PL

ddzf

Dennett

\^ Yoruba Alphabet

THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

MACMILLAN AND
LONDON

CO.,

Limited

BOMBAY CALCUTTA
MELBOURNE
.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

NEW YORK
DALLAS

THE MACMILLAN

BOSTON
CHICAGO
SAN FRANCISCO
.

CO. OF CANADA, Ltd

TORONTO

MY
YORUBA ALPHABET

BY

R.

DENNETT

E.

AUTHOR OF
Nigerian Studies,''

"At

the

Back of

MACMILLAN AND

the Black

CO.,

Man's Mind," ^c.

LIMITED

ST MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON

1916

PL

MY YORUBA ALPHABETPRONUNCIATION
Euphony

plays

Yoruba language
on the part of its

now

such an

that
first

important part

the

in

it

would have been easy

writers to

have avoided some of

think

For instance there are the dots

written under the letters O, E, S, giving them the
sounds of aw as in "law," e as in " met," and sh as in
the signs

in use.

These

"shape."

signs,

being unknown

in

the English

language, are anathema to the English publishers and

This means that the publication of Yoruba

printers.

works

is

very expensive.

to the student a certain

on

The

under

it

to

SH

save this expense, and

amount of

adopted a new

this occasion

spelling.

To

if

confusion,

the vowel sounds

simple and

and

have

clumsier method of

alteration of the writing

is

S with a dot

think correct.

As

to

with dots under them, a

glance at the dictionary will convince you that as a

general rule

if

a word commences with either of these

sounds the intermediate

consonant

is

immediately

followed by one or the other or then by the vowels

I,

U, A, but never by the vowels

fironounced as

in

or

without dots,

the words "they" and "go."

CtCkfVyfUl

therefore

vi

MY YORUBA ALPHABET PRONUNCIATION

get out

using the

of

under these

dots

word
each E, meaning mud,

doubling the intermediate consonant

ERE

with

under

dot

becomes

ERRE

becomes

EWWU,

EWU

words has the sound of

in

On

such

vowels,

the other

sound as

EDE,

as

sound as

Again the word

word "they."

mouse, retains the long

each of these

only one intermediate

is

language, continue to have the long

the English

under the

as in "met."

two

between

and the

hand, words in which there

consonant

thus the

with a dot

clothes

by

letters

in

OLO,

GO, whereas

in

meaning a grindstone,
pronounced awllaw. It is my

olo with the dots under the O's,

becomes

and

olio

is

opinion that by adopting this system a great deal of

irritating confusion

in

spelling

may

be avoided

for

word Emi means I, while Emi with a dot

under the E means spirit He is a house, while He
Bale is the head
with a dot under the E means land
house,
but
Bale
with
a
dot
under
the E means
the
of
instance, the

the head of the land or country

my

under

system

confusion can be avoided and these words appear as

under
Bale,

Emi,

Emmi,

head of the house

But the Yoruba

manage about
sounds

and

this difficulty

just

Spirit

before

signifying

Balle,

scholar will

Hie, land

head of the country.

ask

how

with dots under them.

make use

the

of the

consonant

am

going to

To

get over

hyphen and place

preceding

thus instead of writing

O and E
that the O has

dots under the

He, house

the primitive verbs ending in the vowel

dotted vowels

the

Bo

or

write -Bo or -Be, the

the sound aw,

it

hitherto

Be with
hyphen

and the

the

MY YORUBA ALPHABETPRONUNCIATION
sound

"met," and that should the primitive

e as in

verb be turned into a noun by

vowel the consonant

return, will

vii

its

being prefixed by a

be duplicated

shall

become Abbo,

arrival

thus -Bo, to

-Be, to peel, will

become obbe, a knife.

Having done away with the dotted

vowels the

pronunciation of the rest of the vowel sounds

is

in

is

easy

father.

they.

The consonants
that

many

go.

rude.

,,

aisle.

,,

oil.

