed hangings are ruled
bed of simple lines, with
instead
Choose
a
easy

plain

it,instead

above

hang

to

of drawers

chest

dresser

bedroom

it is

and

woven

frames.

on

Then
made

there

of the

or

rattan

in

America.

is

furniture

Willow

substantial

sprouts

young

which

more

are

plant

sent

kind

of wood

chairs, that
harmonize

that
are

with

is often

so

any
useful

it fits in
often
color
in

China

from

in

is made

strong, sanitary, durable, and

wooden

on

woven

harmonizes

so

beautifullyfor
It

scheme, and

giving just

can

be

with

the

tone

and

frames,

with

odd

here

cretonne

or

as
a

almost

any

pieces,such

stained

that

reed

types to-day, is

well
the

is

the

is barked

which

attractive

most

needed.

willow, which

types; the

room

as

painted

cushions
may

to

tonne
cre-

need.

173

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

than
costs more
carving, of course
work, including hand
often priced very
lachine work, Avhile real antiques are, of course,
fine antiques,
ligh. The present styleis to take old furniture, even
[and

housewives

Some
md

If

repaid.
store

and

durable,

and

week
The

trained,

out,

tips of

wood

that

no

the

arms

is

In

simply strong
in

set

steel in

length will give more

Furniture
Coverings.
"

"luded

and

A the
but

silk.

The

picture,and

"lean and

oak

or

the

frame

feet and

the

furniture

of

which

upon

the

pine.

sides
good upholstered furniture, and bewhether
consider
the spring, one
must
of springs in
For example, three rows
service
In

than

choosing

two.

covering, cost, color,

the

serviceableness

considered, but

should

be

in-

they

fabrics

"

and

cotton

silk, or

except the high lights

is soft in color,rich in tone,

tapestry is all wool

real

it is such

because

while

requirements.
usually combined

Tapestriesare
wool

some

other

the

with

be

to

are

is that

furniture

all

sufficient number.

pattern

this kind

good wood,

couch

and

is

satisfactory
important week in
most

partiallyupholstered, while the

is often so entirelyupholstered
library furniture

of

Springs are well

the quality of
there

reliable

is

shows.

are

is built is

chair

the

in wooden

difference

noticeable

living-room and

leavy

upon

easily cleaned.

the most

are

upholstering, some

is without

depend

selection,plain lines are

always acceptable, and, what

are

most

but

can

one

is well

is informed

who

woman

in

that

be

thought

the

to

she

Avhat

many

as

to be spent ; stylecontrols
get the best for the money
will find at certain
times, but let her controlling

dealer

or

value, and

is not

one

this

been

are

of

differences

by

through the stage of the painted style.

informed
regarding these differences in style

antiques have

)f the real

harmed

be

will not

mahogany

but

paint them,

md

are
a

in silk.

It

large part wool,

it needs

care

to

keep

it

moths.

free from

or
sheep skin.
usually either cowhide
is very expensive,but very serviceable,and its service
?he cowhide
will give it frequent rubbings with oil,like linseed,
if one
is increased
thin oil,as every
dressing
vaseline,or lemon oil. Use a light-colored
will do a bit toward
darkening the leather.
Sheep skin will peel
cowhide.
Leather
is very
skin than
flake easily; it is a thinner
"r
expensive; the price is by the whole skin, $8 to $30.
Enamel
cloth is only an
imitation leather,and,
Cloth.
Enamel

Leather.

"

Real

leather

"

is

174

Fig.

HOUSEWIFERY

110.

"

Cotton

fabrics

for

upholstery.
draperies and
C, poplin; D, cotton
repp.

A,

denim;

B,

cotton

repp;

176

or

HOUSEWIFERY

that

woof, produce

the

as

greens

the old-fashioned

Repp is a cotton
with
deep ridges.
and

because

of its

Denims
but

few

mohair
a

It

is

weave

so

wool

or

soft

pretty color effect and

sadly

material

woven

serviceable,more
much

richer

warmth

lacked.
like

pique (Fig. 110)

expensive than denim,

in appearance.

inexpensive cotton fabrics,serviceable,easilydusted,

proof against fading.

are

are

Cretonnes

most

are

attractive

in

their

easilycleaned, not expensive for renewal,

patterns and

and

most

colorings,

suitable

for

light

decorations.
All

kinds

of

material

be used
for
may
be filled with such material
as

upholstery

cushions

excelsior,
(Fig. Ill), and these may
The
curled
hair no
goat's hair, silk floss,cotton, or curled hair.
will make
excellent
stuffing
longer good enough for bed mattresses
for upholstery. (See also Mattresses, page 189.)
LINEN

very desirable for many

and give up moisture
with which
it
ease
brilliancy of appearance,

qualitiesthat make linen so

smooth
texture, abilityto absorb
The

its

freshness
its

and

soil,and
Tests

its

for

of linen
but

there

may

make

are,
:

uses

are

rapidly,
gives up

durability.

Purity of Linen.
that

it takes

however,

some

an

"

There

expert

simple

are

to

so

many

prove
tests for

that
linen

clever adulterations
it is not
which

linen,
anyone

of

Essentials
linen

freshness

are

it will lie flat

on

Table

the

more

shade

on

patterns of table linen, due

of the public for alternatingstyles; there
Select

acceptable,however.

"

small

double

damask

weave

due
distinctly,

out

threads.

the

There

directlyto

in the

fashion

table

in

weight of fabric sufficient so that

time soft and
qualityat the same
be pure.
the linen must
To give these qualities
makes
the use
of a single thread
a
single

light and

of

play

qualitiesdesired

The

"

The
threads, a double damask.
desirable,and the pattern stands

; two

is the

Linen.

of appearance,
the table,but a

yieldingin the folds.

In weaving linen
damask

177

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

is

distinct

the

to

demands

patterns permanently

are

"

all-over

pattern rather

than

stripes,as the long overshot

make
threads
which
likely to be pulled or
pattern are
in ironing. Beware
of over-sizingor
starched
linen
broken
as
this is put on
to cover
pears
up the poor quality of the linen,and disapin the wash, leaving a flimsy fabric with no wearing qualities.
large pattern, with

"

"

very wide
the large

satin

half

half

linen

and

qualitiesof linen, but

turns

gray

Union

means

The
aer
)r

firmness

square
weaver's

weave

inch, which

are

glass. Medium
quality 220 warp

rery fine
weight is four
irmness

of the

are

and

half

damask

of the

some

like cotton.

of threads
depends upon the number
easilycounted with a magnifying glass
quality linen has 180 warp threads and
threads

per

ounces

per

controlling characteristics

jualityof single

It has

cotton.

is better

than

square

inch.

The

square

yard.

Weight

not

"

stiffness.

average
and

quality of

poor

good
double

damask.
Linen

be

purchased in
(quarter, half, and

the natural

color

(unbleached), silver
deached
three-quartersbleached) and pure
rhite. The
unbleached, of course, has the greatest wearing qualiies. The method
of bleaching modifies the wearing qualities
of the
linen to a large degree, the sun
and grass bleaching being far less
modern
and
ljuriousto the fibre than the more
rapid chemical
may

jleach.

linen

The
Scotch
inen

being
is not

varies
the
the

according

cheapest, then

to

its national

Irish, and

origin (Fig. 112),

then

French.

Scotch

at a low
highest grade, but it gives long wear
and grass bleached.
Irish linen comes
cost,because it is mostly sun
in both poorer and higher grades. Tt is noted for its
whitesnowy
of texture, and beautiful
designs; the snowdrop and
less, evenness
12

178

HOUSEWIFERY

Fia.

112."

Table

linens.

HOUSEHOLD

179

FURNISHINGS

linen is made
only in
typicalIrish patterns. French
three
the higher grades, and is very expensive,its cost being almost
finish.
wonderful
It excels in design and
times that of Scotch.
for its good quality and modBelgianlinen is highly recommended
veloped
has not dedomestic
is no
There
irate cost.
damask, as America
the linen industry.

shamrock

are

Sizes

of

unhemmed:

"Sizes of tablecloths
in

Width

Linen.

Table

yards:

in

Length

yards:

to

to

2y4

2y4
2%

to

3i/3

to

2 V.

1%

"

to

3%

v/2

to

ey2
for

1, 2, 4, 5 yard squares
lemmcd

iizes

"size

scalloped

or

36

in.x36

in.

54

in. x54

in.

72

in.

in.

80

in.x80

in.

90

in. x90

in.

72

tablecloths:

cloth)

(tea

unhemmed:

of napkins

of

Breakfast

19

in.

to

22

Tea

16

in. to

18

in.

Dinner

24

in. to

32

in.

in.

doilies:
12

in.,

in., 16

14

in., 20

prices of table linen are

quote prices with any degree
pard are the cheapest ; a cloth by
ill sides will cost

the border.

Eound

$2
jutting,

extra

Napkins.
have

lapkins to

50-75

cloths

charge

Allow

"

only
each

cents

one

one

variable

so

of

yard
the

in

come

is made

hem

to each

with

woven

these

cloth; the napkins

on

yd.

squares

for

cloths.

cloth.

receive

border

sized cloth without

same

it is wise

set

possible
by the

Tablecloths

1, 2, 4, and

to

dozen

it is not

that

accuracy.

the
than

more

handsome

in.

in., 24

The

is to

round.

cutting

If the

housekeeper

allow

to

harder

two

wear

than

dozen
the

Sloth.
Towels.
)e

soft,and

leets

these

"

The
should

greatest essential
absorb

moisture

requirements.

of

towel

rapidly.

Huckaback

towels

An

is that

it should

all-linen towel

(Fig. 113)

are

best
most

180

HOUSEWIFERY

Fig.

113.

"

Different

weaves

of huckaback.

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

Fig.

114.

"

Showing

different

weaves

of

towelling.

Crash

towelling

used

mostly

in

the

kitchen.

used, because

roughness and

looseness

of

weave

makes

good

towels
beautiful, but are
are
absorption. Damask
very
readily.
as
efficient,
so
they do not absorb moisture
towels
union
Cotton
or
cheaper,
(linen and cotton) are much

surface
not

their

for

182

HOUSEWIFERY

Fia.

bat
the

have

115.

two

"

Samples

checked

towelling, often

disadvantages: they

they gray
constantlydirty. Wash
cotton

of

and

darken

cloths

and

are

less
with

bath

called

glass towelling.

absorbing, and
wear,

towels

making
often

because
them

illustrate

of
look

this.

184

HOUSEWIFERY

best power
of absorption,and because
it ha" no
checked
(Fig. 115) ; if so, the towelling with
will

keep the color better than

that

with

lint.
red

blue.

Usually

lines

Crash

it is

checks

or

towelling is

cheaper, sturdier quality of linen, and is better suited to the rough

work
such as drying cooking utensils and knives.
The
towel with
dish towel
the word
into it is one
of the
or
woven
glasstowel
most
Hand
towels
expensive,and no better than the plain towels.
"

"

should

be

makes

them

of softer

"

and

from

towelling varies in width

pricesrange

from

thirty

for

cents

finer cotton
Dish

from

twelve
linen.

seventeen

to

eighteen

cheaper

with

bought
in
to

cents

linen

the

pattern that

kitchen.

twenty-one
for cotton

Kitchen

inches.

The

eighteen to
preferable to a
to

towel

is

be

chosen

one.

cloths

wash

and

rather

weave,

spongy

be
may
other
towels

weave,

distinct

"

cloths

rough,

but

should

always

so

spongy

as

with

either

to

soft,
hold

to be

dry (Fig. 116).

easilywrung
in Buying
Linen.
An
Suggestions to Guide
understanding
of the qualitiesto look for in linen is the first essential of a successful
buyer. Always buy linen of a reliable firm and of a salesman
who knows
reliable house has
quality. For economy,
buy when some
"
sale
sales are
of good linen.
These
business
a
propositions to
arouse
trade, and are often planned to clear the shelves of patterns
water

or

"

"

that
times
on

the

Too

much

restock

ahead

will turn

yellow and
prevent cracking,it would
Suggested
4

sheets

pillow

blankets

cases

per

if beds

or

are

is

be wise
of
all

of

spreads

per
towels

bath

towels

bath

mats

table
cloth.
large dinner
changes of napkins
(at least) per
table
cloths, if luncheon
everyday
table
if nothing
cloths
everyday
week.
glass towels
per

crash

oven

cloths

towels

hand

towels

Linen
size, 3 sheets

same

bed.

face

bed.

per

person.

per
person.
for
bathroom.

per
per
per

week.
week.
week.

have

At

these
linen

reserve

planning as none, because

folds if kept too long. To
on
occasionallyto change the folding.

pillow.

per

and

trade.

poor
the

Household

shelves

her

as

crack

Quantities

bed

per

Style stimulates

style at the time.

housekeeper may

hand.

linen

in

not

are

week.
sets
else

are

is

used.
used.

to
per

Buy.
bed.

"

Linen.

Marking

"

185

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

Methods

of

marking

are

of

general

two

marking, such as pen and ink, stencil, and machine

larking (likea typewriter); and thread marking, such as bonnay
tapes, and
embroidery (chain stitch done by a machine), woven
land embroidery (Fig. 117). Eapidity and cheapness characterize
of application,and
the ink method.
Serviceableness, ease
good
rinds:

Ink

the

styledescribe
ay

thread

method.

machinery, the bonnay and

For

linen

embroidered

that

is to be

letter will be

ironed

the

least

MCH
Fig.

lasting.

No

to be

117.

"

Different

matter

how
each

ways

of marking

it is

personal and

done, choose

individual

kind

household

linen.

regular place for the

of linen

article,as it does
The
to help
accepted color for
embroideries
is usually white
and
separate initials are not only
better stylethan monograms.
but considered
lore
legible,
The place for the mark
varies with style,but the standard
place
here given :
Tablecloths
should
show
the marking when
the cloth is on
the
ible. A cloth hangs from
the table 14 or % yard. The
monogram
lame

much

put

in

on

sorting laundered

clothes.

186

or

HOUSEWIFERY

should

initial

the

the

edge, at

medallion

produced by

for

top of the table about

the host

the

final fold.

napkin

; if with

and

pen

towels

from

the

be

large

well

considered.

The

Bedstead.

usually

full

feet

two

feet six inches

feet

six
The

three

couch
of

selection

the

used

be

being
that

upon.
spring has

Metal

by

four

the

than

easiest

that

harmonizes

the hem.
the

ner
cor-

give considerable
lastingservice,and
renovation

bed

bed
with

at

for.

should

special dimensions,
four

length and

beds

are

feet six inches

couch

bed.

the
are

to

in

which

bed,

and

feet
about

are

two

length.
two

serves

Special care
a

three

cribs

in

cot

or

such

be

must
the

as

day

poses,
pur-

given to

couch

has

springs. Larger beds are bought

less likely to have
the strain of

keep

bed

may
a

mahogany

the

and

in white

than

the

as

such

hardest

sides

are

by
to

or

walnut

be

use

person

mended
recom-

special types
enamel

brass

institution
furniture.

as

makes

bed, and

also be enamelled

cottage
and

use

on

or

finished

Iron

to

clean

less cost

less like

and

; while

bedsteads

wooden

care
a

of

only word
being stretched

quality iron

is the easiest to

wood, making
one

is

of

best

from

of the

wide, for three-quarter beds; three

night

serviceable, attractive
that

unless

feet six inches

is that

are

middle

letter,in

should

one

couch

is the

beds

The

for

Strain

bed.

rather
rattan.

wide

and

the

embroidered

inches, for single beds;

of

sat

sittingon

in

sittingon
night beds and

as

to be read

as

square

center, in

ironed.

in the

purchased for
possibilityof

strong springs on

strain

the

often
to

day

the

feet

expensive bed

least
a

six

wide

inches

are

inches

size; four

and

so

in the

BEDDING

Bedsteads,

"

feet

end,

which

to

first cost

six feet three

for

width

special

of the

when

marked

are

AND

the materials

of the

because

is

from

ink, in the center.

problem

middle

in thirds

with

BEDS

Bedding is
thought, because

there

be marked

may

be folded

If marked

"

in the

corner,

They

must

end, six inches

Handkerchiefs.

hostess, unless

or

in the

marked

Sheets, pillow-casesand
hemmed

six inches

mark.

are

the

case

the

on

right of

woven

Napkins
which

be

a
one

to represent
bed

and
Brass

ids

ition

sign of

no

Springs.
four

ider
ids

"

"

or

and

wire,

woven

and

b)

may

be

not

and

most

should

welded

have

in

be
These

renewed

when

end

; and

springs.

disadvantages of each

kind

stretched;

springs

may

may

be

B,

cheaper
spiral,

wire

woven

renewed.

of the

statement

help

classed

be
and

cots

springs (Fig. 119)

end.

cor-

joints.

firm

common

cannot

boxed

bed

size,the springs may

; national

wire spring which

coil springs at each

A, woven
spring with

iliicli may

metal

the

what

matter

types

good

being seamed,

tube

No

"

(Fig. 118,

118.

brass

in appearance.

ittractive
lers,

quality requires a good metal founto keep

finish; and they require care

the better

expensive,as
and
a
heavy

are

187

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

the

vantages
ad-

housekeeper

to choose.

The
to sag.

weight
The

tightened.

cheapest
To

reavinggroups
so

tbat

of the

body

en-wire

wov

at

it will resist

springs

spring

this, the

overcome

of wire

all

causes

has

better

regular intervals

stretching.

The

to

little
makes

stretch

finally

of
possibility
are

being

reinforced

strengthen
edges, too, are
to

and

the
made

by

ure
structof

188

HOUSEWIFERY

roll of

edge

wire,

woven

to

The

or

even

steel rod

be

may

lengthwise

run

of the

prevent stretching.
national

springs, being

strong springs at the end

of each

built

of sections
of wire
with
up
line of wire to give tension, may
be

renewed

For
medium
a
by replacing sections.
priced spring, the
national
will give excellent
service.
The
spiral spring is a set of vertical wire spirals,similar to
those
in upholstered furniture, the individual
used
springs being

Fig.

119.-

which

spring

national

-A

or

set

upon

they
to

can

clean
The

metal

be
than
box

the

whole

enclosed

relative

cost

It is

woven

spring is the
a
padding
enclosed

bed, and

warmer

being

the

is the

in

If

like
a

most

springs

thin

ticking

spirals are

spring, but

each

at

end

broken,
difficult

more

types.

expensive, and
mattress
cover.

comfortable

in ticking,it is the most

is tabulated.

individual

comfortable

most

the

replacing

links.

new

national

and

in

repaired by

be

putting

base.

wood

replaced.

springs with
and

or

may

by

is made
laid
This

on

spring
but

spring;
keep

difficult to

up of
the

spiral
spirals

makes

because
clean.

of
The

189

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

BEDS

Size
Kinds

Width

2' 6'

3rib
3ouch
[ron

2' 6", 3'

3'0"

bed

or

Brass

or

Brass

or

Brass

3' 3"

food
Iron
[ron

Iron, Brass,

3' 6"
4'0*
or

4' 6"

Wood

SPRINGS

Price
Kinds
Woven

National

Box

Wire

"ib
Couch
Iron

bed

$5.75

$5.75

6.75

6.75

or

Brass

7.50

7.50

or

Brass

8.75

8.75

10.75

10.75

or

Brass

Wood
Iron
Iron

Iron, Brass,
*

The

Wood

or

price

$20.00-$40.00

of

springs depends

on

of wire

amount

rather

than

kind.

MATTRESSES

Mattresses

and

pillows are
sells springs.

department that
regard to cleanliness

of

store or
usually sold by the same
The
composition of a mattress, with

material, is sometimes

controlled

by

state

or

190

HOUSEWIFERY

local

legalstandards

different
The

materials

or

inspection. The
in the

used

mattress

cost

varies

according to
(Fig. 120).

the

be corn
fillingmay
husk, grass or hay, wool or
cotton, short hair like goat's hair, or good horse
the
hair; and
is commonly
used
in better
latter, which
mattresses, may
vary
widely in quality. The corn
husks, or grass and hay, if clean, will

Fig.

mattress

120.

"

Mattress

floss; 6, goats'

make

lump

or

cheap
break

is made

half, which

materials.

hair; 7,

mattress

grass;

husk;
1, Corn
2, excelsior; 3, ticking; 4 and 5, Kapoc
horse
made
in classroom.
8, curled
hair; 9, mattress

which

will

give service
pieces. Sometimes

up into small
of a layer of cotton, with

adds

much

to the

grass

as

long

it does

as

one-half
or

husks

of

in the

silk

not
tress
mat-

other

comfort.

have
cotton
mattresses
Tufting. Most
tufting, arranged in
diamond
more
shape. The plain tacking seems
sanitary,but does
not
well.
Some
Such
wear
so
prefer no tufting in the mattress.
must
be of good quality if the filling
mattress
does not slip and
a
"

192

HOUSEWIFERY

floss,called
is the
for

from

Kapoc,

cheapest ; it
couch pillows.

is not

be white
may
the live bird
from

the

pound,

and

the

upon

whole

the

the

feathers

six birds

which

has

feathers
A

down.

; duck

and

splitfeather

will

had

the

pack, and is expensive.

Hair
pillows are cooler and firmer
often
while
used
not
regularly in the

used

by

used,
the

are

quill removed,

source

chicken

mixed

goose,

sold

feather

parts
the

are

of average
are

The

quality differs according to

The

down, mixed;

mixed.

used

feathers

goose

spring,about

are

splitfeather

duck, mixed

and

best

Indies,

is much

The
feathers
pound of feathers.
the part of the
price depending upon

feather, the

chicken

in the

West

pillows,but

The

gray.

the

one

way

the down.

and

or

in

tree

for bed

suitable

Feathers

procured
size furnishing

cork-wood

the

and

; goose

give good service, down

will

on

hand

often

for

in

use

the bottom

Pillows

lbs.

Mattress
from

but

Pillows

Pads

Dust

In

sometimes

are

hotels, the

place of the bolster.

size,varying from 18"

vary

An

5 lbs.

in

are

kept
pillow is

hair

30", weighing
size is 22" x 30",
$5, according to
x

average

cost, from

$3

Often
be

may

Mattress

"

easilywashed

so

all beds.

on

Covers.

and

soil and

quiltedpads

various

home,

pillows, and

to

quality of filling.

size and

be used

feather

in

regular in
30", weighing

not

2y2 lbs.,to 30"

3

case

pillow, used

are

weighing

of sickness.

than

folded

purchased

tress
pads protect the matsort of pad should
some
cotton
or
quilt is used

that
blanket
which

standardized

are

to

fit

mattresses.
covers

it free from

entirelycovering

dust.

These

at about

covers

the

may

mattress

be

are

desirable

bought when

keep

to

the mattresses

can
single bed size,or the housewife
them
muslin, each
by using two pieces of unbleached
easilymake
of the mattress, and sewing in a five-inch strip
the length and width
of material
to make
a
shallow, box-shaped bag large enough to
enclose the mattress.
The edges may
be finished with a double
seam
by sewing first on one side and then turning and sewing the other.
are

ordered

An

extra

half

for

this

double

one

needs

then
end

open

and

inch

$4.50

on

If

seam.

to make

make

all

for

seams

cotton

will have
braid

only a single
fastening

with

to

be

is used

seam.

tapes, or

allowed
for

In

any

buttons

in

bound

cutting
seam,

leave

case

and

one

button-

hooks

loles,or

and

Sheets

from

the

leal

more

from

body

; cotton

ible of various
for

making sheets at
lemming, as they are

ibout
is

ten

such.

to

twenty

The

it home

has

sheets

Buy

straighterthan

cents

more

in

saving

little

the housewife

home.

the

if cut;

of the

and

heat

great

100, costing

The

best
avail-

now

is little reason

been

torn

before

hem-stitching costs
sheets

Torn

money

is

selection

have

the

sheet.

that there

buying sheeting

sheets

90

cotton,

some

Linen

wide

that

sheet.

per

advantage from

to have

radiates

the best cotton

percale. There is a
grades,in standard sizes,so

finish,but

linen

sheet,

is called

of

and

warmer.

double
as

shrink-

for

linen

are

contrary is

much

as

elaborateness

because

standard

allow

to

sure

cutting.

some

use

the

on

times

to three

sheet

is that

summer

expensive;

two

cotton

for

best

are

before

quality and

difference

the fundamental
^he linen

in

widely

vary

Be

snappers.

the muslin

shrink
still,

ige ; better

or

eyes,

193

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

stamped

are

the

sheets

side, but does

enable

making

precisesize

that

she

prefers.

sizes (see table on

varietyof standard
page
196) but the one most carefullychosen is one enough larger than the
lattress to allow twelve
to eighteen inches
in on
all sides,
to turn
that is, twenty-four to thirty-sixinches
longer and wider than
Size.

"

There

are

the

bed.

Bedspreads.
for the
ice

The

housewife

bed, if she has

over

in tufted
)reads.

"

color,thread
with
If

one

the

thread

Marseilles

almost

any

(Fig. 121).

covering
Cretonne,

knitted, crepe, unbleached

or

heavy
buys ready-made,

eilles,
dimity, or lace.

made

spreads

crocheted
cotton

choose

may

"

the

is

all

are

used

in

mus-

making

variety is limited

to

up

Mar-

heavy and usually has a raised

mttern, while the dimity is light in weight, easilycleaned,and is
leservedlypopular for a simple but serviceable spread (Fig. 122).
fringe is pretty on spreads that are not to be tucked in, but the
tangling and tearingof the thread increases the work of laundering.
ror old-fashioned
bed
coverings,gimp is a pretty, quaint, and
mch
serviceable
more
trimming than fringe.
Blankets.
The
purchase of blankets requires a great deal of
experienceon the part of the purchaser. If one has had no experience,
it is desirable to go to a store of good standing and be advised,
blanket should be soft and warm
but not too heavy. The
quality
ind percentage of the wool is the first important question. French
)lankets are
Scotch
blankets
harsh
beautifullyfinished.
and
are
"

13

194

HOUSEWIFERY

have
are

finish,but are
poor
like the Scotch.
much

with
of

any

is due

blankets

Some

the

weave.

but

the short

the

of the

Such

amount

of wool

Fia.

-A

hand

and

and

blown

been

blanket

blankets

texture

The

finallyleave only

to
long enough
Dunkirk,
Woodruff,

the cotton

wool

cover

N.

to

the

blanket

each

in

cotton

should

give

to

80

per

necessary

wool;
washing.

cent,

in

honest

an

all wool
range from all cotton to
blanket
really does not exist.
per cent,
to the care

made,

blanket

(98
A

Made

pillow.

the

and

by

the

Mrs.

not

large

Jessie

H.

A
.

quality and

exact

ticket
The

statement.

per cent. )
good medium

the

are

Y.

grade and percentage of wool reallycontrols

the
knows
sellingprice. The manufacturer
and

great variety

warp.

The
the

favorably

compare

finish.

and
into the warp
will lose
washed

when

spread

-woven

blankets

English

fibre and
irregularityof length of wood
fluffyand woolly,
qualitiesappear
poor

fibres have

wool

tightly woven.

121.

to

durable.

Domestic

in both

of the others

and

warm

weight of
attached
blankets

per cent, wool

grade is about 60
100

larger percentage

of wool

adds

Fig.

122.

"

Various

weaves

of counterpanes.

1 and

4, Marseilles; 2 and

3, dimity.

196

HOUSEWIFERY

of blankets

Borders
The

variety of

that

the

is

as

is
the

is due

washing
blankets

Blankets

to

ribbon

cotton

and

not

which

is

handling, and

of

ease

blankets

double, i.e.,two

in two

and

bind

to

the

the

blanket,
Blanket

edges.

cut

gether
to-

woven

save

for this purpose.

Comfortables
be made
may

"

after

seen

bought

be

may

of cotton

in lengthwise
being run
shrinking in length. Hospital

then

sold

them

cut

Comfortables.
or

For

appearance
for the border

important is

more

border.

usually

end.

one

it is desirable

binding

and

blanket

are

ruffled

used

wool

best without

are

at

The

case.

imagine.

would

one

plays little part, but what is

of the same
made
quality wool

to the

the

across

than

color

border
often

so

important

more

are

but
batting fillings,

better

are

made

cheesecloth

from

from

cheesecloth

and

purchased in stores from the bedding

department just the size for single, three-quarter,and full-size
wool
washes
The
comfortables.
better, and if tacked
or
quilted
excellent comfortable, light,
an
into fine cheesecloth, it will make
and easilycleaned.
Silkaline,challie,satins and silks make
warm
"

sheet wool."

the

of having
desirability

puffs wash

Down

of

Sizes
of

this

90

in.

96

X
x

108

80

in.

cover.

25

in.

27

in.

in.

60

100

in."

Three-q
ter

hang
in. 100

97

in.

Double

in."

116

lation

in.

in.

"

Extra

bed

or

not

in.

of

Blankets:

in

80

;n

)in.'}Single
(

| Three-q

82

in.

72 in.

90

in. /

76 in.

84

in.

80

90

in.

72 in.

double

90

36

bed

in.

36

in.

of Bedspreads

in.

in."

in.x36

22%

in.

06

lo-"^,^-11")
Single
I
100
72

washable

"f PiUow-slips

Size

Size
Size

in

up

S^1^^
in.

is

considered

cleaned.

heavy bedding

well, if made

very

be

to

Bedding:

Sheets

72in.x

90

is most

what

282.)

(Seepage

Size

be

can

comfortables, but

elaborate

more

wool

The

in.

uarter

bed

j
/

bed

down

Comfortables,

bed

72 in.

size

size:

one

78 in.

SILVERWARE

Silverware

plated."

is

Solid

classed
or

under

the

two

sterling silver,which

headings
means

"
"

about

solid
925

"

and

parts of

parts of copper,

silver to 75
the

outwear

and

best
The

copper.

German

forks, on

is the

plate silver.
plated ware

electrolysisupon

197

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

suitable

silver for

expensive,and will
solid silver is an
alloy of silver
a
coating of silver deposited by

best, the

The
has

base, e.g.,
and

spoons,

most

steel

on

for

Britannia

on

knives

and

for hollow

metal

In

ware.

the

as

able,
sterlingsilver,the heavier weight is the most desirlighter weights, if given any hard use, bend, dent, or

break.

even

For

household.

itself to the

recommends
plated ware
better plated silver on
the

constant

use

The

market

average

compares

very

and
favorably with sterling silver in appearance
durability,and is
much
less expensive. Triple plate is the best plate, but often the
most-used
silver is double
or
even
singleplate. The idea expressed
in these terms
leads one
to think
that silver is dipped or
coated
so
that a certain
times; instead, it means
weight of silver is
many
allowed
a
as
coating to every dozen pieces. For example, it is better
knives
forks stamped "15
to have
or
dwt.," meaning that fifteen
pennyweight has been used in coating a dozen.
Tablespoons marked
*
20 dwt. will equal teaspoons marked
10 dwt.," because
the area
twice
of a tablespoon is about
that
of a teaspoon.
Bottoms
of
bowls

and

they

receive

The

backs

of handles

the

should
of

greatest amount

number

of

silver

also

controls

about

half

what

the

pieces in
the

cost.

have

the

coating, because

wear.

making

extra

an

bowl

of

each

finished

made

of

two

piece of

pieces

costs

si?e and

weight bowl will cost if made

Sometimes
handles, spouts, and mounts.
up of several pieces,i.e.,
the "mounts," which
bands
or
are
finishingsections,are ornamented,
thus
increasing the cost considerably. The
bright finish costs
than
the frosted or satin finishes in silver.
slightlymore
Silver-platingsolutions advertised for use in the home
are
very
salts.
In this case,
likelyto be composed of solutions of mercury
is deposited on
the spoon,
giving a bright silveryappearmercury
ance,
but

the

same

housewife

must

remember

that

mercury

salts

are

poisonous.
Patterns

and

silverware
from
shapes in flat and hollow
vary
time to time
to suit changing fashions,but plain, simple patterns
are
always in good taste and are permanently on the market.
The
will
be
plain patterns
more
easily cleaned, but will show
very
scratches more
In
readily.
selectingthe pattern it is therefore well

198

HOUSEWIFERY

the

consider

to

attractive
well

as

when

as

and

time

and

new,

Cleaning Silver, see

Household

baked

the

at

surface

materials

in

care

GLASS

AND

household

pottery, whether
earthenware

general types :
is made

of

earth

in

the
inner

the

types mentioned

in

differ

degree of hardness
body is soft, and

of
in

the

porcelain
and

molded

pottery the

household

high temperature;
with a glass-like
is covered
glaze which
two

for

and

products

for

and

and

earthenware

pottery

The

pottery.

All

"

is of two

All

china.

entire

POTTERY

Pottery.

table use,

or

or

then

of economy

in terms

and

clean

as

2G0-262.

pages

HOUSEHOLD

kitchen

select

to

it

keep

to

of appearance.

as

For

it will take

labor

is fired upon

the

constituent

inner

porcelain

In

body.

it

china

or

is hard.

is
and
ordinarily earthenware
produced in various colors ; porcelain cooking utensils are also now
is given a hard
available.
glaze to prevent
Ordinary cooking ware
surface
food getting below the surface ; if in time the
glaze crazes
discolored
and
or
possibly impart
cracks, the dish becomes
may
Kitchen

cooking

or

is

ware

"

"

flavor to food

in it.

cooked

Someone

said

has

the much-used

that

porcelain pie plate needs only to be placed in the

to produce a juicy,well-flavored
not
canpie. This cooking ware
articles.
metal
be subjectedto sudden
changes of temperature like
"
cool it suddenly in cold water
crazing or even
cause
ing
peelmay
of the glaze,and cracking of the dish.
is available
in the two
Table
ware
general types of glazed

old-fashioned
oven

"'

To

or

white
than
in

table
the

called

often

ware

soft inner

and

or

if

in two

chipped

absorption.

Ink

is

and

wide

expensive

in homes

use

so

and

the

may

be

is

expensive,differs

more

First, it is hard

ways.

glaze broken
used

showing light through.

earthenware,

is less

which

heavy
and

institutions.

porcelain,which

white-ware

porcelain
in China) with

is the familiar

ware

the

body, and

first made

"stoneware,"

accordingly finds

porcelain and

restaurants

even

of

the

because
(Fig. 123) (so-called
earthen
table
inner body. The

China
or

has

china

hard

the

which

the earthenware

ware,

more

as

Porcelain

from

glazed and
no

test.

is

stain

earthen

ing;
non-absorb-

remains

because

lucent,
Secondly, it is transless likelyto chip than

serviceable, but

it is

more

brittle.

200

HOUSEWIFERY

qualitytable china should be hard, compact, non-absorbent,

is made
of flint
highly glazed, and of fine grain. The finest ware
or
feldspar. The higher the glaze and the more
compact the body,
The

the

best

more

To

brittle is the

produce

fine

china.

china, the materials

be

properly proportioned,
be exactly right
mixed, and prepared, and the baking must
duration
of heat.
To
to intensity and
as
get this perfection of
glaze, great patience and skill are required, and as a result china
or
porcelain is expensive. If the glaze and the body are not suited
and causes
to each other, the glaze shrinks
crazing/'
"
two
There
firsts,"perfect in shape,
are
grades of table ware
:
are
design, and glaze,bring the highest price; seconds
imperfect
in one, two, or
all three requirements. One
select table ware
may
accept a piece
imperfect in either shape or design, but should never
imperfect in glaze, as the glaze is the protection.
must

"

"

In

selecting there
"

linen, such

old standard

are

"

patterns available

as

in table

"

madras," etc.,and there are new

designs.
Two
types that are popular are the band of colors, either solid or
colored
bands
of gold. The
broken, and the band
are
always in
the design is simple and
sidered
conpleasing when
good taste, because
in combination
with
The
flowers, linen, and food.
single
bands
but
most
and
less
durable
attractive,
are
more
expensive
gold
be fired to such
Avoid
because
a
gold cannot
high temperature.
ridges in patterns ; choose handles that are easily grasped ; and china
the
must
in general that is not overdecorated, especiallyif one
use
to buy what
set of dishes continually. It is greater economy
is
same
stock
known
as
pattern, so that any replacing of broken
open
and at little cost.
is possible
at any time
be done
This
dishes may
in expensive as well as in cheaper dishes.
for
China.
and
Oriental
Suggestions
Buying
European
"
biscuited
at a low temperature which
makes
this
porcelains are
kind of china superior as to glaze. European china is bluish white,
American
while
china
is cream
white.
There
is no
special value,
as

willow,"

"

"

"

"

however, in the
Oriental

china

color
are

the

as

far
more

as

wear

is concerned.

fragile,while

the

English

American

has

and
the

American
china is giving excellent
stronger body, resistingshocks.
are
service,and many
equal
good types have been developed which
to

the

imported porcelains.

the housewife's

consideration.

American

china

is most

worthy

of

HOUSEHOLD

rolled

edge

service for hotel

Decorations

lpon the
3y hand

; it does

put

on

by hand,

Six

for

process

by

the

decalcomania

of

(Limited).

plates
plates

dishes

soup

breakfast

12

tea

24

bread

"

cups

12
6

(plates

cups
and

10

in. dish

12

in. dish

16

in. dish

cups)

or

and

saucer

glasses

finger bowls
pudding dish

creamer

saucers

sugar

plates

butter

and

be
might
silver, if
sherbet

in. dish

18

covered

covered

vegetable dish
vegetable dish

( round

(oval)

platters, medium

soup

sauce

salad

and

large

tureen

bowl

or

be

can

"

after-dinner

chop

peppers

vase

used

for

24

saucers

cups

and

oatmeal

12

sauce

in

knives
bread

dishes

and

butter

knives

tablespoons
teaspoons
dessert

sugar

butter

good

platter

glasses

forks

saucers

12

china,

Silver:

and

cups

not

salts

12

vegetables
tea

12

boat
bowl

in

glass
12

12

or

dinner

12

not

china.

Service

12' breakfast
12

china

special
necessarilymean

transferring designs directly

is the process
To
decorate
commonly used.
means
very slow, detailed work, all of which

is,of course,

Table

are

is

china, and

expensive

12

china

on

Decalcomania

"rocess.

China

institution

and

is of

so

china.

thick

"rery

prevents chipping, and

china

on

201

FURNISHINGS

spoons

for
spoon
knife

"

bowl

round

soup

or

fork

dishes

dishes
of individual
regard to table equipment, the number
is controlled
by the size of the family, and the kind of service
lesired.
Most
housewives
would
choose
dainty service and good
and would
dishes in adequate numprefer to have convenient
style,
and
if less expensive china
silver
and
it
appropriate silver,even
md
For such a standard, which
is strongly recommended,
glass is chosen.
individual
twice
of
all
as
dishes,glasses,and
buy
many
makes
in the family. This
taining
silver,as the number
possible enterWith

with

feelingof

not

much

less worry

having enough.

and

work, and

relieves

It is

certainlya

reasonable

one

of

the

standard

202

to

HOUSEWIFERY

china, glass, and

is, therefore, not

choose

silver

which

is not

expensive

of

to

the

by etching with

acids

to

place
re-

housewife.

anxiety
glass, for in
people appreciate beautiful
it. It gives a finishing
table service particularlynothing can
surpass
of beauty and
is known
touch
as
simple elegance. Glassware
A
lead
lime
of
lime
and
glass
glass.
preponderance
produces
pure
while
lead
that
is
brittle
and
a
wears
glass,
gives a glass
tough
very
well.
Of the different grades, rock crystalor pure leaf glass is the
finest produced.
The
clearest and
determining qualitiesof glass
freedom
bubbles
its smoothness, brilliancy,
from
and cloudiness,
are
and

Glassware.

