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Keys and Keyways

This document discusses keys and keyways used to transmit torque between rotating shafts and hub elements. It defines keys, describes common key types including parallel, tapered and Woodruff keys. It provides guidelines for selecting appropriate key size based on shaft diameter. It also discusses key materials, stresses in keys, and provides an example of designing a key for a given shaft and load, evaluating safety factors against shear fatigue and bearing failure.

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250 views25 pages

Keys and Keyways

This document discusses keys and keyways used to transmit torque between rotating shafts and hub elements. It defines keys, describes common key types including parallel, tapered and Woodruff keys. It provides guidelines for selecting appropriate key size based on shaft diameter. It also discusses key materials, stresses in keys, and provides an example of designing a key for a given shaft and load, evaluating safety factors against shear fatigue and bearing failure.

Uploaded by

Meet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KeysandKeyways

1. What/WhyKeys?
2. TypesofKeys/Keyways
3. HowtoselectKeys(size,materials)
4. StressesinKeys
5. Example
1

PurposesofKey
TheASMEdefinesa Keyas:
ademountablemachinerypartwhich,whenassembledinto
keyseats,providesapositivemeansfortransmittingtorque
betweentheshaftandhub.

Tosecurerotatingelementsonashaft,andenablethe
transmissionoftorquefromshafttotheshaftsupported
elements.

TypesofKeys

TypesofKeyways

Howtoselectkeys
Parallelkeys:
Squarekeysforshaftupto1.0 indiameter(U.S),or25mmdiameter(ISO),
Andrectangularkeysforlargerdiameters.
Setscrewsforbacklash.
L~(0.51.8)D
Ifmorestrengthisneeded,twokeyscanbeused,i.e.orientedat90o
and180o

KeysandKeyways
DimensionsofsomestandardparallelkeysISOmetricseries

DimensionsofsomestandardParallelkeyInchSeries

Howtoselectkeys
TaperKeys:
Advantage:thehubpositioncanbeadjustedforthebestaxiallocation.
Disadvantage:createeccentricitybetweenhubandshaft.
Thewidthisthesameasparallelkeysforgivensizeofshaftdiameter.

HowtoselectKeys
Woodruffkeys:
Advantage:yieldsbetterconcentricityafterassemblyofthewheel
andshaft.Importantforhighspeed.
Usefulwhenkeyslotneedtobemachinedintoashaftshoulder
stressconcentrationregion.

10

DimensionsofWoodruffKeysInchseries

HowtoselectKeys

11

Howtoselectmaterials
Materialsofkeys:
Ductilematerialsareusedbecauseofshearloadofkeys.
Soft,lowcarbonsteelisthemostcommonchoice,
unlessacorrosiveenvironmentrequiresabrassorstainlesssteelkey

Squareorrectangularkeysareoftenmadefromcoldrolledbarstock
andmerelycuttolength.
TaperedandWoodruffkeysarealsousuallymadefromsoft,coldrolled
steel

12

Stressesinkeys
BearingFailure:

s =

F
Abearing

Ashear ,theshearareabeingcut,
hereistheproductofthekeyswidthandlength.
ShearFailure:

F
t=
Ashear

,Theaveragestressduetodirectshear

F ,theappliedforce
Ashear ,theshearareabeingcut,
hereistheproductofthekeyswidthandlength.
13

Stressesinkeys
SafetyfactorforBearingFailure:
Shafttorqueisconstant/timevarying,
Nofatiguefailureofthekeyinbearing,sincecompressivestresses
donotcausefatiguefailure.Bearingstressescanbeconsidered
static.
thematerialyieldstrength
Safetyfactor=
themaximumbearingstress

14

Stressesinkeys
SafetyfactorforShearFailure:
1.Shafttorqueisconstant,
theshearyieldstrengthofthematerial
Safetyfactor=
shearstress
2.Shafttorqueistimevarying,
Afatiguefailureofthekeyinshearispossible.
a)Computemeanandalternatingshearstress
components
b)FindthemeanandalternatingVonMisesstress.
c)UseModifiedGoodmandiagramtofindsafetyfactor

15

Example
Designakeyforashaftwiththeworkingloadgivenbelow.
Given:
diameteroftheshaftisd=20mm,meantorqueis15Nm,
alternatingtorqueis20Nm.
FirstTrial:
Useparallelkeyswithendmilledkeyways.Alowcarbonsteel,
1035,willbeusedforthekey.ItsSut =496Mpa,andSy=240MPa.
Se iscalculatedtobe227MPa.

16

Example
Solution:
1.Accordingtothe
diameteroftheshaft,
findcorresponding
standardkeydimension
as
w h 6x6mm

17

Example
2.Force/stressesonthekeyforfatiguechecking:

Ta 20 N m
Fa = =
= 2000N
r 10mm
Tm 15 N m
Fm = =
= 1500N
r 10mm
ThelengthofthekeyL~(0.51.8D).
LetL=20mmforthefirsttrial,thebearingareaandshearareaare:

Abearing

h
6mm
2
=L = 20mm
= 60mm
2
2
2

Ashear = L w= 20mm 6mm= 120mm

18

Example
Fa
2000N
ta =
=
= 16.7MPa
2
Ashear 120mm
Fm
1500N
t m =
=
= 12.5MPa
2
Ashear 120mm
ThevonMisesequivalentstresses:
'
a

2
a

s = 3t = 28.9MPa
'
m

2
m

s = 3t = 21.7MPa
19

Example
3.UsemodifiedGoodmandiagramcheckshearfatigue:
'
a

'
m

1
+
=
Se Sut nfs

nfs =

1
28.9 21.7
+
227 496

= 5.85

4.SafetyfactorforBearingfailure:

smax

Fa + Fm 2000N+ 1500N
=
=
= 58.3MPa
2
Abearing
60mm

nb =

Sy

smax

240
=
= 4.11
58.3

20

Example
Redesign:
1.Decreasethelengthofthekey,ifpossible
2.Usematerialswithlowerstrength,ifsuitable

2nd Trial:
LengthL=10mm
Useparallelkeyswithendmilledkeyways.Alowcarbonsteel,
1010,willbeusedforthekey.ItsSut =365Mpa,andSy=303MPa.
Se iscalculatedtobe151.2MPa.
21

Example
'
bearing

6mm
h
2
=
30
mm
=L = 10mm

2
2
'

'
Ashear
= L' w= 10mm 6mm= 60mm2

Fa
2000N
ta =
=
= 33.3MPa
2
Ashear 60mm
Fm
1500N
tm =
=
= 25MPa
2
Ashear 60mm
ThevonMisesequivalentstresses:

sa' = 3t a2 = 56.7MPa
'
m

2
m

s = 3t = 43.3MPa

22

Example
UsemodifiedGoodmandiagramcheckshearfatigue:
'
a

'
m

1
+
=
Se Sut nfs

nfs =

1
56.7 43.3
+
151 365

= 2.2

SafetyfactorforBearingfailure:

smax

Fa + Fm 2000N+ 1200N
= '
=
= 106.7MPa
2
Abearing
30mm

nb =

Sy

smax

303
=
= 2.9
106.7

23

Howtoestimatethesizeforakey
~(1.52)dshaft

~(0.51.8)dshaft

~0.25dshaft

~0.25dshaft

24

QuickExample
Whichofthefollowingparallelkeyfitsbesttheshaftatdiameterof
24mm,totransmittorquefromtheshafttoapulleywithhubwidthof
36mm,assumingallofthemaresafetocarrytheload?
A)6x6x40mm
B)10x10x30mm
C)14x14x36mm
D)7x7x32mm

25

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