,,

now.

always hard, but because the sound P

sound the symbol P

is

in

used

words where the two sounds come together,

Akpere

is

written

Apere

express the sounds pw, thus

The sound
to

marine.

are pronounced as in English save

cases follows the

for all

thus

is

,,

GB

pronounce,

(Q
or,

in

as

English)

again P

Epwe
is

is

in

used to

Epe.

also said to be hard

"they say," P and

sounds which do not exist

is

written

English.

GB

have

INTRODUCTION
For many

been under the

years, the author has

firm conviction that

all

the works of the Great Creator

of the universe, whether mighty or seemingly insig-

whether performed

nificant,

definite,

inner

universal

consciousness

of

apparently

exception,

and

order,

or

directly

without

conform,

indirectly,

man,

that

the

moves

in

to

one
or

spirit,

conformity

with this universal order so long as that conscious-

works

ness

obedience

in

to

the

dictates

of

its

Great Author.

There

is

no doubt

in

the writer's mind that, being

the

expression

the

primitive construction of

of the

inner

consciousness of man,

languages complies

all

with this great, overruling principle.

The Yorubas
religious
tively

the

and

pure

purpose

demonstration

view

to

Nigeria

in

their

language

of

this

of

assisting

the

is

lends

therefore

it

small

by nature deeply

are
at

present compara-

itself

treatise,

admirably
namely,

to

the

foregoing philosophy with

teachers

and

study of the Yoruba language

ix

students

in

the

which ranks as one

^ 2

INTRODUCTION

of the three chief languages of Nigeria.

struction

In the con-

and development of a language,

beginnings,

causes,

and processes become obscure and are

by effects and results in the pas-

often obliterated

sage of time.

It

is

the

writer's

study of these few brief chapters

in

directing

students,

the

thoughts

and children

will

of

into such

conduce to an accurate and

hope

that

the

be instrumental

Yoruba

teachers,

channels

as

shall

intelligent appreciation

of the philosophy in their truly beautiful language.

CONTENTS
PAGE

My Yoruba Alphabet Pronunciation

Introduction
I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.
VI.

VII.

VIII.
IX.

X.

XI.

XII.
XIII.

The Great Universal Order

Yoruba Spirituality

My Yoruba Alphabet

Authority and Nature's Aspirates,

Morality and the Liquids,

L,

M,

C, F,

(F)

Potentiality and the Sibilants, SH,

Volition and the Gutturals, G, K,

Vitalisation and the Dentals, T, D,

14
16

S,

Z or S

GB

or

18

Reciprocity and the Exhaled Aspirates, Y, H,

24

Capacity and the Labials, B, R, P

26

Summary

27

.....

Genesis and the Elemental Factors

The

Lord's

Factors

XIV.

....

Prayer

and

the

English and the Elemental Factors

35

Elemental
38

42

MY YORUBA ALPHABET
CHAPTER

THE GREAT UNIVERSAL ORDER

It

most important that the student should have

is

Great Universal

at the outset a clear idea of the

Order which

will

be unveiled, analysed, and applied

Yoruba language in the ensuing chapters.

This Great Universal Order comprises seven

to the

or eight great

First
It is

among

Elemental Factors.^
these factors stands Authority.

quite easy to understand that nothing whatever

can be conceived and

author.

thing

second of these factors

should be

recognition

fairly

and

authority could

begun without an

respect

not

The Elemental

evolved from

the

is

Morality.

easy to understand that without

morality,

the

purpose

of

be accomplished and authority

could not therefore exist.

^

less

else.

The
It

much

Authority must therefore exist before every-

factors

author's

in

It

is

common knowledge

order

this

study of

the

have
habits,

been

gradually

customs,

and

language of the Bavili or people of Loango in Congo Fran^ais. The

present study relates to the Yoruba people who live as far north of
the equator as the Bavili

connected with the

latter.

do south

of

it,

and who are

in

no way

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

2
that,

whether

there

house, or in the school, or in the

in the

community of any

church, or in a

no recognition

is

work of

chap.

description,

or respect

of,

for,

authority, the

that authority cannot be carried

authority itself

is

of no avail.

where

on and the

Therefore, with authority

there must be morality.