"

whiteness, and

transparency.

Decoration

glass is

of

wheels.

with

emery
changes of

source

Most

done

Cut

temperature

glass

or

needs

very
knock
are
slight

great

by cutting

or

Sudden

care.

break

likelyto

the

It is therefore not desirable for constant

glassalong the line of cut.
Pressed
less expensive and
of the
some
glass is much
family use.
products are almost as beautiful as the more
expensive cut glass,and
for everyday service they are
much
desirable.
The
more
poorest
and
the
the
halves
show
where!
are
seam
heavy
are
joined.
qualities
makers
like
of
makers
of
their
name
china, stamp
Many
glass,
of the piece. It is a great advantage to the purchaser
in the bottom
and
of these trade-marks
the quality which
to know
some
they

represent.

plain lead table glassescost from $1.25 to $1.75 per dozen.

of
glass varies widely in price according to the elaborateness
design as well as the quality of the glass.

Good
Cut
the

QUESTIONS

SUGGESTIVE
1. Given

2.

room

for

to

what

4.

What

5.

Why

are

may

rugs

side
and

of

the

colors

what

house,

would

draperies?

those
economically, with
rugs
compare,
be
the
not
housewife
extent
or
may
may

her
own
making
List
inexpensive

curtain

north

the

on

wallpaper,

home-made

do

Show

3.

living

choose

you
How

purchased!
in

justified

rugs.

might

which

materials

be

used

in

place

of

regular

materials.
the

advantages
willow

not

of

two-tone

furniture

color

always

be

materials
an

for

economical

furnishings?
purchase?

REFERENCES

Ball,

Katharine,

Lippincott
Cooley,
Anna,
Josephine,

and

West,

Miriam,

Household

Arithmetic,

J.

B.

Co.

Cora,

Mitchell,
Teaching

Home

Sphor,

Economics.

Wilhelmina,
Macmillan

Co.,

Marshall,
N.

Y.

City.

Lippincott,
Farmers'

Pliila.,

Bulletin

of

Period

of

Furniture.

Selection

Care

and

D.

Clothing.

of

U.

S.

Dept.

Furnishing

Practical

Artistic.

and

"

Fred

A.

Co.

Stokes

[jnne,

Home

Book

1914.

Washington,

Alice,

Practical

The

1089,

Agriculture,

2LLOGG,

Co.

Donaldson,

Harold

Cberlein,

Macmillan

Pottery.

J.,

George

jx,

203

FURNISHINGS

HOUSEHOLD

Helen,

IcGowan,

Cooley,

and

Fllen,

Waite,

and

Clothing

Anna,

and

Charlotte,

Macmillan

Health.

Textiles

Co.

Clothing.

and

millan
Mac-

Co.
1

Lane

Economy

and

in

"

Page

Household

Co.

Decoration.

John

Co.

Juinn,

Mary

Iolph,

Amy,
M.

"iouDER,

J.,

^hompson,

Eliza

Notions.

Rensselaer,

Holst,

Voolman,

Lippincott

Ronald

B.,
B.,

Textiles:

Silks.
The

V.,

Co.

Harper

"

Bros.

Linens.

and

Ronald

Manual

Press
of

Ronald

Press

Co.

Co.
The

Home-making.

lan
Macmil-

City.

Modern

Schenck,

Mary

Home.

Co.

Press

Cottons

York

the

Co.

Macmillan

Textiles:

Martha,
New
H.

Furnishing

and

Decoration.

Attie,

Thompson,

Co.,

Planning

Home

Eliza

7an

Doubleday,

Decoration.

Art

Mabel,

'riestman,

ton

Interior

Frank,

arsons,

American

Clothing:

Homes.

Technical

American

Choice,

Care,

Cost.

Society.
J.

B.

CHAPTER

VIII

STORAGE

Storage
should

is such

begin when

architect
may

the

should

suggestions
in

be

on

express

important

an

house

the

paper
be

may

each

stand

housewives

utmost

with

Rural

is

the

feature

of

important
had

on

of

much

vary,

ence
experi-

furs

or

home

charged
of

placing

storage should
204

planning

for

the

not

to

bin,

contents

of

as

times

is the

inadequate

storage

they

with

out

Each

panels,

even

are

may

be

city

per

room,

or

and

security

learned

of the

cent,
the

the

may

per

van

limited,
are

For

for

cares

them
them

returns

for

by

be

cubic

hired

load

warehouse,

the

at

; the

in

one's
advance

goods

while

so

prices

higher prices

absolutely fireproof buildings.

upon

an

valuation.

goods,

charged

is

storage which

desired, and

much

of

the

section

companies

woollen

storage
so

southern

space

storage

if

Furniture

the

where

for

year

house, because

provided.

fur

sends

entire

in

homes

the

usually will have

town

except

commercial

storage in
be

of

home

smaller

of two

fire insurance
also

the

stairs, and

storage is sometimes

storage

of

does

last consideration.

rural

; and

In

"

cost

an

the

The

"

includes

as

usually

from

occupied.
per

in

the

storage company

General

month

at

"

under

will

This

season,

space

definite

Storage

storage.

too, according to the

being
cost

for

order.

foot

whose

her

on

he

way

housewife,

houses, and the demand

'closets be thought
and

tucked

rented

factor.

the

during

such

Storage.

price, the

this

"

Storage.

cellar

facilities

be

The

skilled

based

taking regarding

storage than

Commercial

can

of it

architect.

his

necessity.

means

country

for

and

country,

storage

it

corner,

utilized

Home

in

not

every

commodious

attic
of

and

space,

profit be

more

the

valuable

real

shelves, cupboards,

care,

available

are

are

and

city

in

that

making
the

of

systematic arrangement
everything. One of the signs

for

both

space

in

the

place

definite

boxes

hoarding;

closet, and

or

"

and

the

that

ideas

practical

consideration

housekeeping.

unnecessary

box,

so

the

with

planned

cooperate,

definite

most

Closets, bins, and

mean

is first

to

eager

that

matter

they

by inquiry of

an

The

are

in

insur-

STORAGE

broker

ice

Eset

by

Carpet

saving in

; the

and

in

storage

rug

also

clean

torage companies
rdered,before putting them
The

of

and

silver

is sometimes

rent

the

into

goods.
a
specialty,and

upon
cities is

many
and
repair the

other

than

more

floor

the

coverings if

so

storage.

in

special vaults is provided by

storage companies, while valuable papers as

storage

mks

storage

of fire insurance

rate

high

low

205

certain
stocks

NORTH
ia.

124.

id

"

plan for

an

ideal cellar.

Courtesy

bonds, and

)xes

cared
jewelry, are
provided by banks, at from $3

CELLAR

The

cellar

or

basement

torage of food, because

OR

it is cool

the

in

for

to $10

and

Ladies

small

/Tome

safe

Journal.

deposit

year.

STORAGE

BASEMENT

is the

White

of CharlesE.

place

most

often

away

the

for

the

light. One
roblem
of the cellar is to keep it dry; its drainage will depend
the location of the house
there is natural
where
upon
drainage,
and upon the question of whether
there is a good concrete
floor. The
to provide cross
ventilation
provision of several small windows
and

from

chosen

206

HOUSEWIFERY

is

important.

one

window,

into

two

of the

If

ventilation

parts and

window
for

If the

part of the cellar used

be

can

secured

by building an

to within

few

as

box

or

of the

cellar

cellar is divided

into

rooms

heating apparatus, together

partitioned off by themselves, to keep

the

bins

the

and

also

from

the food.

be

and

Ladies

Home

fruit

and

Vegetable
Charles

bins
the
that

the

should

be

relationshipto

to the cellar stairs for kitchen

for

wood.

or

adjoining the
stairs

the

The
be

any

latter,if possible,
stored

kitchen.

should

will

the

in

is too

the

form

the

"

"

would.

These

bins

uprights (Fig. 125),

and

of

convenience

vegetablesmay
sweating
prevent their

best,because

coal,

lead

upstairs
The

cellar

directly by

to the kitchen.

the coal
housekeeper and the coal man,
by good-sized windows, easily opened, to

involved

bins

Vegetable

furnace

the

Consider
cost

should

and

and

connected

driveway.
extra

of

away

furnace

Journal.

convenience

heat

bins

in close

be

may

cellar clean,

the

well-lighted
passage
For

viding
pro-

the

age.
stor-

White

E.

fuel

wood

should
of

part

one

(Fig. 124),

for

keep

to

placed

coal

"

window

floor,thus

of the

rest

Coal

125.

from

compartments

or

with

Courtesy

the

but

of air.

current

the

Fig.

has

room

by dividing

air flue

inches

food

may
may

of

trays with

deciding

have

molding

wire

bottoms

are

circulation of air.

This

as

be mounted

one

raised

from

be

before

great.

then
and

this

much

as

above
the

they

the

floor

wise
other-

other

enough

on

to

The
fronts
permit cleaning beneath them.
of these bins may
be hinged to let down, and in that way
it is easy
clean them.
to empty and
(See also Vegetable Pits, page 216.)
should
be in a cool, dark, dry part of the
Preserve
closets
The
shelves should
be
cellar,and should have plenty of shelf room.
aid

ventilation,and

to

planned by reckoning the surface area

required for so many
jars
and
shelves
should
be enough to
glasses,and the space between
allow for height of jar or glass.
It is told by a large canning company
that they are
able to take
of stock in less than an hour, because it was
account
planned that the
shelves should
hold so many
of gallon,quart, or pint cans, and
rows

208

and

HOUSEWIFERY

baskets

conditions.

This

The

mache.

the

throughout
clothes

clothes

house

bin

necessary
be of metal

closet may

or

container

at

the

with

not

are

bottom

enamelled

of time

being clean
mildewing.
in

closet

Closet.

the

be

arranged

partments,
com-

may
and

shelves

with

half

other

the

best

that one-half

so

its

The

"

laundry is
two
large

into

divided

such

at

rusting or

not

Laundry

be

to insure

as

and

papier
may

painted

or

intervals

of

or

chute

of the

these

divided

have

to

place for all largeequipment,

which, if allowed to remain out
becomes
in the
dusty.
room,
will help decide
Available
space

this

whether
be built
a

into

division

shall be
isv"w,ssiai^.

kept in

part of the

equipment
idea

proved

one

parts,

closet in
and

room,

or

one

washing

in

another.

will

appeal to the
study
efficiency

whose

housewife
has

two

with

ironingequipment

whether

latter

singlecloset

as

storage should

This

to her that each

tool

Baapaasaam

is best

stored

its

near

working

center.

laundry closet (Figs.127

divided
and
or
128), whether
not, should be high enough to
A

Fio.

127.

"

One

section
laundry
closet.

equipment

take

the

the

basket

take
a
nor

stood

in

other

section

an

droppers, a

the

boiler

wringer if a
wringer are
open
to

small

hold

the

bowl, and

the

and

broad

the
clothes
placed on end, besides
Neither
is used.
hand-operated one
tools ready for service if they have

all

room

board

frame, deep and

curtain

enough to
basket, and

skirt

week.

It

is

better

to

stain-removingoutfit,such
the

shelve
as

the

bottles,

jars of salt,paraffin,starch, and

209

STORAGE

possiblea grouping of soaps, soda, and

strainer and stirring
on
one
shelf,and starch kettle,
jrosene
spoons
iron
be kept the irons and
lower
shelf may
On
another.
a
be planned to hold
icks.
A drawer
ironing-boardcovers,
may
the

as

make

The

cheesecloth.

felts and

deep

shelves

Other

"rax.

shelved

need

compartment

other, in fact, is better just deep enough

largeststarch cooker

be

not

hold

to

so

the

bowl.

or

evr yroms

papers

/ro/v

roiosrs

"tf"Jd(//?//VGCVPS

BOARD

3LEEI/E

CLOTHES

P//V

/RONMG

"""/". cremcms

BAG

STARCH, WAX, SALT

BOARD

tVASR

BOARD

fwrwG/Rom
BOILER

WR/MGER

/ROA/S

Fia.

For

128.

Laundry

"

laundry

Closet

closet

for the

small

Equipment,

home

laundry.

Laundry

see

Equipment,

)age 104.
KITCHEN

STORAGE

sign.
Pantry Closets.
They are alike in general deUsually they are divided into an upper and lower section,

Kitchen

as
rom
le

and

"

utensils such

to divide the heavier

the

lighter
pans
closet is deep are
14

and

bowls

best

as

(Fig.129)

in these

lower

heavy

kettles and

Shelves

half

compartments.

as

boilers
wide

as

Special

210

HOUSEWIFERY

large enough to hold barrels of sugar and

top of these cupboards opens on a hinge, as well as
the top of the barrel easilyreached
without
to make

cupboards should
of flour.
the

The

side, so

drawing

out

as

be built

the barrel ; barrel

swivels

on

which

to

swing

the

barrels

ijffip YWJP

Fig.

129.

"

Good

type

of kitchen

closet.

Such
be put into these closets.
cupboards are usually made
may
all-metal closet (Fig.
of wood, of course, but one
now
an
secure
may
metal.
129), which may be purchased in sections of white enamelled
Glass

doors

cupboard
In

narrow

to

which

the
is

upper
as

quarters

part of cupboards ensure

as
shelving,without
open

open
it is better

to have

the

closet

light,clean
having the dust.
a

doors

slide.

211

STORAGE

shelving should be planned to be within

possibleif the housekeeper is careful to plan less
The

so-called

the

on

the shelves.
cleaned

flat

of
by means
sink-cleaning

and

One

necessities.

two

or

space
tween
be-

space

closet is much

is

easily

more

top.

the sink

About

to the

of

waste

less unused

and

cupboard

slantingroof

the usual

than

of the

counter

This

reach.

shelves

small

are

washing
the dish-

best stored

row
nar-

directlyover the
at
sink provide a place near
hand
for the scouring powder,
the knife-cleaning material,
solved
small
a
jar of diswashing soda, a jar
with soap scraps soaking in
shelves

be

to

water

washing,

cork

knives, and
From
soap

in

used

for

dish

rubbing

silver cleaner.

the shelf may

hang the
shaker, the dish drainer,

and

perhaps

and

bottle

washer.

hook

under

the

the

dishmop
On

EHAMEL

drain-board

A/ff

be

may

built

EXTEMOR

FELT

WATER

SHEATH/NG

Fia.

130.

"

either

both

in

sides.

drawers

may

drawers

are

aprons,

and

This
be

on

of

wall

one

of

refrigerator.

or

rollers,so

to

as

shallow, they give

be

these

plumbing, for
pulled out easily. If

in

closes

way

no

the

classified

for

storage space

these

towels,

cloths.
FOOD

Food

view

sectional
a

draining board, on

PROOF

PAPER

the

under

WOOD

SPACE

WOOD

hang the dishpan and

If space
draining rack.
limited,a case of drawers

may
the
is

L/N/NG

for storage of current

the

refrigeration, preservation from

storage involves

by fanning, preservingby

STORAGE

dug-outs,and
supplies.

cellar

food

or

Refrigeration represents means

F.
temperature of about 45"-55"
In order that the refrigeratormay

of
in
be

also food

storage for food

an

ice-box

kept

at

or
more

air

containers

at

low

refrigerator.
or

less

even

212

HOUSEWIFERY

be so constructed
to prevent the entrance
as
temperature, it must
walls
the
the
of
heat
from
outside.
This
is accomthrough
plished
any

by the use of non-conducting materials

(Fig. 130) placed
The
o
in layerswith air spaces between.
efficiencyf the refrigerator
depends almost entirelyupon the perfectionof this insulation.
conditions
influence
Various
the possibility
of not maintaining
noted
the temperature
above, such as storing in a damp cellar,

Fig.
131.
usual
of air in two
Diagram
showing the circulation
types of refrigerators.
Air entering
sinks
the ice chamber
is cooled, and
the bottom
through
openings, drawing
in the warmer
air at the top.
meats
should
the cooler
Butter,
milk, and
space,
occupy
while food having a strong odor should
the air is just about
be placed where
the ice
to enter
chamber.
"

porch, putting in hot foods, and too frequent

that each time the door
it being found
opening of the refrigerator,
Someone
1" to 3".
has aptly
is opened, the temperature increases
the refrigerator
out before
said, Do not open the door and camp
while planning the next meal.
It might be more
costlythan to lose
the left-overs."
In a refrigeratorlarge enough for a family of four
or
five,the ice capacityshould be 60 to 75 pounds. The refrigerator
exposure

on

an

outside

"

temperature

is

higher than

therefore, is
refrigerator,
time

as

cold

storage.

not

cold

storage, which

is at

capable of keeping

food

34"

for

F.
as

and

long

a
a

213

STORAGE

Three
low

conditions

control

temperature, ventilation, and

readily be

secured

Fig.

132.

by

"

the

:
preservationby refrigeration

economic

melting

Refrigerator showing

dryness.
of

good

the

Low

ice in

interior

temperature
the

can

refrigerator;

arrangement.

of the refrigerator,
accomplished by the construction
that it will allow circulatingspaces for warm
and cool air (Fig.
131) ; the dryness depends upon rapid change of air in the ice-box,
the ice when
melted
into water, and no
"od drainage to carry away
jveringof the ice by wet cloths or papers.
mtilation

is

214

HOUSEWIFERY

The
The

refrigeratorhelps in
separate from the food, and
of

construction

proper

types keep the ice

best

the

its

care.

subdivide

and
that foods such
butter,
as
so
compartment
eggs, milk
be kept by themselves
sensitive to odors, may
(Fig. 132).

food

the
more

interior

The

iron, enamel,
free from

porcelain,but

or

of tubes
that

wire,

or

be of

wood, galvanized
be smootb,
it is,it should

may

whatever

impervious to moisture and odors,

be made
the racks should
For general efficiency
smooth
to be easilycleaned, so close together
as

cracks, made

easily cleaned.

and

of the box

construction

so

of material

tipping and spillingof dishes.

of the refrigerator,
The
hardware
especiallythe door latches,
should
be of the best quality,but more
important is the tightness
fit. They should
be so tight that not even
with which
the doors
a
the door is
thin calling card could
be slipped inside a door when
fastened.
The
wooden
refrigeratorsare cheaper and serviceable,
but the metal
lined
more
are
easily cared for, as the metal
ones
there

is little chance

for

and
naturally resists moisture
luxury, not a necessity,and
the cheaper kind.
drains

The
"

the

elbow
be

can

The

"

should

and

cleaned

brush,
be

refrigeratormay

in

water

This

trap.

or

refrigerator is

enamel
be

will

care

no

cleaner

Be
easily cleaned.
pipes are so arranged

and
open
in the drain

The

without

be

bends

with

odors.

removed

connected

to

is necessary

and
the

to

scrubbed

avoid

any

that

in

drain

house

sure

than

that

they

cleaning.

by putting

inflow

of

sewer

then, is not connected

even
by a continuous
refrigerator,
pipe into the sewer, but drips into a metal lined open cup or box
with the sewer
which
is in turn
connected
tion
pipe. If such a connecunder
the refrigeratoris safer
be arranged, a drip pan
cannot
The

gas.

to

use.

of the
window

For
ice

ease

cleanliness

compartment,
small

or

To

clean

On

the

door

so

from

that
the

door

is often

built

in

ice may
be put in
wall of the house
outside
the

the

back

through a
or
porch.

refrigerator,
see
chapteron Cleaning and Care, page 269.
supply of
farm, where there is an icehouse,the reserve

perishable foods
"

and

can

be

sometimes
"

stored

in the

ice house.

for the farmhouse

refrigerator (Fig. 133), convenient
detached
other
or
houses, depends for its cool temperature
curtains
in moistened
the evaporation of water
hung about a
upon
of wire netting. The
closet made
of canton
food
curtains, made
flannel, button tight about the food cage ; they are
kept moist by
The

iceless

216

HOUSEWIFERY

Window
and

food
be used

can

boxes

as

serve

substitute

about
satisfactorily

for

eight months

refrigerator,

in the

year in a
it is well

States.
In building a house,
large part of the United
the outside
to provide a cool box built on
wall of the house, with
a
refrigeratordoor opening directlyinto the kitchen through the
kitchen
wall.
(See chapter on Equipment, page 99.)
Food
where
pits, dug-outs or caves
food, mostly vegetable,
is buried

Fig.

storage, furnish

for

134.

"

mach";
2, soiled
mach6;
7, wooden
flour jar.

feasible

Variou3
clothes
flour

covering put
open,

It is

over

must

one

top of the

the

the

remove

too

Containers.

Food
merchants

(Fig. 134).
containers

be

"

meeting

are

the

most

the

top covering and

when

husk

corn

or

prevent freezing.

will

cave

straw

dig
food

the

varied

for

demands

housekeeper's demand

The

; often

down

the

to

contents

are

To

food.
not

the

non-absorbent

easilyhandled

communities

housekeeper should take out enough

perhaps a week's supply.
As
the
study of housekeeping advances,

often, therefore

celery,turnips,etc.,for

be

large supplies.

away

operated in the best fashion

exposed

in rural

box, papier
for the
house.
1, soiled clothes
types of containers
basket, papier
bag, paper;
box; 4 and 5, garbage; 6, waste
3, bread
bin; 8, ground
glass-stoppered bottle; 9, porcelain flour jar; 10, glass

stow

to

way

often

that

of

both

they be

odors
attractive

and

various

food

to-day

is that

grease;
order
in
to

that

help

tainers
con-

food

they
make

217

STORAGE

kitchen

the

housekeeper may
containers

the
If

the

of

one

plan

even

match

may

glass containers
Tin.

quality,but
weight but
the

rust

there
has

It

the

best

or

breakable, and
Glass.

"

containers.

scheme, in which

color

tiling,paint,and linoleum.
which
are
pasted on often

the

is

likely to

amount

of the
able
consider-

to

amount

may

light in

in energy.

the

on

Earthen

"

makes

sets

also hide
is

as

or

crockery food

to-day,

market

decoration

of

some

They

dishes.

them

They

are

having

easily cleaned

are

attractive.

them

containers

are

the
and

expensive,

the contents.

perhaps

It is obtainable

non-absorbent, and

this

see

cheapest
is

Tin

moisture

possibleto
that

seen

the

are

in these.

priceseven

it is not

Crockery.

Glass

japanned,

or

disadvantages, in that

and

looking

of

range

easilybe

uniformity of

the

that

can

attractive

same

is
two

loss in time
Earthen

used, the labels

are

tin, and

contents.

the

in color

containers, painted

Tin

"

with

her kitchen

The

house.

the

of

rooms

color.

the

introduce

attractive

most

the

most

in various

sanitary material
sizes,prices,and

for

food

shapes, is

is

tents.
particularlyuseful because it shows the conof the jars and bottles,especially
Some
those for the medicine
with
etched
into the glass. Black
the names
case, will be found
labels which
shellaced on, are very helpful.
or
are
paint lettering,
Earthenware
Canning and Preserving Containers.
jars and
crocks, and glass preserving jars,bottles,and glasses,are used for
the storage of canned, preserved, salted,pickled, or
dried
foods.
used
Paper and tin can containers
are
increasinglyin the private
household.
containers
be used
for pickling.
Large wooden
may
Fruit jars should
be examined
for clearness
and freedom
from
any
dimming, since cheap glass products of this kind are not always
insoluble.
Fruit
leach out from
inferior glass enough
juices may
alkali to interfere
with
the preservation of the canned
material;
this may
for some
otherwise
account
mysterious spoilingof canned
"

fruit.
In
where
food
until
it is
made

canning

or

preserving,the principleis

it will be free from

bacterial

action.

to store

away

the

food

To

accomplish this, the

is heated
to the boiling point, and
held
at that temperature
all the bacteria and their spores (egg cells)are killed,and then
put into hot sterile jars or bottles.

air-tight.With

glassjars this

The

is done

jar

or

container

is then

by having tight-fitting

218

HOUSEWIFERY

which

covers

down

fasten

made

tighter by using

the

leaks

liquid

with
rubber

new

will

out

screw

leak

rings for
air

lever

or

fastener, and
A

seals.

jar from

let bacteria

and

containers, the cap is soldered or sealed tight. The

for catsup bottles may
be used for cans.

in.

are

which

With

tin
used

sealingwax

for

made
not
air tight,
are
jelliesand preserves
sealed with paraffinto keep mold
but are
from
forming. This use
of paraffinis satisfactory,
and is all that is necessary,
the large
as
used in the preserving makes
the growth of bacteria
amount
of sugar
ing
impossible.Salting and pickling preserves the food without any sealBacteria
do not grow
in a
other than to keep the mold
away.
Containers

salt medium.
Wash
fit

away;

in

the

stretchy, and
ones
Always use new

and

into

rubber

good ring
To
food

empty glassjars and

put them

the

are

the

of

one

Old

old

fold

reverse

in

putting

together,so

away

often
of

causes

To

ones.

before

covers

rubbers

chief

the

tested

or

fold, then

will not

reduce

all

jars,and
canning season.

to

covers

time

save

wipe dry

and

become

soft

fruit

test, press

exactly the

to

as

same

spoiling.
the ring of
place. A

crack.
of

expense

purchasing containers, dry

much

as

possible.
Stone
glass
jars or crocks are used for storing eggs in water
silicate.
The
be clean, but unwashed.
or
liquid sodium
eggs must
Water
glass is purchased in pound bottles as a syrupy liquid,and
used
in the proportion of one
pound of liquid glass to ten quarts
is poured over
the eggs.
of cooled boiled water, which
as

GARBAGE

Garbage

Containers.

vermin-proof,and
impossiblefor dogs and
desirable

to

keep

"

STORAGE

have
cats to

the contents

containers

Garbage

should

such

covers
tight-fitting

push

them

from

off.

In

freezing; for

the

be

tight,
water-

that

it is

winter

it is

this reason,

wooden

1x3 proof against leaking

used, but they will never
pailsare sometimes
or
freezing,and have many
disadvantages. Heavy galvanizedpails
with tight covers, are
serviceable.
fitted
the most
and,
are
common,
the best indoor
Enamelled
pailsmake
garbage cans, as they are
sightlyif kept in the kitchen ; but as
easilycleaned, and are more
Some
service.
they chip easilythey are not suited to hard outdoor
of the

more

modern

enamelled

waste

containers

are

made

with

foot

219

STORAGE

will raise the cover,

which

3ver

leaving the

hands

free to

containers
first made
for
were
rbage. These
divers,but they are especiallygood in the small
housewife

le

for

does

eliminate
effort

in

back

porch

or

with

every

It is

unsanitary

in

uncovered

be

emptied, as
garbage is apt

pan,
such

the

have

to

pail

the

gate
waste.

keep waste
waiting to
storage of
hold
house-

flies,ants,

fecting
By way of disingarbage, or ing
attempt-

vermin,
made

it distasteful

make

to

several

with

of the

put
jar of

shakes

into

or

the

on

little

contents

to
are

lids.

insecticide
and

cover,

putting
out

to the

cans

sifters in their

disinfectant

is

can

as

good plan

roaches.

and

of

draw

to

pests, such

is

to

to

back

little bit

time

walking
to the

It is

kitchen, where

it will

wasted

much

and

The

work.

own

house, because

the

an

her

empty the
hospital waste

the

the
cover

powder

of the

can.

on

It

better

principleto keep the

tents
clean, and empty the conoften.

One

type of

tainer
garbage conwhich
is non-freezing in
135.
Fig.
Underground
and
proof
ordinary weather
against animals is set into the ground (Fig. 135).
is built to receive the garbage container.
A foot
"

cover

of the
the outside

well

and

bail handle

attached

pail,making

it

to

the

container.

well

cement

lever
vessel

raises
is

the

always

possibleto lift the container to

empty without
any contact with the garbage.
for garbage containers.
For the housewife
Garbage bags are made
who
is doing lighthousekeeping and has only a little waste
this
will be satisfactory. The
the same
material
bags are of somewhat
those for paper bag cookery and for laundry bags in hotels.
as
They
on

of the

garbage

220

HOUSEWIFERY

oe

may
to

hold

holes

Hacks

or
bought by the hundred
gross.
the bag in place in the sink, and

the

off into the

drains

water

sink.

purchased
with

bag is made

the

as

be

may

bag and contents

disposed of together.
The

are

Cut

put into the

circles of paper

of great
are
garbage cans
advantage; or a newspaper
out
opened out and put in withthe
cutting often serves
They keep the can
purpose.
that its cleaning amounts
so
to very little.
Incinerators
modern

garbage.

incinerator
which

hot

air

through

into

plan

The

small

stove

passed

the flue would

the

waste,

being

careful

least

possible

from

in

garbage.

After

of its great

the

be used

small
Fio.

136.

"

One

type

of

incinerator.

in

houses

(Fig. 136).

as

are

the
or

and

considered
common

fuel.
built

in

may

be

up like
kitchen
of

apartments

The

types burn,
odor

garbage

charred, and

or
large institutions,
to
set
bought ready

stove

of

amount

Incinerators

the

carbonizingthe

slowly dried,it
could

have

to

hindrance

then

housekeeper

because

moisture

up

slowly

evaporate the moisture

the

the

that

was

it

as

first made

was

fitted

pipe.

of disposing of

way

household

represent

most

cient
effi-

without

Gas is
quantity of garbage at one time.
of creating very intense
heat.
A
the best fuel because
has a bushel capacity,and as they burn
size of incinerator
without

smoke,

221

STORAGE

quart

or

well
In

mts

as

in

lg cost for
mintenance

the

collection

the

large

Utilization.

collected

be

to

fertilizer for the

If it is

lime, and

lonths, it becomes

been

not

garden.

of

coating

of

one

laid

best
the

on

garbage disposal.
value of garbage as a
a
pit,covered with a

for

emptied into

for

left buried

fertilizer

excellent

an

$75.00; its

to

districts,the garbage
for the pigs. This
method,

the

whole

the

garbage preIts purchas-

urban

or

food

as

of

$60.00

from

ranges

used

Sufficient stress,too, has

for

the

two

three

or

The

garden.

housewife,

iving of fat, either by the individual

rom
garbage by the community, is of
itional

is

garbage container

solution.

proved

expense.
In rural

"

sanitary control, is

lin

is

is all that

day

per

utilization

and

is

home

smaller

is not

Garbage
ider

kitchen

the

the incinerator
difficulty,

often

garbage

garbage burner.

places where
a

of

burning

one

incinerator

The

necessary.
as

bushel,

its recovery

or

greatest importance in

the

economv.

STORAGE

SPECIAL

Broom

Closets.

Cleaning

and

CLOSETS

To

"

for

plan

building

broom

they are to be stored when the closet is

ished.
them.
Measure, and
literallybuild the closet around
with
he result will be that brooms
and
brushes
will
long handles
will be a proper
distance
ave
a place to hang, shelves
apart to hold
will be a hook
-he jars,boxes
and bottles.
There
for every brush,
the

loset,arrange

he

shelves

sweeper
ikely to be kept in
closets

ould

have

closet

drawer

ought

be

to

cleaner, because
good order, with its contents

or

vacuum

should

shelves

labelled,and

The

cloths.

the

Broom

as

will be

hooks

for clean

'lanned
take

and

things

be

and

high

hooks.

and
If

classified.

cleaning closets

makes

space

be

may

just deep enough

deep closet is less

and

narrow,

the

two

or

it

desirable,

be arranged separately. The

idea is to have
may
specialplace for the various kinds of equipment so essential to good
closets

two

ese

leaning,

and

so

leaning outfit
Plan
or

new

such

unsightly

is not
a

broom

house,

even

loset will store those

ay.

In

old

houses

suitable
and
if

some

when

standing

to be

about.

put in with

Besides,
things.

other

cleaning closet (Fig. 137)

of the

closets

small.

are

solutions,cloths,and

brushes

where

was

such

closet

not

not

on

each
The

needed

planned

the

floor

larger
every
in the

222

Fig.

HOUSEWIFERY

137.

"

An

old

converted

wardrobe

into

housekeeping

closet.

Courtesy

of

Cornell

University.

building, old wardrobes

white

enamel

sectional
Such

paint

to

may
make

be

inside with
used, painting them
enamel
them
White
easily cleaned.

brush
be purchased for broom
and
may
kitchen
facilities may
be purchased from

closets

storage

closets.
cabinet

makers.
Linen

Closets.

"

Linen

closets

should

be

planned

with

the

224

Fia.

HOUSEWIFERY

139.

"

Linen

closet

with

good

than

the

bathroom.

near

the

housekeeper's

of drawers

arrangement

good place
Here

room.

and

shelves

"

very

suitable

for

hall.

is

shallow

closet off the

it is of service

to

hall

all,without

It helps also to put

disadvantage of being in the bathroom.
in a specialplace, so that there is less likelihood of runmedicines
ning
the risk of using lotions for medicines
and vice versa.
the

For

the

desirable,so

medicine
that

the

case,

shallow

medicine

case

closet with
can

be

narrow

like the

shelves

is

apothecary's

225

STORAGE

lop with

of bottles

singlerows
As

sight.

medicines

many
have

loset should

mirror

with

each

its label

dark, the door of this

wood panel rather than plain glass.
it wise to get a set of standard
gists'
drug-

keep

or

(Fig. 140),
best in the

housekeepers think
display bottles,small and larger sizes,with glass stoppers
in them.
permanent etched labels,and keep medicines
They

Some

and

give

ance
very attractive appearto the closet. It is wise to
a

keep poisons like carbolic acid

in
shelf by themselves
a
on
unusual
bottles of an
shape,
with a rough outside finish,
or
so

that if

to the closet

went

one

dark, attention would be

Also have
instantly attracted.
in the

prescriptionbottles
in large
which may
accumulate
be
not
families; they should
ke
kept indefinitely.
a

shelf for

houses

In
sion

toset,

where

was

either

closets
These

for

made

wooden

or

be

may
be

can

no
promedicine

metal

purchased.

screwed

to

the

wall,and will givegood service.

Fig.

140.

"

medicine

closet.

Emergency cases or kits are prepared by being fitted out

tweezers, and the various needs for
bandages,gauze, scissors,
mcies.
They range in size and corresponding cost from
)cket

to wall

cases

Equipment

EQUIPMENT

MEDICAL

OF

LIST

closets of the medicine

closet size and

Graduated

glass
teaspoons

Absorbent

cotton

Atomizer

ounces

Bandages

Corks

sizes

Medicine
Medicine

3-inch

Nasal

"

Eye cup
Empty
Gauge
Hot-water

Icebag
15

"

1-inch

Clinical

SUPPLIES

AND

thermometer
different

new;

Old

dropper
glass
douche

linen

sizes

Piece

of clean

clean

bottle

bag

flannel

sizes
Safety pins
Surgeon's plaster
Syringe
"

Tweezers

with
emer-

small

efficiency.

226

HOUSEWIFERY

Supplies:

Laxative

Arnica
Aromatic

Boracic

ammonia

of

spirit

Bicarbonate

Menthol

soda

of

Oil

Camphor
acid

Salt

Collodion

Hydrogen

Witch

peroxide
Closet

Bathroom,
in

racks

for

seat

slipperchair; and
A

crash

stepping from

bath

Closet.

If

"

bathroom

should

be

make

sides
Bemirror.
a
soap ; a glass shelf ; and
foot bath ; a stool low enough to be used

mat

will

The

"

is
rug which
for the bare

the bath

Bathroom
other

comfortable

by water, and

and

and

ointment

should
it so, there
be
for glasses,
for clothing; holders
to

towels; hooks

for

brushes

tooth

Equipment.

and

furnishings, and

its

these, a tub
a

Rochelle

hazel

Zinc

Iodine

as

or

Vaseline

Glycerine

sponge,

Epsom

"

Smelling salts
Turpentine

cream

complete
plenty of

tube

of

peppermint
Preparation for burns
Quinine

acid

Carbolic
Cold

tablets

Listerine

or

cork

the

oomfort

feet, add
mat

the rug
medicine

keep

injured

easily cleaned, not

be

to

in better
closet

used

and

venience.
con-

just

when

condition
is

placed

in

some

closet may
then be shelved
part of the house, the bathroom
toilet closet ready to hold such toilet articles
divided
a
more
as

soaps, tooth
could
be
There
and

perhaps

and

the

brushes

small

shelf

for various

home

remedies

usual

better

are

toilet paper,
towels
for nasal
compartment

pastes, extra

as

in the

washes

such

wash

and

eye

family

air,so put the holders

outside

closet.
Equipment

Bath

brush

Shoe

dressing

Bath

mat

Shoe

polish pad

Sponge

floss.

Dental

Drinking

glasses
cleaner

Flush-closet

Surgeon's

plaster

brush

Hand

brush

PaPer
brushes

Tooth

Scissors

Towels

Scrubbing
Shaving

.,

Toilet

Matches
Nail

rack

Sponge

brush

bath

outfit
hand

razor

strop

Wash

cloths.

douches,

listerine,peroxide,

as

all the

which

and

cloths

use.

of the

Tooth,
closed

227

STORAGE

Supplies:
Alcohol

Pumice

Bay

Scouring powder

rum

Shaving

soda

of

Bicarbonate
cream

Hair

tonic

Soap

lotion

Hand

cream

peroxide

Hydrogen

soap

powder

Toilet

ammonia

Toilet

water

fodine

Talcum

Listerine

Tooth

wash

Witch

hazel

Porcella

or

Soap

Cold

whiting

or

Shoe-cleaning

Outfit.

"

Cleaning

powder

of shoes

is often

done

out

of

they are to be cleaned and polished at home, one

needs an outfit of a cleaningbrush, a daubing brush, and a polishing
brush.
These
are
bulky enough to require a box, which takes up
considerable
There
be a difference
of opinion as
to
room.
may
should
If the bathroom
where
this cleaning work
be done.
is large
why the cleaning should not be done there.
enough, there is no reason
If the box is the usual blackening box, it has a carpeted top, and
the house

may

serve

In
a

as

the

with

seat.

where

back

choice, because
is in

bathroom

of the
Tool

if

houses

better

that

; but

seem
mean

bers
mem-

family.

Closet.
work

hallways are commodious, that may

the time required to clean shoes may
of other
too long for the comfort
use

"

bench.

closet
A

or

chest

of

list of desirable

tools
items

should
follows:

be

provided

Awl;

brass

looks ; brass rings ; chisel

cold,wood ; emery paper ; gimlet ; glue ;
lammer
; hatchet
; picture
; nails,several sizes ; oil can
; paint brushes
"

looks; picture wire; pliers;punch for leather; sandpaper; saw;

several
:rew
sizes; screw
driver; shears, heavy;
screws,
eyes;
teel wool ; tacks, several sizes and
kinds ; tack puller; upholstery
icks ; wire ; wire

cutter ; wrench.
CLOTHING

STORAGE

Those
Hangers.
garments which are in frequent use will keep
leir shape better if hung on
skirt hangers. The
coats
coat and
lould be buttoned
to keep the fronts from
sagging. Skirts will hang
luch better if clamped by the band
in a skirt hanger. If one
is
is without
sufficient hangers for coats, some
be
or
ravelling,
may
lade for coats and dresses by rollingnewspapers
tightlyand tying
the middle
the
roll
with
of
a
string or tape, or in an emergency
"

228

HOUSEWIFERY

with

handkerchief.

barrel

wooden
a

Make

hoop, wound

tape in the middle, is

in each

Half
loop to go over the hook.
with stripsof cloth and suspended
excellent hanger. Two
safetypins

end

of

an

folded

of

skirt band

will hold

skirt in

the

with
ened
fast-

good

shape.
Dress

garments for both

clothing,will
or

suitable

have

cambric

The
soft laces

and

protectionif

should

dress

women,

percale slip,or

or

material

and

men

be

light

fabrics.

The

other

as

slipped into

that

sleeves

its

for the
will not

weight
be

may

special
dress,
night-

old

an

made

bag

cover

so

well

as

stuffed

with

pose.
purcrush
tissue

paper.

To

Put

Away

is cleanliness
from

woolens.

Clothing.
; therefore

Muslins

left

and

The

"

all spots should

and

linens

Silks

rough dry.
thoroughly clean garment

first essential

when

should

ing
storing clothremoved, especially

be
be

in

washed,

possible should

should

starched,

not

be

The

rolled.

be

packed in moth-proof containers,

which
all
the
from
tight newspaper
wrappings,
range
way
and sheets of tar paper, to tar-paper bags and cedar chests.
Pepper,
tar balls,camphor, cedar chips,or a combination
of cedar, camphor,
and tar, such as is sold in packages, are
usually enclosed with garments
extra
The
an
as
is
precaution.
object of these materials
to keep out moths
and other insects,as they are pungent
ing
and irritatto the
In

air passages

wrapping clothing,the
to avoid
having cracks.

sheets

of

decidedly

newspaper
roundabout.

and

when

then

safe.

strips of

This

paper.

essential
This
the

there

is much

The

"

the

is to

be

done

journey

for

of

the

bundle

moth

with

which

In

to

ends,
sidered
con-

with

some

known
un-

city homes
advisable

seem

away
is like

cold

for

be

be

be sealed

moths.

rugs

the

may

where,

it may

would

over

closets,can

room,

and

overlap the wrappings

by interweaving

be fitted

can

in houses

trouble

especiallylimited
large pieces such as furs

storage.

point
may

is advisable

is

one

send

food

that

so

insect.

Newspaper caps
tied tightly one
has a
Packages, boxes, and even

reason,

where

of the

be

to

put in cold

the cold storage of

storage of clothing
temperature so low (34 degrees) that bacterial life is

inactive.

Shoes,
circulation
Leather

when
of

not

air,and

will resist

in

should

use,

should
certain

be

be

put away

amount

stored
clean

where
and

of water, but

there

is

dry (Fig. 141).

needs

to be dried

229

STORAGE

order

carefullyin
close to

heat,

hardened

and

as

Fio.

and
so

needs
with

Keep

to

is

so

maintain

shoes

done

often

pliability.If

141.

"

Clothing

that
in

have

storage,

some

hard

with

it is dried

shoes, the leather

with

parched beyond repair.

redressing with

shoes

its

dries

Leather

in

too

becomes

the

air,

special place for shoes.

oil mixture.

This

is

especially

wear.

shape by stuffingwith

paper,

or

by using

shoe

230

HOUSEWIFERY

tree ;
o"

steel will make

corset

shoes

alternatelywill

worn

consecutively.
Clothing Storage

shoe-tree

good

longer

wear

Closet

Boxes.

or

substitute.
than

if

they

and

Moths

"

pairs

Two

worn

are

other

small

do great damage
pests, such as silver fish and buffalo bugs, may
in storage. Often
the housekeeper
to clothing, blankets, etc.,when

first

disadvantage

the

but

to be

tight enough

of

cover

into

has

closed

such

in

Closets

attic

lined,have

cedar

have

satisfactory

seems

locking up

the

their

served

material

extra

be
it may
not
Special chests, either cedar line5
is that

trunk

of

means

the

cracks
in

when

They are
virtually sealed.

storage.
are

place puts

the

contents

box.

top floor

or

often

are

planned

on

large

These
sometimes
are
storage of woolens.
sealed floors,and the door closes against a molding,

especiallyfor

scale

storage

better

much

sealed

the

of

old

an

grooved, so
heavy molding and

and

perhaps

of

means

usually tongued and

The

that

kind

vermin-proof.

cedar, furnish

all

or

affords

the trunk

because

trunks

travelling. This

for

use

old

in

articles

these

stores

summer

entirelypacked it is possibleto seal the door and thus

insure
None
of these closets can
make
an
air-tightroom.
proper
is
first
unless
the
of
cleaned,
the
clothing
thoroughly
clothing
care
Under
these conditions
and properly sealed.
and the closet cleaned
be a good storage
if without
well-made
cedar, may
closet,even
any
takp
Closets have
closet.
advantage over
trunks, for they can
an
so

when

that

large garments,

It is far

folding.
Sewing

materials,
hooks

bedroom,

the

or

sewing-room.

it makes

its

left-over

would

own

bits of
with

not

fold

to

such

as

extra

pieces of goods,

This

center.

room

extra

best

but

nursery,

may,

guest

of all in

if necessary,
but
room;

bits

other
the

set

room

of

thing?
sewing

in the

be

place may

odd

wife's
houseaside

planned that
really
sewing work
be

so

accommodations.

housewife

Every
shelves

excellent

an

demands

This

than

box.

mending
and its working

machine

hang furs,

to

many
eyes, buttons, tapes, and
best
stored
and
near
marking are

and

for

needed

suits without

heavy coats, and

and

better, for example,

pack tightlyin

trimming,

robes

rugs,

and

them

as

even

has

her

material, but

own

ideas

it would

hinged drop-fronts(likea
consider

bags.

With

bags,

about

that

seem

linen
too

storing patterns
had

she

closet)or

often

the

ever

and

tried

drawers, she

whole

contents

232

HOUSEWIFERY

of the daily work

of the home
consists of putting
problem. Much
There
these things in order.
two
are
parts to the solution of this
problem: one part is to provide a regular place for keeping such
things; the other is training children and older persons, as far as
that is practicable,to put things back
after using them.
Two
and
athletic
storage problems in this field are presented: music
goods.
be bought or made
Music
cabinets
for storing sheet music,
can
is
music
phonograph records, and player piano rolls. So much
suitable than
with only a paper back that shelves seem
bound
more
racks

which

on

close

shelves

sheets

fewer

find,and

the

be stored

may

be classified

can

sheet

up

stand

must

than

together rather

to bind

it wise

music

two

in each

fashion.

book

three

or

far

The

section.

Have
for

apart,

music

many
then

is easier

according to kind, or to author. Many

sheets
with twenty-fiveor more
music
index
an
Phonograph records
page.

to

find
in

are
book-binding, with
in
albums.
convenientlykept
Sport or athletic goods are usually to be used out of doors,
the first floor
it is better to plan a good closet for such things on
so
in the basement, or perhaps off the vestibule.
or
They need to be
kept dry and clean, and the space should be provided with hooks
and special clothing, shelves to lay gloves
rackets
to hang tennis

cloth

nets, and

and

small

drawers

or

boxes

balls and

to hold

other

small

articles.
TO

house

The
is

there
All

should

for

chance

portieresshould
moths.

and

dust
left

no

itself

to be

be gone
left in order.

drawers
and

should

Store

To

in the

house, the

avoid

scratching.

silver

in
to

they

keep

or

dirt and

dust

down, brushed

or

net

over,

woolens

and

and

aired and

clean

so

that

vermin.

attract

to

from

put away

should

curtains

starched, stretched

be

washed

finished.

Bureau

from

put away

and

moths,

When

"

should

housewife
Of
in

these

offer in the

thoroughly clean,

storage of silver is spoken of,

safe deposit vault; but whether
stored there

Silver.

usually pictures a

cases

taken
lace

The

rough dry ready

be

particlesof
be

HOUSE

THE

CLOSE

recent
canton

cases

and

storing of

years
flannel

take

the

some

bags, because
silver,whether

or

specialprecaution to

silversmith

bags.

one

has

It behooves
of the
it is

delivered
the

keeper
house-

great protection

placed in the

side-

233

STORAGE

"ard

from

lest

housewife

silver; or

one

piece.

143

no

cut

may
The

such

The

storage

white, because

flannel

often

for flat silver

when

the

between

stored

or

in

away

with

the

silver

to

gum

roll.

If

camphor,

the

be

may
or

gray,

used

of canton
flannel.
flannel
velvet.
or

has

bleached

darken.

there
to

is

the

for

will not

The

layer of

case,

form

drawers

so

be

canton

has
soon.

lined

canton
made

piece, so

it makes

bag

are

white

should

each

or

flannel,

canton

the

Cases

made

pieces of
wrapping

for

green

drawer, chest, or

the tarnish

different

fit the

separate pocket sections

pieces are rolled

pieces; with tape sewed

easilybe

can

are

that

small

neat, compact

piecesof

chemical

the

causes

bags

canton

there

to

which

red,

with

not

cases,

squares

jewelers use

of silver.

Storage

"

has

special bags (Fig. 143),

rarchased

Fio.

another,

to

vault.

or

If the

each

special function

one

that

flannel

possiblea
in

it

few

234

HOUSEWIFERY

should

Rugs

be

cleaned, and if they are not to be in use for

time, they should be rolled,and put away
woolens.
some
as
Rolling
rather
than
In homes
where
there
folding will prevent creases.
fine rugs, they may
are
convenientlybe wrapped and left on
many
the floor in one
of the rooms,
without
carrying up or downstairs.
This
does not
afford any
specialsafety against fire,so it is often
considered
to have
valuable
an
by the expert
economy
rugs cleaned
cleaner

3nr*T"ro

and

placed in

tut

cleaner

vacuum

method.

The

with

for

"

Charles

and

of

Pictures
fine

that

have

those

that

be

wiped

no

from

spots from
Cereals

glass, as
gilt frames

be

cereals
that

empty

the

tighttin

kept

for

containers

moths.

made,
aired, un-

after
a
are

and

brass

cracking,or
unprotected

the

with

empty
thorough

paintings,

metal.
is to be closed

foods, and

scalding and

leave

for
the

airing. Should
is closed,be sure

the

house

tightly closed.

Put

candles

time

over

oil,may
any very
bedsteads, as it prevents
perhaps peeling off,and

when

short

pictures
and

thin

such

out

Place

"

the

over

If the house

"

to
a

oil

oil,or

and

Chandeliers.

muslin

or

Lemon

Containers.

Food

long period, it is wise

containers

too,

paper,

pillowscovered

and

with

usual

IS

hardening
forming on

and

nets

gilt chandeliers

the

over

the shellac
rust

have

the

with

ered
cov-

Ladies

Journal.

Home

and

be

sheet.

clean

should

left well

be

window

Courtesy

storage.
White
E.

screen

.sheets

should

and
Racks

thorough

more

furniture

dust

Beds
"

"

specialprecaution against

as

144.

storage, in

fireproofstorage warehouse.
should
have
Upholstered furniture
a thorough brushing and
beating with a
soft beater, or should
be cleaned
with
a

Fig.

cold

and

matches

in

boxes.

be well blackened; the

with oil,or may
be treated
may
well that the blacking becomes
should
be done
so
really an

Stoves
latter

coating. Gas stoves should

which
stove paint, a fireproofkind
Windows.
Papers placed in
enamel

"

tighten the cracks and prevent

with no
is good ; but a window

the

be left with
is made
the

windows

or

coat

of black

especiallyfor

siftingin

shutter

before

of dust.

shade

enamel

stoves.

closingwill
A

exposes

little

light
wallpaper,

235

STORAGE

all

and

rugs,

Window

and

Rubber

as

If oil has

should

been

used

the rubber.
of

Iron

the

effect

out, cleaned, wiped

taken

dry place (Fig. 144).

in

rapidly

very

must

rubber, whether
be entirelyremoved, or
with

heat

and

sunlight,

and

should

steel

liquidoil

like kitchen

should

are

wiped

rather

with

over

lard

than

and

best cleaned

Motors.

"

waxed,

newspaper.
All motors

such

washing machines, ironers,vacuum

it is very dry; it is wise to
and
in the upper
put them

spot will form in

to clean it,as in the

heavy

them

out

of

handles, and

found

on

be stored

cellar

or

or

basement
have
the
cost

more.

Plumbing.
other

the

where

Motors
that
part of the house.
moisture
will spark and cross
absorbed
circuit,and to overcome
that may
will have to be sent to be rewound, a renewal
difficulty
dollars

oil,
salty

be used.

not

should

grease.

be

may

sweet

or

to their

sweepers,

take

immediately.

should

even

as

off

kerosene

or

and

mobile
auto-

or

soft

be washed

fat wrill produce rust

wrapped tightly in
Electric

be

syringe bag

rubber; if used

dissolves

wringer, the kerosene

Flat-irons

ten

oil

with

he

Kerosene

using always
grease

be

deteriorate

they

tire,it

then

from

fading

unnecessary

two
kept in a cool, dark place. Where
of rubber are likelyto stick together,they should be wiped
powder.
possible,or hung to dry, and dusted with talcum

thicknesses

dry

in

stored

goods

therefore

case

an

should

screens

kerosene

as

to

sunlight.

of the

or

furnishings

"

All

should

fixtures

closets

flush
be

and

traps under

thoroughly flooded

with

wash

basins

strong soap

and

suds,

Soda
is most
washing soda solution.
merally used because the housekeeper is familiar with it. It is
be used in the proportion of one
to two pounds of soda to a gallon
)i water.
at the last, before
Tf this is done
leaving the house, it
all mean
has not only gone down
that this soda water
the pipes,but

carbolic

that

acid

water,

of it has

some

trap under

the

or

hot

remained

basins

in the

may

not

traps, In order

that

this water

evaporate during the absence

from

house, the stoppers may be put into the waste openings in the
do this unless
the water
is shut off at the main
tsins;but never
inlet pipe. This
chance
will prevent any
of a flood by a sudden
the

forcingof
jaste

ray

the

faucet.

heavy paper

is to

pour

cover

about

Another
over

one-half

to prevent evaporation is to
way
the tops of the basins ; but the best

cup

of

sweet

oil

into

each

trap.

236

HOUSEWIFERY

Oil should

put into flush closet traps. This will float on the

is in the trap, act as a seal, and
prevent evaporation.

that

water

Be

also be

that

sure

drained, so

the

that

house
no

one

inlet

pipe
draw

can

is turned

water,

off and

or

by

the

faucet

no

that

so

might
could

broken

flood

the

main,

pipe, as
winter,

the

ORGANIZE

open

the

in

occur

not

TO

pipes

be forced

from

pressure

and

house

house.

STORAGE

Food
Tags and Labels.
all
containers, packages whose
contents
not
are
self-evident,
and especiallyevery medicine
be
bottle, should
carefully
"

labelled.

It

time

saves

and

insures
of
lack
use;
proper
labels with medicine
lead
may
to serious consequences.
The

housekeeper

stationers'

various

in

will

find

stores

labels and

tags of appropriate
often
and
size, and

shape
speciallydesigned for various
household
uses
(Fig. 145).
of household

Books
a

labels

are

because

convenience

they are
writing the

printed, and save

names.
Key tags for closets,
larger tags for jugs and boxes,
and

even

which

market.
145.

of labels
kinds
needs.

-Various

for

ent
differ-

to

and

take

time

the
to

names

organize

drawers, whose

shellac

with
and

contents

obtainable

to

the

in the

It will be found

the

greatestsaving to purchase the

best kind

plainly,cover

are

holders

attached

be

can

drawers,
Fig.

little metal

to

of tags, write

preserve

them;

names

and

then

label all containers, shelves, closets,

can

be

better

controlled

thereby.

237

STORAGE

Filing
purchased

Boxes.
in

Filing, pamphlet,

"

various

sizes and

and

shapes, and

storage boxes
are

without

may
doubt

be
the

classifyand tabulate all such things as business papers,

receiptedbills,photographs, clippings,and specialcopies of magazines
best way

to

and

newspapers.

Fig.

Card

Catalogs.

"

is most

convenient.

in hundred

tabs,one
Addresses

lots,and
may
are

have
best

Tbe

140.

"

card
The

Housekeeper'

of filinginformation
catalog method
cards are quite inexpensive if bought

of several boxes
with thumb
index
by means
an
effectively
organized set of helpful references.
kept this way; recipesare well arranged by divid'

238

HOUSEWIFERY

ing

into
have

who
and

sections

various

the

used

storage together
also

the

some

5-inch

Housewives
their

arrange

list the winter

and

budget
summer

article,and

of supkeep account
plies
cost, purchased in a year;
of stock
in large supply closets.
the larger 5 x 8-inch
cards are
both

with

account

cards

often

even

of

type

take

to

serve

small

The

on

materials, together

and
cards

cards

with

meat, salad, etc.

as

soups,
catalog method

card

records

expense

such

and

the

desirable.

Slips of
order

and

group

label

the

card

the

on

record

for

The

"

business

in

envelopes with a
inexpensive way of using

groups

very

housewife

well

as

should

place

convenient

most

closets,perhaps in

Drawers

business-like

and

perhaps

sit and

to

in the

write.

woodwork

The

writing
typedesk

been

wanted

of the

library,
writing paper,

for

storage space

pencils,ink, glue, blotters,etc.

and
Wrapping
string are
paper
that it seems
wise to plan several small
parts of the house.

have

storage (Fig. 146).

panel

excellent

hall, will make

or

in

or

make

size,arranged in alphabetical

books, records, papers,

as

will furnish

Small

den,

box,

in

system.

machine,
drawers

in

envelope,

Desk.

her

inches

3x5

either

kept

Business
desk

about

paper

in

so

places

many

storage places in different

used

but because
successfully,
it is a compact way,
suitable for the needs
of doing up bundles, a
and string bag has proved very satisfactory. Instead
of making
paper
the usual bag drawn
up with a drawstring, a shaped bag is more
and
one-half
One
will not
convenient.
yards of cretonne
only
make

such
if the

even

but

ball

of

for

pattern is large. Any

advantage
and

will allow

bag, but

have

not

may

be

in

string,arranged
point in the house,
large kitchen.
SUGOESTIVE

1.

Draw

kitchen
2.

Plan

3.

How

4.

Make

may
a

diagram
linen

show

to

cabinet

for

plain material

as

as

in

will

roll of
be

stores, may

in the

mending

cut

to better

wrapping
placed at
or
sewing

paper
some

room,

QUESTIONS

how

home

your

pretty matching of the pattern,

decorative.

so

convenient
or

kitchen
your
kitchen.

table

may

be

made

into

closet.

labels

be

attached

list of contents

to

to
be

glass and
put on door

tin
of

containers?
the

closet

containing

tools.

CHAPTER

CLEANING

IX

CARE

AND

ROOMS,

OF

house

clean

credit

the

on

she

and

effort

the

are

short

many

time.

cloth

is

great

wipes

better.

the

round

is in

worse

to

try

than

her

Cost

work

by

in

and

cleaned.

The

"

that

is the

is

money
the

and

of

requirements

shape, size, and

what

But
save

heels

of this

with

ease

is the

saving

the

problem

tarnish

of

spreading
holds

materials

to

the

"

finallyto
240

the

but

round

is

and
in

peg
real

the

cost
be

it is better

chapter

it ;

It

washing

dirt; rubbing
in

be

the

or

renovated

which
tool

they
if the

with

must

be

may

of

their

handled

method

methods

rubbing,
or

often

oxides

gathering

means

with

84, has

page

is

poor?
; and

work

Cleaning.

on

bright, shiny
house

Appliances,

by studying

mechanical

metals.

produce

Everything

dish

good tools, suitabilityfor

dissolving of dirt, grease,

which

fitted

are

washes

that

proves

Labor-saving

chemical

without

keeper
house-

read, investigate, and

she

Cleaning
the

material

really little,but

involves

the

which

towelling,

getting

housewife
until

the

own.

will

head

of

question

with

rough-weave

smooth

rougher

in

tools

while

tools

work

the

necessarily
work,

and

results,

good

as

accomplish

hand

of

study

labor-saving tools
give

the

piece
The

method

the

their

soft, spongy,

Time

makes

not

do

organized

so

it.

finds

often

work

housekeeper

are

to
are

Let

new

her

reflects

strength doing

and

way,

tools

than

only

Equipment

discussed

old

cloth.

exercise.

been

have

is

hole.

Under

in

It

mental

willing

dish

better

the

perform.

costly

and

time

motor

to

are

more

deal

the

or

has

possible, which

visits; they

or

they

no

she

business, she

Labor-saving

reads
task

sanitary necessity,and

When

method

than

mechanism,

the

her

in

entire

test.

of

better

the

much

to

real

cuts

sometimes
half

spend her

not

department

of this

great joy, is

housekeeper, provided

does

that

is

ROOM,
BATH-

METALS

KITCHEN,

BEDS,

soap
oils

and
and

water

with

combined

of metals
dust

into

to cut

polishes

is

as

and

the

seen

cloth
grease

abrasive

surface.
be

(see chapter

cleaned,
on

and

Cleaning

many

and

things
Renovat-

CLEANING

The

273.

ing, page

cleaning of
types of

different

or
groups
cleaning of the

of

evidences

way

is the best.

furniture

house

the

often

experienceare

not

whole

best

may

General

put under

Rules

brush

or

pin

or

room,

be

brush

in dust

to clean

studied.

The

and

savers,

labor

ceilingand

Dust

window

Clean

cuts

and

are

shortest

and

Dust

"

remove

or

bric-a-brac.
from

remove

the

room,

if

sheet.
curtains

and

hangings;

from

remove

the

bags.

Roll up small rugs and remove

from
the room
to clean ; if
and fold back the edges towards
the center.
sweep
Dust

way

short

the

the

ROOMS

Room.

articles and

dust

and

OF

Cleaning

how

furnishings. In that

or

furniture; if small,

with

large,cover
Shake

small

cover

Dust

for

to consider

efficiency.Often

of

CLEANING

ent
differparticularly

is not

greatest time

slackness,but

of

241

ROOMS

OF

room

one

another; it is therefore

from

the

CARE

AND

large,

walls.

shades.

radiators.

Dust

closet floor.

Dust

floors.

Dust

doors,baseboard, and other woodwork

Clean

to the floor and

board.
base-

windows.

Clean

chandelier.

Wash

globes.

Wash

mirrors.

Wipe pictures.
Polish
Eeturn
Polish
The

floor.
rugs, furniture and bric-a-brac.
brass and silver unless all are done

questionarises,Shall

from

the room,

table

or

stand

on

or

the

things that

all

shall the dusted

bed, covered, and

only

floor,in the way,

on

bric-a-brac

the
be

can

small

removed

specialday.

be

stay

moved, be taken
on

pieces of
?

Time

some

cleaned

furniture

that

allowance

will

the question. If a maid

has many
to clean
perhaps answer
rooms
in a specifiedtime, she cannot
take everything out.
A tray for
small
articles will help a great deal; and
to cover
after dusting
will also save
time, because less dust gets on the furniture or fur16

242

HOUSEWIFERY

nishings.

For

much
thorough cleaning (Fig. 147) remove
as
from
the room
in the end
much
as
possible,because
handling is
avoided, and besides there is the handicap of having to work around
things. On cleaning the things that are left in the room, various
routines
of work
be employed, but a good general rule is to
may
dust high things first,then lower
taking everything in order.
ones,
In a bedroom,
the bed
brings in a different problem; but if the
and
mattress
springs are brushed, and the bed made
up before the
a

biG.

147.

"

ready

Room

for

sweeping.

reallydusty work is started,it can be used to hold small ornaments,

and
then kept thoroughly covered
during the cleaning process.
should
be freely used during the cleaning process.
Dust
covers
(See Cleaning Equipment, page 120.)
In sweeping try to keep from
Dustless
flirtingthe
Sweeping.
eral
sevare
broom, as this throws the dust about unnecessarily. There
**
and
dustless
of sweeping, by moistening the broom
ways
shaking out all the water before sweeping; by sprinkling damp,
"

"

left-over

tea

these
dust ;

leaves
toss

ahead

by spreading

bits

or

of the

moist

of

moistened

broom

sawdust

and
on

tile

paper
moisten
or

on

and

linoleum

the

cause
carpet, be-

gather up
floors ; and

the

by

wood

on

bag

broom

using a

the

over

moistened

The

floors.

is very careful the

which
into mud
is made
floor.

wood

and

does

clothes

the

spread by
paper

is

be

In

homes

will

cleaners
haze

the

windows

from

cleaning still

and

remains

bits and

dust

carpet

mirrors,

There

upholstery and
dust
or

or

is less

drapery.
work,
wood-

from

from

dust

in small

daily

is used

films

the

over

there

eliminated.
of

as

newspaper

scatter

cleaner

remove

to be

the

dulls

broom

Sprinkle

vacuum

not, however,

the

soon

floor,but here and

dusting have been

almost
no
whipping

and

of rugs

where

sweeper
but unless

cheap, satisfactorymethod

and

dust

weekly, much

the whole

over

work,

least

wet, and

too

the

to

not

quantities.

or

is the

rug or carpet.
sprinkled,and then tear into

floor ; it need

Vacuum

when

dustless

prepared

some

is used

dampened

harm

no

are

shaking

The

or

broom

broom

one

or

broom,

243

ROOMS

OF

CARE

AND

CLEANING

ornaments,

hand.

(For vacuum
by
cleaners see
Cleaning Equipment, page 122.)
Dustless
Sweepers.
(See Cleaning Equipment, page 121.)
A good duster is any
soft,clean,non-scratching and
Dusting.
A good dusting stroke is one
that wipes and at
non-linting cloth.
cloth.
Cheesecloth
the same
time
is a
gathers the dust into the
soft duster,
a
good material for all kinds of dusting ; old silk makes
but cheesecloth, if clean,will do as well.
(For cleaning cloths,see
Cleaning Equipment, page 118.)
Dustless
dusting is quite like dustless sweeping. A soft cloth,
that
be wrung
out
of very
hot water,
one
wrings dry easily,may
so

some

done

"

"

shaken

duster.
which

let out

to

the

oily duster
make

steam, and

tablespoonof
duster

kerosene

is wrung,

expensive

more

the

added

will make

to
a

dusting all wood

used
on
wallpaper

be

an

excellent

dustless

quart of hot water, from

duster

for

ones

should

it will make

as

satisfactoryas

surfaces.

Of

wherever

or

course,

the

the
no

oil may

mark.

To

Wipe

Walls.

Either

painted or papered

walls

need

wiping,
a
gathers dirt without scratching,plan
to use
soft
hair
brush
a
long-handled,
or
outing flannel bag on a
broom.
Wool
brushes
sold
for
the purpose,
but they are
are
sive,
expenneed a great deal of care
wash
and
to
ciency
keep clean, and their effiand

because

does

not

Wallpaper

warrant

may

perfectlyclean
stroke

and

"

soft duster

very

be

the time

and

easilymarred

cloth, like

effort cost.

by

hard

outing flannel, and

little pressure.

Rubbing

rubbing.
rub

hard

with
blurs

Use
a

the

very

soft,
even

pattern,

244

HOUSEWIFERY

wipes off gilt,and

One

method

bread

much

inside

be

of

starch

time
The

begin.
must

and

results

wallpaper

spots

and

on

as

thick

be

bought
to

is

using
Putty

fresh

erasers

feed

in

draw
may
flour or wheat.

cleaners
on

from

remove

absorb

change the

color

way

fullers' earth

ants,

Putty

cans.

to

one

it will not

layer of

soft stale

with

it soils.

as

dough

and

insects that

hard

are

blottingpaper

better, in that

starch

small
may

fast

as

spot results.

dough cleaners can be used, but unless one

patience to do it evenly, one ought not to
not very satisfactory,
and, too, all the cleaner

The

cleaners

Grease

or

are

removed.

loaf

the

more

silver fish,and
flies,

iron

that

so
paper
is that
paper

used
spotted or sooty
by cutting away the hard scratchy crust, and

prepared

has

roughs the

for

part of the
and

often

grease

the

of

; but

or

warm

is

that

one

paper,

magnesium,

or

wallpaper.

is to

put

talcum

even

After
twenty-four
powder, as will stay on the upright surface.
hours
lightlybrush off the powder. Heavy rubbing will spread the
Several
applicationswill do
grease that the powder has absorbed.
much
toward
cleaning the paper if it does not succeed entirely.
Wall
Other
Heavy, embossed
burlap, tapesCoverings.
tries,
paper,
is a frequent
and
care
brocades, will hold dust, so the main
with
the vacuum
them
brushing with a hair brush, or going over
cleaner.
Any very special cleaning with gasolene, or detergents,
"

will end

Painted
least
many

in

Walls.

the

bedroom

space at

"

walls

Painted

one

room

needs

there

where
to be

are

with

be undertaken.

often

are

be

be

found,

at

vestibules; besides,

fumes
Dull

cleaned

very hot water.

in straightlines.
Yellow

moistened

time, and

and

grease

may

not

likely to

wiped frequently.

painted woodwork,
cloth

better

very

are

laundry, kitchen, bathroom,

walls
and
living room

painted wall in
soil quickly and
especiallywhite
applied with a
small

had

irregular results,and

in very

painted.
or

moisture

Any
will

finished
with
Clean
soaps,

paint,
whiting
only a

and

soda

washing powders, will do rapid work on cutting grease on painted

change the color
walls, but they will yellow white paints and may
of colored paints. Washing
powders may be used in cleaning painted
and the one
the walls are very dirty and greasy,
walls when
thought
Use
the color.
is to get them
clean, regardless of the effect on
Wash
water.
three to five tablespoons of powder to a pail of warm
cloth and
with
one
wipe with another, changing for clean water
Use
clean cloths often enough to prevent streaks.
an
and
up and
or

CLEANING

clown

and

good

for

standard

overlaps the last and

Calcimine
than

walls

condenses

heavy enough

stroke

Tiles.
to clean

"

clean

action
For

that

on

and

tile

the

In

water.

clean, this mixture

If there

walls, it

is

may

turpentine,

or

tool

institutions

where

or

well
the

be

kept

tile,as

on

the

which

work

1 lb. soap

there

case

cloth

for

gallons
tile to

use.

after

repainting

moistened
and

soap

be

may

and

is much

ready

foot

the

grimy mark.
long-handled

pressure

for

a
by rubbing
fresh, by yellow laundry

difficult

of

with

the

is easy

more

wear

allows

with

dried

is

leaves

hand

is often

removed

if very

with

floor tile is of the

the

suds
with

therefore

and

applied

suds

strong
give.
washing soda

may

of the

glaze
shoes

on

either

mop;

paint on
be

soil

1 lb.

houses

wiped

even

The

because

not

by combining

made

also

the

cloth

does

string mop

and

from

less

has

strong soap

or

water.

soapy

account,

grit

or

warm

usually it

floors,use

brush

scrub

of

with

by washing

less

omy,
represent econmoisture, as. steam

with

be washed

it cannot

is much

end

usually glazed tile,and

tile is

Wall

first cost

top of

on

clean.

to

material, but

same

to

walls, and

the

on

of dirt ; and

in the

not

may

verance,
perse-

preliminary
supervision of the

the

their

as

spots easily,streaks

calcimine

because

used,

This

paint.

of enamel

that

often

are

dish,

is to be renewed

include

should
by painting, the painter's estimate
washing, and then it should be done under
to paint on
top
housekeeper. No one wants
paint will not stick.
grease,

leaves

cloths, much

and

If the wall

work.

like

washed

be

painted Avails may

changes of water

only they require many

245

ROOMS

OP

stroke

each

sure

Enamel

streaks.

no

be

and

motion

CARE

AND

with

water.

If

is hard

to remove,
and
moisten
the cloth
paint has
in turpentine and
then
abrasive
some
cleaner; the turpentine
use
material
the scratchy
softens the paint, and
loosens
it. Stains
on
floor tile are
likelyto happen because of the lack of glaze. Should
the soda and
solution
such a stain, apply to the
water
not
remove
spot a dilute acid, either oxalic or hydrochloric,using two parts
any

water

to

tile and
the

one

part acid.

produces

tile there

will

of the

acid.

power

places,then
action

of the

wash
acid.

The
clean

new

be

acid

dissolves

surface.

As

little of the lime

soon

effervescing,which
Use
only a little at one
quickly with soapy water.
an

as

the

shows
time

acid

the
and

Soap

in the
touches

dissolving
in

will

definite

stop

the

246

HOUSEWIFERY

Painted
if

soap

floors

should

possible. Any

be
used

soap

washing powders should

no

wiped

with,

up

clear

water, without

be free from

must

soda, and

excess

be used.

oiled or waxed
or
floor,whether
Any hard-wood
varnished, must be kept free from dust and grit if it is to be kept
bright and shining, as grit scratches and clouds the floor. Moisture
changes the color, oil darkens ; so it is wise to keep the floor clean
a
more
thorough
by the use of a clean soft dusting cloth. When
be wiped up with
the following
cleaning is desired,the woodwork
may
would
water
to wash
as
mixture, using it much
one
use
up a
for
of
two
Use
for
floor.
and
cheesecloth,one
one
washing
pieces
Wood.

Hard

wiping, and

"

fast

as

the

as

mixture

soils mix

Mix

quantity.

new

quart boiling water

oil
tablespoons boiled linseed
1 tablespoon turpentine
suggestions for Woods, see chapter
3

other

For

Enamel

with

and

soft

Wood

which

on

in

the

yellows

moistened

cloth.

washing of the
the dusting of

the
and

Care

Floor

of

which

care,

crumbs

this,

for

in

the

of the

expense

Both

out

last two

to clean.

stays in the house.

a

Beat
which

with

marring

better

than

be

used

may

between

dust, but

the

sweeping

require daily
thread, or perhaps
fluff,

is

room

carpet sweeper
and

trifle

been

small

accustomed

used
The

broom.

than

more

be

may

the

for

to

short-

but

use,

there

worker.
of rugs,
It

Bugs

fine rugs

the rug,

Ami

three

or

will leave

done

lint,dust

of

have

we

flat rattan

will cut

grease

Bon

or

floors of

The

"

articles

if space

platform, or

the

cut

water

Two

paint.

cleaners
be

may

brushing up
dining room.

dustpan which
great saving to the
For the weekly care
of doors

enamel

of these

lukewarm

clear

room.

handled
is

the

pail of water will

paint. Whiting

woodwork
a

Use

"

long-handled dustpan

or

wipe

Coverings.

is the

as

Metal.

or

cheesecloth

drops of ammonia
soap

and

289.

Eenovation, page
White

Cleaning

on

means

it is well

to take

less dust

for the worker

should
does

be laid face down

not

permit,

beater, rather
; and

hang it wrong

those

then

than

brush

side down

be

both
over

on

hung
a

easilyhandled
and

the grass

on

wire
sides.

less dirt

a
or

or

on

clothesline.
stick

To

the clothes

beater,

keep
line.

from
This

248

HOUSEWIFERY

If the

linoleum

oil and

is varnished

shellaced, wipe it with

or

recommended

turpentine mixture

for

cleaning

the

linseed

hard

woods

(page 246).
Radiators.
of their

and

situation

this
a

Radiators

"

purpose,
substitute

or

construction.

cloth

often

are

and
of

of

the

When

(Fig. 148).

radiator,

to

148.

"

catch

in the

screwed

cloth.

soft paper

This
come

is economy
into the house

small
on

the

Cleaning

the

registerlifted out ; then

the registerwith
moistened
a
Window
be
cleaning may

dust

dust

flat stick

as

the
open
cloth.

to

the

and

can

because

and

moistened

for

comes

used

as

paper

radiator.

these

well

catchers

flat brush

cleaning, put

floors but

the

folded

be

may

Fig.

under

registersare

and

done

it falls down.
screws

shutter

and

by using

worker,
be

are

as

easilyremoved
wipe the fans
paper

various

easilysaved

Eegisters

instead

pieces

for this work

of
;

CLEANING

CARE

AND

OF

that does not lint.

Should
paper
clean and free from
lint.
Chamois
is

choose
one

first

to

cost, and

requires care
do good work
(Fig. 149).
Various
cleaning mixtures
may
at

the

clear

cloth;

clear water
of

with

and

on

This

to

with

either

the

paper

or

pail
cold

be moistened
alcohol.

wood

last makes

very

days, the cloth may

with

be used

washing soda,

tablespoon

of water;

be

or

with

or

little dissolved

prefer a cloth, choose

a
good cleaner but expensive
soft
and
kept very
ready

one

drops

few

ammonia,

about

water,

to

249

ROOMS

cient
effi-

most

cleaner, but

is sive.
expentory
is less satisfac-

Soap
because

it leaves

Whiting

or

windows.

let these
off the

off

windows

is all
close

If

uneven

this

wipe
takes

are

it

method

Fig.

cleaned,
when

is to

windows

before

the

used

ing
film, leavbright and

the

by
be

to

then

powder, which

the

should

idea

and

dry

grease

cleaned

be

may

The

the

clear.

glass.
prepared

some

cleaning paste
on

film

of the

tbe surface

over

the
there

as

window
the

on

will be
window

is not

sun

149.

"

great deal of dust

sills and

hand

shining

on

about, especially

dows
Try to clean windirectly,as it causes

them

and gives a streaked

evaporation of moisture
should
be
In cleaning mirrors, care
Mirrors.
from
the backs.
This
is especiallytrue
water

mirrors, mounted

-window.

floors.

"

the

Washing

room

either

in silver

or

surface.

given
with

will

not

need

an

abundance

of

water.

the

celluloid,because

for water
to get in behind
cleaning there is a chance
Whiting applied with a cloth which has been moistened
excellent
an
drops of wood alcohol or water will make
The

whiting

keep

to

small
in the

the
with
cleaner
method

glass.
a

few
and
of

250

HOUSEWIFERY

mirrors

cleaning
dusted

Paint
with
same

Glass

on

Should
many

keys

soap be
household

so

smooth

and

drinks.

rinsed, if laid

and

This

and
wick

wick

soap.
soda in

ooze

and

water.

Acids

of lemon

kind

of any

juice or
has

take

off all

acid medicines

any

stirred

unless

them,

destroy the polish.

kerosene
lamps about
three-quarters
will leave no
for the expansion
room
out
of the screw
soft
a
top. With
to

all the

remove

charred

ticles.
par-

will

and

in two

once

burner

in

strong soap
weeks, the strong odor

rarely present.
are
ready, for it

Attend
is

To

Clean

problems

which

methods

of

The

bed

on

must

be

the cloth

as

such

; if

will do much

suds
so

lamps
to do

be

kept

dusted

brass, the
to

keep

use

CARE

bed

in

is

; if of
a

of

one

addition

of

the
the

to

enamel

the shellac

soft and

special
general
wood, it

or

little lemon

cracking because too dry.