The

third of these factors

Where

there

is

is

Potentiality.

authority together with

power to work
common knowledge

there will of necessity proceed

and
that

act

to

potentiality.

where there

power always
natural

the

is

recognised

authority,

Therefore, potentiality

the

is

outcome of authority coupled with morality.

work and

man

It

properly

exists.

But potentiality
to

is

morality^

is

valueless without the will-power

is

The

to act.

useless

physical

without

the

power of a strong

will-power

volition

to

exert that strength.

The fourth of these factors, therefore, is Volition.

As the result of the above three, volition enables
man to conceive, or to create, or to sow, or to plant,
or to begin any work.

Th^ fifth of
The mutual
up generation,

these factors

is

therefore Vitalisation.

action of volition
life,

is

Reciprocity.

For the combined work of the

action
in

plant

that the

first

there must be co-operation

reciprocity.
life

vitalisation sets

and growth, and thus paves the

way for the next factor.

The sixth of these factors
fructify,

and

It

is

five factors to

and responsive

common knowledge

that

the leaves inhale certain elements, but

same leaves must

also exhale.

Without

this

THE GREAT UNIVERSAL ORDER

reciprocity, the

and

its

life

work of the plant would be incomplete

would be strangled.

Therefore, with

all

the other factors working successfully, there must be

resulting reciprocity.

The
The

seventh of these factors

is

Capacity.

work of the foregoing six

factors will generate and produce inherent knowledge
and appreciation of the properties and capabilities
fructification of the

possessed

capacity.

Taking plant
that

when a

life

again,

it

is

tree has fructified,

new seed and the process

common knowledge
its

fruit

of creative

becomes a

work begins

afresh in the form of the offspring of the old creation.

Thus, the eighth of these factors

Effectivity at once

is

Effectivity.

becomes a new authority, and a

new generation comes into existence under

Great Universal Order which ever

the

same

remains

constant.

Synthesis of the Great Universal Order.

I.

The

Authority.

{^Causative Factor.)

creator, originator, or head.

2.

Morality.

Recognition

and

{^Psychological Factor.)

respect for, or the maintenance

of,

authority.

3.

Potentiality.

The power

to

(Psychological Factor.)

work and to

act ivhich e^nanates

authority coupled with morality.

from

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

4
4.

Volition.

ch.

{^Psychological Factor}}

00

The will-power enabling an author supported by

morality to exert potentiality.

5.

The generation,
jibove

and acting

as

and growth
a new cause.

life,

Reciprocity.

6.

The

(Physio logical Fuctor.)

ViTALiSATiON.

resulti^ig

co-operation, responsive action,

Capacity.

the

(Physiological Factor.)

proceeding from vitalisation and

7.

from

and fructification,

volition.

(Physiological Factor.)

The inherent knowledge and appreciation engendered

by volition and vitalisation.
Effectivity.

8.

(Eighth Effective Factor^

The consequent birth of a new generation which

constitutes a new authority.
In

all

factors

three psychological and three

between cause and

effect.

physiological

CHAPTER

II

YORUBA SPIRITUALITY
In the Yoruba language, spirit and person are so

and

connected

closely

inseparable that there

Yorubas being a
spiritual

Great Universal

rushing and

hills
its

and as

having

to

their

all

been prompted by the

Spirit.

beautiful

richly-wooded

almost

frequently

so

race

spiritual

yearnings

Such a

are

can be no doubt as to the

country as Yorubaland, with

and

valleys,

its

fertile

plains,

its

its

and streams,

gently-flowing rivers

thunder and lightning, could not but produce such

its

a race, and

it

would be astonishing were

its

people not

deeply religious and spiritual.