Springs. Wipe the springs with a soft cloth and
oil. To
oil,need in no way
drops of lemon
say use
If the springs are
enough to grease the mattress.
"

and

lamps is
then they

after dark.

AND

considered

at least

water

morning,

work

the

and

to kerosene

in the

such

of

care

soda

or

common

CLEANING

The

"

cleaning rooms.
frame should

be cleaned

may

plan

ROOM"

Bed.

to the

bad

BED

oil

no

water, and wiped

polish marble, rub with a

To

Fill

oil will

hot, and

can

give a straighterwick than to cut with the scissors.

and wipe the chimney like any piece of glass (see page
248),
wash
the lamp itself.
and
with
water
By keeping the
soap
in the burner
when
in use, and
turned
down
not
by boiling

Wash

the

in soap

that
spoon
will be likelyto

"

If alcohol

wipe the wick, being careful

paper

water, not

the

marble

the

by washing
turpentine, in the

alcohol.

wood

stains.

oil; if entirelyfull it

of gases,

is

room

good white soap, as the

enough to yellow the keys.

be careful

Lamps.

the

Remove

"

with

or

warm

only

and

Even

on

Kerosene
full of

with

clear

use

water

should

one

acid

to

no

before

tile.

on

marble

piece of

polish,so

boiling water,

used, choose

leave

to

as

done

Mirror.

soaps will be
Marble
is best washed

"

be

above.
or

best cleaned

are

used, it is best

Marble.

dry

and

paint

for

as

way
Piano
be

should

Window

"

soda

washing

not

windows

cleaning of windows,

see

and

linseed

or

prevent its

two
mean

box

or

three
to

use

springs,

251

ROOMS

OF

CARE

AND

CLEANING

dust; if one
thoroughly to keep free from
The
satisfactoryresults.
cleaner it will give most
dust.
often enough to keep free from
be dusted

has

brush

least

at

beater

should

mattress

The

once

should

mattress

The

month.

springs should

with

beaten

and

brushed

be

vacuum

flat rattan

aired

be

every

it in

good
(Fig. 150). Turning
day and
should
more
evenly. Each day the bedroom
shape and makes it wear
be aired.
the bed can
time
at the same
be thoroughly aired, and
turned

Put

bed

the

chair

the

to

on

each

Two

day.

spread it
and

soiling.

for

then

A
or

chairs

There

is

it is

good way
it

To

Make

the

on

off

except
Mattress

so, it should

often

sheet holds

the

as

Pad.

Bed.

"

as

week

take

side

of the

is to stand

Mattress

Cover.

suggested on

was

all

it up

"

If
page

very

this

is

get soiled.
wall

against the
keeps

one

mattress

192, it is

tight so

large enough
as

to be

just fits the top of the mattress,

it in

and

house

taken

not

is cleaned.

Sometimes

be stretched
it

the

mattress

mattress
"

is aired

bedroom

bedding off the bed,

to keep it from
getting on the floor
to dangle bedding out of the window,

as

wipe

the

foot-board.

the mattress,

cover

no

air the
the

over

so

air

off

bed.

Airing the

need

likelyto

to

draw

More

two

over

"

times

three

or

150.

the

back

will

This

time.

air when

to

mattress

Fig.

at

bedding

the

throw

and

layer

one

"

the

allow

bedding and

of the bed

foot

at the

chair

keeps

mattress

place (Fig. 151).

to

free from
and

tuck

in; if

wrinkles.

in that

case

the

252

HOUSEWIFERY

lower

The

right side

the
have

sheets

the

top and

to

is

sheet

put

To

up.

make

the

better,be

wear

put the sheet

the wide

with

on

bed

at the

tuck

the

sheet

with

top and

comfortable

more

to

sure

hem

and

also to

in well

at the

straight. If the suggestion that is

will
given in the chapter on Furnishings is followed, the housewife
to have
at ldast a
buy her sheets enough larger than the mattress
half -yard to tuck in on all sides of the bed.
If a lower sheet is short,
it in well

tuck

Fig.

151.

"

with

turning

bed

so

much

in the

there

wire

woven

in

very

top, and

if it does

even

easily be used

can

to

bed

Enamel

mattress

at the

on

the

spring, imperial

tuck

not

looking, that

better

in.

home, and
of the

corners

will be

The

edge

mattress

and

to

it is

wonders

becomes

one
so

easy

why

and
it has

cover

quilted

hospitaltuck-in

after

sheets
one

enough below

bed

of

the

pad.

sheets

accustomed
makes
not

the

always

done.

been

hospitalfashion, tuck in the sheet at the bottom

directions
until very tight; then
the top, drawing it in both
the
of the sheet around
the corners
by bringing the corner
fashion
to the sides of the bed, box
of .the mattress
(Fig.

To
and
mitre
corner

152)

make

the bed

; meantime

"out of the

way,

have
to

drop

the

part of the sheet up on the mattress

Turn
is mitred.
only after the corner

side

down

CLEANING

Fig.

Fig.

152.

153.

"

"

-First

Second

step

Btep

OF

CARE

AND

in

in

making

making

ROOMS

square

square

corner.

corner.

253

254

HOUSEWIFERY

the

tuck-in

part of the

153), finishingthe
sheet

under

the

while

corners,

Sometimes
is

placed

because

the

Sheet.

wide

hem

the

at

right side up (Fig.

turn-back
a good wide
Blankets.
that

teaches
and

fits the

the

over

which

to

Put

come

blanket,

with

on

which

top,

it'is better

to

the

at
how

see

around

goes

of

the

all four

at

done

are

helps one
guiding line

this

foot.

the

fold

the

foot

brings

sheet

the
the

that

right side

turn-back

fits the

bed

down

and

of the

sheet

well

will have

protectsthe blanket.

blanket

it will

bed

as

154).

separately.

use

back

The

"

as

side

is mitred

blanket

and

the

(Fig.

it lasts.

Put

"

sheet

mattress

down

blanket

border
far

side of the

bring

lower

sheet
the

on

the

just as

Upper

The

upper

the
then

corner;

mattress.

border

of the mattress
The

mitred

the

the

under

corner

next

comes

the

cut

pair

blanket

the

to

the

sheet, and

economy

of blankets

apart,

like the

sheet,and

on

up to the fold of the

about
inches
ten
from

sheet
the

bind

them

when

it

it is turned

as

head

of the

bed

(Pig. 155).
The

spread

types of beds.
while

The

wooden

the cots and

less of the

bed

brass

beds

look

valance

it in such

meets

differentlyon
place to tuck in the

arranged

give a

beds

shows.

frame

usually the spread

better

when

makes

way

the

bed

pane,
counter-

up so that
finish and

pretty

that

made

different

looks

quaint

attractive.

and

The

bed

for

the

patient is quite helpless,a

This

together.
down

draw-sheet
hems

in the

bed

is
are

as

so

the

in bed.

patient lies

mattress.

In

lower

and

often

severe

cases

the lower

changed,

in

up
cases

draw-sheet

is

strong sheet

strong enough

the

it will

this draw-sheet

sheet

except that

corners,

These

is made

person

the

sheet.

mitred

sick

has

not

is

counterpane

or

Stretch
this

under
it

the

draw-sheet

with

bed

that

illness,when

top of the lower

in half

with

hems

sloughtearing and ing

down
(Fig. 156). Place
heavy part of the body as

more

tuck
takes
a

cover

it well
the

under

place

to the

of

the
the

mattress,

safety pins to the corners

of the mattress.
comfort
The
draw-sheet
is easilychanged, with
less disto the patient; the necessary
be
liftingof the patient can
done
by two people,one at each side of the bed, making the sheet
like a hammock.
It can
also be changed without
liftingthe patient,
the
by rolling
patient first to one side of the bed, while the sheet is
even

pinned

on

folded

tight and

sheet becomes

put

other

to resist

patient slides

come

like any
of severe

256

HOUSEWIFERY

Fia.

Fig.

157.

"

home

156.

bed

"

Bed

raised

made

on

with

blocks.

draw

sheet.

Also, invalid's

bed

stand.

CLEANING

blacks, making it much

place hollowed

AND

easier for the

for the casters

out

satisfactory (Fig. 157).

them, take out the casters

so

If blocks
that

so

; blocks

nurse

that

the bed
used

are

257

ROOMS

OF

the bed

of wood

will be

without

with

steady
hollow

possiblyroll

cannot

a
are

in

when

the blocks.

upon

To
take

it off and

for

Bed

Prepare

fold

bed in the

Night.

carefullyso

Fig.

for

CARE

1o8.

"

Preparing

under

bed

the

save

it will be

morning looking fresh.

be made

To

"

ready

good day-spread,
to go

back

on

the

for night.

sheet

or

light Marseilles

spread

the

day-spread,or a sheet may

be
the blanket
at night to keep it clean.
It quite pays
to do this as the blanket
keeps clean much
longer. Turn down the
sheet and the blanket
far enough so that
by turning back the corner
the occupant need not feel it necessary
to pull the bed to piecesto get
into it (Fig. 158).
night use
spread over

Care
wash
If each
17

may

CLEANING

OF

of Porcelain

and

BATHROOM

FURNISHINGS

Enamelled

Iron.

"

washtub, porcelainneeds the

with
it is used, it is washed
soap

basin, or
time

up

Whether
same

in
kind

tub,
bath-

of

care.

suds, rinsed, and

258

HOUSEWIFERY

dry, it can
by making

wiped
stained

dries it leaves

be

in

kept

marks, and

water

yellow tint which

condition.

good

Water

if the water

iron

has

These
stains may
produce iron rust stains.
with lemon
juice or vinegar, provided the stain is
to be a more
standing. For what seems
permanent
small

hydrochloric acid
is

Fig.

been

used

acids, use

The

water.

159.

"

be

can

equal

Metal

few

from

stains

wipe

be

and

whiting

or

long

stain, moisten

stain; then
The

when

or

it
that

paper

closet.

flush

dilute

To

toilet.

the

the acid

water; pour

into

the

sene.
will clean off with kerosoapy water
enamelshould
be used with porcelainor

soiled

of
The
use
plumbing fixtures.
of tiny scratches
produces a multitude
Scratches

off

rubbed
of too

not

water.

soapy

lined

wear.

the

put into

or

of acid

amounts

it,as it

drops of dilute oxalic acid

forceps for cleaning

burned,

scratchy cleaner

No

(both poisons) and

the porcelain with

dissolved,wash

has

with

of toilet paper

wad

in

it

slowly discolors porcelain. Leaky

faucets

leaves

cannot

be

porcella,applied with

which
off

taken

scratchy cleaner

gritty or

look

soon

porcelain.

like dirt and

As

cleaners,

cloth, will give the best

damp

results.
Flush

by

which

ten-cent
have

daily washing
string mop, or by soapy

Closets.

been

"

made

for the purpose

of flush
water

in the

(Fig. 159).

good sterilizer for every-day work;

cleanings,washing powders may be used,

is

closets

but
or

for

be

can

metal

Soap

and

occasional

dissolved

done

forceps
water

special

soda, chloride

CLEANING

of

lime,

flush

closet, let stand

The

fifteen

quart of
is to

be

The

water.

in the

turns

Clean

of

have

discolor

the

brush

like

wipe dry.
stiff brush

by

on

the

which

clean.
are

market.

been

In

If any

kept

hot water

soften

cool

water

the
run

had

as

specialand

hand

is

most

germs.
be regularlycleaned

will

soaking

have

the

that

flush

to which

loosen

the

the

few

dirt

one-half

about

drops

and

hour,

comb

in

will
nary
ordi-

an

finally. Einse

be dry cleaned
may
or
by one of the little cleaners that may be found
One
is made
of horse hair, another
of white
cord,
a

of these

and

sanitary way

cleaners

comb

the

brushes

used, be careful

are

teeth

to

of

the

comb

that

see

the

they

to

which

dry

with

BRUSHES

OF

strong soda soaps yellow the bristles of brushes,

them, wash

in cool water

air to

ganate
permanstain ;

clean.

and

Einse

one

if it

of the

pull

should

"

brush, will clean

less

the

in cool water
This

CLEANING

As

crystalsto

purple color, and

"

us

disease

comb

After

nail

knobs

should

added.

comb.

of the

back
and
be worked
forth
between
may
third is a little fine steel brush
which
a

comb;

may

brown.

tells

Combs

"

by soaking the

ammonia

rich

bathroom

handles, the door

Combs.

teaspoon

rich

in the

handles

sanitaryway

and

can,

closets,make

to sterilize flush

will be

frequent cleaning. The scientist

important link in the transfer of

not

gether;
to-

the
directlyfrom
water
(see page 138)

Potassium
carefullylabelled.
proportion makes an excellent floor

and

All

"

closet,the faucet

To

soda

be

same

dries, it oxidizes
Handles.

solution

should

kept, it

used
it

flush

disinfectant.

using potassium permanganate

solution in the proportion of one

then

and

soap

the

down

used

making* Javelle

In

up

of them

any

introduce

be

may

259

ROOMS

minutes, and

twenty

or

lime

of

left from

the sediment
as

OF

Put

washing powders

chloride

the

be used

CARE

potassium permanganate.

or

thoroughly.
or

AND

by shaking them
drops of ammonia

brushes
a

and

few
shake

bristles

out

down

from
out of the bristles away
better be hung with bristles

spread under the weight of the

of cleaning appliesto every kind

all the
in such
the back.
down

back

to

of brush

that

way

Very
dry, as

if stood
which

to

and
been

the

dry.
is used

added.
Stand

water

soft-fibred
the

in

down

possible.

water
a

up
have

in
will

brushes

bristles would
This

method

in the house.

260

HOUSEWIFERY

METALS

Metals

by

sulphur
sulphides of
and

fumes
the

metal.

the

with

combining
Metals

metal, producing oxides

also discolored

are

by

other

and

cals;
chemi-

aluminum.

salt discolors

as

spots, grease films from the air,

of the air
food, or by the oxygen

water

charred

food, soot, and

from

or

discolored

are

that kind of
Saponifying the grease film is an easy way to remove
soil. Soap and water, or dissolved
washing soda and water, are the
two
agents commonly used.
Friction, such as rubbing with a soft cloth or a chamois, will
will assist the soap and water
and
just
remove
light discolorations
in any dish washing. Heavier
friction,such as is secured by a
as
paste of whiting with alcohol or water, rottenstone, pumice, buffing
for deeper discolorations
of the
wheel, ashes, or sand, is needed
dirt and grime which
have adhered
to
sturdy metals, and to remove
the metal.
The

such

furnish

enough

acid

and

great

cleaning

should

dish
a

hot

hesitates

to

cooking

and

be

rinse,to

housewife

safe to

everyday

an

remove

of

is

quicker

acid

foods,

of tartar, often
Oxalic

acid

is

to be assured

be

may

solution

the

by

that

no

with

at the

bought
in

acid

little

acid

remains.

water, followed

soap and
of the acid.

the last trace

prefers to buy

concentrated

Some

way

poison it should be used with

have such things about in any cleaning,
a
serving dish with a poison should
it is

in order

acid

method

cleaners.

as

use

thoroughly washed

oxalic

Concentrated
the

work

careful

most

mean

by

One

care.

are

because

stronger acid, but

The

quite

The
sulphidesof the metal.
alone.
the friction or
saponifying method
as
tomato, rhubarb, lemon, vinegar, or cream

than

and

is

and

dissolvingoxides

chemicals

of

action

solvent

drug store, or

if

crystal form, it is easy

than

enough water
to stand
the crystals. Allow
to cover
long enough for the crystals
this mixture.
the liquid from
It is always a conto dissolve; use
centrated
in the
solution
as
crystalsremain
long as undissolved
bottom
of the jar. Dilute for use by adding a given quantity of acid
Metal
to an
(The acid and Housewife's
equal quantity of water.
Polish recipegiven below
are
poisons.)
of things in cleaning
consider
number
should
housewife
The
a
to make

metals.

the least

All

metals

loss,the

should
least

be

cleaned

more

by the method

roughening, and

the

which

least expense

means

both

as

to time

leave

to

the

apply

metals

expensive

for

true

as

flat,not

finish.

lustre

is

especially

Chemicals

metal

clined
in-

are

surface, to which
the

as

This

silver.

like

rich

261

ROOMS

OF

gold and
bright glaring metal

very

term

best color

the

effort,and

and

CARE

AND

CLEANING

one

may
should

at its best

the surface
does not last so
means
cleaning
long. Metals, especiallysilver,are roughened by cleaning as the
of cleaning silver
microscope will show; the aluminum
pan method
Weighing the
gives less roughening and shows the flat color tone.
to tell which
be the only way
metal
before cleaning and after would

Such

have.

With
the

to the

destructive

is the most

method

that

often

metal.

suggestions given concerning the cleaning of all metals,

the

directions

following

be

may

used

for

cleaning

the

special

of

metals.

Agate.

Wash

abrasive.

in

Boil

"

soda

Wash

"

in

remove

Rub

grease.

hot

and
soap
alcohol.
with

whiting moistened
(page 94). Alkalies darken

wool,

to

with

fine

soapsuds. Wipe dry.

in hot

Aluminum.

water

or

Polish

water.

Dilute

aluminum.

acid
in hot

Rinse

with

steel
used

be

may

Wipe

water.

dry.
Brass.

badly tarnished, wash

If

"

Clean

grease.

housewife's

with

Housewife's
2

oz.

the

acid

Clean
and
or

with

metal

Copper.
Iron.
grease.

"

Rub

cloth). Wash

Wrought
oil

as

"

of

the

in

or

Iron,

Wash

each

acid, to avoid
bottle; add

time

before

strong lemon

plenty
dry with

its

with

tering.
sput-

the

hol,
alco-

using.

juice or

Polish

of water.

strong solution

vinegar,

rottenstone

soft cloth.

clean

good
soapsuds.

Rub

with

oil,or
with

of

abrasive

any

"

Copper.

brass.

as

in hot

to
in

silicon

polish. Wipe

with

and

liquid oz.)

water

well

Shake

oxalic acid,

; wash

kerosene, lemon

Nickel.

instead

water,

kerosene.

in

remove

electro-silicon

the

dilute

Boil

"

for Brass
acid, % cup

alcohol, % cup
pt. kerosene
(1 pt. =16

Same

to

wood

recipe by putting

fine abrasive
with

Polish

oxalic

box
oz.

acid, and

oxalic

Metal

dilute

solution

soda

to

the

Mix

solution

4
1

Add

in

soap

Rinse

soda

(use
in hot

soft cloth

and

water

newspaper
water.

devoid

of

prepared mixture,

and

and

with

water.

Polish

to

remove

instead
while

of

hot.
Dry
lint;use a thin
rub thoroughly.
whiting moist-

262

HOUSEWIFERY

ened
or

with

alcohol,ammonia,
abrasive

coarse

Pewter

Ware.

is very soft and scratches

fine steel wool and oil.
Porcelain.
Polish

with

cloth

wash

and

oil,rottenstone

soapsuds. Wipe dry.

with

hot

and

oil,

fine
"

cleaning, wash

off acid

with

soap and water.

soft cloth or tissue paper

apply with
water; wipe dry.
"

soaking handles).
oil and

Wash

apply

in

in hot

soda

Rub

with

with

cork

or

fine

any

wad

soapsuds. Wipe

warm

fine abrasive

Place

iron.

as

"

Tin.

metal

easily; whiting

soap and
Steel.
If greasy,
clean
brick
if
(bath
knives,
best) ;

with

Use

"

with
and
water.
general
soap
powder (porcellaor whiting). WTipe dry.
Iron rust : dilute hydrochloric acid
; apply with soft

with

rub

chemicals

any

Wash

paper ; wash
stains : kerosene

Other

use

fine abrasive, as

tissue

or

not

any

For

"

Stains.

For

(Do

nickel.) Wipe dry.

on

Britannia

or

water.

or

abrasive

of paper
dry. If

(avoid
rusty,

like rottenstone.
solution

for

few

to remove
(3-5) minutes
will
tend
dissolve
the
to
iron
(longer
tin, leaving
face).
surgrease
Rub
with any fine abrasive,as whiting. Wash
in hot soapsuds.
Rinse in hot water.
Wipe dry while hot to prevent rust.
Zinc.
Rub
hard
with
with
sene.
kerowater
whiting moistened
or
Hot
Wash
with
hot soapsuds. Wipe
vinegar may be used.
dry.
The
careless gathering of dishes
Cleaning Silver.
Washing.
for dishwashing brings kitchen knives and forks into contact
with the
and
it
three
times
the
of
and
silver,
tear
subjects
wear
daily to
scratches
and dents. This is most
quickly discovered on silver which
is of the severelyplain pattern. The
first point, then, in the care
of silver is in careful sorting and washing.
The
best plan is to sort the silver and put it in a papier mache
"

"

"

holder.

In

the

"

absence

of such

bowl, deep enough to allow

the silver,may
be used.
The
or

chasable

with

two

always heavy

scratch

compartment

for

the

kept separate

from

Wash

wipe

very

one

to rub

the silver in

dry

with

special holder

water

to

best

compartments,

and

for them

spoons
lighter silver.

another,

of

for

the

and

deep
any
the soiled
this

kind

knives,

forks; and

The

because

pitcher
part of

are

pur-

which

adjoining

an

larger pieces should

stacking

will

are

give

be

tunity
oppor-

scratch.

clean,hot, soapy
clean

over

utensils
one

the

and

come

towel.

water, give it
If this

is done

hot

rinse,and

carefullywith

"

264

HOUSEWIFERY

polished silver,rinse, and dry, according to the

above for washing. In washing hand
mirrors, care
that no water
gets in behind the glass,as the mirror
after
be used
No
silver should
cleaning without
to

does

only

It not

look

not

well, but is

so

in

not

directions
should

being

suitable

taken

be
be

may

given
spoiled.
washed.

condition

use.

WASHING

A
little
Preparation.
washing will in the end be

DISHES

time

preparing dishes for

dishes
time
much
gained. To prepare
be removed.
is usually
This
for washing, all scraps
of food should
called scraping the dishes, but it is better if wiping is the process
actuallyemployed, because the sharp edges of knives used in scraping
"

makes

excellent

an

but it costs

As

or

dishes

with

pan

with

Utensils.

pans ; but if
little soap
a

The

that

with

skewer

Washing.
clean dishpan

heat

that
With

second
on

dissolved

with

clean

minute

the

soda

to

that

washing

no

hot

water

for

cleaned

with

frying

cold

greasy
themselves
of china.
be

may

pans

It will be found

to soak.

like

with

the

that

than

to

water

soapy

emptied,

grease,

have

harder

them

the

dishes

are

full of hot

dish

the

pots and

the

are

cut

adheres

that

putting
hot

they

they

is

wash

to

any

dish.

Use

corners.

that

Now

dislike

dishes, and

milk

before

is comfortable
a

put in a pitcher
gathered together, and heavier

people

of grease

to reach
"

be

may

etc. ; silverware

cups

to soak

their

that

paper
wash

they will

wooden

or

and

egg

Most

put

are

quantity

out

thing more
particlesof food, they

all

potato

for the purpose,

to keep clean.

placed together. Cooking utensils are

because
they are too heavy to be washed

"

powder

extent

an

baked

is made

scraper

one

dishes,it will be found

small

wiped

they

the

sugary

to such

of

dishes.

better

for

the skin

or

vegetable dishes

Kitchen

water

of

glasses or

kept by themselves
the

and

are

water;

plattersand
better

only

cleaned

piles of plates,saucers,

in

stacked

is

of paper
rubber

wiper.

cents, and

ten

the

little wad

fine dishes.

harm

in

spent

water.
soapy
to the hands.

cloth, wash

the

ready

to

be

dishes

The

glassware

washed, have
can

first.

stand

Rinse

any

in

hotter than the wash

water, and stand to drain
pan of water
dish drainer
drainboard
at the side of the sink, in a wire

(Fig. 27),

or

on

large tray, using

towel

on

which

to stand

the

CLEANING

265

ROOMS

OF

CARE

AND

still warm
While
glasses to prevent chipping the edges of them.
be wiped with
the glasses should
a
perfectlyclean glass towel,
that

one

The

silver

which

from

lint.

should

be

is free

washed

has

the

the

pile

next

be

glasses may

washed.

used

The

for

the

hot

water

silver.

Have

plenty of soap in this water, and take time to give the silver a
good rubbing with soap, for this rubbing, followed with a very hot
thoroughly every
rinse, will keep the silver bright. Silver washed
day will lessen the work of the specialcleaning (page 133). While
still hot, wipe the silver very dry.
the
should
China.
A second
be prepared and
clear wash
water
the cleanest
rest of the dishes washed; take thought to wash
ones
first. If a very hot rinse is used for these dishes and they are
placed
dish drainer
on
a wire
(which may be purchased for a few cents), the
dishes and
cut
little wiping.
Fine
dishes will need
gold decorated
other
dishes.
The
hot a rinse as
not have
reason
as
glass must
"

that the dish drainer

of the work

much
and

the

wiping

of

the

that

have

towels

the

dry

dishes

ready

for three

at the

to be

consequent
been

too

dishes

heavier

further

same

or

group

sorting.

separated and

washed

by

selves
them-

heavy and are likely

the silver forks and
to scratch
second, if they have pearl,
spoons;
bone
should
be kept out of water,
wooden
or
handles, the handles
as
soaking takes the lustre out of the pearl or bone and yellows it,
while
wooden
handles
that they gradually loosen
swell in water
so
and
off ; a third possible reason
selves
for washing them
come
by themis that
bath

good sized
quick work.
there

is

Wipe

all knives

Dish

comes

only

no

need

Towels

cork

they

be

will make
is not

at

the

to be

hand,

Cloths.
of the

close contact

"

use

hole

with

the

food

Pulverized

cents

of the

in

good dish cloth.

to have

clean

especiallybecause
that

each, with

steel easy and

little wad
of paper, as

It is essential

dishes, but

scoured.

at ten

cleaning

staining or wearing
dry before putting away.
looks

are

bought in packages

of

and

for the

in such

may

flat cork
If

blades, if of steel,need

the

brick, which

not

reasons

first,because

no

washed.

being

the

are

placed in the

are

are

that

means

without

usually

are

used

towels,

of many
long and

use

the dishes

hot, and

beginning

put away

knives

The

"

is very
while
the

its cost is that it eliminates

times

wiping, and

with

rack, they will

Knives.

many

; if the rinse

longer fresh

Grouping
pile is now

is worth

it must

be

dishes,
the

dish

absolutely

266

HOUSEWIFERY

properly prepared for washing, and

have been well washed, and the towels used only for wiping dishes,
be sufficient for a washing out of the dish towels
a day would
once
The
after each
themselves.
however, should be washed
dish-cloths,
the towels
not
are
washed, they
dishwashing. At the times when
be hung out, singly,to dry, always in the air, and
with
should
as
is best for washing towels,
much
sun
as
possible. Warm
soapy water
and two or three times a week
they may have, besides the washing,
minutes
boil. After washing, boil the clean towels ; rub them
a few
thoroughly with soap, put in a pan of cold water, and heat to the
boiling point. Boil five minutes, follow with a hot rinse, then a
cold, and hang to dry.
If the dishes have

clean.

Clean

To

Sink.

the

been

"

sink

The

should

have

three

care

times

daily. The first thing that has been done toward its care is scraping
or
wiping the dishes before washing, so that the dish water is clean
and without
particlesof food in it. This is necessary, because the
A sink strainer,
the particlesof food clog the drain.
and
grease
than
sieve rather
is preferably of the type of a wire puree
which
be kept
the name
of sink strainer,should
the kind often sold under
bottom

in the

of the

sink

the

over

drain

be poured through it. Never

pour
may
of all,it is wasteful ; and secondly,when
inside

of the

continue

to

the
to

grease into the

it cools it forms

all water

sink,for first
a coating on

drain, which, if through carelessness,it is allowed

close the

form, will in time

is bound

which

that

outlet, so

to

in

come

any

dishwater

The

pipe.
will

not

little grease
stop the sink

dishwashing the pipe is flooded with hot water.

and out of the
the grease, and carries it down
This hot water
liquefies
pipe. If washing soda is used to cut the grease, as is so often done,
if after

drain

it should
the
make
The

soda

be followed

almost
sink

as

water.

abundance

to clean

of very

hot

water, otherwise

the grease in the pipe,

close the drain.
cooling and may

sink, and

the

which

as

brass

or

nickel

(see pages

Dishes.
Washing
emptied. Egg, milk, and
Sugar and fat dishes should

Outline
as

an

congeals on
flushing of a sink three times a day, where particles
and
grease have been carefullykept out of the drain, will
Finally,wash the
entirelydo away with the use of soda.
porcelain,soapstone or iron (see pages 261 and 262). Clean

faucets

soon

with

is used

which

soft soap
hot water

of food

the

each

for

"

Put

260

and

261).

cooking

utensils

to soak

as

flour

dishes

should

soak

in cold

soak

in hot

water.

Wipe frying

CLEANING

with

pans

; soak

paper

CARE

AND

in hot

OF

dissolved

and

water

267

ROOMS

Scrape

soda.

and

of knives
pile dishes according to size and shape. Keep handles
and eggbeater out of water.
In General.
Wash
Rinse in clear
everything in hot soapy water.
"

hot

water

brush

for

Glasses.

hot

warm

dishcloth

or

corners.

Rinse

in clear hot

water.

lint.

hot

in hot

for

water.

soapy

with

clean

very

Rinse

in

towel.

Rinse

water.

soapy

silver well.

Rub

water.

soapy

Wipe dry

Wash

skewer

Use

hot.

in hot

Drain

water.

dry.
Knives.

Steel
Wood
with

Scour

"

abrasive

an

material

Boards.

Supplies

brick

"

scrub

with

inside

and

with

brush.

cold
an

applied with

Wash

Top).

and

water

Wash

"

bath

and

Soak

"

above, using cold

Utensils.

with

Table

(Spoons,

Dough
as

in

water.
"

wooden

free from

'Wash

"

China.
or

in

towel

Silver.
very

Wash

"

with

Wipe

Use

washing.

dry while

if necessary,

drain, and

Rinse

water

abrasive

cold

Scrub

water.

well.

soften

to

cork.

cleaner

Wash

dough.

rather

than

soap.

outside.

Ammonia
Bath

brick

Dissolved
Metal

for

knives

soda

Scouring

powder

Soap
Washing

soda

or

soap

cleaner:

silver
material

coarser

Equipment:
brush

Bottle

Sink

Dish

Dish
Dish
Dish
Metal

dish

cloth

Soap

shaker

pan

Towels
china

mop
mesh

kitchen

pot

Vegetable

brusb

stoves.

our

look
in

we

better

up

They
and

be

good condition

terings or

and

the

sink

after

each

meal,

so

less of a
only be much
always ready for service. All
by wiping off,while still warm,
with

glass

machine

STOVES

will not

spilledfood,

scraps

brush

Dishwashing

clean

soap

hand

cleaner

brush

CLEANING

As

with

for

drainer

Scrub
Sink

strainer

Soap

Cork

crushed

newspaper.

should
care,
stoves

we

but
may

for

care

they

will

be

kept

any grease
Rub
the

spatstove

268

HOUSEWIFERY

brisklywith

second

piece of

the

and

paper,

stove

will

be

smooth

blacking unnecessary.
Any
off with hot soapsuds again using
sticky food can be easilywashed
in preference to the cloth,so that there will be no
the paper
dirty
cloth, either lying about constantlydirty, or having to be washed.
be gone
twice
Once
over
a
or
week, the stoves
(when cold), may
black

and

enough

to

make

Fiq.

with

cloth moistened

are

clean

Cleaning

home.

The

bits of

coal, wood

stove

blacking

to the stove

gas

stove.

kerosene, rubbing them

thoroughly until

and

is

If

the

with

"

bright.
blacking
preferredto oil,one
bags which
process by using paper

they
the

160.

constant

with

may

protect the hand

during

usually plentifulin the

be clean, that is,free from
must
particlesof food,
or
ashes, before applying the blacking. Moisten
little warm
a
water, and with a dauber, apply

either before

are

lightingthe fire,or

when

the fire in the coal

CLEANING

or

wood

is

stove

the surface.
is

Polish

Blacking

dry.

The

hot

stove

the

should

be

blacken

will

Gas

to

better
and

stoves

washing
and

much

give a

with

then

and

stove

stoves

water,

kept

and

with

kerosene

or

over

be

may
soda

them

from

from

the

in

on

blacking

two

reasons:

contain

mable
inflam-

or

stoves

gas

stove, placing in

very

mixture
with

stoves

the

by

greasy,
of two
enamel

top burners

gas

cleaned.

regularly and

oil and

condition

good
when

water

one
parts kerosene
part turpentine.
finish need
only washing. The
tray under

Burners

boil

These

out

the

as

for

or

less effort.

with

looking stove

cold, wiping

be taken

soon

as

It takes

and

should

sputter

blackings

some

fire.

cause

kerosene

soap

when

on

cool

not

great deal of time

say nothing of the dirt involved, and the oil

would

stoves,

put

269

ROOMS

blacking does
polishingbrush

blacking, and

wastes

OF

the

with

liquidswhich
to

that

low

so

CARE

AND

may

be

cleaned

by detaching

large enough to hold them,

pan
and
water
(Fig. 160). One-half

covering with washing soda

to one
Bring to
pound of soda may be used to a gallon of water.
and
let boil until the grease, soot and
charred
food
boiling point
off.
sloughs
Wipe off with paper or an old brush, rinse with hot
water, and put back on the stove to dry by lighting the fire. The
little keronickel on
sene,
the stoves should
be kept free from
rust with
a
linseed oil,and
be washed
lemon
or
can
frequently. Any of
will
the metal
polishes
keep it bright. (See Cleaning of Nickel,
261.)
page
and

REFRIGERATOR."

Daily.
Do

not

the ice before

Wash

"

the

wrap

ice ; it must

discolorations

Remove

porcella (see page

Look

CLEANING

the

over

on

AND

putting it

CARE

into the

refrigerator.
order to keep the box cold.
melt
porcelain lining with
whiting or
in

262).
contents

and

plan

to

all left-overs

use

while

fectly
per-

fresh.
All food
Do

not

Keep
Do

must

put food

food

not

be in clean

in

allow

into

the

the

section

food

of

utensils.

refrigeratoron
of the

may

covered; lettuce and

parsley

as

refrigerator intended

strong odor

refrigerator.Covers
Keep food such

be made
broken

dining-room

to

of waxed

eggs,
should
be

remain

uncovered

china.
for it.
in

the

paper.

mayonnaise

dressing, etc.,

washed

then

and

stored

in

270

HOUSEWIFERY

clean
be

cloths

glassjars,without

with

covered

water

or

water; this will keep them

Pig.

Charcoal, unless
freshen, boil in
with
Wash

a
a

from

yolks may
drying; change
egg

day.

every

Twice

Unbroken

water.

damp
all

"

fresh,

water

Week.

161.

"

Cleaning

has

no

refrigerator.

power

and

cool.

Wash

thoroughly
dry.

cloth,and

parts of the inside

to

absorb

the outside

of the

odors.

To

tor
refrigera-

except the ice section,using cold

272

HOUSEWIFERY

glass cylinder

; with

deposit,

rinse

and

water.

This

does

with

sterile

baked.

Do

from

will

and

water,
and

the

other

filter

is

filter.

properly

not

because

water,
bacteria

The

the

water

cared

for

it affords

do

in

How

2.

How

3.

If

4.

How

5.

Make

6.

How

7.

List

take

one

machine

is
one

may

pendence
de-

the

factory

home,

be

re-

the

wife's
house-

firing

china.

as

those

to

needing

be

to

visible

and

to

be

before

accomplished
in

placed
it.

using

increase

invisible

remove

certainly
to

sediment

the

uncared-for

the

household

bacteria

filter

latter

in

medium

the
for

very

it

may

to

food

economies

bed?

mahogany?
in

deposit

given

burned

of

number

be

to

brass

off

how

rusty

rules

marks

greasy,

remove

you

QUESTIONS
clean

to

finger

remove

of

set

proceed

you

can

do

and

multiply.

to

would

the

on

however,

remove

reliance

SUGGESTIVE
1.

to

be

the

remove

turn

it is to

for

this

even

may

and

to

42.)

one,

boiled

place

tubes

cannot

only

at

than

page

which

germs,

tubes

fresh

will

filters

to

one

work

double

clamp

tubes

filtering cylinder regularly

used

Plumbing,

or

having

to

the

cleaning,

the

that

of

the

the

exchange

various

household

is upon

case

suited

filtering problem

disease

the

rebake

to

more

fasten

sanitary

sending

(See chapter

The

by

no

outside

replacing

upon

attempt

house

supply

baked.

one

is

oven

The

put

the

then

give

not

and

not

wash

replace;

be

must

brush

be

maid

from

an

possible

cleaned?

the

today

of

bottom
for

in

bottle

metals.

cleaning

enamel

water

saucepan?
cleaning.

REFERENCES

Jean,

Broadhurst,

Home

Community

and

Hygiene.

J.

B.

Lippincott

Company.
Estelle

Buchanan,
millan
Conn

MacLeod,
Donham,
Richards,
Talbot,

H.

D.,

and

Robert

E.,

Household

Bacteriology.

Mac-

Co.

W.,

Agnes,
E.

Marion,

Yeasts

Bacteria,

Sarah,
H,

Handbook
Marketing
Cost
House

and
of

and
op

Cleaning.

Sanitation.

Molds.

Cleaning.

Ginn

Whitcomb
Whitcomb

Co.
Bros.

Little,

Brown

Harper

Housework.

"
"

"
"

Barrows.
Barrows.

"

Co.

CHAPTEK

CLEANING

is

Kenovatiox
to make

like
does

article

the

all

various

roughing,

cost

if

is

they

and

of

worthy

well

furnishings.

of

fact,

should

furnishings,

be

depreciation,

renewal

cost.

material

that
To

in

"

be

can

vation
reno-

she

Beds,

bedding,

tool

chases
pur-

sil,
uten-

or

after

only

justify

large first

dyed,

or

which

or

conditions

such

under

quality

for

pay

an

fading, cracking,

as

cleaned,

of

cost

purchased

may

of

when

every

such

Fabrics

money

cost

fact, the

housewife

the

by

and

renovation

the
In

time

in

cost

as

cost.

equipment

re-cutting.

justifies the

so

original

of first cost,
and

are

far

types of household

furniture

and

the

means

in

considered

be

consideration

the

the

furniture, kitchen

carpets,

and

renewal,

exceed

not

should

RENOVATION

AND

It is economy

new.

purchase.
FABRICS

The
with

first

and

and

soap

with

renovation.

sent

of

adds

that, if

Careful

to

cost, with

so

keep

the

water,

ho

to

the

to

by

the

to

fresh, whereas

the

of

the

frequently

as

the

sent
repre-

eliminate

chances

are

is necessary

as

dry cleaning

of

cost

not

may

telligent
in-

an

cance.
signifi-

new

will

And

fabrics.

cost

so

housewife

the

by

as

that

usually

are

cleaner,

and

original cost,

laundering
harm

the

to

sent

it

fact

renovated

acquires

process

are

their

be

can

process

consider

to

is directed

cleaned, they will be cleaned

them

laundering
this

to

rarely stops

attention

furnishings

materially

economy.
extra

and

soap

these

When

this

her

when

is

accustomed

so

she

dry cleaning establishment,

use

renewal

that

renovation

blankets, curtains, portieres, etc., which

as

the

is

housewife

clothing

However,

things
to

her

of

type

common

The

water.

in connection

such

most

makes

its

use

infrequent.
Fabric
or

untidy

fabrics
out

are

better
18

stains
if not
in
when

are

unsightly

removed.

most

cases

fresh.

The

and

stains

possible
For

make

that

to

that

remove

reason,

look

garment
are

let

found

they
the

will

on

either

old

household

always

housewife

come

try
273

to

274

HOUSEWIFERY

remove

them

washed

out

first with
in cold

to the

done
Rtain

work
1

cold

water,

without

water

further

for

chemical

each

color

paper
of

white

and

Soft

cloth

Soft

brush

harm

no

ether

or

of

and

the

cloth

the

fabric,

tartar

salts

or

of

Detergent
Gasoline

or

non-linting

Hydrochloric
Javelle

Lard

acid

Potassium

Ammonia

Soap
white

"

alcohol,4

tallow

or

Oxalic

Re-Agents:

acid

water

Alcohol

oz.

with

he

may

lemon

Recipe for Detergent. l1/^ oz.

1

stains

and

Chloroform
Cream

Blotting

Stain

work

the

Borax

outfit:

cup
bowl

half

as

fabric.

dropper

clear

permanganate

castile

soap,

ether,

oz.

ammonia.

oz.

Cut
Then

soap fine and heat in

add three quarts of cold

safer

to

piece

of

pint

one

of soft water

water

and

any

other

until

dissolved.

the other

ingredients. For
cleaning black goods, use one quarter cup of this liquid in one pint
of warm
water.
If this makes
the article too stiff,
add more
water.
For removing spots from
woolen
goods such as men's clothing,apply
the detergent,only slightlydiluted,with
It is always
a
sponge.
test

this

the

material

stain, as

remove

Stains

detergent
the

cleansing solution
before

underseam)

(e.g.,an

with

attempting

to

affect the color.

ether

may
Removal.

Their

and

or

(For

"

detailed

directions,see

page

276.)
To

all unknown

remove

stains,grass and

mildew,

the stain

wash

in cold water.
To

chocolate

remove

gravies,scorch, sewing
with

cold

and

water

warm

To

remove

to which

wash

until
To
water

warm

remove

the

stain

remove

and

soap,

machine

soap

; any

with

cocoa

cream,
grease,

and

tea

of stain

trace

cream,

cream,

with

cream,

be removed

may

wash
with

soap.

blood

salt has

in
To

and

water

with

been

and

water

mucus,

added,
and

mucus,
1 cup

and

pus,

of salt to 8

soak

in cold

water

quarts of water, then

soap.

blood, punch,

sugars,

and

syrups,

wash

in

water

warm

disappears.
grease,
or

use

juice,and perspiration,wash
magnesium, chalk, starch or meals
meat

"

in
not

warm

flours.

To
and
wash

with
To

To

cold

rinse

with

To

stain, rub well into the

on

polish,tar,
grease spot;

water.

warm

old stains

remove

with

shoe

Eepeat until removed.

bluing, clear coffee,clear tea, and fruit, spread stain
through the stain from a height.
pour boiling water

remove

bowl

over

put lard

grease,
soap and

wagon

275

blacking, tan

pencil,stove

indelible

remove

RENOVATION

AND

CLEANING

water;

of

with

cover

borax, and

tea, moisten

coffee,and

chocolate, cocoa,

let stand

boiling water.

wine, put thick layer of salt on stain as soon

from
a
height through the stain
boiling water

To

cream

Use

acids.

oxalic

stand

equal quantitiesof water. ) Apply

water; continue
seconds, rinse with warm

disappears, then
To

with

Javelle

above)
Javelle,finallyrinse
old

remove

soap
stubborn

and

and

the

wash

ink

remove

To

;
as

iron

and

acid, with

few

soon

as

rust, use dilute acids (lemon juice,sour

oxalic
of tartar, rhubarb, pineapple, hydrochloric and
food acids direct without
dilution; dilute hydrochloric
ink

remove

milk,

made

as

remove

pour
convenient.

and

minutes;

few

and

hot

with

Apply

stains

and

and

water

until

stain

water.
dilute

stains, use

water.

acid, let

stubborn

the

acids

acid, then

(see paragraph
with

follow

soap.

stains,use

dilute

oxalic

acid

Apply a few drops of

(as above) and potassium permanganate.
rinse
with
warm
water, then
apply
potassium permanganate;
until
stain
oxalic acid.
and
wash
with
disappears
Eepeat
finally
and

soap

Before
kind

of

water.

beginning to work on
fabric is stained, and

colored, one
the

decide

must

resultingcolor

of the

chemical

lack

or

used

of the

which

to

the

find out
stain.

is the

what

is least

of color

remove

stain

possible: What

If the

fabric

is

objectionable,the stain, or

which

may
stain.

the

if

come

Try

from
the

the

stain

action

remover

effect.
or
on
some
under-seam,
sample
see
In using chemicals
should
that alkalies, like soda,
know
one
potash, ammonia, and strong soaps, yellow and destroy wools and
silks.
Dilute
acids,such as half-strength oxalic,citric,and hydrochloric,
on

may

may
be used
Cold

thing
realize

be
on

fabric

used

on

cottons

wools
and

and

silks.

Dilute

that

it takes

acids

the

and

alkalies

linens.

stains and
many
to try, especiallyif the stain is unknown.
water

will

to

remove

time, and

that

several

is,therefore,the first
The
short

worker

must

applications are

276

HOUSEWIFERY

better

than

continuous

one

chloroform

gasoline,which

or

with

out

soap and
further
work

stop

If any

one.

water
of

or

used,

always quickly evaporates,

abundant

very

chemical

the

reagent has been

of water.

the

wash

This

will

possible formation

of

use

and

cept
ex-

holes.
of

Method
follows:

Procedure.

Spread

the

The

"

stained

method

portion

of

over

stains

removing
bowl.

With

is

as

dropper

Follow
water.
apply the proper chemical.
quickly with warm
(Test
by holding the whole finger in the water ; it should not burn.) Many
short applicationsare
and
safer than
the one
surer
long-continued
of a chemical
before rinsing. When
the stain has disappeared,
use
wash
the spot well until the chemical
is entirelyremoved, then wash
in soap

and

Eules

that

good worker

1.

Know

material.

2.

Know

stain.

3.

Use

dilute

4.

Use

5.
6.

on

stain

the

play

an

work

cold

water,

is

as

as

if it

and

then

itself

stain
and
rule

if the

difficult to

is most

cream,

work

peculiar problem, because

own

understood, the

is to

treat.

coffee

stain
In

cold

water

and

as

one.

there

of

stain

soap.

same

when

way,
if the whole

example,

cream

the
a

same

combined

material

and

with

fat, use

without
under

wool

material

coffee

being

Fruit

For

distinct

the

of

Coffee

dye
two

combined

are

to

Cream

as

these

two

are

all due

water.

For

it

when

case

with

delicate

without

entirelycream.

were

with

even

the

presents difficulties.

were

condition

most

and

follow

to

instantly
boiling
responds similarly. In the
fabric is to bet cleaned, proceed always
removed

entirely the

first.

important part,

example, coffee with cream,

problems. A good general
problems

follows

chemical.

presents its

fabric

conditions

that

stains

dropper.
Always use simple reagents
Wash
thoroughly.

Each
and

rinse.

water, and

were

cotton, wash

wool.
Good

general rules to follow

Clear

sugar

Clear

fat

Clear

albumen

Use

stains,like

punch,

stains,like olive

magnesia

are:
use

or

chalk

for grease

water.

cold water

oil,use

stains, like blood

hot

or

and

cold
egg, use
stains only.

soap.
or

tepid

water.

cold

use

like

water;

like blood

of material

combination

Any

277

RENOVATION

AND

CLEANING

in

as

grease

albumen,

and

fat, sugar

and

gravy,
cream,
ice-

chocolate

as

cold water.
Precautions
that

colors

of

stain

washed, take
If

whole.

the

garment

on

to

so

spread.

or

any

Put

or

where

then

does
As

fast

does

cloth

silks

method

for

method

for white

Moisten

harm.

not

the least chance

will have

fabrics

or

goods

to be

be washed

to

stain with

the

not

cold

water,

cal
by dropping from the dropper ; the chemiif the way
is prepared by moistening the stain.
loosens and is absorbed
by the cloth and blotting

work

If

pad.

new

of warm,

instead

as

chemical

the

much

as

larger part of the garment as protection.

folded cloth,or white blotting paper,

the bowl

use

the stain

use

paper,

spot

the

on

the

Use

better
as

the

isolate

garment

proceed to wash
removed, place the

stain

used

water

or

over

stain

the

water

apply

cloth

later,and

washed

If the

"

the chemical

bowl.

over

and

work-table

reasons

Place

have

is to

garment

is much

removal

stain

washed

be

to keep from
spotting the rest of the
first,
accidental
chemicals; and,
or
dropping of water

two

that

of

means

running

or

is to

spot is to be removed.
the spot first,and then

out

clean

possiblefor
material
by
second,

the

fading

the

only

if

the

garment

problem

the

"

spotting

or

that

whole

the

removed,

is

less difficult than

is to be

follow, and

When

result.

may

the

after

"

"

removal

Stain

Spotting.

ring will often

water

in

and

colors
dilute

use

are

chemical, even

loosens

though

water

it takes

be
water ring may
dye.
left after a spot has been removed.
(See below.)
Stripes are saved by streaking the adjoining
Saving Colors.
ample,
stripeswith soap or borax, especiallyif acid is to be used; for excolors.
Where
in taking ink out of a white
stripe among
colors are
piecesof material of the
very uncertain, it is helpful to use
for the rubbing cloth.
the stain and
color for the pad under
same

longer time.

Warm

often

cold

delicate,use

very

water

"

white

cloth

often

leaves

fine lint stain

which

is very

difficult to

remove.

To
until

remove

of material

by boiling a
top tightly and

the

ring, hold

water

thoroughly moist,

breadth

the

not

will
small

wet, then

have

to

amount

tying

be

stain
shake

steamed.

of water

piece

of

over

dry.

steam
Often

Steam
in the

cheesecloth

and

shake

the

whole

is

tained
easilyobteakettle,fitting
over

the

spout.

278

HOUSEWIFERY

This

cheesecloth

prevents sputterings of

from

water

spotting the

fabric.

Laundering.
much

work

Laundry

"

consideration,

much

too

is

for

weekly renovation, requiring

part of a chapter; but

small

and renewal, a few brief directions

will
laundering is renovation
be given. (For Laundry
Equipment, see page 103; for Supplies,
see
136.)
page
Sort the clothes into pilesof white and color,and separate these
Mend
wherever
pilesof fabrics into wool, silk,cotton, and linen.
nine.
possible,before washing. A stitch in time saves
as

Remove
nature

stains
to need

as

in the process

and

easier.

On

Soak

only

soap
as

so

and

ordinary

of such

are

stains

out

come

of

to

it

soil,and

clean

them, because it
certainlymakes washing

possiblestains, use
and

cold

holds

linens

and

There

suds.

soap

suds

the

helps

water,

hot.

not

and

does

has

been

settle

not

enough

the

on

water

scum.

on

only

white

time,

fuel

waiting

water, not
is

and

good

especiallysoiled
to

boil.

to

or

to

sterilize the

spots,

There

with

must

Rinse

in two

hot

would

suds, which

rinse
and

rinses

form

clothes.

wish

one

so

hot

cold

Boil

to

mize
econo-

clothes,

water, and

five

minutes

should

naphtha

off all greasy

if cooled.

to flood

sticky scum

the

put
after

Boiling,when

rinses

boil with

not
as

with

in hot rinse.

two

do

boil, rub

To

soap, fillboiler
be good suds.

dirty clothes,and

boil

not

cottons; should

work, scald the clothes by covering with hot

boil.
ing
Boiling helps to clean very soiled cloth-

boilingpoint is reached, then

the washing
should
follow
Do

stains

linens.

water

warm

when

Boil

on

if these

Many

water

much

of the

cottons

used

cold

in

account

in

clothes

washing.

clothes
dissolves

Wash

white

specialattention.

of

Soaking
softens

from

done,

follow

that.

soaps.

dirty soap

water, because the cold water opens the fabric and

for the blue.
chills the clothes,preparing them
If solid blues are
in well-stirred,clean blue water.
Blue
used,
in cold

Einse

in

tie them
flannel

or

tub, and

several

Starching
When

the

Use

muslin.

about

thicknesses

one-third
is

garment

about
of

of
one

ball to

cheesecloth

or

teaspoonful of
a

heavy piece of
liquid blue to a

tub.

process

which, when

is to be

starched, use

used, follows
the

the

bluing.

following proportions

280

HOUSEWIFERY

when
be

ironed.

pressed

Woolens

Pull

wool.
that

the

on

fluff it.

by brushing with

Colored

Washing

soap, in which

of the

blankets

Woolen

the

over

in

wool, and

much

are

should

or

improved

broom.

Goods.

For

"

starch

side
wrong
cheesecloth

dampened
against the nap

stiff whisk

the

on

with

cheesecloth

lift and

way

be ironed

side

right

the

up

should

these, it may

water, such

be

not

possible to

might be made by using

grated potato, bran, soap bark, or in fact,ordinary laundry starch
With
be substituted.
these agents the only thing that
paste, may
affect the color would
could
be the water
softening the dye; avoid
this by using cold water
instead
of warm.
To
of these,
use
any
add them
directlyto the wash water, using about 2 cups to a halfSmall
gallon of water.
quantities of bran or soap bark will go
use

case

farther

if heated

strained

out.

Colors

water,
water
as

possible
use

better

enough

to

dirt.

There

The
on

"

"

without

"bleed,"

salt

be

must

fear

"

; salt

washing
Cottons

clean.

So

is to
As

sun.

Linens.

and

the

first

methods

household

pour
dark

the

cold
the

soda

water.
clear

place.

The

ready for
the

water,
salt to

cups

"

In

bleaching,

is to wash

step

the

out

bleaching.
garment on the

of

the

wet
spread
it dries,remoisten,

of the best

Put
the

to

the

quickly

as

hardens
1

If

hand

at

Use

first.

salt

use

cool

of

use

substitutes.

soap

then

paring.
the

by

extent

bleaching agents oxygen.

is by using Javelle.
second
method
The
be purchased at the drug store,
which
may
little effort and expense
by the housewife.
Recipe for Javelle Water:

one

minutes, and

15

but

of

or

for

use

Bleach

three

in the

to

garment.

cover

first method

towel

10

use

the

that

follow

fabrics

are

the

"run"

to

not

To

the

have

do
will

results

Bleaching

color

quickly

; but

water

always

solution, and

so

for

water

grated potato raw,

preserved to a great

the
"

the

the

be

in

causes

instant
so

Use

may

soap

in

as

because

grass

or

supplies

water

"

into

washing

lb.

qt. boiling
lb.

qts. cold

an

agate

Pour

this

liquid

into

sediment

pan'

mixture
a

may

be

solution

made

with

soda

of

lime

water

and
into

bottle
will

or

is

water

chloride

%
2

Javelle

and

disinfect

add

boiling

dissolved

use

as

sinks

water.

flush

the
When

soda.

Javelle
and

Mix

water.

the

lime

in

settled,
in a
Keep

closets.

CLEANING

and

liquid bottled

garment

three

four

or

The

water

minutes

wash

method

third

oxalic

and

into the

acid.

Javelle

soapy
bleaching is
be

may

boil.

used

has

added.

After

if necessary.

Eepeat

water.

the clean

Plunge

been

to

liquid.

of Javelle

cups

do not

is harmful

which

to two

in hot

of

They

to which

only the

to settle and

Javelle

To

water

wet

cloudy

It is

used.

allowed

be

every pailof water use one

will facilitate the work, but

clothes.
Hot

should

mixture

Javelle

This

281

RENOVATION

AND

by potassium permanganate
in large quantities for the

the perspots. Make

dropper to remove
manganate
of
solution
crystalsto one
quart
by using one teaspoon
from
of water, and
which
is made,
use
half-strength oxalic acid,
Add
of water.
solution by adding to an equal amount
a concentrated
acid to water
instead of water
to acid, to avoid its sputtering. Apply

whole

the

garment,

to the

; the

garment

water

oxalic

acid, which
This

water.

soapy

chemical
To

Bleach

unless

permanganate
For

both

bleach

for

silks.
make

and

in

wools,

Unless

it is rather

through

one

be

can

silks ; follow

allowed

to pass

Care

should

subject the
to

facilities

attempt

the

the

lighted candle

garment,

which

is

are

or

mild

is

the

woolens

or

will

water

Silk

water.

or

barrel
the

in

to

out

and
pan

of the

forced

clean,wet

doing this work

danger of inhaling

working

the

in

to the

suspended

for

through

good bleaching outfit. Place

in the bottom
the candle, down

from

Javelle

of its delicateness.

for

it.

wools,

or

it is

as

clear

be used

worker

from

quart of

with

because

has

silks

used

in

to bleach

poison.

soda, which

be

crystalsdissolved

that

potassium

nor

used,

of

also

can

with

sure

is

of

stain.

stands

fumes

to

inadvisable

make

borax

Hyposulphite

hard

acid

from

the

to

washings

to be

as

slightyellowing

dilute

garment

Javelle

stains

compared

as

to whiten

not

Neither

"

remove

photography,

rinse

fire and

whole

with

with

several

the

or

rinse

; follow

with

spot

the

fabric.

yellowed, is

fumes.

which

nothing

is the best bleach.

to avoid

candle

that

is

silks

to

wools, sulphur fumes

garment
the

bad

tablespoonfulof

wool, once
For

used

so

either

good

the

Silks.

and

is

used

"hypo"

Einse

brown

step is always necessary, so

left in the garment.
Oxalic

be

can

stain

good

whiten.
either

Wools

permanganate

will turn

garment, then

last

been

has

clean, moistened

will

finallywash

water, and

the

or

permanganate

warm

no

with

of

barrel

doors

sulphur
water, in

barrel, so

rise and

the

of

that

circulate
on

clean

282

HOUSEWIFERY

white

the

inhale

Pale
will do

fumes, and

considerable

be used

to

chemical

water

so

of two
to

as

either

of

things:

do not

prevent fire.

white

silks

wools

or

bleach

table

the

may

be done

which

repeated

velvet

If

is best.
or

chalk

several

powder.
badly soiled.
the

this way;

Eiderdown

even

day

method

"

velvet
:

use

in

portieres,

to

by brushing

is to be
mar

may

be steamed

Put

about

jet of

the

velvet

out.

This

will be

steam

produced

have

process
may
all cases
the worker

wet

cloth

on

hot

of

inch

spout, and

This

the

one-half

over

oughly
thor-

it should

done,

print

or

cheesecloth
a

stronger

to

be

will

be

iron,

steam

large,heavy pieces the teakettle

be done
with
satisfactorily
nesium
magthick layer of powder; let it remain

for

or

is not

Prepare

so, and

then

shake

applicable when
a

suds

of

warm

and
the

water

brush

garment
and

off
is

white

Use a second
quilt in the suds.
suds,
for rinsing,and then hang to dry by spreading out betwo
waters
tween
As often as possiblewhile drying shake from
two lines.
all
four
sides to re-liven the down, and
to help to re-spread it. It
will be found
that any wringing must
be done by squeezing. The
be done with a warm
iron.
pressing of the silk or sateen cover
may
A little time will be required after the down
is dry to spread it about
with the fingers. The
cleaned
in
quiltsmay be most satisfactorily
this way,
and will lack only a little of the originalpuffiness,
which
from
the down
came
being blown into the various section patterns
the quilt was
as
being made.
Pillows.
Pillows may
be washed, without
removing the feathers
from
the case, in a tub or
Wash
washing machine.
by sousing
and
down
in
the
and
then
after
water,
rinsing,hang to dry in
up
soap.

or

"

knead

as

almost

but

Quilts.

Souse

in

Cleaning may
by spreading a

This

not

this way
be shaken.

can

renovated

whipping

In

prefers to

hours,

be

any

silks.

nature, often found

piece of

times, but

one

produced

on

wools, but

or

and

methods

of two

boil hard.

rewarded.
be

either

several

of this

spots

teakettle,tie

the

wools

If any
back
so

the

Water

by

let the water

both

cushions, may

from

beater.

in the

water

yellow

soft brush.

be done

with

method

and

runners,

always

can

will

to silks

whiteness

All materials

"

with

towards

the

restore

Velvets.

for

the candle

arrange
the rinse

in

bluing

careful

Be

keeping the white clear and preventing

yellowing. Photographers' "Hypo" (hyposulphite of soda) can

its

in

muslin.

stringsor stripsof

the

CLEANING
the

wind

as

wind.

and

sun

Choose

dries and

livens

will

the

break

cheesecloth

bag, and

feathers

feathers.

work

in the

if

possible,

It will be easier

to clean

tick often

rubbing

this, transfer

For

feathers

wash

the

as

this

for

well.

removed,

are

283

RENOVATION

windy day

the

the tick if the feathers

which

AND

needs

feathers

the

bag, and

the

wash

to

ticking

separately.
Gold

Silver

and

with

by brushing
the

out

carry

down

line.

velvet.
To

dry

Dry

Clean.
because

done

under

excellent

for
even

there

of

cook

as

stove.

best

the

gasoline as

much
be used

in

clothes

will

as

ihould

the

careless

much

she

generous
result.

gasoline and

the

because

worker

ting."
spot-

do

up

would

well
of
and
on

the

mar

iron.

not

the

for

problem

fire risk

as

hang dripping

that

and

and

"

suds

material

waters, and

of

for

wash, prepare

dress,

pint of water.
for hangings

used

souse

is

in

expert

involved, it should

by anyone
except
of
suitable
air,
containers,
plenty

as

never

gasoline after

and

use,

no

tunity
oppor-

cigars,matches, candles, gas light or lamps,

An

flame

open

distance
not

of

several

of

any
feet

"

sort

will

real

contact

ignite the
of

the

hand

as

necessary.

would

have

person

should
for

water

have

on

washing, and

it should

quantitiesas water, otherwise streaky,grimy

be used
in conjunction with
the
Soap may
cleansing brush and rubbing the spot directly
soap,

as

if it

were

soap

and

There

water.

Finally, however,
good color.
have
been
continuously gasolined are likely to turn
things which
almost
impossible to bleach white.
Saving used
yellow and are
cause
a
saving, begasoline for the next cleaning is not in the long run
the gasoline to become
less volatile and
the exposure
causes
more

be

so

gasoline work

gasoline by taking the

with

cleaning

disposing of the

at a
gasoline fumes
fire and the liquid is

For

be cleaned

may

by boiling in salt and

each

soft brush

conditions, such

fire,such

is

or

wringing,

with

Dry

the

by

possible way

cleaned

in several

no

brush
"

Wash

soap.

be

can

When

be

or

and

soapsuds, rinse

never

also be

successfully.To

be washed

There

worker, and

lace may

water

in the

the

"

These

"

or

tablespoonsfulof salt to
Corduroy, which is often

water, using two

luke-warm

Embroidery.

gasoline. If this lace is

precautions as given above (page 277)

metal

Corduroy.
clothing,can

and

alcohol

same

This

as

Lace

much

oily,and

rinsing

to

consequently

insure

grimy

cleaner.

To

dispose

of

used

284

HOUSEWIFERY

gasoline, pour

on

Gasoline

shade.
Other

must

of

ways

cleaning

off with

otherwise

which

results, or

which

rinse

and

well,

Many

with
"

materials

absorb

the

earth, dry

The
the

soil is set free

principle
which

grease

to be brushed

doing much
help to prevent

the

almost

last alternative

toward

and

in

brushing always
griminess that

cleaned

the

would

one

about
the
way
should
be cleaned

according
package
the

dye, and

of

satisfactory

wash

dye

it

ment.
garIt is gested
sug-

at home.

attempted

best

there

first,as

proceed.
the dye

to

way

from

clean,

soiled

grease,

prescribed methods

the

to

renovation

with

garment,

this

which

should

be

come

sufficient

tion
garment may completely float in the dye soluavoid streaking. If, in its original state the garment

way
in color,for

uneven

dry

to

garment

that

of the color

some

or

To

learned

in that

is

be wrashed

attempt
dye goods
small, inexpensive thing be

every

quantity,so

dye
spots.
it is ready to dye; no

mixed

be

it,and

will

has

the

cases

should

cornmeal.

and

the

fullers'

of

use

Before

is rather

cannot

some

be

can

all

In

then

the

by

housewives

that
much

dry

fabrics,and

Dyeing

"

fabric

these

in

evaporate

will follow.

Dyeing.
of

meals,

is that

let it

drains.

put down
e.g., bran

dry powder.
powder. This

the

off the

shake

be

not

and

soil to the

binds

sandy soil,or

or

dry cleaning are

starch, magnesia,
of this

gravel

example, if

has

has tried to
person
withdrawn, the dye should

been

"

spot

be

"

put

lighter spots with a cloth or brush before the rest of the

the garment
is dyed for the
garment is dipped. Otherwise, when
of covering up spots,the spots will in all probabilityappear
purpose
for the expert'sadvice that the
shade
a
lighter. This is the reason
these

on

color
blue

chosen
or

for

old

an

black, for then

garment
it will be

should

be

dark

so

that

one, either
very dark
it will probably cover

imperfections. As dyeing requires soaking in water, the

up many
All of this must
fabric
be taken
into
is very
likely to shrink.
before
consideration
It is one
attempting to do any work.
thing
to

have

it may

renovated

garment

be called

renewal, and

garment

Carpets.

The

have
it is

which
first

it turn

decidedlya

cannot

be

thought

in

out

so

waste

well
to pay

that
for

used.

renovating rugs and

To remove
clean.
the soil they are
usually
carpets is to get them
this is advisable,especiallyif the rug
to be scoured, and
sent away
A
be freed
or
carpet is very large and weighty to handle.
rug can
Rugs

and

have

; but

economy

an

and

"

CLEANING

dust

stick

beater

Shaking
Any

is hard
rug

if

rug,
home

at

by

preparing a heavy
soap

and

spread

Fig.

162.

water

the

on

first

(as heavy

Any

carpet.

or

with

frothy lather.
soft cloths
Do

as

to

fast

as

may

the

suds

as

With
the

rug

little

soft

brush
of

too

large

part, so be careful
it darkens

thought

be

may

First

cut

the

or

fiber.

washed,

brush

the

with

surface

to

in color.

at

brush

or

beat

water

washing

to

suds

keeping

colors

and

rinse

white

may

are

be

strong

up

if the

fast.

Test

of

would
in the

remove

it off with
water.

warm

rather

work

you

The

time.

one

change the
The

of any

first.

water

all rugs, except those that

practically
Many rugs may be actuallywashed
machine.

wire

this

out
which
been
have
wrung
sponges
each part as
Rinse
small part at a time.
over

shaving lather)

or

only a
than spread

essential

Apply

beater.

either

ened
be thoroughly freshendurance, may
getting it entirely free from dust, and then

lather

rug

285

the

(Fig. 162).
rug, always with

Washing

"

fiat rattan

because
rug
ends.
frays the
has

one

the

on

often

RENOVATION

with

by whipping

from

AND

rinsing is an
frequently,and
be applied
may

very

method
fade

washtub
all

with

even
or

in

water.
a

possibledust

ing
wash; then

286

HOUSEWIFERY

it

give

wash

clear

brush

out.

Then

rinses

will

add

clear

do

the

remove

soapsuds and
coloring and

the
up
would

to remain

allowed

first to

make

the

dirt

it is not
until

wash
remove

any
sticky. In

rug

possibleto

clean.

Several
which

soap
order

if
the

that

wring, but

hang dripping on
The
side down, and
let drip until dry.
line wrong
washing
be planned for when
of rag rugs should
by having
they are made
the rags of permanent
color so as to allow for washing. Many
rag
washed
have
been
in
well
because
wash
do
not
to
they
rugs
appear
rug
the

be

too

small

the

case

in the

done

porch,

rag
with

scrubbed

and

handle

to

broom

on

is often

if the
rinse

person
it well.

floor,like that

rinsed

suds, and

and

This

especiallyso
easily and

rug
laid

be

better

is

the

well.

rinsed

not

washtub

had

the

case

to

attempt

of water, and

strong enough

such

the

not

amount

an

when

is not
In

marked,

not

of

by pails

Poor rinsing leaves a grimy rug.

of the hose.
by means
cold
ammonia
and
To
clean
water,
matting, use
Matting.
trying to avoid using much
never
use
soap;
very hot water, or a
Cold
will give the
a
water
good deal of soda.
soap that contains

of water

or

"

best

results.

To

remove

dry starch, or whiting

the

up

grease.
the
absorbent
letting
be

used

grease.

Be

can

to

it

changing

very

that

fast
"

of

than

as

worse

ether

on

as

quality or

is

should

water
a

good

suds.

also to ward
be

used, and

With

water

until all soap

flat.

They

be

cleaned.

their

frames

take

should

under

pad

fire with

for

that

put

too

stain,

ether.)
the

saved

and

be

floor, must

covering,because
on

dissolve

the

be freshened

can

thin

will

varnish

thick, is likely to

none.

wools

"

dust, and

by

varnish, like
put

chloroform

or

linoleum

Tapestries. Tapestries,either
cleaned
with
or
thoroughly brushed
the

earth,

fullers'

dry absorbent

grease

(Avoid

worn

This

This

applicationmay be necessary, each time

for a few days. Detergent (page 274)

soiled.

much

poor

stain.

grease, or
absorb
the

good qualityand

is either

prove

to

varnish.

by using
of

remain

remove

as

Linoleum.

on

the

second

careful

spots, spread either

grease

the

off moths.

or

silks,should
cleaner

vacuum

To

to

wash, lukewarm

be

kept
out

keep
or

cold

in this dissolve

enough white soap to make

apply the suds, and rinse with clear

soft brush

is removed.

be tacked
may
With
careful

provided they

on

It is advisable
a

table

top,

workmanship
were

not

or

they

fastened

to

keep the tapestries

they

be hung
may
could
be cleaned

on

back

to

in

mounting

288

HOUSEWIFERY

Chamois.^
it in

keep

to

The

was.

cloth

Chamois

"

good

or

skin

become

oil to

olive

brush

lukewarm

soft brush.

Often

to

and

quite even

dried

to become

it should
oil

puts

the

leather

the

which

cleansers

in bottles

and

water

good

to

hence

oil,with
them

keep

the

which
To

of water

of

some

will

careful

to rub

darken

the

idea

same

chapping.
leather,use

the

be

can

not

alcohol
use

prepare,
add

one

cleaned

have
bar

off all

excess

clean

the

leather

this

by

be

will

If

often

one

linseed

oil

oil.
of

some

the

easily by purchasing
of white
will

added,
soap

and

two

soap

give

dissolved
cups

but

will

help

one

is to

oil

it will catch

as

try

light an

as

or

of white

cup

oil

to

Remembering

solution

been

one

as

with

most

of alcohol

only
naturally requires.

in

dirt,and

to

in

of

light
supply

leather, be

very

quickly

leather.

Imitation
somewhat

oil and

; then

oil it

the

it

than

color

of

"

from

housekeeper will obtain

prepared for shoe cleaning.

to

cup
oil. This

is soiled

soft

removed

affected

be

tone

is

the

cleaner.

one

an

hands

and

with

over

it

as

oil

any

If

but

heat ;

over

spotted."
as
upholstery is very likely
dries it parches and cracks.
to help it to resist wear,

skin

used

be

can

the
dressing will darken
possible,such as paraffinoil,lemon oil,neatsfoot

that
as

Ijeather

"

indoor

rubbed

be
on

from

if the

go all
with
a

piece rather

done, the

The

it.

the fibre with

up

will

Should

by taking

water, wiping

spots

be

teaspoon of

lather

dry, brush

and

it should

be washed

dry

colors

is

than

good condition

it in

keep

better

Upholstery.

Leather

To

look

skin

well

soften

to

may

whole

the

with

much

grease

Certain

whole

do

lukewarm

to do

spots.

rinse

once

window

stiff.

drying

care

it

chamois

dries

skin

from

With

is

less than

water, rinse

the

covers

spots and

water

if the

but

method,

will

chamois

the

it is better

certain

remove

with

much
it be

water

warm

for table

rinse

Many

this way.

much

requiresso

lukewarm

in

soapsuds.

cloth ; when

or

sponge

hard,
used

are

chamois, then

the

high.

Whether

quarts of water

as

and

it is used

drying. As
to keep it

rubbed

very

two

such

chamois

is

before

and

pulled, shaped,
the

that

gloves, wash

pull to shape

then

also

cleaner

window

condition

first cost
chamois

as

leathers, which

renewed

the

by
housekeeper must

enamelled

finish

to scale off in time

and
with

are

oil,in the

really enamelled
same

remember
has
wear.

no

power

cloth, will

linoleum

that
of

way as
this is

only
absorption.

would
cloth

be

be,
with

It is bound

CLEANING

289

RENOVATION

AND

METALS

stove
painted by using black enamel
for
paint, and if allowed to dry thoroughly, the paint will remain
of
several months, making the cleaning of the stove only a matter
washing with a cloth or paper and soapy water.
Steel or rusty iron is probably most
easilycleaned with pumice
or
powder. This is cleaning by abrasion, or the scratch
emery
will have
to avoid
to be taken
scratching too
method, and care
the
alone
will
The
not only remove
pumice
deeply into the metal.
have penetrated below
the outer coating, but will
rust, which may
Oil used with the pumice
surface.
tend to leave a rough uneven
will lubricate the pumice, and keep it from
attacking the metal too
cleaned
surface.
thus producing a smooth
directly,
be painted with white enamel
Tin
zinc bathtubs
paint.
can
or
before
ginning,
bethe
that
tub
is
should
be
One
thoroughly dry
very sure
and
that after each layer of paint there has been
ample
followed
house
Two
of
the
to
for
time
by
paint
layers
dry.
paint
will
finish
bathtub
that
for
will
of
enamel
a
two
give a good
paint
the
To
harden
last
paint before putting the
one
season.
probably

Stoves.

tub

to

hours.

"

use,

Do

Stoves

fill the

be

may

with

tub

this before

cold

and

water

attempting

to

it at all.

use

for

paint a tub unless it is the last resource

painted it,will require frequent renewal.

for

let stand
Do

several

begin to

not

renovation,

as

once

WOODS

of the

complex problems
The problem
of the housewife.
complex by the many kinds
It would
of finishingthem.
of woods, and the varied ways
require
of
there
number
but
these
a
are
complexities,
an
expert to meet
simple suggestionsthat may be followed with much success.
The
monly
everyday woods are pine, which is the soft wood most comused, and oak, ash, maple, walnut, mahogany, and cherry,
which
the common
hard woods.
are
Any of the woods may be found
in house finish,or used for furniture.
They are finished with either
The

care

and

renewal

of woods

is

one

is made

wax,

oil,or

varnish.

while

the varnish

from

absorbing oil

keep

it free from

the wood
19

is to be

The

wax

produces a
or

dust

and

shell-like
The

wax.

oil

or

best

dressingsinks
glaze which
care

polishedor

done

wood,

prevents the wood

for all wood

clean

the

finish is to

dry cloth,and when

over,"give specialattention to

grit by using
"

into

290

HOUSEWIFERY

it.

results often

Poor

follow

wiping

wood

with

oiled

an

dampened

or

clotn.

refinishmeans

To

scratches, dents, heat

up

less

or

more

However,
"

the

no

over

of time

amount
To

order

in

necessary

will be necessary

work;

and

work

should

brushes,

The

not

not

home

at

and
kinds

many
or

of

sufficient to do many
entirely used, this

The

successful,

the

be

housewife's

which

means

of

to

hiring it

pieces of

greater likelihood

work,

with

little of that

of

of material

the

much

is

work

familiar

price charged by

an

while
professional;
than

success

results

if the
be

cannot

often

suffer

on

materials

cause

put them
fire if

difficulties

in

time

much

this kind

of

shop

work

as

woods
To

bought,

but

ammonia.

The

less

worker

caustic, burning

ruin

wall

hands

woodwork.

To

possible,and leave
softening,as one should not
will add

folded,
to

the

Varnish.

moistened
comfort

be
or

the

room

inhale

their

worker.

potash

of

one

the

fumes
over

The

or

be

may
soda

materials

or
are

spatteringswould

any

any

while

removers

all these

careful,as
with

expense

family enjoys
work
good home
of saving money,
good finish to which

is either

handkerchief
of the

means

the

fabrics, and

work

and

it is

Prepared

"

remover

should

air

evenings, then

expensive

very

or

or

perience
ex-

some

of the

man

and

Paint

of

person
considerable

If the

they

results.

which

providing a
securing pleasurable results in
readilyrespond.

Remove

where

can

discourage the housewife,

to

involves

work.

tin

or

combustion

for

one

in the

him, giving exercise

well

as

which

successful

crock

stone

mentioned

not

needed, and
for

spontaneous

are

present the problem

to

many

thoroughly

of the

job, yet

involved

extensive

more

required.
doing over

are

the

to

the

unless

cost

work

strength of the housewife.

little of this

stages, and

else

is

the

labor

home.

at

many

or

These

for

undertake

The

dry quickly if not used, and as most

are
inflammable, they should be carefullyput away.
Care
be given, too, to the cloths and brushes ; wash
the cloths and

of them

could

to

materials

is

is done
at

the

small

equal

this account.

but

for

there

dropped

is within

have

to

if the

about

expense
with him

so

of
expense
to think
of the

needs

one

marks.

furniture

and

repolish,besides covering

or

water

the

compare

done,

ought
piece of

one

rewax

or

or

limited, and
"

doing

as

to reoil

them, have

paint
the

nose

softened

is

varnish

or

than

more

all

and

is

sary.
neces-

mouth

varnish

on

CLEANING

floors may
and

be removed

wringer.
mop
resist the caustic.
For

The

Bleach

Wood.

quicklime, using
acid

Oxalic

Use

to

the acid

To

cold

Filler.

filler is made

qts.), and

mixed

whiting
half).

darkened

for dark

wood,
oak,

For

and
acid

This

is

by

glove

no

mop

would

water

or

15

room

of

20

floors.

from

wear

ft. about

foui

POISON.

used

are

linseed

makes

about

use

to

follows

as

off

water

stains

or

cornstarch

or

used, as

soda

"

boiled

of

and

half

wood

Fillers

"

taken

potash solution 1 lb.

mix, and apply to bleach wood.
if applied long enough ; it is especially

to

The

be

cold

spots like ink

"

and

qts. boiling

qts.

to either

concentrated

on

"

5-ti

"

"

water

remove

about

Use

put

cannot

soda

Add

"

will be needed.

pounds

(iy2

lb.

potash

will also whiten

good

water

hands

lb.