It is

not surprising, therefore, to find throughout the

whole of the Yoruba country, and permeating every

Yoruba

phase of

life,

expression

the

of

an

inner

consciousness of the existence of the Great GuidingSpirit of the universe

the

Owner

It is

Almighty

OLLORUN,

of the heavens.

found

in the

pagan crowd participating

performance of some pagan

awaiting the
to

decision

of

have offered
5

priest

the

the

same

and magic-man,

deity

sacrifice

in

or in the

sacrifice,

crowd surrounding a pagan

professes

God,

to

whom

he

and intercession
D

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

on their behalf

it

may be found

in

chap.

shape of

the

a sacred grove on the outskirts of even a so-called

Christian village with
or

Eshus

(devil's) little shelter

small pot called ominerro, or

its

stagnant water which

the drinking of which

woman

fertile

Christian

and

its

it

is

is

known

of the land,

it

erro, containing

as water of wisdom,

believed to

may be found

hymns and chants by

his followers

omi

make

the barren

the

singing of

in

the Baron, or farmer,

and, almost throughout the whole

may now be found

in

the

crowded

congregations of the churches established by

Catholics, the
Baptists,

Roman

Church Missionary Society, Wesleyans,

and others of the Christian persuasion, cheek

by jowl with

Mahommedan mosques and pagan

And

the former not less than the

all this,

groves.

latter, is

the

expression of the inner consciousness, or spirituality,

of the

Yoruba

in

after perfect

their strivings

com-

munion with the Great Universal Spirit, the Great

Author of their existence, Ollorun, the Great Owner
of the heavens.

No
to

than

less

be found

in all these things is

spirituality

Yoruba
the sense and idea

in the primitive formation of the

So deeply ingrained

language.

Yoruba

is

of spirit that spirit and person are practically synony-

mous

in

the

Yoruba language,

the

only difference

being in accent and intonation, of which the following

is

an excellent example
EMI, MI = I (Person).
= To breathe.
MI
:

EMMI

=
=

Ml

= To

EMi

Breath.
Spirit, life, soul, influence, agitation.

agitate.

YORUBA SPIRITUALITY

11

MI

be seen that

It will

in intonation.

from, that

It

MI

great idea in

may

common

is

to all but varies

be reasonably assumed, there-

the substantive expression of the one

is

slightly varying forms.

its

EMI

EMI =

(Having

(Having

EMI
EMI =

(To

close relationship

will

be seen at a glance also

=
=

Thus

it

between the various forms of

one who

in the following

is.

will

be seen that

EMI = 1)
(

It is

is

the complete

quite conceivable that

the minds of the early progenitors of the

may have

race there

elements

were

Hunger.
Vomit, or matter thrown up from the stomach.

idea of spirit and person.

in

(That which agitates)

One.

ENNI = A person, or
ELA = A wedge.
ELLA = A splinter.
EBI
EBI

EMMI

agitate)

The

ENI =

MI

(That breathes)

spirit)

'

EMI

MI

spirit)

EMMI
EMMI =

(Having

(To breathe)

EMMI =

and

breath)

breath,

prevailed the idea that

-person, spirit, soul, life, breath,

Yoruba
all

these

and agitation

essential to the existence of a perfect being,

namely, the

first

In addition to

departed

father,

person
this,

the

EMI, or MI

there

is

great

(I),

the idea of the recently

I

AM,

the

EMMI,

breathing into and agitating, or inspiring the son

succeeds him.

who

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

The
the

idea of death absolute

mind of the Yoruba.

is

ch.

never entertained

Those departed

this

ii

in
life

ever exist to inspire or terrify their successors.

The

foregoing evidence of the spirituality of the

Yoruba people should have prepared

the

mind of

the student suitably for the study of the subject matter

which

to follow, namely, the analysis of the

is

Yoruba

language with a view to demonstrating and,

hoped,

establishing

its

conformity with the

Universal Order which

by God.

believe

it

is

Great

was ordained

CHAPTER

III

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

The Yoruba

consonants

together with the

in certain natural

Yoruba vowel sounds

in

groups,

the order

of the Yoruba personal pronouns, as arranged in the

following category, are in exact conformity with the

Great Universal Order which was

Chapter

and

found

comprise

to

discussed
eight

in

great

Elemental Factors.

THE GREAT UNIVERSAL ORDER.

Elemental Factors.
Ptrsonal Pronouns

Consonants.

Vowels).

I.

Authority
{Ofin).

I,

This "

EMI.

I "

(I.)

represents the

or departed

(spirit),

emmi
who

father,

acknowledged authority^
of the Yoruba family.

is

the

or

Head

C,F,F,

(V).