291

RENOVATION

proportions use

Either,

To

hot

by

or,

AND

for

ing.
finish-

oil

(1 pint), turpentine
(1 pint of either, or both
white

before

wood

filler which

must

be

umber.
raw
teaspoon
sienna
tsp. burnt
Y" tsp. yellow ochre

rl

mahogany

For

use

y"z tsp. Bismarck

brown

umber
tsp. burnt
red
Venetian
y-2tsp.
ochre
V'2tsp. yellow
1

walnut

For

all colors

Test

dark, add

too

board

add

light

more

coloring; if

turpentine.
be

may
unwise

good ones, it seems

spend time uselessly,unless
so

if too

stains

Various

"

and

oil and

more

Stain.

To

on

use

many

to

bought,
try

to

and

make

as

there

them, and

are
so

definitelythat good results

stain
is very
homemade
One
be obtained.
satisfactoryand
may
easily made
by using 14 lb. potassium permanganate crystals and
after mixing and
brown
This stain turns
soon
4 quarts of water.
may

be

tested

on

thoroughly, and
not

use

wood

for

floor

To

board

then

two

again,

being

or

and
needs

rub
three

the

one

or

the

folded

with

wood

will

Let

newspaper.
oil

or

wax,

or

the

stain

varnish.

dry
Do

polish the oiled or waxed

most
nished
satisfactory. The var-

then

days, and

results

only

knows

be

to

set

and

be

used

to

harden

to

resist

wear

before

used.
Oil.

"

Oil

should

renew

an

oiled

surface.

Apply

292

HOUSEWIFERY

lemon

the
and

oil,paraffinoil,or boiled

Wax.

before

anything

Any spots
and

or

put

on

any

with

be removed

may

Wax

oiled

an

soft woolen

cloth

persistent,use a
spots are
very
the turpentine. Wax
with
by applying

the worker

is

waxed
and

done

surface.

turpentine,

sure

Use

piece of

domet

well

coating
flannel

table

Varnish.

or

have

to

rub.

very

thin

tops the worker's hand is best.

she has rubbed
more.
enough, rub some

Shellac

careful

then

and

prepared wax
(p.295)
For
a weighted brush.
To

be

must

or

wood.

little rottenstone

if the

mixed
of

is

wood.

circles

by rubbing in
the grain of the

straightlines with
every particleof dirt, which

Remove

"

oil

in

polish by rubbing
To

linseed

shellac

both

good quality materials

Use

"

and

When

and

be

varnish

thick
very thin, in no
way
clean brush
in straight lines,

sticky. Apply with a

Good
and just as far as possiblein continuous, non-liftingstrokes.
is quite dependent upon
the stroke of the worker, for
shellac work
if a short, irregular,liftingstroke is used, shellac will stick and turn
In other words, keep the stroke so even
and continuous,
white.
that
enough

be

to

air does

not

floors

wooden

on

such

as

get under

the

the

in

Waterproof

brush.
where

rooms

varnish

plays an
laundry; and

important part,

water

kitchen, bathroom,

or

Scratches.

Often

be used

may

also

in

halls

and

vestibules.
To

Remove

"

good furniture
polish will
it contains
dye or stain enough to
bared
If one
has no
by a scratch.

up the scratches, because

which
has been
the wood
darken
cover

prepared
Scratches
of

on

mahogany
Its

potash.

is to be

polish,rub

furniture

as

use

polished,rub

the

steel

soft

cloth

shellac.

free

from

Touch

the
Do

sliding stroke.

boiled

linseed

oil.

little permanganate

stated.

If the scratch

arefullywith fine grade sandpaper

of dust formed
by
away
every particle

pad by folding
the

Wet

surface

with

lift the

the

pad

small

wad

of

in

cotton

with

paraffinoil and
pad, using no pressure

pad
when

rubbing
be

repetitionsmay

Several

the. shellac.

with

or

spot

lint.

not

oil

lemon

dye has just been

brush

wool, and then

sandpapering. Make

or

with

be retouched

may
wood

necessary

as

air will
for

then
but

cloud

the

color

desired.
To

Remove

deeper than
packed down

Dents

skin

deep.

by the

Bruises.

or

It

force

that

means

of

bruise, it is possibleto oil and

knock

rub, and

"

This
the
or

kind

of

layers of wood
fall.

darken

If
the

not

bruise

bruise
have
too
so

is

been

deep
that

it

CLEANING

is little noticed.

If the
in

blotting paper
hot

iron.

The

part rises.
thin

wood
To

surface

of

drops

afterwards

has

on

oil and

with

the

wood

and
which

veneer,

dented

the
is

only

backing.

Often

"

wood

of

the

radiator

leaks,

in

or

mark
spilled on wood; the water
It is easilyremoved
with a few drops of
cloth.
Moisten
the cloth, add
two
or

and

ammonia,

swells

thin

been

spot.

ammonia

to

Spots.

water

soft
this,moisten
gently apply heat by means
than

possible with

finish,glued

filmy gray

deeper

heat

be

not

Water

way

household

is

and

293

RENOVATION

and

water

would

Remove

left is

three

hot

dent

moisture

This

other

some

AND

the

rub

spot with

clean

cloth.

Polish

soft cloth.

Spots. Fortunately an alcohol spot is

cloth or
with
deep, and often a quick rubbing at once
a
even
lose time
the fingers,rather
than
the
cloth, will
looking for

To
not
with

Alcohol

Remove

finish.

the

return

"

linseed

Lemon,

prepared oil

or

on

cloth

and

seed
and lingood rubbing will help to restore an old spot. Rottenstone
oil, rubbing in circles,keeping plenty of oil to lubricate the
float in
must
rottenstone, will bring up a polish. The rottenstone
the

oil,or
To

it will scratch.

Clean

with

turpentine and
partiallysoften the
Clean

To

Spots

Water

flannel

Painted,

oil and

Polish

To

Wood.
It will

"

The

it

with

Rub

with

polish like

Floors.

and
soft

circles

in

will

its dirt.

Oiled

Wood.

"

Use

cloth,followingwith
linseed

turpentine and
and

"Rub

"

turpentine cleans, and

gives up

Varnished,
rub

petroleum, and
polishing cloth.

cloth.
that

so

wax

Waxed

on

be

linseed
a

oil in

clean

equal

If this

slippery.
to rub unpolished
rubbing is continued
long enough, the polish will be beautiful,with soft satiny lustre,
much
prettierthan any shellac or varnish could produce.
by cleaning either with clear
Painting. Paint can be renovated
water, with whiting, or whiting and water, but actuallyto renovate
do this,either scrape
it will require repainting. To
off,burn off,
wash
with washing soda or some
or
off,all the old
patent remover
proportions.

wax

is used

mixture

wood

not

and

so

the

"

If this is not

paint.

fine

sandpaper.

paint is off

to

Touch

uncovered

these

done,

as

in the

case

of

repainting bread

shelves, etc., the loose paint should

boxes, enamelled
off with

to be

smooth

This
level

spots with

the

scratched

the
bring the spots where
the paint surrounding them.
the
paint first,going all over

should
with

be

294

HOUSEWIFERY

article to be

painted.

When

this coat

is

dry, paint the

; when

the

whole

surface

coat.
If it
thoroughly dry, put on
that
to
be
better
finish
is
and
used, a
paint
a
more
will
work
be
economical
of
accomplished by using two coats of
piece
enamel
house paint,and then one
two
of
or
paint. Enamel
paint will
the unpainted surface.
go on
very irregularlyif put directlyon
To
Furniture.
Glue
Buy a standard
glue, and if it seems
thick
and
until it has thinned
with
stringy, stand in hot water
Clean
the two pieces to be glued, as glue will not adhere
the heat.
old glue. Apply glue to both
to old glue. Vinegar will remove
is no
need
to use
much
so
pieces and fit perfectly. There
glue as
A
the
have
it
mend.
little
to
will
water
warm
protrude beyond
do
let
it
mix
with
the
the
not
remove
surplus,only
glue and thin it.
has been made, some
When
the mend
be used
press or support must
As
often
hold
the
to
cord
marks, tapes
pieces tightly together.
"
of
cloth
with
torn
sometimes
or
a
pieces
straight splint" makes
a
good bandage for a break until the glue sets. Iron clamps, for
holding furniture together while glueing,may be purchased at small

with

coat

one

is white

second

enamel

"

cost.
Wickerware.

of

one

dark

pattern, the

be

can

precaution being

wood, the main

coats, instead

Wickerware

"

to

stained

or

painted just like

put the stain

on

in

two

the wicker
one, so that where
will not be too
dark.
It will

light

overlaps

be found
dye
wicker
the paint is used
unless
troublesome
rather
to paint the
Use
thin.
turpentine to thin the oil stain, and test the color on
under
side where, if the color is over
dark, it will not be noticed.
an
Stain or paint on newspaper
givesone a very good idea of the degree
in

the

of color

tone.

Table
a

Do

Tops.

"

finish.

new

not

use

Table
Before

water

stain.

tops will have

this is done

to

be

certain

sandpapered
amount

of

to produce

bleaching

by using soda to extract grease; and follow this with

the yellownessfrom
several scrubbings to overcome
the soda.
To
sandpaper, use
fine-grainedsandpaper; by folding it on a block
be used
of wood, it can
more
easily as well as more
economically.
stain an
old table:
to as near
To
tone of
Sandpaper it down
one
color as
possible. Apply the stain, as an oil stain, making two
stain rather
than
of a thicker
one
applications of a thinner
dye.
sink into the table and
when
This
oil stain should
dry, it may
can

be

done

be rubbed

with

wax.

296

HOUSEWIFERY

that

all

cloth

of

the

surface

soft

cotton.

several

days;

brush

hard.

This

or

to

way

coating
folded.

been

somewhat

If

cracking.
varnished
and

Put

the

two

the

with

best

three

varnish

of

If

is

mattress

without
2.

How

be

it has

3.

How

4.

If

may
a

to

6.

How

7.

Given

condition

brass

may

cheesecloth
little

sink

cotton

in, doing
free

paintings

from

oiled.

been

The

be

best

oil

be

may

used

it

clean

to

from

like

new

carpets?

steams

bathroom

the

both

may

the

that

so

how

whitened,

work

made

and

freshened

be

walls

renewed

?
on

sill

old

an

how

be

refinished

having

had

bureau

refinished

be

draperies,

cretonne

be

and

wood

handles

window

may

clean, apply

later, it should

methods

simple

removed

leaks

the

and

original

strip

QUESTIONS

boxes

be

spots

darkened

How

bread

faucet

water

warm

it?

grease

hot

are

5.

washing

the

of

used.

what

spotted,

oil will

varnished

be

to

after

days

should

lacquered

may

the

special

small

is

which

rub

to

no

out

either

cloth,

for

cast.

wrung

painting

leather, keeping
is

the

of

washing

into

gauze

SUGGESTIVE
1.

by

soft

not

color

the

evenly, and

on

painting

or

with

bit

this

After

careful
is

soft

it remain

there

cloth

or

painting

oil

even

the

sponge

it.

wiping

it does

as

the

but

with

on

let

and

being

cleaning,

soft

patted

cloth,

changing

wash

or

be

brush,

soft

towards

linseed

flannel,

outing

has

of

with

With

"

in

cast

without

then

and

the

much

(not hot),

time

thin

or

do

Paintings.

soapsuds

off

it may

covered

Roll

stains

remove

Oil

each

will

be

after

they

may

be

the

wife?
house-

stuck

paper

in

cleansed

by

the

to

it?

H.

C.

home?

REFERENCES
L.

Balderston,
Baird

Clark,

"

T.

T.,

Dry

L.

Balderston.

Ray

Scourer

Cleaner,

Garment

and

Dyer.

Co.

M.,

Farmers'

Laundering.

Ray,

William

Brannt,

Care

of

Bulletin

the

House.

Macmillan

1099,

Home

Laundering.

Co.
U.

S.

of

Department

Agriculture.
Farmers'

Bulletin

Textiles.

Parloa,
Rankin,

Maria,

861,
U.
Home

Margaret,

S.

Removal

Department
Economics.

Science

of

of

Stains

Century
of

Laundry

from

Clothtng

and

Other

Agriculture.
Co.

Work.

Blackie

"

Son,

London.

CHAPTER

XI

DISINFECTANTS
In

apply

idea

the

preventive treatment
the home
?
Why not
fumigants as cures,

to

and

disinfectants

FUMIGANTS

of

day

this

AND

measures?

housewife

The

rather
to

try

than
ward

off the

attack

not

need

of

effective

by adopting

should

why

cures,

ventive
presanitation

the

daily as a housekeeper,'rather than prepare

problems of the home
for specialemergencies which
must
be met
with
heroic
measures.
which
Various
disinfection
and
concern
points
fumigation have
been
Pests,
suggested in the chapters on
Plumbing, Household
and
The
outline
states
of
the
Cleaning.
following
some
practical
to
be
taken
the
housewife
in
her
measures
preventive
by
daily work.
PREVENTIVE

A.
and

The

Grounds

cisterns

IN

House.

the

about

HOUSEHOLD

SANITATION

Cover

"

prevent breeding of mosquitoes

pools of water during the summer.

on

Screen
Test

all

wells

Clean

open
and
half

; put

film of kerosene

carrying disease.
the

from

house

and

from

terns
cis-

prevent contamination.

to

all outhouses

by whitewashing

coops, etc.
Ventilate
Cellar.

the

"

windows,
a

enough

barrels

all rain

stalls,

cow

"

chicken

The

as

far

water

sterilize

and

pens,
B.

flies from

priviesto prevent
for purity.
water

all waste

and

pig

to

all

Carry

the

MEASURES

to

keep

to the

run

and

dry

hence

sanitary

as

; if there is but one

the other half to
air flue from

foundation

of it and

it

by providing

cellar

an

house

two

or

storage

more

room,

window,
a

open

point

near

cellar floor.
Whitewash

walls

the

ceiling of

and

the

cellar; this cleans

and

sterilizes.
Place
C. The

floor in

concrete
Kitchen.

"

may

and

draw

soiled

to

promote dryness.

well

aired, because

this will

pipes not only produce odors,

but

vermin.

Scald

all milk

Keep

the

become

cellar

the kitchen

Keep

keep it cooler.
Keep the sink clean, as

the

bottles

refrigerator
a

pans, air well, and keep clean.

old food, lest the food
free from

and

breeding place

for

bacteria.
297

decay

298

HOUSEWIFERY

Wash

the

ice

before

it into

putting

the

refrigerator,lest

dirt.
unnecessary
Empty the garbage can each

carry

it

in

day, wash, and air

food for animals, or

it.

removed
garbage is not used as
by the
burned
or
community, it should be buried to be used as fertilizer,
to avoid its attractingvermin
or
putrefying.
soiled
clothes dry and well aired until
D. The
Laundry.
Keep
washed.
Wash
often enough to prevent any
chance
of odors from
Clean
soiled clothes.
the laundry, are
clothes, fresh from
safe,
If

"

soiled clothes may

whereas

the risk of

carry

disease,and

attract

may

vermin.
Isolate
connection

and
with

colds

laundry bags and

E.
are

The

Air

"

beds

being aired, half an

Keep beds free from

hour

F.

General.

The

House

not

small

household

Do
to

only

makes

the

and

soap

few

Health

Work.

that

the

rooms

invites vermin.

Prevent

"

the

untidy, but

dampened

collectingof dust,

draws

rules

spit if. you

by

Do

not

put fingers in mouth.

Do

not

wet

school

"

or

When

everyone

can

Theobald

Dr.

not

pencilsin

without,
in

Do

can

Each.

is for

teachers

used

oiled dusters

or

it is easy;

great perseverance.
Mothers
in home,
a

dust

as

in

precaution wash

time

same

used

hour.

an

house

Cleanliness
water

urging

the

at

been

many

kinds

of

pests.

all

Personal

to

dust,

in

dusting with
spread the dust.

G.
of

clean

has

As

any other sickness.

clothes baskets.

or

Bedroom.

which

not

separatelyall clothing that

wash

one

has

in

as

plenty
exercise

must

promote
Smith

so

sweepers,

health
his

by

School

it.

help
the mouth

or

fingers when

turning

leaves

of books.
Do

or
pins in the mouth.
put money
Keep hands, nose and mouth, clean.

not

DISINFECTANTS

AND

FUMIGANTS

should
disinfectants
be acquainted with
and
Every housewife
f umigants, because
drains, garbage cans, and ice boxes need them ;
and
cellars. must
be kept free from
chance
ness.
of odors or sickcauses
be ready for the unexpected need
One
must
of an
exter-

DISINFECTANTS

minator

for

after

and

The

vermin,

the

used

often

to

the need

or

of

299

FUMIGANTS

disinfectant

fumigant during

or

disease.

of

appearance

disinfectants,germicides, fumigants, and the like are

an
understanding of the terms ; indeed, they seem

terms

often

AND

without

be

used

interchangeably.
and
which
ease
germicides are substances
destroy disretard
the
but
do not
Antiseptics
growth of germs,
germs.
life.
Salt
and
food
necessarilydestroy germ
preserve
sugar
may
ride
Bichloby retarding germ action but they do not destroythe germ.
of mercury
if
(corrosivesublimate) is an antiseptic used in a
Disinfectants

solution
in

of

solution

of 1

the

Abater);

to

part

latter

parts of

1000

destroys
and

germ

deodorants

there

nature

are

dryness,
Dry

disinfection.
filth

are

chance

air

and

vegetationand

for

health

heat

lay a
cotton

for ten
the

small

filth

life.

Both

will

minutes
which

scorch
in

as

of cotton
if ironed

closed
later

and

pint of

solutions
cover

or

are

odors,

up

vessel

safe disinfectants

foes

are

light,
: sun-

of

physical means
to

moisture

germs;

and
sunlight,cleanliness,

diminish,

increases.

wad

"

With

Heat

Fahrenheit, or boiling temperature

To
hour, will thoroughly disinfect.
the

(1

so-called

sunlight

their best friends.

air,decaying
the

disinfectant

tablet to 1

water

destroy

powerful

many

and
cleanliness,

and

is

disinfect.

may

In

to

part

poisons. Fumigants
and

parts of water, and

300,000

and

like

of
test

oven

too

up

Fahrenheit
heat

at 300"

hot

an

dry

measure

300"

to

for

without

destroys all disease

into

same

heat

oven

212"

in the oven;
with

in the

one

mometer,
ther-

Fahrenheit,

iron.
germs

Boiling:

except

and makes
fecting
disindevelop
germs,
In
the
clothing possible.
laundering of clothing various
alkaline reagents are
used which
increase the disinfectingpower
of
the water, and decrease
the length of time required for disinfecting
ordinary soiled clothing. Many of our household
cleaning methods
methods.
fortunately are disinfecting
Let the study begin with these simple everyday methods.
They
effective
and
the
substances
familiar
are
so
are
inexpensive;besides,
their
to
in
as
cause
no
use.
hesitancy
and
washing soda are sufficient in the
Soap, borax, ammonia,
boxes, basins, and flush closets which
cleaning of ice-boxes,window
to be cleaned
are
daily.
dissolved
cake
Solution.
One
of soap
in 3 quarts
Soapsuds
spores,
of

may

"

of

water.

300

HOUSEWIFERY

Soda

Solution.

gallons

of

One-half

"

Either

water.

washes, when

applied with

of

pound

solution

be

may

is to be disinfected.

room

soda

washing

for

used

Such

dissolved
wall

solution

pail of hot water and a broom

It has been proved that the usual methods
clothes disinfect the clothing for general use.

employed

with

or

and

soap

and

water, five

to

or

floor

is

easily

mop.

boil

minutes

ten

or

in 3

in

washing

good laundering
hot

scald, the

sun

the heat of the iron in ironing,are

drying, and finally,
sufficient for disinfectingclothing.
Lime
in its various
forms
is especiallygood as a disinfectant
or
germicide. It is cheap and harmless.
Quick-lime is lime oxide, and has great power of absorbing water.
air

On

the

to

exposure

into

absorb

lime.

into

the

up

of

this

power
it has

powder,

air, and

more

no

to
no

power

germicide.

Slaked

lime

do

to

Whitewash

lime

with

consistencyto spread

thinned
brush.

whitewash

stick to the

surface.

outhouses,

cellars,and

chicken

improve

to

bu.

lime

y"i peck

of

and

Lime
chambers.
and

20

from

let stand

water

3 per

per

cent,

one-half

for

to

Chlwinated

cent,

is much

U.

S.

Bureau

infect
dis-

one

boiling
in

days.

to make

used

fences,

on

and

the

vermin,

water
water

warm

Use

solution
will

hot

milk

paste
water
as

possible.

is known

and
bottles,and
pans
to kill typhoid bacteria,

disinfect

excreta.

rinse

to

This

requires

hour.

lime, commonly

of

it is of the

Whitewash

with

used

solution

bleaching powder,

to

require one

until

to kill bacteria

coops,

dissolved

several

be

may

will

Adding glue helps

ground rice boiled to a thin

y2 lb. powdered
Spanish whiting
1 lb. clear
in warm
glue, dissolved

Mix

lime

water

lbs.

used

are

appearance.

slaked
salt

with

Whitewash

Recipe for
y2

lime

thoroughly.

is slaked

to deodorize, and

of

of slaked

cent, solution

5 per

its work

milk

and

(hydrated lime)

excreta.

hour

as

it breaks

Quick-lime is often

because

down

from

water

that

water

houses

out

it breaks

absorb

to

power

and

When

much

so

air-slaked

called

cellars

moisture.

more

air it absorbs

form

powdered
damp

about

put

as

in

is

called

disinfectant

Standards,

Dept.

of

chloride

of

when

used

Commerce.

sold

lime, and

dry,
Circular

as

when
No.

70.

DISINFECTANTS

basins
put down
in washing, it

rapidly on

colored
use

and

with

products.

It is not

Alcohol.
for

which

Therefore

used

or

Alcohol

the

compound,
it should

tightly corked.

It is

darkkept
especiallygood for

as

the tion
suppurainfectant
general dis-

of

account

its

in about

over

readily

in

irritating

five minutes.

per cent, strength is a

needle
that is to be used

50

for

is

is

be

formerly

as

Its action

or

deteriorates

to disinfect

gargle, on

above

hands,

much

so

as

membranes.
"

It

discharging wounds

wounds,

the

on

unstable

an

heat.

in connection

disinfects.

but

used

air.

is

glass bottles,and

effect

the

to

peroxide

for

bleaching solution, when

only bleaches

not

by light

As

toilets.

exposure

Hydrogen
affected

and

301

FUMIGANTS

AND

fectant
disin-

good
to

remove

splinter.
The

home

methods.

poisonous.
quite

that

so

Great

should

care

the

mistake, and

doubt

the

in

their

should

work

having
point as to

in

regular

essential

an

whether

the

it is

thoroughly
the

"

and

and

use,

be

is this necessary

reasons

the

used

stronger in action

are

the risk of

into

enters

those

exercised

doing

two

been

below

be

one

For

task.

have

given

ones

that

her

for

fatal

The

necessary

trained
for

disinfectants

preceding

chance

point omitted
work

is thoroughly

done.
Tincture
which

may

cut

from

may

is very
later be infected,such
of

be used

rusty nail.
in this

Bichloride
tablet
the
that

It

is

one

can

as

when

in

not

limited

as

is the

to

its

sulphur precipitateit. It will not

and long-continued soaking.
cannot
be used for disinfectingany
the

disinfection

of

smooth

in

metal

dish.

For

other

cat

sublimate, is purchased in
handled

be

be

so

as

such, with

stored
To

because

stain
But

tie

bottled

or
a

small

metal

corrode

utensil.

such

water

soaps,

toy

proteins, and

fabrics,except after

it does

For
of

wound

good safeguard, especiallyfor

antidote.) It is a powerful

use

surfaces

glassware, and for clean hands.

tablet (T1/^grains) to 2 pints
mix

fresh

-strength.

it for medicine.
is

any

scratch, or
cent, solution, and

7 per

should

use

to

bruise, a

open

should

and

egg

apply

corrosive

of the bottle
of

an

in half

possiblymistake

places. (White

to

bought in

or

poison

the neck

disinfectant,but

good

strength or

greatest care, and

no

It is

of mercury,

form.

bell around
dark

iodine

as

the

use

be

and

solution
used.

1 tablet to

so

is for

use

rubber, enamel

should

disinfection

metal, and

Its best

hands

stant
con-

of

Do
1

not

pint

302

HOUSEWIFERY

of

Allow

water.

things placed
Formalin
a

in the
is

disinfectant.
of

purchased
to

cent,

water),

which

corked

bottle

is

drug

hour

one

for

disinfection

of

for

as

formaldehyde

as
gas, valuable
of mercury
fectant
disinas
a

bichloride

to

good

store

of

clothing and
40

per

cent,

utensils.
solution

It may
be
and reduced

of it to ten times its bulk

solution,by adding some
is the strength used
for disinfection.
Soak
the

strength in which
a

solution

water

articles in this 4 per

Acid
Carbolic

1 lb. of carbolic

to

solution.

rubber, and

4 per

one-half

It is second

at the

of

from

cent,

solution

Solution

"

"

The

usual

in the proportion of
is 5 per cent.
Stir or shake in
gals,of hot water.

mixture

Table

Alcohol).
"

crystalsto 2y2
the

hour.

one

(Antidote

this is used

until

for

is free from

of Disinfectants

the

small

drop

for-

304

HOUSEWIFERY

Formaldehyde
effective
formalin.
1000

allow

air

ft. of

pint

may
is to

way
one-half

Allow

cu.

gas

One
produced in several ways.
cially
especombine
with
potassium permanganate
of
potassium permanganate to each
pound
To

half-pound of permanganate
every
the
for any
room
as
Prepare
fumigation

space.
of formalin.

(see page 304), and when

galvanized iron kettle or
to

be

all is

ready, put

the

in

permanganate

which

is set upon
bricks or in water
pan,
the
floor
from
diately
immeand
heat; pour on the formalin
protect
leave the room.
The
is
formaldehyde gas
given off,which

irritatingto the
penetrativepower is not
is most

in the

Park

found

Williams
on

Sulphur

and

is

poisonous.

very great, so that it is necessary

to be entirelyexposed to its action.

room

and

membrane

mucous

page
Fumes.

formulas

give the

for

Its

for everything

formaldehyde

ation
gener-

304.

Sulphur

"

but

it is very valuable
germs,
fumigation involves the

is not
the

in

effective

very

extermination

in
of

destroying
phur
pests. Sul-

danger of fire as well as of inhaling

of sulphur
flowers
or
poisonous
sulphur candle
is easilyobtained
be used; the candle
and
the wick
helps to
may
keep it burning. For flowers of sulphur pour on a tablespoon or
of alcohol
will not then
to insure
its burning; the worker
more
the
need to go into
to relightthe sulphur, and expose herself to
room
Allow
ft. of air
the fumes.
4 lbs. of sulphur to every
1000
cu.
Expose eight to twelve hours.
space.
the

fumes.

Two

Formulae
will

Either

Generation

for Formaldehyde
disinfect

1000

cu.

in

ft.

I. Potassium

permanganate
solution,
Formaldehyde

hours.
10

40

per

cent

Water

oz.

4.5

oz.

II. Quicklime
Potassium

Oxalic

permanganate
acid

Water
lime

remaining

and

Hydrocyanic
but

is

work

one

with
*

Park

potassium
in

substances

of the

and

most

be

Williams,

oz.

oz.

permanganate

in

pan.

oz.

2y2

oz.

Pour

over

this

the

solution.

acid

it should

y2 gram

Formalin

Mix

oz.

gas

is effective in

destroyinghousehold

poisonous gases known, and for that

done only by an experienced person.
Pathogenic

Microorganisms.

pests,
reason

DISINFECTANTS

To

Prepare

of the

worker

the

do

for

Room

Fumigation.

is necessary,
and
she will not need

work

when

Knowledge on the part

to
is thoroughly trained

"

she

against either fire

cautioned

be

to

305

FUMIGANTS

AND

Get all the things in

inhaling the fumes.
that everythe room
of the room
so
ready. Arrange the contents
thing
will be exposed to the gas.
Bedding should be hung over a
line. Do not remove
from the room
anything that was there during
the illness. If sulphur is used, the metal door knobs and bed should
have a thin coating of fresh (non-salty)fat.
Sulphur will corrode
and

metal

risk

the

clangeror

will fade

of

color; but colored

in, subject to fading, in order

vermin

to

run

have to be left
may
risk of leaving germs
or

fabrics
no

in

draperies,etc.
Seal the room
and door cracks with paper
by closingthe window
or
cotton, and stopping the key-holes. Put the potassium permanganate,
the potassium cyanide, or the sulphur candle, in a galvanized
Stand
the pail or crock on two bricks or in a
pail or stone crock.
larger pan of water, so that the heat created by the chemical action
the floor
the burning sulphur may
have no chance
from
to burn
or
the permanPour
the formalin
other surrounding material.
or
on
ganate,
the sulphuric acid and water
the cyanide,or light the
on
or
be additionally
The
door may
sulphur, and go quickly from the room.
after
sealed on
the outside
to have
closing it. Be sure
everything so planned and ready that there will be no need to
hesitate

to

or

try

it
inexperience,
the

and

nose

twelve

hours

fumes

no

boil 2-5
is

and

good

mouth.

person who
safeguard to tie a moist

The

should

may

be slow

from

handkerchief

over

be

remain.
Rubber

minutes.

be tested

bubbles

kept closed for eight to

be thoroughly aired and cleaned, so that

Gloves.

Wash

them

Overboiling will

weaken

good disinfectant,wash
soap, then dry. Gloves

should

For

room

it must

; then

Clean

To

is

back.

to go

will mark
SUGGESTIVE

for small
any

both
that
holes.

hole.

LIST

"

OF

Such

in cold water
the

sides of the
to be

are

When
a

HOUSEHOLD

gloves in
to

worn

the

rubber.

not

then

As

soap
water

prevent infection

gloves are

glove is

warm

and

in water

air

safe.

DISINFECTANTS

suggestionsinclude established solutions and methods

various new
of fumigating and disinfecting.Through advertising,
plest
reach the housewife
and fumigants may
disinfectants
; but the simactive have been suggested. Additional
most
and
problems
The

20

above

306

HOUSEWIFERY

household

regarding
and

that

pests

chapter and

Salt

and

given in Chapter XII

are

this may

well

water

permanganate

Boiling

standard

are

Listerine
Potassium

be considered

they

may

form

as

mouth
be

washes,

used

in

and

dilute

gargle.

water

Soap

and

water

Soda

and

water

standard

are

Lime

washing,

Carbolic

acid

Creolin

Lysol

(page 307)

together.

solutions

cleaning

for

and

fecting
disin-

cuspidors,
chambers,
closets, clothing.

flush
cresol

or

Tricresol
Alcohol
Tincture

of

Carbolic

acid

Lysol

and

iodine
standard

are

tricresol

such

as

killers

of

germs

disease.

produce

may

Formalin

Bichloride

of

Sulphur
Hydrocyanic
Formaldehyde

mercury

acid

gas

standard

are

SUGGESTIVE
1. What
2.

precautions
member
one
Suppose
and

nose

What

the

are

can

usual

family

cold.

QUESTIONS

housewife

every
of

List

safety?

own

3.

throat

fumigants.

gas

What

all

take

must

in

should

care

caring for
another

nurse

the

well

soiled

who

clothing?

has

member

take

severe

for

her

suggestions.

ways

and

whereby

means

contagion

be

may

spread?

List.
4.

How

bed

may

be

treated

after

severe

sickness

REFERENCES

Bboadhurst,

Jean,

Home

and

Community

Hygiene.

J.

B.

Lippincott

Company.
Buchanan,

Estelle

millan

Conn,

H.

Dakin

and

Elliot,

D.,

Robert

and

E., Household

Bacteriology.

Mac-

Co.
Yeasts
W., Bacteria,
Handbook
Dunham,
Household
S.
Maria,

and
of

Molds.

Ginn

Antiseptics.

"

Co.

Macmillan
American

Hygiene.

Co.
School

of

Home

Economics.

Lipman,
Maxwell

Pope,

J.

G.,

and

Ann

E.,

Bacteria

in

Pope,

Practical

Pope's

Manual

Relation

Country

to

Nursing.
of

Life.

G. P. Putnam

Nursing

Macmillan

G.

Procedure.

Co.

Co.

"

P.

Putnam

Sons.
E. H,
Sanitation
and
Richards,
Georgiana
Saunders,
J., Modern
Co., Philadelphia.
House
Sanitation.
Talbot, Marion,

Life.

Daily
Methods

of

Whitcomb

Whitcomb
Nursing.

"

Barrows.

"
W.

Barrows.
B.

Saunders

"

CHAPTER

XII

HOUSEHOLD

Prevention.

in

fly, hide

or

Prevention
or

screens

or

leaders

free

The

from

the

absolute

cure,

involves

much

Methods

of

Closing

gained

to

foothold.

food

dust

no

to

tightly covered,

rain

use

barrels, keep house

manure

piles,

garbage containers, privies,and

manure

piles.

screen

or

bundle,

or

the

of

visitor

unexpected
in

even

valise

the

great preventive

one

because

the

gain

may

is the

this

in

when
but

measure,

possibilityof

runways

not

unexpected

not

too

cracks

had
of

the

of

use

closing

include

poisons, and traps.

is accomplished

best

and

nature

powerful

some

and

runways

agent.

cracks;

use

by using putty, plaster-of-

have

strip. Molding

powder,

and

hardens

almost

is
mixed

is

in

ot

small

quantities

even

colored

as

with

to

match

be

wood

put
be

to

water

It

can

fill

be

mixed

rest

of

the

wall

the

it

in

or

cracks
wide

very

putty

it is

as

It

bought

each

on

advantage.

to

an

it is to be

quickly.

handled

the

as

If

in, with

cracks;
and

be

may

filling; but

used

when

box, just

It
wood.

good

often

used

also

cardboard
can

of

may

immediately.

cover,

make

strip

the

match

to

will

wood.

with

use

colored

large, putty
better

to

agent

and

Plaster-of-Paris

be

the

often

heroic

more

strips, etc.

paint shop,

the

and

of

cure

extermination

is the

Putty

may

easier

much

are

fumigate

work,

Paris, wooden

side

filthy

come

holes, allow

and

keep

water,

becomes

powders, fumes,

are

from

have

pools, cover

however,

Extermination

at

often

of vermin.

entrance

of

cracks

up

stagnant

Cleanliness

travelling.

crawl

they

they

remain,

to

They

preventing pests.

of

basket, laundry

grocery

the

in

house,

cleanest

fill

stagnant

insecticide

use

food

traps, fill up

after

price
to

means

spilled

collect

and

is the

that

rapidly

so

and

and

dangerous,

vigilance.

constant

nooks,

exterminate

to

vigilance

Eternal

unexpected

troublesome,

are

call for

they

dark

than

out

pests

reproduce

They

places.
keep

Household

"

; therefore

destructive

PESTS

bought

is

is very

or

cup
and

It

needed.

old

used

as

tin

in such

white, and

floor; any

coloring
307

308

HOUSEWIFERY

desired

be

may

into

put

the

before

water

mixing

it

with

for

use

the

plaster-of-Paris.
Powders.

poisonous

The

"

and

second

step, which

calls

the

of

non-

non-inflammable

methods, is by spreading powder

such as borax, alum, soap powder, or even
Next
to these in
pepper.
fornia
strength are pyrethrum, Persian insect powder, and bulach
a Caliproduct. The next in strength and last of the powders to use
These
should
be used with the greatest
are
strychnine and arsenic.
"

and

care

on

only

Powder

can

shelves

try

with

the

back

into

by

the last resort,

as

be
to

sprinkled in cracks
keep it on the back
of the

contents

cracks, and

shelf.

for

of its bellows

means

they

as

that

blows

are

and

dangerous poisons.
about

edge

It is wise

work,
the

one

shelves

drawers

or

so

that

it will

to

blow

the

buy

may

powder deep

into

powder

blower

mix

not

far

which

crevices.

Strychnine and arsenic may be used as powders, or in a solution

with a 'paint brush
feather.
To be sure
of better control of these
or
with
of flour and water
a
poisons,either may be mixed
paste made
and
in turn
laid in drawers
spread on strips of paper, which
are
closets or on
tables and
drain
or
boards, especiallyat night. The
is
great danger of using these powerful poisons in the kitchen
ob\ ious, and should
be carefullyconsidered
beforehand.
Fumes.
In the place of powders, remedies
with strong pungent
"

odor

be

may

used, such

as

kerosene

or

ammonia,

and

also those

that

only pungent but also highly inflammable, such as gasoline

benzine.
The
or
danger of these last two is the risk of fire,and both
should
be used out of doors as much
as
possible; or if indoors, with
all windows
and
absolutelyno fire or open flame of any kind
open
about.
Poisonous
such
as
sulphur, formalin, or hydrocyanic
gas fumes
acid gas may
be used, but it is best always to try thoroughly
the simplest and
safest methods
or
first,using the inflammable
last
resort.
poisonous only as a
are

not

Kerosene, ammonia,
or

themselves

by

should

be

as

is to

saturate

in with
where

the

the

vermin

care

must

usual

articles

have

on

paint

The

sprinkler,or

greatest

"

carbolic

washes

applied with

Inflammables.

or

the

acid

be used in wash
may
in the closets.
floors and

brush
method

in order
of

to

save

water,

They

the hand.

using gasoline

or

benzine

clothing or upholstery by spraying it

brush, or by pouring it on to soak the place
of

To do this work, the

deposited their eggs.
be exercised; a careless worker
should
be
never

HOUSEHOLD

allowed

do

to

it.

The

work

PESTS

is best

done

mattresses, pillows, clothing, etc., can

the work

the

on

Be

path.

lawn
to

sure

article ; about

Sulphur
the
to

be

be effected.

may

with

from

sulphur
and

is

Traps

there

They
do

as

is

carpets and

and

all door

of lard

metal.

attractive

"

is

tating
irri-

if inhaled.

keep the
ing,
fumigat303.)

in

class

by
they simply prohibit
With

etc.

some

contain

may
trap should

be

traps

poison.

kept clean

be

a
warning to the
may
in removing odors.

PESTS

of

carrier

and

page

are

which

mixture

victim; scalding is helpful

Fly.