=
=
Fin =
ICI =

To
To
To

CI
FI

Nature's Aspiraifs.

be.

push,

search out.

thing newly created.

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

10

CHAP.

Morality

2.

{MimmS)
U,

IWWO.

'O, or O,

IWWO

The

(Thou.)

L,

the

represents

widow of the departed, who holds

an honoured position among the

When

Yorubas.

the father dies

widow howls (iwwo = one

who howls) and the people
She believes
respect her grief.
the

= To institute an inquiry.
= To be sensible.
NU = To shine.
ILLO = Precept.

-MO

IMMO=

Purity.

INU

Disposition.

the departed father and hands on

the messages she receives from
to her son

(This

is.

is

the

that then

what has been called

ancestor worship.)

Being

recognition

of

under
heading of Morality.

the

the

authority,

this

falls

3.

Potentiality
{Ashe).

'O,

who,

or O,

ON

The

ON.

SH,

(He.)

represents the son,

by the message
from his late father received
through the mediation of his
inspired

mother,

now has and

O NI =
thus

ON

who

rules

says

he has and he says

I

= ON.

He

it

is

on earth and speaks

which he has
obtained
from
Authority
through Morality.
(From his
with

authority^

departed
mother.)

father

through

his

Liquids.

-LO

herself to be in close touch with

him

M, N.

MY YORUBA

Ill

Ai.PHABET

II

Volition
{Agtdi).

A, IWA. (Passion)|^^^ ,^^^

'^
''
A,IWA. (Being) /

I
G, K,

A,

IWA (Passion) in

(We)

He

the

AWA

watches over the household

He receives the mes-

fetishes.

sage from

and

his father to increase

multiply,

forms the

and thus he perof Authority,

Gutturals.

or Q.

To
To

husband.

the

represents

GB

GAN
GBA

censure.

conform,

to

acquiesce.

GBA

To
To

KAN
AGAN

NI

AGBA

strike.

knock.

back-biter.

Manhood.

will

the spiritual

Head

of the family.

VlTALISATION
{Idagba).

A,IWA(Passion)|
^^^^^^
^
A, IWA. (Being) /
A,

IWA

the

TA = To

AWA WA

(Being) in the

(We) represents

T, D,
^

the

wife,

DA

= To
= To

W.

Dentals.

produce.
be.

create or make.

feeder, sustainer, maker.

6.

'E,

The

ENNYIN.

'E,

Reciprocity.

Y, H,

(You.)

ENNYIN

represents

the female offspring of the

AWA

(We) who carry foodstuff to the

market for barter and exchange.
These ENNYIN (yous) are thus
the movers.
7.

J.

Exhaled

To move,
To move.

-YE

Aspirates.

to change.

YIN
-HE

Respectful answer.

-J6

To

AYE

Living, alive.

EJJE

Blood.

respond.

Capacity.
{ipa).

A,

The

AWON.
A,

AWON

represents

male offspring who WON,

limit and measure
and in
time become the heads and

the

leaders of families.
(nipa),

dominate

capacity {ipa).

B, R, P.

(They.)

They reason

(bori),

and have

BA

Labials.

To meet.
RAN = To issue.
= To cause to suffer.
PA
ABx4 = Proposal, suggestion.
ARA = Body.
ARA = Fashion, custom.
APA = Impression.
=^

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

12

chap.

Effectivity.

8.

{Ere).

The new
The new

" I,"

EMI

I,

EMI.

(I.)

becomes the Head of a new generation.

SYNTHESIS OF THE GREAT UNIVERSAL ORDER.

Elemental Factors.
Personal Pronouns

Consonants.

Vowels).

Authority.

I.

(Ofin)I,

EMI.

C, F. F, (V).

(I.)

Nature's Aspirates.

Morality

2.

{Afimio).

V,

or O,

IWO.

(Thou.)

L,

M, N.

Liquids.

Potentiality

3.

(As/is/ie).

or O,

ON.

SH,

(He.)
4.

S,

or S.

Sibilants.

Volition
{Agidi).

A,

AWA = Male.

(We.)

G, K,

GB

or Q.

Gutturals.

VlTALISATION

5.