Don't

gasoline

for

Fumigation,

on

kill; often

INDIVIDUAL

House

gravel
using the
or

fat to

is used

exterminators

traps operate by killing. Any

and rat traps, the odor
because, as in mouse
next

do

any color in
knobs
will have

fresh

or

Formalin

not

may

that

Some

otherwise

To

pungent

very

traps, mosquito nets,

many

sweet

beds

These

"

or

may

the

being poisonous,

color,so

coating

the

Screens.

and

see

usually

for this.

whether

are

besides

germicide. (See chapter

and

outside.

be allowed

fumes

Metal

thin

corroding

themselves.

action,

These

"

passage,
will bleach out

covered

carried

destroy you.

may

nasal

fumes

room

be

twenty-four hours should

or
bring any light to

the

of doors

out

will kill the grass, so work

walk
on
a
let the gasoline all evaporate before

light matches
destroying the pest. It
Sulphur, Formalin.
to

309

disease, hence

menace

to

health

(Fig. 163).
Prevention.

Do

1.

"

away

yards, privy

piles,chicken

manure

iron

Build

vaults.

borax,

kerosene,

with

maggots

breeding places

with

chloride

of

of

maggots

fly-proof.

in

stroy
De-

lime, hellebore,

sulphate.
2.

and

all windows

Screen

doors, especiallykitchen

and

dining-

room.

cleanliness

3. Absolute
4.

Keep

food

5.

Store

no

and

soiled

Extermination.
2.
3.

garbage

"

of

in cup

cup

hold

or

house.

tightly covered.

containers

and cloths.
papers
the fly."
1. "Swat

Sticky flypaper.
Fly traps various

consists
water

"

in

can

under

good
on

flies

types.

the
on

end

A
of

ceiling.

good
a

stick

home-made
with

hot

trap
soapy

310

room

HOUSEWIFERY

4.

Natural

5.

Poisons

is the

enemy

get

best

window

to

centipede.
results

from

these

remedies, darken

the

this window.
place poison in light near
erally
Persian
insect powder and
bulach.
Sprinkle libPyrethrum.
at night in unused
rooms.
Sweep up in morning.
1 part formaldehyde to 10 parts water.
Place
Formaldehyde.

except

one

"

"

in

saucers.

Bichromate
in

Place

Fiq.

163.

"

The

house

to

water.

parts

fly, Muse

Carriers

"

larva

domestica:

of

with

details

right, puparium

at

malaria, yellow fever,

and

at

left

several

fevers.

Prevention.
1. Drain

Spread
fish,and

By

"

kerosene

of

breeding places.
ponds, pools,etc.,or if this is not possible

treatment

fill up

or

Introduce

2.

part bichromate

"

saucers.

Mosquitoes.
other

Potash.

of

"

oil

surface

over

enemies

natural

every

two

ponds,

into

weeks

such

during

summer.

gold fish, silver

as

minnows.

Remove

old

tin

pails,bottles,and

cans,

other

tainers
possible con-

of water.
3. Cover
4.

Screens

rain
at

Extermination.
to

allow

net, and

free
net

barrels

and

tanks

all windows
"

1. Bed

circulation
is free

from

of

and

holes

fine wire

netting.

doors.

nets

air;

with

at

be

and

night (have
sure

no

tears).

net

mosquito

large enough
is inside

the

312

HOUSEWIFERY

Or

cold

storage method

is

low

(adopted by dealers in furs, etc.).

so
as
produce inactivity.
Temperature
Extermination.
If the moth
has developed, the housekeeper
worm
must
her
attention
the
closet
to
or
give
storage place.
1. Take
to
clothing
sunlight and brush thoroughly.
7.

use

to

"

Wash

2.

the closet with

3. Burn

sulphur

strong soapsuds.

candle.

Spray walls, shelves, and

benzine.
(Avoid fire.)
4.

Fig.

Bed

Bugs.

165.

Possible

"

dusty, undisturbed
Prevention.

"

Careful

2.

1.

bed-bug

from

carriers

oil of

with

above

below

and

of disease

cedar, gasoline,or

and

egg.

(Fig. 165).

places first;easilycarried
and
Inspection of beds

in

Found

in

clothing.

bedding, especially

tuftings of mattresses.

and

seams

The

"

boxes

inspection of

all

baggage

and

clothing coming

into

house.
Extermination.
2.

Benzine

"

1. Hot

water.

injected into

kerosene

or

all crevices

of

beds

and

walls.
3. Corrosive

but

4.

Oil of

5.

Fumigants:

to be

and

sulphur
with

Cock

to

"

great

care

"

in

roaches,

be

burned

"

(see page

most

efficient

remedy,

303).

(Fig. 166).
garbage pails,sinks,
pantries and kitchens, near
places such as hot water boilers. They feed on dead ani-

abundant
warm

turpentine.

handled

Roaches.
More

sublimate.

croton

bugs,

water

bugs

HOUSEHOLD

mal

and

matter

and

drip pans,
Prevention.
2.

Cover

3.

Keep

"A. Place

food

sink
alum

Keep

166."

or

1.

"

Dust:

caught

in

with

bread

it. A

trap.

Roaches

well lined

pan

pan
kill trapped

To

borax, pyrethrum

on

bits of cardboard

Periplanetaorietitalis"

roach,

"

Powdered

powder,

flowers.

paste : Spread

Trapping.

3.

seem

kitchen

scrubbing brushes, refrigerator

to
especially draw them.
and
crumbs.
pantry clean from

dish cloths.
or
mops
borax
in water
refrigerator.
pan under
under
powders
refrigerator.

roach

Oriental

The

Wet

wet

fluoride,sulphur
Poison

2.

Fig.

cloths

dry ; no

Extermination.
sodium

dish

313

all food.

Sprinkle

5.

of all kinds.

1.

"

PESTS

rancid

like
with

sides

grease,

the

male;

grease,
as

three

about

a,

placed in

they

roaches, plunge trap

b, the female;

and

deep

Especially hard to fight because they

in such myriads.
usually come
Prevention.
1. Keep all food covered.
in cups
2. Place legs of tables and refrigerators
Ants."

makes
hot

into very
are

c, egg-case.

often

can

crawl

cannot

inches

runways.

be

through
a
good

water.

so

small

and

"

with

close

"

1.

tightlywith

Find

cotton

the

ant-hill,and

soaked

injectkerosene

Spread

borax

on

shelves.

into it

in kerosene.

in sweetened
water; after
sponges
into it,plunge the sponge
into boilingwater.
2. Soak

3.

covered

coating of oil.

Extermination.
and

of water

ants

have

crawled

314

HOUSEWIFERY
Poison.

4.

soda,

and

Soak

the

ants

with

arsenate

great

in

sponges
will carry

the

it is

as

care,

poisoned with
poison to larva? in
poison.)

of

arsenate

syrup

nest.

(Use

and very effective.

Strong soapsuds
Beetles
Carpet
(Buffalo Bugs). Feed
carpets and
upon
and silk. Are
woolens
most
destructive
because
they eat so many
of
types
things (Fig. 167).
Prevention.
1. Beplace carpets by
rugs.
Take
2.
up carpets at least twice a year, and thoroughly clean
5.

harmless

"

"

"

carpets and

Fig.

167.

floors.

-The

carpet-beetle, Anthrenua
the

Extermination.

carpet. Spray with

out

cracks

(Benzine
Lay tarred

Paris.

edges
2.

of

carpet

Steam.

will pass
the ironed part.

because

"

corrosive

Fleas.
houses

into

under

sublimate

Corrosive
in 1

pint of

human,

and

alcohol.

destroy larvae.
is

sublimate

Parasites

"

benzine

inflammable.)

very

carpet; will

of

or

floors with

hot

cracks

Every

Clean

water.

and

Fill cracks

under

with

clean

boards.
base-

plaster-of-

little while

take

up

damp cloth over

carpet; iron with hot iron.
through carpet and will kill insects directlyunder

dissolved

sublimate

Wash

cleaning: Thoroughly

expose

Place

"

Poison.

house

carpets.
paper
and look for insects.

Steam

3.

benzine.

kerosene

pour

"

"

Thorough

1.

"

scrophularice, a, larva; b, larval skin splitto

it; c, pupa;
d, beetle.

within

pupa

and

and

violent

carriers

cat

or

gr. corrosive
sides
to edges and under-

alcohol

60

"

Apply
(Great care
poison.)

of disease.

be

speciesin

Two

dog flea (Fig.168)

must

used

ing
dwell-

HOUSEHOLD

Prevention.

1.

"

Destroy

powder, called nits.

2. Keep
and
cats
in
to

Animals'

3.

in

hung

Fia.

cats

For

free

from

dogs

fleas.

or

pillow

should

of

carpet,

rugs,

to

be

black-

Bathe

quart

often

quently
fre-

creoline

tablespoons

"

like small

are

tablespoons creoline

"

flea; the eggs

and

creolin.

sleeping rug

water.

beaten

and

sun.

Extermination.

carpets

of

For

water.

quart

adult

dogs clean

solution

315

PESTS

and

108.

"

(c) fill up

take

The

often; (6) wash

up

flea:

jigger

of

cracks

Care

1.

"

female;

normal

a,

floors

or

floors

with

b, distended

(a) Sweep

"

strong soapsuds;

with

eggs;

floors; (d) sprinkle carpets with

r,

larva.

benzine

or

gasoline; naphthaline, or
solution).
(powdered or
of
Oil
2. Eepellents
(a)
pennyroyal; (6) boughs and chips of
pine; (c) naphthaline crystals;(d) pyrethrum.
oil of pennyroyal can
The
be applied to the human
skin; or can
be used in the household
window
floor.
around
or
on
by rubbing
alum

in

"

Rats
of

Mice

and

Squirrels

food, clothing and

Prevention.
enter.

Tin

2.

Keep

3.

Leave

1.

"

makes
all food
no

Close
a

Chipmunks.

leather, and
all

good

covered.

crumbs

about.

holes

cover.

or

"

are

All

are

very

very

tive
destruc-

dirty.

openings by

which

they

316

HOUSEWIFERY

Extermination.

traps before
used

169.

various

"

pet animals

with

Via.

1.

settingto

Poisons

2.

"

"

Scald
possible entrance.
remove
suspiciousodors.
Cannot
be
preparations on the market.

Traps

near

about.

silver-fish, Lepisma

The

set

domestica.

170."

Scutlyera

3. Cats

centipede.

forceps.

catchers.

as

4. Weasels

house

professional

"

vermin

exterminator

brings his

own

weasels.
Silver

Fish

(fishmoth, bristle tail) (Fig. 1G9). Injurious to

bookbindings,glazed paper, starched clothing,linen,curtains, stiff
silks,wallpaper paste.
Prevention.
1. Keep the place dry and well aired.
"

"

HOUSEHOLD

Extermination.
in

pests occur.
sprayed wherever
Add
starch paste.
to
(deadly poison).
where
cardboard
pests occur.

2. Sodium

fluoride

3. Arsenic

piecesof

"

Prevention.

"

Extermination.

aired.

Destroy centipedeswhenever

1.

"

fresh

Apply

What

safe

2. How
3. A

can

QUESTIONS

clean

If

an

of

bed

vermin

of

roaches

Avith

infested

is

exterminate

ants?
to

once

kitchen

box

sugar

thought she had a cricket and hated

she found
old-fashioned
superstition. Later
it?
What
household
was
a
pest.

housewife
of

4.

ways

for ridding

suggested

be

can

you

seen.

pyrethrum powder.
SUGGESTIVE

on

in

and

Keep placesdry

2.

Place

closets,cellars,
bathrooms, moist
heating pipes and registers (Fig. 170).
1. Constant
inspectionof moist places.

Abundant
Centipedes.
conservatories,and around

2.

shelves,

etc.

drawers,

small

book

powder sprayed on

Pyrethrum

1.

"

317

PESTS

what

means

she

kill

it because

had

been

be

may

boring
har-

employed

to

REFERENCES

C, Fleas

F.

Bishopp,

Their

FOB

U.

Control.

F.

Herrick,

Glen

Traps

Fly

C,

Bishopp,

L.

0.,

L.

459

Beetle,

and

Suggestions

with

Methods

and

Bulletin
S.

of

Dept.

No.
of

S.

Dept.

Dept.
"

of

Agriculture,
The

Sarah,

of

626.

S.

of

Dept.

Agriculture,

Farmers'

679.

Household
Pests.
Gas
Against
Acid
L. 0., Hydrocyanic
Howard,
No.
699.
Bulletin
Dept. of Agriculture. Farmers'
They
How
Disease,
Live, Carry
L,
0., Mosquitoes,
Howard,
Phillips " Co.
McClure,
Mosquitoes.
Against
Preventives
and
L. O., Remedies
Howard,

MacLeod,

683.

culture,
Agrinell
Cor-

Control.

U.

Moth.

Buffalo

or

No.

U.

Flies.

House

Nos.

Animals,

49.

Bulletin

Farmers'

O.,

Bulletins

No.

Carpet

The

Agriculture,
Howard,

Insects

Bulletin

University
Howard,

and

734.

No.

Household

W.,

Man

to

S. Dept. of Agric, Farmers'

U.
Operation.
Their
and

Bulletin

Farmers'
,

Pests

as

Bulletin

Farmers'

S.

Etc.

U.

S.

444.

No.

Handbook

Housekeeper's

U.

of

Cleaning.

Harper

Bros.

Marlatt,

C. L., The

U.

Bedbug.

S.

Dept.

of

Agriculture, Farmers'

Bulletin

No.

754.
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Farmers'
C. L., Cockroaches.
Marlatt,
No. 658.
Control.
Methods
of
Kinds
and
C. L., House
Ants,
Marlatt,
740.
No.
Bulletin
of Agriculture, Farmers'

Bulletin
U.

S.

Dept

C.

Marlatt,
Farmers'

L.,

The

Bulletin

House
No.

Silver
Fish, an
C. L., The
Marlatt,
of
U. S. Dept.
Agriculture, Farmers'
Moths.
Clothes
True
C.
L.,
Marlatt,
Farmers'
Parloa.

Maria,

Bulletin
Home

No.

U.

Centipede.

S.

Dept.

of

Agriculture,

627.

U.

659.

Economics.

Household

Injurious

Bulletin

Century

Co.

No.
S.

Ikbcot.

681.

Dept.

of

Agriculture,

CHAPTER

XIII

SUGGESTIONS

TEACHERS

FOR

presented in this book, represents technique

As
form
either
of
a
a
subject of study, it may
housekeeping.
itself
which
is
to
attention
to
the
give special
practical
course
by
exercises
with
of
appropriate laboratory
housekeeping
; or,
processes
Housewifery,

curriculum

the

where

taught in

household

topics,
other

has

management;

selected
in

courses

yet developed

not

housewifery
by itself,

course

in

course

as

in

lessons

the

be

may

housewifery

housework

made

other

ment
manage-

introduced

be

may

is

part of the

together with

or

economics

home

that

so

curriculum,

in

as

into

cooking

courses.

provision

If
have

is made

laboratory, just
At

the

in

housewifery
and

courses,

had

is

such, dealing

widely
gives

as

well

as

problems

to

introduce

who

will

courses,

Methods

considered

of

Teaching.

be

constantly accompanied
mental

to make

do

impressions

successfully the

hands

students

of

though
describes
becomes
318

of

will
there

course

processes
later

or

is

and

reference

the

book.

into

subject which

order

who
jects
subother

in

Students

in

concerns

of

by

discussion;
will

ideas,
in

textbook

the

theory

learner

well-organized

instruction

group

the

be

can

try out

to

equip

to

it

since

teaching

the

concerned.

be oral

leads

most

other

of

lessons

talks, but

help present theory

must

taught

housewifery

of

teachers

by

vivid, and
task

particular

be

everywhere.

important that
by practice in
more

subject

chapter.

lectures

it is very

the

sanitary problems

teacher

Housewifery

"

lessons

economics

of

it should

housewifery

this

in

presented theoretically by
practical processes

of

number

be

the

simple

provided they

teachers

that

instruction.

of

home

the

importance

by
subject, and

in this

special course

of

students

both

met

that

nature

fundamental

to younger

as

be

the

it is desirable

living,that

to older

The

the

and

special equipment

classroom

training. Moreover,
with

it should

course,

subject

teachers

given by

it does

its
other

any

of such

by regular

indeed

proper

of household

for

subject is
be

may

and

teacher

provided

this

time

same

is

as

separate housewifery

specially prepared

its

have

for

teacher
a

to

the

form,
who

textbook

usually keep

note-

320

HOUSEWIFERY

burners, and
course

is

an

labor
there
of

storage facilities

teaching

inexpensive furnishing which

on

the

teacher, but

it does

materials.

will

make

place

the

is

illustrative

material

Fig.

172.

"

must

Laboratory

be

furnished

This
much

of

tional
addi-

work

at first available
for
only a small amount
housewifery laboratory (Fig. 172). With such a
the

from

for

possibleif
the equipment
ment,
equipmeagre
by borrowing

equipment.

other

departments, and by teacher or students bringing in

special problems for the day, and the class may have to be satisfied
with such help as is furnished
given by the teacher.
by demonstrations
Like all demonstration
work
it has only a small part of the value of
the actual work
done
by the students themselves.
The
supplying of pieces of silver and of various metals to be
cleaned, a few pieces of linen that might be used for teaching
of nappery,
into various
cretonnes
to be made
hemming
or
up
bags and holders
or
upholstered into pillows this and similar
"

SUGGESTIONS

material

FOR

might easilybe brought

refrigerators,stoves, etc., are

that

once

it would

be

in

by

part of

students.

have

them

in the

if

in the school
possible;at any rate somewhere
and
assemble
them.
Teachers
sometimes
study
to

their

apartments

own

because
unsatisfactory,

coming, and.

because

homes

or

of the
often

time

the

for

when

But

lesson, it will be

practicalto

more

321

TEACHERS

where
take

beds,
seen

at

laboratory,
a

class

their

can

classes

speciallessons, but this is

students'
going and
too large to work
without

lost in the

class is

confusion.
As

conditions

structio
permit, therefore, the requisitesfor inbe
subject
provided as adequately as for
other subject. This requiresa good-sizedlaboratoryroom
with
for
there
is
of teaching
or
more
a large amount
large store-rooms,
material
which
used.
be
The
should
have
can
room
wisely
soon

as

in

any
one

work
with
and

this

should

be moveable,
space for 30 students; the tables should
soft wood
that
will
be
not
they
tops, so
injured by rough work
table

can

be

(34"-38"),
arranged in
the opening

refinished
with
a

readily; they should be

high chairs provided. The

horse-shoe

of the

horse-shoe.

outlets

including
glass display cases

gas
and

the

form

with
In

range,
in the room,

well
may
desk
raised

be
at

running water, and

storage cupboards
ample space for bringing

should
and

standing height

tables

teacher's

the

addition

there

of

to

be

bed, refrigerator,furniture, utensils of

all kinds, and exhibits.
be provided
Ample blackboard
space should
and also cork board for pinning up exhibit material.
should
have shelving and
The
store-rooms
siderable
cupboards, and confloor space for storingmaterials,labor-savingequipment,
in the laboratory. One
two
12 x 15
not in use
or
rooms
etc.,when
will not be too large for storage space.
To equip the laboratory,one
would
Laboratory Equipment.
in

from

store-room,

"

have

to set aside

about

$500, if the ideal work-room

is to be established,

if necessary
be
teaching materials can
be present samIn general there should
ples
of the materials, tools,working equipment, and
supplies,and
The
of the furnishings which
enter into the ordinary household.
various
items listed in the chapters of this book so far as they can
suggest what equipment
convenientlybe brought into a school workroom
If one
has to equip from
have.
the
the laboratory should
should
first,
inquireas to materials which can be had on loan so
one

but, given a
gradually accumulated.

21

room,

322

as

HOUSEWIFERY

one's funds

to make

get

into the
Some

reach

laboratorythe

as

far

possible. Gradually, however,

regularly.

as

things used

idea of desirable

equipment

be had

may

the

from

following

suggestions:
Plumbing
fittingsas trap, faucet, etc. ; charts of plumbing and
heating systems; sample lighting equipment; working equipment
of kitchen, laundry, and
cleaning processes; larger labor-savers as
washing-machines, dish-washers,vacuums;
supplies of all kinds, as
dustless
with
materials; samples of the materials
soaps,
sweeper
which
the housewife
deals
in
various
wood
samples
finishes,types
of flooring,etc. ; metals
suitable for experiof all kinds
in forms
mental
household
floor
linens,
cleaning ;
coverings,wallpapers,hangings,

concrete

"

curtain

curtain

and

teacher

fixtures,etc.

bring
furnishing by having the
furniture
and their samples
The

of
cost.
to

see

By

one

may

room,

comparison

better

and

combinations

comparative
expensive things
cost

the

which

desirable

out

both

students

to both

alone

be considered.

of

part

costs

in

such

economic

so

as

line and

estimate

an

The
a

At

color.

study, and
type

problem,

of

illustrations

represent the

to

with

side

discussion, students

of the

be

and
their

they present
classroom

as

art

mount

of materials

must

range

the

at

no

but

are

all

time

of student
the

of

of
nishings
fur-

the
led

times,
should

controls
teacher

of

housewifery must
always teach economy.
is the viewpoint of the merOne
chants.
handicap to the above method
at
out
so
great expense,
Many catalogs are put
great that
feel that it is impossible for them
to furnish
these
the merchants
there being some
anticipated purchase
expensive catalogs without
that many
firms gladly coauthor
has found
The
of the article.
operate
if they are
consulted
work
and
in this type of educational
value to students, rather
sheets of special
given time to prepare some
cut up catalogs.
than have them
use
or
Teachers
have
Firms.
Loans
from
help through the
may
local dealers.
This
is
or
loaning of equipment by manufacturers
especiallyimportant with expensive equipment such as vacuum
It is a disadvantage to own
cleaners
and
too
washing machines.
becomes
of these, because
of
the laboratory soon
a
museum
many
machines
which
too old to serve
as
up-to-dateequipment.
finallybecome
"

An

exhibit

purposes.

of

large labor-savers

Manufacturers

will

often

is valuable
extend

the

for

tive
compara-

courtesy of

SUGGESTIONS

visit to

the

and

stores

to

in

the

Helps

in

edge

Classroom.

indexed.
A

Folio

catalog

be

should

be

Whether
to outline

preceding a
and

excursions

Lantern

both

to

tories
fac-

Catalog

articles

This

sized

advertising material,

made

available

catalogs

material

filingboxes

of

and
be

may
of folio boxes

or

slides will often

may
index

of

to

prepare
directions

sheets, cut

lesson.

On

may

list of reference
her

for
to

The
of

be
book

mation
infor-

bulletin

board

reference

be
a

for

on

books

found

helpful
typewritten sheet

also be added

set of

lems
prob-

readings;
helps
of
Any recipes,e.g.,
cleaning solutions, or
should
be
to
student
each
work,
on
given
mimeograph
this

sheet

the

student

lesson.

These

fit the notebook.

by the teacher
Practice

this outline

filed

any

gether
to-

dents
stu-

must

from

is useful

from

the

service

be obtained
cards

for

also be

may

be

to

larger
catalogsand other sources.
used
for interestingitems.
A shelf
provided in the laboratory.
not
text-book
is used, it may
or
a
the lesson and give such an
outline on

taken
should

323

slides.

"

drawer.

deep

dealer.

such

service.

of the

corner

newspaper
through the use

well

class, and

of

are

with

in

the

TEACHERS

be
great
by firms, they being given the privilegeof putting their

furnished
names

plant

FOR

in

class,and

sheets

also eliminate

will

save

mistakes

time
in

tation
of dic-

copying.

ratory
labo(Figs. 173, 174)."
method
is extended
real and definite working out of
to a more
of practice houses
the problem by the use
or
practice apartments.
be
Practice
houses
have
to
an
advantage for different types
proved
school to those of collegeage,
and ages, from
the girlsof grammar
To
classes.
make;
and
in teaching housekeepers in extension
even
the practicehouse very real and of the desired help to the individual,
the class should
be of a family size, otherwise
there is too much
share
well as too small
of responsibility.
division
of labor, as
a
The
public school practicehouse lacks a large part of the value that
it
have, because students do not make
a regular practicehouse
may
Some
have
their real home, being there only through school hours.
suggested that in time eighth-grade and high school girls will be
asked
as
part of their practicalstudy of housekeeping to live for a
week

or

more

Work,

in

Practice

model

house

Houses

or

The

apartment.

practicehouse, the student should

practiceapartment or
of the
family "
ideallybe given the individual tasks of a member
should
Her
work
finallyextend through all
living in the house.
In

"

324

HOUSEWIFERY

branches

of

housekeeping and

buyer, guest
schedule

once

etc.

homemaking
good

week, then

to

"

is to
way
bring in a new

dress,
mistress,maid, launchange the working
'because this
group,
schedule
too, the home

gives time to perfectmethods

reasonablyand,
is usually operated on a weekly basis.
This is also of service to
who has charge of the food and the budget. A senior student
one

Fio.

an

173.

assistant

"

Practice

teacher

Oregon

house,

in the

the
or

Agricultural Colloge, Corvallis, Oregon.

department

may

act

as

leader

of the

closelysupervised; a good standard of

The
gives sufficient basis for credits for this practice work.
varies
for this practicalwork
number
of points allowed
student
a
with different standards
of training,but when
properly supervised

group,
work

but

it should

the

be

counted

basis

of

must

as

be

equivalent to laboratory

hours

within

the

given credit accordingly.

cities, as
established
in some
are
housekeeping centers
teaching better housekeeping standards, especiallyto the

institution,and
Model

work

SUGGESTIONS

FOR

who
live in
foreign women
furnished
economically but
often
and homemaking;
the information

in

apartment

an

Kk;.

174.

conducts
Practice

encouraged
main

all the

and

the

item

of the

being

students.

in the

homes

done

some

teachers

by
way

Such
of

training of young

to

of

apartment

of

charge

of

students

being given for stated

to find

week
an

have

work

Agricultural College, Corvallis,

in

for

cost

in

Oregon.

specialteacher

center.

Some

"

the

by the public

also used

periods a

usually

is

good housekeeping
with

for the kind

Oregon

house,

are

apartments

are

for

is marked

centers

standard

work

been

rate

compensation

step toward

center

work

definite

to

is

in Homes.

Work

has
difficulty

the work
for

The

homes, credit

others'

each
Such

of practice

Living-room

they live.

which
who

"

which

all necessities

for certain

come

These

community.

with

of visitors.

children, who

school

the

325

TEACHERS

to

housewifery have
their

in

hours

of

work.

supervise and

check

when
work, particularly

others, may
women

in

prove

an

or

own

The
up
done

important

wage-earning occu-

326

HOUSEWIFERY

pations

related

take

her

will

and

have

made

schools

be

fact, is

definite

girls,a

will

This

In

"

detailed

of

lack
be

of any

two

housekeeping

high schools,both junior

be

either

the

half unit
of

Washington

schools, in settlements

of

is

in

the

which

home

the

other

some
:

tional
voca-

housewifery

course.

first

nine-

New

School,
the

available; and

specialclasses,or

other

or

with

and

in

course

courses

lessons

eight

technical

Irving High

practice apartment

outline

unit

outlines

two

in

of lessons

course

perhaps a

or

in

given

that

dent
stu-

may

methods

reason

the

from

housewife

the

one

having

results

Each

Housewifery.

given below

are

City, where

more

for

course

York

methods.

regular high schools,and

department,

There

others

in

slow progress.

in

taught.

economics

of

homes

in

such

and

schools

lesson

This

Courses

School

should

in

disadvantage

good housekeeper but

widely.

vary

high

The

housekeeping

teacher

schools

home.

training

standardized

good

the

to

be

may

in rural

second
used

in

extension

work.

LESSON

Housekeeping

Lessons

OUTLINES

Given

NO.

Washington

at

New

York

of

Discussion

previous

Habits,

3.

Practice

value

Rooms

b.

New

for

work.

and

other

Tenements
any

and

subjects

related

to

the

home.

size

average

"

size

and

rent

apartment

examines

Lesson

2.

her

cellar

and

the

door

leading

to

roof.

the

1.

School,

explained

number

points in
Each
girl

Necessary

Home

"

under

High

formation

shown

discussed
Law

work

and

Apartment

a.

c.

4.

their

Irving

City

Lesson

2.

I.

Plumbing,

construction

"

a.

Importance

b.

Open

c.

Traps

d.

Care

of

o.

Care

of

Practical
closet

of

good

and

II

care

plumbing

plumbing
construction

"

work

sink, pipe,
bathroom
"

Opening

and
and

use

tray.

fixtures.
of

Use
Use

of
of

trap, cleaning

alkalies
disinfectants
of

sink, tub, basin

and

flush

328

HOUSEWIFERY

Lesson

VII

Cleaning
1.
2.

Difference

between

and

room
Preparation
For
a.
cleaning

For

cleaning

room

broom

cleaner

vacuum

Pictures

(3)
(4 )
(5)
Cleaning.
duster

with
with

Hangings

(2 )

Ornaments

Carpet

or

rugs

Methods
and

dustless

as

dampened

and

Cleaning
1.

Substances

to

be

avoided,

2.

Substances

to

be

used,

3.

Cleaning:
a.

Water

b.

Neutral

c.

Whiting

d.

Oil

possible

as

for

paper

floor, if

and

and

mop

necessary

VIII
of

Polishing

and

dustless

use

"

the

Lesson

Furniture

why

why

soap

Polishing:
a.

Polishes

b.

Simple

home-made

c.

Method

of

d.

Care

of

avoided.

lie

to

Reasons

polishes.

Advantages

work

oily

cloths

IX

Lesson
Care

and

Furnishing
1.

Furniture

(1 )

4.

of

Cleaning

of

b.

3.

Care

Daily

Room

of

the

Room

Sleeping

Furnishing:
a.

All

is

(2)

clean

be

furnishings should
Floor
covering.

(1)

to
easy
floor
Bare

wash

or

with

is

rug

best.

Carpet

undesirable

All

and

hangings

should

covers

be

made

of

washable

material
Furniture

(3)
2.

should

be

dust

plain.

An

iron

bed

is

best

Care
a.

Of

room

(1 )

Keep

free

from

(2)

Keep
Keep

well

ventilated

(3)
b.

Of

neat

bed

(1 )

Air

bedding

closet

(2)

Examine

(3)

Turn

door

bed
mattress

and

room

while

in

airing
occasionally
often

the

morning,

if

possible.

room

to

keep

it

free

from

vermin

Open

SUGGESTIONS

LESSON
For

Schools,

OUTLINES

Settlement

Other

and

Introduction

the

to

Course

Establish

house

home

"

Results

"

family life makes

study of the problems

"

the

"

primarily

one

whom

upon

the

Choosing
in

success

choosing

of

Character

of

(b)

The

supply

water

in

buildings

Social

of neigh borhood
and
to
business
Proximity
itself
house
The
or
apartment
Condition
of building
(1)
Plumbing
(2)
Ventilation
(3)

Character

what

(a)

(5)

(6)
(7)
2.

Analysis
a.

school

the

b.

The

health

rooms

into

the

the

(2)

is

it

secured
how
(b)
influence
on
(c)
Sunlight
Heating
Lighting
of
Arrangement
of the House

Divisions

(1 )

the
law

work

part
part
pleasure part

rest

communications
that

between

The

1.

the
The

cleaning process,
cleaning tool

a.

What

b.

How

(1 )

choose

Cleaning

well

as

as

connect

II
Process

consider:

we

constitutes
to

parts

relate

should

parts

Lesson

In

House

vicinity

(b)

(4)

the

home

the

Physical

(a)

b.

failure

or

Analysis

Home.

(a)

(2)

Homemaking.

it

conditions

Surrounding
(1 )

Scientific

depends

Considerations
a.

Rural

Possible

daily confronting

the

Lesson

1.

for

Appeal

the

what

Housewifery
Homemaker

or

building

"

Classes;

of:

concept

An

"

Special
Work

Methods

Present-day

II

NO.

Extension

329

TEACHERS

FOR

tool

to-day

tool

tool

of

Analysis
(a)

need

(b)

quality,

(c)

cost

(d)

cost

to

suitability

to

purpose

repair

of

NOTE.

and

as

"

Demonstration

with

tools.

the
of

housewife
the

home

330

2.

HOUSEWIFERY

The

Material

Cleaning

a.

Talk

b.

Make

solutions

(1 )
(2)
(3)

solutions

cleaning

over

be

to

used

the

Washing

soda

Oxalic

acid

solution

Detergent

The
Correlate

one

be

and

principle
taken

analysis

the

all the

remaining
and
processes

remain

the

with

lessons:

divisions)

therefore

same;

the

such,

as

up

house

the

of

III

Kitchen

the

in

applied

room

work

solution

Soap

Lesson

and

use

class

Javelle

(4)
(5)

as

women

the

in

class

principles

even

if

be

included

these

make

to

the

the

tion
organizaof

consists

in it, the analysis

and
will
divisions

processes

application

or

home

individual

to

home

conditions.
1.

Analysis
food,
As

a.

of

performed

work

cooking
determining
The

(1 )

b.

regard

With

routing of work
heights.
working

necessary

Measure

for

kitchen

To

lesson:

next

extra

bring

b.

Organization

c.

Care

The

list

of,

or

have

in

mind,

the

IV

and

contents

"

stove
Kinds

a.

(1 )

Coal

(2)

Gas

(3)

Fireless

b.

Working

c.

Care

cost
in

Construction

a.

2.

room:

cabinet

kitchen

Equipment

Permanent

The

Show

equipment.
Lesson

1.

thq floor, walls,

efficient

to

work:

Problem

away
of

of

dishes

ceiling

Inefficiently arranged
without
Efficiently arranged

a.

preparing

Light

(3)
Practical

finish

and

structure

The

Ventilation

(2)

2.

the

in

kitchen, viz.:
dishes, putting

the

in

washing

food,

essentials
and

b.

of

the

The

teacher

f Emphasize

cooker

principles

to

and

make

these

enlarge

solutions

upon

as

routing

of

demonstration,

all

text.
correct
height of working
t Emphasize
lesson.
last
with
" Correlate

surfaces.

housework

from

this

SUGGESTIONS

The

3.

FOR

a.

Principles

b.

Kinds

of

construction

Porcelain

(2)

Enamel

(3)

Iron,

iron

on

etc.

Care

c.

Practical

washing,

combined
work,
sink, disposal

of

care

with
of

teaching-.

kitchen

Lesson
The
The

b.

2.

3.

The

window

b.

Use

c.

How

of

construction

of

construction

A'

Equipment

(continued)

made

b.

cupboard for dining

Organization
of dishes
Equipment

c.

Care

Practical

of

cheaper

dishes

room

devices

make-shifts.

or

work:

Cleaning refrigerator, constructing

of the
refrigerator, according to the season
year.
Lesson

The

2.

Analysis

of

a.

Essentials

b.

Light

c.

Heat

d.

Ventilation

The
a.

its

use

in

as

window

box

VI

Laundry

determining

structure

and

finish

of

floor, walls,

and

ceiling

equipment
Tubs

c.

Ironing board
for
Equipment

d.

Table

b.

diah

box

Discussion

1.

cleaning,

Care

Principles

The

Permanent

Utensil

waste.

refrigerator

a.

a.

or

Kitchen.

Principles

a.

331

sink

(1 )

1.

TEACHERS

making

starch

combined
with
Stain
teaching:
removing,
sizing
emphain using
necessity for care,
stain-removing materials:
and
in
lesson
cleaning of laundry.
laundering; care
work
is
scheme
Note.
As
only a small
part in the whole
laundry
line
lie
of
work
the
the
of the course,
let
ing
along
bleaching, removpractical
starch, sponging and pressing.
stains, making
Practical

danger

work,

and

"

Emphasize

correct

height

of

working

surfaces.

332

HOUSEWIFERY

Lesson
The
1.

The

of

its

The

(1)

Living

Room.

use

determining

as

essentials

in

structure

and

characteristics

of

finish

of

floor, walls, and

ceiling
Light

(2')
(3)

Heat
Ventilation

(4)

The

(5)

essential

The

Floor

In

connection

3.

The

cleaning

coverings

Pictures

and

with

living

and

dining

discuss

rooms,

closet

of, whether

Need

ornaments

Room

Living

furnishings

Curtains

(c)
(d)
2.

the

Furniture

(a)
(b)

a.

The

Room.

Room

Dining

Analysis

a.

Dining

VII.

it

be

real

closet

or

space

in

the

corner

b.

and

Equipment
c.
Organization
Practical
work,
the
dining room;

and

ceiling, emphasizing

combined

teaching:

with

renewal

renovation

and

danger
cleaning.
This
Note.
practical lesson
sweeping, dusting, disposal

and

the
Cleaning
living room
furniture, floors, walls,
for care,
in handling
terials.
ma-

of

necessity

Rug

should

"

of

Lesson
The
1.

The

(2)

ceiling
Light

cleaning,

bing,
scrub-

of

etc.

1 1.

Vermin.

The

Bathroom.

The

determining

as

in

and

structure

finish

of

and

Furnishings
bed
Parts

Bedstead

Spring

(c)

Mattress

(d)
(e)

Covering

Pillows

made

(2)

How

(3)

Cleaning

laws

and

importance
taste
of good

sanitation
of
are

"

"

homey
the

same

quality
for

in

living

elaborate

interiors.

t Try

floor, walls

Heatt

Emphasize
the

use

essentials

Ventilation

(a)
(b)

that

its

The

(1 )

of

(1 )

(3)
(4)
(5)
b.

VI

methods

correct

Bedroom.

Analysis

a.

Bedroom.

teach
window

dust,

to

offer

some

solution

for

the

heatless

bedroom.

and

Show

room.

for

simple

SUGGESTIONS

2.

333

TEACHERS

Vermin
Habits

a.

b.

Kinds

c.

Prevention

d.

Eradication

The

3.

a.

b.

linen

closet

Need

of, whether

The

bathroom.

a.

Analysis

of

The

(2)

ceiling
Light

(3)

Heat

(4)

Ventilation

Equipment

c.

Plumbing

How

(1 )

or

aside

set

space

for

it

"

importance

from

floor, walls

and

good

drainage

of

and

importance
cleanliness

extreme

only

not

vital

their

laundry

for

unsafe
of

if

omit
VII

bathtub

using
laundry

tubs

sanitation

teach

VI,

Lesson

and

health.

with

connection

work,

lessons

two

of

supply

should

into

bad

finish

and

structure

Emphasize

of
in

course

in

of

lesson
class

determining

as

Sewage
(a)
Principles
(b)
Traps, safe

(2 )

lesson

closet

real

Filtration

(a)

Note.

use

tell

to

Water

(1 )

the

its

essentials

(1 )

b.

This

it be

Organization
Equipment

c.

4.

POR

use

for
used

are

and
batbing,
for bathing.
but

hygiene,
If

VII

this
as

convince

group

is to

and

divide

VI;

have
this

VIII.

and

important by constant reviewing to get a broad

and
to bring together general explanations and
procedures.
survey,
for
be in terms
of principles;
The
review
example, to explain
may
of
in
the applications of bacteriology
securing sanitary standards
housekeeping, or to justify the various cleaning processes on this
Reviews.