(Idagba).

A,

AVVA = Female.

T, D, Dentals, and

(We.)

Reciprocity

6.

E,

ENYIN.

W.

Y, H,

(You.)
7.

J.

Exhaled

Aspirates.

Capacity,
{ipa).

A,

A WON.

(They.)

B, P, Zadials,

8.

Effectivity
i^re).

The new

I,

EMI.

and R.

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

13

The
both

next few chapters will show how

remarkably
the consonants and the vowels
used in
the

construction

conformity

of the

with

Yoruba primitive verbs are in

the Elemental Factors of
the

Great Universal Order and how remarkably

primitive

verbs

express

the

qualities

those

represented

therein.

e 2

CHAPTER

IV

AUTHORITY AND NATURe's ASPIRATES,

In

West

existed

Africa, the silence

Cibefore

moved upon
it

and

C,

rest

F,

V,

(f).

iCimi that

Spirit ^EMMI of

the

God

the waters can be easily imagined because

iCimi

can be aptly compared with the pause or rest

immediately preceding a tornado

then the moving of the Spirit of

eFuFu

God upon

nla.

And

the waters

eFu which whistles

compelling Fi them to
suFethrough the
swing Fi and pushing Fi the dust before
make the sound
The
and causing things
drawn Fa into a vacuum oFo. The
wind
can be compared with the wind
trees,

it

to

Ci.

itself is

name

of the g^entle breeze

Again,

of storms.

able to

Fa

is

It is

mend

is

AFFEFFE.

god
have been he alone who was

said to be the son of Jakuta the

said to

the Calabash,

the breaking of which

caused the floods to come upon the earth, as did the

floods in the time of

Noah, and

it is

he who made the earth dry again

that

first

the chameleon and

upon the dry ground, the

said to

have been

after the floods so

then

man

Yoruba word

could walk

to express this

AUTHORITY AND NATURE'S ASPIRATES

CH. IV

work of

being Fi

fa's

to dry

15

anything by exposing

directly to heat.

it

was the

fa

first

high

or

priest,

called IFe, the capital of the

ONI,

at a place

Yruba race from which

people are said to have come.

all

And

again, in the sacred groves of Shango, son of

Jakuta, the ancestor of the Alafin of Oyyo, the head of

Yoruba people, the god of lightning, is placed a

the

mat or part of a mat

Fa

derived from

A
of

to

to

his

god

sends a piece of

FaFa, which

is

draw.

native wishing to

his

called

draw the

whom

to

FaFa

to

him

attention of a friend

he has
to say

to
"

My

sacrifice,

heart

is

drawing you."

The sounds
breeze, wind,

the

same

Ci,

Fu, Fa, or

natural force

that

expression of authority

connected

with

waters

are those caused by

therefore relate to

all

of the wind, which

is

the

and thus they are closely

Authority

Authority, namely, the

is

Va

and tornado, and

with

Spirit

moving of
of God, upon the

when

the

the great work of creation began, which

recorded in the book of Genesis these consonants
;

may

thus be called nature s aspirates.

CHAPTER V
MORALITY AND THE LIQUIDS,

The Yoruba
symbolise the
(water)

ILe

Le

and

be

L,

eLeMeNts
iNa

(iii.)

earth

(to

liquids

firm).

N.

be said

iLe (earth);

(i.)

(ii.)

to

oMi

(fire).

primarily that which

is

M,

N may

M,

L,

is

firm

from

The

earth and metal deities are said

and

to resent strongly all kinds of

to be offended at

immorality.

OMi water claims

OLokun
and

the sea deity,

OshuMari

gods.

several

OLLosa the

the

There

are

deity of the lagoons,

rainbow god.

Fishermen

are

believed to lose their lives either by drowning or by

being devoured by sharks or crocodiles, and landsmen

lose their property

by floods whenever they offend any

of these gods.

Mu is to imbibe,

and

Mu

is

to sink or to

be immersed

and so drowned.

The oMi

erro,^ the little pot of

previous chapter,

is

water alluded to

in

the symbol of all the elements in

the sacred grroves.