It is

"

of a furnace, tireless cooker, etc.,

explain the management
also be of a
Reviews
of the physicalprinciplesof heat.
in terms
may
This
the technique of the household.
practicalnature, and concern
basis ; to

particularlyimportant so that the person trained in housewifery

of time, lal"or,
and wise economizer
become
a
capable manager
may
should
be given not only at
reviews
Such
materials.
and
money,
is

the end

of

course,

to

give that
ready to
as

knowledge, but

regular class meetings

practical knowledge and skill

connection

serve

to test

with

in

her

in order

meet

any

emergency

real economizer

in

to

for the nation.

brief exercises
interest

enliven

which

her

as

make

domain,

and

the

and

wife
house-

also

help

334

HOUSEWIFERY

As

review

sample

cuts."

short

and

: how
practices

adopt

the

Let

project,there

list may
a
of these do I

Such

many

student,housewife,

practicalpoints under
Houseiviferyas a Business:
Have
a plan for housework

each

dozen

Make

typical"

listed below

are

be used

reader

as

How

practice?
or

check

on

omies
econ-

sonal
percould

many
the list to

extend

heading.
time

saves

"

keeps order.

and

budget of expenditures

helps to save income.

suggest improvements.
"

house

Study your
Plumbing :
Keep small
which

plan

may

"

strainer

in sink

block

the drain.

may

will catch

"

small

particlesof

food

bills.
water
saves
Keep washers on faucets
saves
Pipe running water wherever used
steps.
Heating and Lighting:
"

"

Put

covers

Give

to

care

mantles

Put

saucepans

on

dampers of stove
on
lights give
"

Use

Labor

power
the
Raise

fuel.

fuel, hence

light,save

more

table,where

stove,sink, or
steps,work, time.
near

"

and

stove

cost

"

and utensils
pans
to be used
saves

are

Get

fire.

"

to line
paper
distasteful.

Place

hence

Saving Appliances:
in cleaningvegetables saves
scrubbingtable.
makes
garbage can
cleaning easy and less

table

on

paper

and

saves

"

less mone}\
Equipment and
Use

heat

saves

"

do
washing machine
table, ironing board,

other work

"

washtub

while

it works.
Avorker's

the

saves

"

they

back.
Use

electric

or

irun

gas

saves

"

time

and

work

for

the ironer.

Supplies:
Save

scraps

of soap
clarifyfat

Save

and

Use

blue

that

for wash

use

"

it cooks

"

dissolves

"

boiler

machine.

or

food, and makes

saves

and

money

soap.
will not

streak

on

clothing.
Furnishings:
Choose

small

figures
"

saves

material

in

Money spent in fast colors good economy

of making new.
Keep leather cool,aired,and oiled saves
Cleaning and Care :
"

Put

dust

sheets

over

furniture

when

matching, hence
"

time

saves

it from

sweeping

"

money.

and

work

cracking.

saves

work.

336

HOUSEWIFERY

Laboratory

arranged

to

illustrate

because

chosen

exercises

of

which

study with

household

various

by
Concrete

the

relation

students

of

and

to

the

as

out

well

For

such

of chemical
as

the

be examined

dish
and

be

scientific

example,
polishes,may be

in terms

equipment

machine, may

may
fields of

various

metal

primarily

processes

familiar.

are

carried

household

cleaner,washing

vacuum

household

supplies,such

student

items

college teaching while

different

their
the

in

tests of
taken
underscience.

washer,
tested

in

physical principlesas well as used practicallyto acquire

desirable technique. Sanitary problems such as the care
of dish
a
of dust, may
cloths,the washing and drying of dishes,the removal
be tested by the methods
of bacteriology. Studies
in
economic
be made
of the work
nature
preciati
problem; household
equipment, demay
and upkeep. Social studies may
be made, for example, of
the household
tectural
as
Also, archia worker.
employee, or the housewife
studies of house plans, particularly
of the service portion of
the house, will be appropriate. These
suggestions are given to
of housewifery reallyinindicate the fact that the subject matter
volves
that it merits an
the problems that lie in a dozen
so
sciences,
important and dignifiedplace in the collegecurriculum.
well
The
class period in housewifery for collegeinstruction
may
and
be a three-hour
period, providing time both for instruction
be provided
laboratory practice,or a separate lecture period may
with a two-hour
laboratoryperiod at another time. The instruction
be made
interestingby relatingit very closelyto the real life
may
The
class hour
well begin
and the community.
of the home
may
students
on
assigned topics,such as
reports from
by five-minute
magazines and
housewifery articles in the current
newspapers,
household
observations
other literature,
on
practicein homes visited
tions,
demonstraduring the vacation ; suggestions from manufacturers'
Student
institutions.
visits to stores and
and
participation
in a practicalfield like this is
in developing the subject matter
interested
to apply the subject
directlyeffective in making them
matter
Following such brief reports,
presented by the instructor.
the students
the instructor presents the topicfor the period on which
reference material ; discussion follows to clear
have alreadyexamined
work
begins.
up points in theory before the practical
terms

of

Half
to

to two-thirds

practicework.

of the class

"

for

of the three-hour

periodmay

then

generaltopicis assignedfor the

example, the cleaningof metals. Then
The

be devoted

consideration

the students

SUGGESTIONS

FOR

organized into working groups

example, brass, silver,or nickel

and

are

various
on

reagents and
Each

results.

responsiblefor
of value.
and

At

materials

specialtopic,for

assigned. The students

problem in hand and make

test
notes

is

organized with a student leader who is

and results,and this is in itself a training

progress
the close of the

put away

to each

is

tools for the

group

337

TEACHERS

hour

and

the

students

supplies,which

clean
is

up the room
valuable
keeping
house-

lesson.
The

part-time service of a maid is necessary for such a laboratory,

with duties of caring for materials,gettingmaterials out for laboratory
before
the
class
hour
use
cleaning, caring
begins,emergency
The
instruction
to be successful
for bulletin boards, etc.
should
have

wealth

provisionof
care

of

illustrative

material

materials,tools,and

is in itself

pieceof

well

as

and
supplies,

work

other

as

their

requiringpart of
charged for the work

adequate

organizationand

worker's

time.

sufficient
laboratoryfee may well be
; $2 seems
for a half-yearcourse.
In the collegecurriculum, housewifery will probably be closely
related to the household
as
courses
explained below.
management
who
is working
Demonstration
For
the teacher
Teaching.
be done
with the collegestudent or with the housekeeper,much
may
lectures in which
carries through a process,
one
by demonstration
Such
shows
or
a tool or
piece of equipment and illustrates its use.
to illustrate height of working surfaces
drawings as those shown
and posture during work
be easilydrawn
by the teacher (Fig.
may
be given in the school
175, a, b, c, d, e, /). Demonstrations
may
work, and
by
by the teacher, by the lecturer in extension
"
"
educational
demonstrators
employed in the
departments of
terested
manufacturing companies, including gas and electric companies inin introducing their products. With
this type of work,
moving picturesbegin to play an important part, and the teacher of
jects,
housewiferywill find that it is possibleto rent reels on different subof equipment and
methods
vices,
deshowing both the mechanical
This
is
and
the efficiencyaspects of housekeeping.
new
a
the possibilities
field that we
seem
are
just entering, for which
"

without

limit.

Much

has

teaching foods
housewifery is a subject
applicable.
the emphasis now
With
methods

22

in

been
and
in

on

made

of

cooking
which

the

to

demonstration
adult

demonstrations

teaching of

lecture

audiences, and
are

vocational

equally
home-

338

HOUSEWIFERY

strain
back,
No
Fio.
low.
Note
worker's
175."
b, table
table
height good.
too
o,
with iron,
board
d, sink,
height good : is lower
to allow for pressure
anywhere,
c, ironing
position at washtub; /, incorrect position at washtub.
position good,
c, correct

SUGGESTIONS

FOR

339

TEACHERS

states, a large problem will be the teaching of

making in many
actual housekeepers,and more
consideration
will be given to demonstration
rural
In
kitchen
in one
teaching.
communities, a private
home
when
devices,may
equipped with running water or with new
be used

as

"demonstration"
"

Concrete
rural

for

demonstrations

working
extension
teaching both

the
"

of home

in that

housewives

of this kind
economics

in many
states.
The home
farm
thus "
or
items of good housekeeping or good

have
and

been

used

in

agriculture

of
"

demonstrates

farming

section.

some

to the

crete
con-

neighbors.
following

The
Housewifery
Topics in a Cooking Course.
others may
be readily brought into
housewifery topics among
many
a
cookery course:
dish-washing, laundry equipment, laundering
stain
of range,
silver polishing,care
removal, care
(towels),
process
of woods, metals, etc.,cleaninga room,
of sink, economy
of fuel,
care
of refrigerator,
and kitchen
of these topics
care
equipment. Some
be used as separate lessons in the foods course;
or
they may
may
be brought in incidentally
in a cooking lesson.
Teachers
of cookery
will find it helpful to consider the topicspresented in this book from
the point of view of adapting parts of them
The
to their courses.
book
also be assigned their students
reference
as
reading on
may
problems related to food preparation.
many
Teachers
will find it posin Housewifery.
Special Classes
sible
to organize special classes in housewifery for housekeepers,
and for household
when
tories
laboraat hours
employees, who may come
used.
Classes
otherwise
for wage-earning young
not
are
house
will be popular in the evening, especiallyif a model
women
or
an
apartment is available,so that the teaching is real and there
is opportunity for home-like
gatherings. In such classes,a small
definite practicaltopicsis desirable.
unit of four to eight lessons on
(SeelLesson Outlines, I and II, pages 326, 329.)
"

"

Housewifery

and

Household

Management.
in high schools

"

Instruction

in

tutions,
higher instipresents the theory of organizing and administering the
keeping
household.
The
problems of housework, or the technique of houseof housewifery,are evidently
which
forms the subjectmatter
Accordingly, many
management.
closely related to household
in household
already provide laboratory and
courses
management
is really housewifery, and
to such
in what
other
practice work
household

teachers

management,

this book

Advanced

may

Study

whether

prove

of

useful

as

Housewifery.

"

or

in

text.
The

problems

of

house-

340

HOUSEWIFERY

wifery

worthy

are

the

institutions

advanced

of

will do well

instructor

research, and

and

study

to

in

for such

secure

higher
the

studies

cooperation of such scientific departments as chemistry, physics,

and bacteriology. The
problems can often be guided cooperatively,
the
housewifery teacher
checking up the practical aspects of a
problem such for example as dish-washing methods, and the scientific
department conducting as its part, the study of the mechanism
such

In

of machines.

merits

institutions,the housewifery work

an

for advanced
students.
laboratory of its own
The
teacher
of Housewifery.
Teacher
of this subject
The
be trained in chemistry, physics,and bacteriology
should, if possible,
research

advanced

"

"

to understand

order

background

the

of

the

subject. But, even

she needs to be an
experienced housekeeper. Those preparing
more,
do the actual
work
of a household
for a period
it should
to teach
of the tasks, money,
of several
months, meeting responsibilities
they
time, materials, equipment, etc., personally. So only can
in
their
and
minds
and
own
successfullyadjust theory
practice
in

to do the

help students

teacher

The
so

types

many

of

able

be

must

which
and

every
hold to

she

carried

as

it, but

must

out

and

the

at

them

carry

students
to

must

not

time

same

than

She

practices

only present her ideal

readjust the standards

far forward

as

and

ways
conditions.

ideals, rather

as

represent

teach

prepared
under
varying

She

adopt.

must

one

because

be

must

present standards

to

of the students

standards, but

homes,

of housework

means

same.

is to set

is

as

practicable.

that is
policy to over-train by presenting a' standard
For example, a good
economically impossible for certain students.
cloth that is non-scratching, soft, and
duster
is any
non-linting;
It is

but

poor

it is better

might
used

for

be of service

as

students

the

in the

duster, rather

homes,

than

types of purchased dusters

own

For

training school.
example,
the

The

teacher

had

the

her

to

actual

many

student

that

must

'

for

not

be

she

teacher

able

only

to

know

teacher

the

know

help
facts

'

reduce
from

greatest experience possible,that

meet

an

conditions.

emergency

and

to

renovation

readjust

that

clothing is
present

suggests because

must

points regarding
will

if worn-out

even

which

The

suggest types of material

to

and

one

two

or

in her

used

teach

must

to be

economy.

be

taught, so
family expenditures.

bocks, but

should

experience which
herself

and

her

have

helps

work

to

INDEX
Acetylene
danger

a
fuel,
from, 57

lights,

81

Acids,

as

55

Bedsteads,
to

Beeswax,
Benzine,

135

Advanced

study

cleaning, 249,

for
Alkalies

in

cleaning

Bleach

250

for

pan

59

Antiseptics,
Ants,

silver, 97

299

Boxes

chutes,

Axminster

74

Basement
Baskets
Bath

storage,
hampers,
brick, 135
and

bugs,

Beds,

starch

as
filing
springs, 188
as

closets,

226

lacquered,

188

295
261

mixer,

ware,

closets,

Brussels

carpet,

98

clean,

to

119,

262

221

259
160
26

pumps,

58,

61,

74

of

stoves, to clean,
Business
desk, 238
general
rules,
Buying,

250

141

295

cake

119,

237

substitute,

Brooms,
Brushes,

Burners,

140

147

soap,

and

Bucket

springs,
of, 250
care
cleaning of,

cases,

starch

Britannia

312

box

a
a

299

substitute,

136

soap,

Bread

110

186

cost,

mountings,
to
clean,

205

Bathroom,
equipment,
Bath
tubs, 50
to clean, 257
Bed

disinfectant,

as

Brass,

161

278

clothes, 278
136

as

carpeting,

280

140

Bran

308

pests,

linens,
281

291

as

in

Box

silks,

141

clothes,
Borax,

298

for

fectant,
disin-

196

and

starch,

Boiling

313

Arsenic
Ash

and

wood,

Bluing,

136

soap,

as

254

cotton

wools

current,

clean, 261
utensils, 94
135
Ammonia,
germicide,
as
a

blankets,

Bleaching

to

in

mercury

193,

Blended

electric

Aluminum

of

Blankets,

29

136

soap,

Alternating

of

Binding

261

system,
disinfectant, 300
fuel, 55

as

308

131,

Bichloride

301

tank

pressure
Alcohol
as

339

250

130

96

clean,

to
Air

housewifery,

in

utensils,

Agate

186

clean,

269

129

189

disinfecting, 304
for the
sick, 254
to clean,
frame,
relative

costs

Cabinet,

mixers, 98
Calcimine
walls,
( andle,
paraffin,

250

of, 189

removing
pests,
sheets, 193
sizes of, 189, 196

312

Canned

Canning
Canning

spreads,

193

217

springs,

193

Carbolic

to

make,

to

prepare

kitchen,

heat

and

outfit,

245
80

light,

55

128

and

preserving

acid

solution,

251

bed

92

Cake

containers,
disinfectant,

301

for

night,

257

for

pests,

308

341

342

INDEX

Carbon

filaments

in

electric

lights,

Closets

82

for

226
bathroom,
and
cleaners,

brooms

Card

catalogues, 237
of beds, 250
floor covering, 246
porcelain, 257

Care

161

hemp and
ingrain,

grass,
160

and

Carpets
iron

Cast

160

158

utensils, 93
clean, 261
for
dug-outs

to

Caves

or

food,

216
ventilation

Cellar,
stairs, 4
storage,

Centipedes,

of, 297

205

317

and

Cereals

food

containers,

216

store, 234

to

Cesspools,
Chamois,
Chain

37

to

clean,

bucket

288

pumps,

206

shoes,
tools, 227
Clothes
chute, 207
Clothes-pin bag, 111
278
Clothes, washing,
Clothing storage closet, 230
Coal, 53
storage, 206
Coal-bin, 206
dust, 54
Coke, 54
in housewifery,
College course
Color
140
tints,
Colored
goods, to wash, 280
in soap,
137
Coloring matter
to
259
Combs,
clean,
Comfortables, to clean, 282
to make,
196
Commercial
storage, 204
228

161

rugs,

208

preserves,

clean, 147

to

209

linen,
medicine, 223
pantry, 209

288

chenille,

kitchen,

211,

value

Comparative
Conservation

26

Class

Cook

and

polishers,

Cleaning
cloths,

of

care

soiled

rooms,

gas,
118

refrigerator, 269

Cork

and

of

renovation,

257

fabrics, 273
metals,

of

room,

Clinkers,

Closing

273

furnishings,

of

to

knives,
140
Cornstarch,
Cost

of

132

241

74
of

pests,

307

283

98

162

mattresses,

191
280

bleach,
193, 254
Counterpanes,
Covering of heating pipes, 76
disinfectant,
a
Creoline, as
Cresol, as a disinfectant, 302
Cotton,

260

rugs,

63
261

clean,

for

Cotton

remove,

runways

kerosene,
clean,
to

63

62

to

Corduroy,

of furniture,

217

61

coal, 62
electric,

240

Copper,

bathroom

canning,
110

clothes,

stoves,

130

tools, 118
stores, 267
Cleaning

162

tin, 217

125

equipment,

and

preserving

336

and

rugs,

heat, 74
earthern, 217

Containers,
food, 216
garbage, 218
glass, 217

Cleaners

of

to

335

of

Charcoal, 54
Chart, for service, 16
Cheesecloth, 125
Chenille, carpet, 161
China, 198
for
service
six, 201
to wash,
265

period,

221

222

241

shoes,
Carpet beetle, 314
122
Carpet sweepers,
brussels,
Carpeting,

227

laundry,

refrigerator, 267
rooms,

clothes,

302

344

INDEX

Faucets, foot pressure,

goose-neck, 41
leaky, to mend, 41
material, 40
191
Feathers, mattress,

pillows,
Filing boxes,

41

Galvanized

sinks, 44
washtubs, 47
Garbage containers,
incinerator, 220
utilization, 221

192

waste,

237

Gas,

Filters, 42
kinds, 43
to clean, 271
Fireless
cooker, 76,

98'

caves,
storage, 211
or

Foot-pressure
Force

Formaldehyde

303

303
of

287

308

173

202

Globes, effect of, 80

Gold
and
silver
lace, to clean, 283
Goose-neck
faucets, 41
Grate
fires, 65, 72
Gravity water
system, 27
Grease
274
stains, to remove,
traps, 37
Grouping
tools, 8
starch
Gum
substitute,
arabic, as
141

Hair

light, 172
polishes, 132
to glue, 294
wooden, 172
rugs,

pests,

65

68

coverings,

304

303

extermination

Furniture, 170
eleaners, 132

rules

Glassware,
gas,

Furnishings, household,

Fur

41

304

sulphur, 303, 309

Fumigants, 297, 298,

steam,

85
85

for cleaning room,

241
laundering, 278
of utensils, 97
General
standard
Germicides, 298
Glass
table
tops, 92
utensils, 94

309

Furnaces, hot-air,
hot-water, 66
one-pipe, 67

84

selecting, 84
utility and efficiency,85
General

Formalin, 301, 309

Formula,
formaldehyde
Fuels, 53
308
Fumes,
formalin,

equipment,

308

for

gas,

formaldehyde,

57

read,

construction,
labor-saving,

216

faucets,

formula,

for

General

26

pumps,

to

meters,

pilot lights, 58
tops, 74
water
heater, 69, 70
Gasoline, as exterminator,
as
cleaner, 131
as
fuel, 55
danger from, 131
engine, 28

Fixtures, plumbing, 40
Flat- work
ironers, 117
Flax-jute, 162
Fleas, to exterminate, 314
Flies, to exterminate, 309
Floor, 153
cloths, 125
coverings, to clean, 246
finished, 155
of woods,
153
kinds
35
Flush
closet,
to clean, 258
Food
containers, 216

pits

31

57

burners, 58, 61
cook
stove, 62
danger
from, 59
lights, 81

stove, 78

gas

218

148

191

mattress,

pillow, 192
Half-teaspoon
measure,
Halls, 4
clothes, 110
Hampers,
Handles

for

Handles

for

fixtures.

259

curtains, 171
clothes, 227

Hanging
plaster

Hard
Hard

bathroom

98

water,

or

22

cement

walls,

152

INDEX

Hard

water,

23

permanently,
temporarily, 22

Hard

wood,

Incinerators,

153

clean,

to

fires, 65

grate

and

Heating

lighting, 52

by stoves,
Height of sinks

washtubs,

Hemp

and

heaters,

House,

161

103

pads,

84
Iron

pests, 307
307

gasoline,
kerosene,
to
clean,

prevent, 307
pottery, 198
129

desk,

Housekeeper's
House
plans,
Housewifery

Javelle

31

waste,

water

as

laboratory,
special classes, 339
topics in cooking
architect,

the

clean,

hot-water

and
heating,
Humidity
28
Hydraulic ram,
Hydrochloric acid, 135

stains.

acid
Hydrocyanic
gas,
peroxide, 300
Hydrogen

250

heater,

tags, 236
of fuels,
Kinds

52

53

irons, 116
rugs,

276
304

158

storage,
water,

204

22

wood, 153
cabinet,
closets, 209

Kitchen
214
refrigerators, to make,
of storage problems, 204
Importance

Teeless

59

Key

32

for

131

80

to

4-8

waste,

used

to

lamps,

339

courses,

suggestions

Housewife's

54

cleaner,
as
a
fuel, 54
cook stove, 63
danger from,
for pests, 312

management

339

business,

280

water,

Kerosene,

and

319

Human

116
235

238

10-12

courses,
a

116

31

waste,

as

275

remove,

116

gas,

to

supplies,

144

rests, 116
rust, to

Iron

exterminate,

water

262

Irons, 115
alcohol, 116
care
of, 261
electric, 116

144

supplies,
to

261,

115
covers,
for sleeves, 113

146

measures,

clean,

holders, 116
Ironing, 279
Ironing boards, 112

309

equipment,
furnishing, 148
labels, 236
linen, 176

pests,

heater,

water

to

Household

paper

of

care

Iron

66

close, 232

to

Houseflies,

for

Insulation, 76
Inverted
lights, 80
Iron
and
steel, 235
care
of, 262
storage, 235

68

heating system,
Hour
service, 19
chart, 18

160

and

Instantaneous

carpeting,
grass
furniture, 172
Home
laundry equipment,
Hot-air
furnace, 65-67
Hot-water

lighting, 80

cooking

ware,

92

198

70

308

tem,
sys-

29

surfaces, 87
323
classroom,

in

Indirect

47

working
Helps

carpets,

Installation

65
and

220

Ingrain

to use
Inflammables,
275
Ink, to remove,
Inorganic waste, 31
Insoluble
bluing, 141

246

61

Heating,

345

70

346

INDEX

Kitchen

equipment, 90
sanitation, 297
storage, 92, 209
supplies, suggested
tables, enamel, 92
glass, 92
wood,

list, 103

Lime, quicklime,
slacked, 300
water, 300
Linen, 176
closets, 222
essentials

92

towels, 183
utensils, 93

of

tests

for

to

94

of, 97

steel, 96
tin, 97
264, 265

wire, 97
wooden,

236
Labels, household,
classroom,
Laboratory,
equipment, 321

319

stove

326

103,

105

stoves,

Light

326,

hints

to

Meat

presto,

81

189

192, 251

145

grinders, 98
stain, to remove,

equipment

Medicine
lace

Metal

polishes,
mesh
for

Metals

300

table

Meter

for
for

supplies,

embroidery,

and

283

133

98
pot washer,
utensils, 94, 96, 97

clean,

to
Metal

274
and

223

closet,

Metal

81

kerosene, 80
Lights, pilot, 58
Lime, 299
chlorinated,

118

286

247

sweep,

Measures,
333

172

83

cleaning,

clean,

to

pads, 192, 251

fillings,190
to clean, 251
tufting, 190

79

on,

for

Medical

acetylene and
candles, 80
electric, 82
gas,

Materials

covers,

furniture,

Lighting,

278

outlines,

furnace, 70

to

Mattresses,

Leaky faucets, 41
of, 288
Leather, care
furniture, 173
Lemon
oil, 131
Lesson

and

clean, 250
linen, 185
handkerchiefs, 186
napkins, 186
186
pillow case,
186
sheets,
table
cloth, 185
towels, 186

64

unit,

218

Marking

Matting,

suggestive list, 118

storage, 207
work

176

117

Mangle,
Marble,

work, 319
Labor-saving
appliances, 84
295
to
renovate,
Lacquer,
82
Lamps, electric,
kerosene, 80
to clean, 250
general directions,
Laundering,
closets, 208
Laundry,

equipment,

purity of,
184

oil, 132
fire, 70
grate, 70

Making

exercises,

177

Machine

or

2
workshop,
Knives, to wash,

buy,

linen.

linen, 179

265

glass,
agate, 96

standards

wash,

table

97

94
and

crockery
enamel

of
table

157
Linoleum,
to clean, 247, 286
to lay, 157
Linseed
oil, 130
Liquid glass, for egg storage,
Lower
sheet
for bed, 251
Loans
from
firms, 322
Long-handled
dustpan, 121
Lysol, 302

aluminum,

to

sizes

299

260

tops,

92

electricity,60

gas,

57

225

347

INDEX

Method

of

Methods

removing

for

stains,

teaching

276

housewifery.

318
Mice

and

exterminate,

rats, to

Milk

separators,
Mirrors, 249
Miscellaneous
Model

equipment,

126

housekeeping
centers,
for furnishing, 175

Mohair

Mops,

315

128

324

124

310

140

storage,

232

179

Napkins,

131

Naphtha,
as

131

cleaner,

188

National

springs,
cleaning, 261
Notions, suggestive

Nickel

Oilcloth

for

Oil

dust

mop,

Oiled
Oil

wood,
painting,

Oil

stove

list

142

of,

152

walls,
125
155

One-pipe heater, 67
plumbing,

for

work

Oriental

241

cleaning,

household,

15

109

fuels, 54

Outline

for

Oxalic

acid,
used

washing

dishes,

266

carpets, 160
to clean,
feathers, 192

Pilot

stains, 275

for
and

Paint

192

mattresses,
calcimine

Placing equipment,
Plaster

casts,

Plaster

of

to
152

walls,

clean, 244
floors, to clean,
Painting, bath tub, 244
wood, 293
to

Painted

clean, 296

to

Painting
Paint

246

on

Palette

Pantry,

oil, 209
glass,
knife, 98
work

Poisons

remove,

unit, 2

250

to

paris,

6, 86

clean,
to

use,

the

close

307

46

house,

exterminate

to

295

40

plumbing,

235

vermin,

132
Polishes, furniture,
metals, 133
155
wood,
Porcelain, sinks, 44
to clean, 257, 262

tubs,
to

25

pumps,

open
Pads

282

lights, 58

21
Plumbing,
fixtures,

135
for

store, 234

Piston

machine,

133

Pipeless heater, 67
Pipes, to thaw, 30

31

Oscillating washing
Other

Pile

Pillows,

161

rugs,

cleaning,

cleanliness,
Pests, ants, 313
bed
bug, 312
carpet beetle, 314
centipedes, 317
fleas, 314
flies, 309
mosquitoes, 310
moths, 311
and
rats
mice, 315
roaches, 312
silverfish, 316
315
chipmunks,
squirrels and
307
to
exterminate,
and
Pewter
britannia, to clean, 262
Piano
keys, to clean, 250
Pictures, to clean, 296

46

Organic waste,
of
Organization

metal

298

to

clean, 63, 250

to

for

Personal

clean, 296

to

burners,

of

80

130

wax,

Pastes

stove, 235

to

145

candles,

oil, 130

starch,
Mourning
Music
cabinets, as

Order

writing,
Paraffin

duster, 125
wringer, 125
Mosquitoes, to exterminate,
311
Moths, to exterminate,
127
Motors,
small,

Open

Paper dish cloths, 98

paraffin, 144
tissue, 144
toilet, 144
towelling, 145
wall, 149
wrapping,
145, 238

Potassium

47

permanganate,

Pottery,

198

Powders

for

pests,

308

27.r"

30S

348

INDEX

Preserve

closet,

Pressure

and

Practice

Refrigerator,

206

suction

264

household

in

measures

sanitation, 297
298

bedroom,

cellar, 297
grounds, 297
in general,
house

297

297

kitchen,

297

laundrv,
Privies, 33'
by
Pumping
electric

Rest

28

25

Rotten

Rain

and

28

of,

Recipe, detergent, 274

javelle, 280
filler for
woods, 291

formaldehyde

gas,

Rural
Russia

304

284

290
paint remover,
paste for wallpaper,
prepared
132,
wax,

152
295

137

of
211

162

of, 160,

buying
supplies,
storage, 204
iron, 93
of

bedroom,

129

29S

cellar, 297
about
house,
grounds
in general, 298
house
kitchen, 297
laundry, 298
Raving colors, 277, 280
for

housewife

297

without

help, 15
with
help, 16, 17

246

School

house,

162

home

Schedule

starch, 279
wood
cleaner,
300
whitewash,

of,

for

Sanitation

polish, 132
polish, 261
acid, 275

Refrigeration,

247,

weave

Rules

unit

158

clean,

value

extermination

mice,

315

Recreation

carpets,
to

23

and

soap,

305

store, 234
types of, 158

Rats

oxalic

235,

to

hydraulic,

metal

134

clean,

to

store, 235

to
248

312

silver,

for

goods,

Rubber

clean,

Ram,

furniture

333

133

cloths

Rouge

162

water,

housewifery,

stone,

193

Rugs
to

house,

in

starch, 140
clothes, 278
Rinsing
Roaches, to exterminate,
cleaning of, 241
Rooms,
of, 305
fumigating
lighting of, 79
Rosin, 136
washer, 108
Rotary

Qualitv of blankets,
299
Quicklime,
196
Quilts,
Radiators,
Rag
rugs,

of

unit

Rice

26

piston,

paintings, 296
plaster casts, 295
woods, 289
for
and
iipholstery,
drapery

Reviews

26

electric,
force, 26

ware,

295

295

176

28

28

windmill,

bucket,

oil

Repp

gasoline engines, 28
28
hydraulic ram,
25
Pumps,
chain,

lacquered

of

of
28

power,

269

of

of

pumps,

214

construction, 214
dishes, 215
iceless, 214
of, 212
temperature
72
Regulating
dampers,
Removing
stains, 277
water
rings, 277
of brass
Renovation
mountings,

325

for
dishwashing,
Preparation
Presto
lights, 81

of,

arrangement

of, 269

care

cleaning,

homes,

Preventive

108

323

work,
in

washer,

housewiferv,

courses

in

cards,

13, 14

333
Score

326,

349

INDEX

cleaners, 139
pests, 309
cleaning of, 235
storage of, 234
84
Selecting equipment,
Septic tank, 38
Service
chart, 16, 17
Setting colors, 277
disposal, 37
Sewage
126
Sewing machine,
Sewing supplies, 142
storage of, 231
for
bed, 193
Sheets,
and

Scourers

for

Screen

228

Squirrels

263

134,

41

46

44

46

sinks, 44
boards,

Small

electric

Soap,

to

127

motor,
278

disinfectant,

bark,

chips,

299

139
138

silver, 262
of, 137,
making
for

powders,

heating,

Steel,

136

as

274
and

tasks,

138

140

prepared, 140
recipe for, 279
140
substitutes, borax,
bran, 141
dextrine, 141
arabic, 141
gum
tints for, 140
clothes, 278
Starching
Starting fires, furnaces, 70
grates, 65

Steam

113

clothes,

Soaking

291

stoves, 70
Stationary tubs, 104

strainer, 98
to
clean, 266
Slacked
lime, 300
Sleeve

remove,

mourning,

74

45

slop, 47
savings,
space

Slate

pests.

as

Starch,
blended, 140
kinds, 140

45

of,

278

chipmunks,

139

heights of, 47, 87

materials, 44
for,
plumbing
open
size

and

Stains, outfit, 274

precautions, 277
to

196

faucets,

112

Standardization, 9
Standardizing, tools

boards,

drain

277

beds, 187

Staining woods,

burners,

drains,

23

315

storage, 232
Silverfish, 316

Simmering
Sink, 43

water,

Sorting clothes, 278

Space for furniture, 6
Space-saving sinks, 46
Special classes in housewifery, 339
Special storage closets, 221
Spiral springs, 188
and
athletic
Sport
goods, storage

Sprinkling clothes,

134

Silverware,

water,

Softening

Springs for
Sprinklers,

Silks, to bleach, 281

of, 233
Silver, care
133
cleaners,
cleaning of, 262

soaps,

Soft

22

Spotting precautions,

to

cleaning pans,
cloths, 134
pastes, 134
powders, 134

138, 299

solution,

of, 232

floors, 155
clean, 288
Shoes,
cleaning outfit, 227
Shellacked

storage,

solution, 137
substitute, 139
Soda, 138

Soap

138

68

96

clean, 262, 289

wool, 133
Storage, 204
closets, 221
articles

for

of

carpets

and

of

clothing, 227

of

cellar, 205
commercial,
eggs,

218

personal

204

rugs,

use,

234

231

350

INDEX

electric

Storage,
iron

and

motors,

steel,

235

Sulphur
fumes, 303, 309
Sunlight as a bleach, 280
as
a
disinfectant, 299
Supervision of water
supply,
Supplies, buying of, 129

235

laundry, 207
linen, 223
medicine,

music,

223

232

cleaning,

personal articles, 231

206

preserves,

rural,

kitchen,

rubber

235

228

materials.

silver,

232

sewing, 143
writing desk,
Sweepers, 221, 222

230

sport or athletic
tools, 227
trunks, 207
vegetables, 206
wrapping
paper,

goods,

232

Sweeping,

gas,

Table

58

height

62

of

62
63

laundrv,

Strychnine
Subsoil

65

289

Tanks,
308

pests,

drainage,

for

review,

for

teachers,

for

ventilation,

334

lists

Tea
318

52.
bathroom

of

leaves
for

Tile

walls,

of
of

household

of

118

household

of
of

laundry, 103,
linen, 184

of

medical

clean,

to

supplies,

104

To

90

262,

201
145

144
paper,
cottons
bleach

and

silks
104

equipment

supplies, 225
sewing, 143
paper,

disinfectant,

289

Tissue

kitchen,

silver

97

Tinware,

of

of

as

301

disinfectants,

of

of

245

iodine,

of

Tincture

305

of

242

linen, 176

152

clean,

to

china, 201
cleaning,
glass, 201

of

340

floors, 156

226
of

puritv

Test

ment,
equip-

286

housewifery,
for
cleaning,

of

Teacher

185

173

clean,

to

29

pressure,

marking,

for

Tapestries,
200

236

29

water,

Tapes

39

Suggestions for buying china,

for buying linen, 184

Suggestive

labels,
system, air

and

Tags
Tank

for

145

measures,

choose, 92
198
Tableware,

64

clean,

302

and

weights

to

63

by,

of, 90

disinfectants,

of

92

top, 92

wooden

kerosene,

to

enamel
top,
glass top, 92

61

heating

of, 177

tops, 294
kinds, 294

Table,

electricity.

242

sizes, 179

234

cook,
coal,

dustless,

linen, essentials

Table
238

care
of, 73
cleaning, 289

Stoves,

145

shelves, 207

Swinging

boiler, 68
burner,

225

144

paper,

sewing

Stove

103

medicine,

goods,

shoes,

118

90

laundry,

204

22

wood,
and

To

buy,

To

clean

291

agate,

room,

bathroom

bed,

linens,

281

general rules,

aluminum,
a

and

wools,

250

129

261
261

241

furnishings,

257

280

352
To

INDEX

store

218

eggs,

linen, 222
medicine,

Wallpaper,
Walls,

223

and

of, 152
basins, 51
benches, 104
boards, 104
china,
265
Washing
clothes, 278
devices, 110
dish towels, 265
dishes, 264

228

silver,

232

Wash

234

carpets,

shoes,

tools, 227
trunks, 207
window
To

thaw

To

use
a

screens,

235

pipes, 30

water

filler, 291
filter, 292

kitchen

utensils, 264
knives, 265
machines,
107, 110
Washing
and
carpets, 286
rugs
silver, 265
soda, 138
243
windows,
soda
as
a
Washing
disinfectant,
Wash
tubs, 47, 104
height of, 47
material
of, 44
Water, heating by gas, 69
heating by kerosene, 71

varnish, 142
To
wood, 292
wax
Towels, 179
size
of, 183
kinds, 179, 183
To
wipe walls, 243
36, 37
Traps, grease,
for
pests, 309
To

Tray,

36

145
302

Tricresol,

storage, 207
bath, 50
wash, 47
Tufted
carpets, 161
lamps, 52
Tungsten

Trunk

Tubs,

on

of,

off, 30
stains, to remove,

shut

Upper sheet,
put on,
Utensils,
comparative
materials, 93, 97
to

Vacuum

bottles,

cleaners,
sweepers,

Various
Varnished

of

Waste,

29
36

household

31

water,

32

human,
inorganic,

79

organic,
Waxed,

oiled
to

devices,

110

Wax,

289

of, 289,
bins, 206
Vegetable
Velvets, to clean, 282
Ventilation, 52
suggestion for, 53

Voltage,

value

122

wood,
care

254

122

washing

22

supply,
tanks,
traps,

store, 234

277

30
24

storage,

furniture, 173
for, 173

materials
to

29

care,

22

stopcock,
Upholstered

299

25

pumps,

floors, 293

waxed

and

installation
kinds

131

Turpentine,

264

glass,

water,

150

finish

personal articles, 231

rugs

kinds,

149

for

31

31
or

varnished

clean,

wood,

132

polished furniture,

recipe for,
and
Weights
measures,
24
Wells,
Wheel
beater, 99
egg
Wheel
table, 101
enamel
White
paint,
to clean,
295

291.

293

59

Whitewash,
149
Wallpaper,
to clean, 243
coverings, to clean, 243,

Whiting,
Wicker
244

300

134,

135

furniture, 172
to clean, 294

145

294
246

132

155

INDEX

Wilton

161

carpets,

Window

food

Windows,

clean,

to

Window

the

171,

Wire

drainer,

bins,

to

bleach,

298

clean

water

clean

painted

from,

spots
and

293

varnished,

293

oil,

to

polish,
refinish,

to

remove

293

unit,

alcohol

dents
292

from,
and

293

106
mops,

clean,
iron,

Wrought

and

string,

125
235
to

clean,

bruises

Zinc,

to

276

1
paper

to

stains,

removing

Wringers,

293

47

tubs,

for

155,

294

92,

97

Wrapping

293

remove

from,

291

155,

to

to

100

of

Work

paint,

172

tops,

wash
Work

291

on,

44

ware,

to

to

wax,

table

291

293

292

155,

spoons,

renewal,

292

from,

291

filler

sinks,

from,

spots

furniture,

53

to

to

use

to

varnish

292

stain,

to

206
and

care

shellac,

to

100

scratches
water

remove

Wooden

fuel,

as

to

287

and

290

remove

to

97

ware,

Wood

to
234

paint

remove

from,

171

ventilators,
dish

to

216

235

171,

screens,

99,

248

house,

shades,

Wire

Wood,
box,

storage

close

to

353

clean,

262,

289

261

238