^

Little pots or bits of pot are sent

remind them that certain Deities are

by natives one to the other

be remembered.

to

to

MORALITY AND THE LIQUIDS

CH. V

INa

very closely related to

maNamaNa which believed
fire

light

is

lightning

is

come with Shango, the

chapter IV.
Shango has
and elaborate
in the

and
have

god mentioned in
priests and priestesses,

lightning
his

districts.

not only to extend or spread,

but also to chasten or to chastise.

Shango

to

festivals are held in his honour, especially

Oyyo and Ibadan

The verb Na means

of

17

The worshippers

believe that lightning and fires thus caused

are sent to punish immorality.

From
the

the

foregoing,

liquids are

Morality.

it

expressive

will

of

be readily seen that

and

closely

allied

to

CHAPTER

VI

POTENTIALITY AND THE SIBILANTS, SH,

Z Or S.

S,

Potentiality worries the native of West Africa.

He

understands neither the authority of "

AM "

nor

power of "HE IS," and both powers are in manyways mysteries to him. He feels the shock of power
in thunder
San and spHtting San which puts
him to flight oSa.
He recognises the existence of the power in the
seed, or kernel, of the palm fruit to produce a new tree
the fruit, ESO, he likens to the female, and the kernel
to the male.
He also recognises the power ASH
SHE in the leopard, in the crocodile, and in those
who rule, kill and devour.
His king, the Alafin of
the

OYYO,

he

calls

The Leopard.

wear leopard-skins
have

their duty

is

to

do or

to bear fruit,

these

they are

ISH

protect their king

SHe

SHE to

and government
to act,

and San

Su
is

is

to

and they

perform

ISH

SHE

break

forth,

to split or to thunder.

primary Yoruba verbs

Potentiality.

The Alafin's soldiers

men of valour they

fall

LU.
So

is

All

within the idea of

POTENTIALITY AND THE SIBILANTS

CH.vi

The
seed,

HE the son

of the dead father

and the palm-kernel

one who

is

and who has

power transmitted

to

is

his symbol,

ON,

him from

the one

is

Hkened

must be classed under the

to

he being the

who

has the

his departed father.

In view of the foregoing, the sibilants SH, S,

Potentiality.

19

third

Z or S
Elemental Factor

CHAPTER

VII

VOLITION AND THE GUTTURALS,

The
class

gutturals belong to the

which has the power

GB OR

K,

G,

"husband"

Q.

class

the

accordance with

to act in

will.

The
a

lightning and thunder deity

wooden

knock

Kan people

Thunder and

to

vent his

lightning are said in

Man

people.

is

believed to carry

or cudgel, with which he

club,

upon them.

will

England

GBON before

quakes

said to

is

to strike

these terrify-

ing manifestations of the power of nature.

The Yoruba husband

OKKO

the striker

is

he

0I6K0, or the owner of the farm oKo

or
he
the cutter (Ge
of

and the sign of severity and wrath iKanu or cruelty

iKa on the part of the husband who
and
is

the farmer

to cut)

is

iCi

trees

feller

strikes

farms and
carried

fells

by eshu (the

idea conveyed
is

is

stick

and

devil),

by the word

the guardian of the ju jus

of medicine

oGun

OGGO

OKKO.

oGun
to

the

one

the symbol of the

it is

and he has

like

The husband

he

is

the

owner

defend his family

from the attacks of witches and other evil-minded

persons.

The sun

ORUN

the leader

OGA

in

heaven

VOLITION AND THE GUTTURALS

CH. VII

orun

oKo

the great husband deity, while orisha

is

21
is

the farm deity.

All these things are the expression of the enforce-

ment of

The husband

will.

he wishes to plant

and

wills to

and he knocks

fell

trees because

to enforce his will

to express his wrath.

Self-will

GBa

and

is

is

IGB-GBORAN

aGidi,

is

obedience,

to conform.

In another way, ideas of cutting are connected with

the sun, which cuts the day into four great divisions of

From 6 o'clock in the morning to 9

From
iii.
From 12 noon to 3 o'clock in the after9 to 12
noon iv. From 3 to 6 in the evening. From this, the

time

i.

ii.

Yoruba gets
season

GBin = to
this
It

his

idea

of counting

iGBa.
and

plant,

Ka = to

KA time

reap,

also

fall

and

within

category of primitive verbs.

may be

the gutturals

rightly

G,

deduced from the foregoing that

K,

Elemental Factor

GB

or

Q belong

Volition.

to the fourth

CHAPTER
VITALISATION AND THE

That which

is

VIII
DENTALS,

struck by lightning

T,

is

D,

W.

often fused

Da.

To

fuse

Daand

to

make

or to create

Daare

very closely connected in the Yoruba mind.

The

which,

kernel

to

all

intents

and purposes,

appeared to be dead, quickens and thus begins to well

or swell

Wii.

Te means

to tread.

All the above ideas, which are expressed by

T,

of the

dentals

actual

vitalisation.

D, and

They

W are
are

ideas

means

connected with
in

which are

involved the wife, the moon, and oke the goddess of

fertility.

The

three

stones

used by the Yoruba wife for

cooking purposes are called aro

but

aDogan

word used

to

This dro

almost synonymous with wife.

man

is

is

the

express the idea of hearth or stove.

When

sends a message and wishes to convey the idea

of wife, he ties four stones together, the fourth being-

placed on the top of the three to represent the pot

ikoko.

CH. VIII

OD6

VITALISATION AND THE DENTALS

23

yams are crushed.

charm upon herself

(offo)

is

a mortar in which

The Yoruba
or (eDe),

wife places a

upon her

shewing her belief

child,

and upon her farm, thus

in the ability of

benevolent powers

She puts the charm upon her farm

to protect her.

because without rain there

will

be no food.

and charm makers owes

profession of rain

its

The

existence

to this her fear of starvation.

The

three

primitive

verbs

dentals in the vowel order of

Te = to tread Wu = to
The foregoing is sufficient
:

dentals,

T, D, and

Elemental Factor

W,

I,

constructed

U, A, are

swell

with

the

Da =

to fuse.

evidence to warrant the

being placed under the

Vitalisation.

fifth

CHAPTER

IX

RECIPROCITY AND THE EXHALED ASPIRATES,

Having been

man

inspired,

This idea

has received.

Yoruba primitive verbs

is

in

g^ives

Y,

H,

J.

back what he

expressed by the various

formation of which

the

the exhaled aspirates have been employed.

The effect of
(JA = to strive).
The result of

fusing

is

struggling and striving

swelling on the part of the seed in

Hu.
The fowls and birds lay eggs (Ye =
lay eggs).
All these
the
are
response idaHun

vegetable

life is

germination

to

effects

to

in

working of the creative powers

answer

upon

= to
(J E

they are nature's

answer) to the bestowal

of

gifts

her.

When

the

female

human

offspring

EYYA

is

ready to marry and a husband has been found for

her, she

is

informed of the

brings her the

fruit

fact

by a messenger who

of the palm tree

EYYIN and

a feather EI YYE.

These offspring are the nYin who

and then become pregnant Yun.

first

move

Yin

The

three

primitive

verbs

constructed

with

the

RECIPROCITY AND THE ASPIRATES

CH. IX

exhaled aspirates
are

the

in

vowel order of

I,

25

U,

Ye =

eggs

to lay

Hu =

to

germinate

Ja

to

strive.

There
and

is

a close affinity between the

in the ideas

expressed

and the H,

Yoruba primitive
-Ho, Hun, Yun =

in several

verbs they are interchangeable.

Hu = to bud, and Yun = to be pregnant;

tear, and Ha = to scrape.
But the H is used

to scratch;

Ya = to

in reference to

the vegetable rather than to the animal

kingdom.

The

foregoing facts should be sufficient to place the

exhaled aspirates, Y, H,

Factor Reciprocity.

J,

under the sixth Elemental

CHAPTER X
CAPACITY AND THE LABIALS,

As

the

under

effects

R,

B,

exhaled

the

P.

aspirates

are

feminine, so the effects under the labials are masculine.

When

the

human

male

marriage and a suitable

a waistband

made

fruit

ready for

is

has been found for him,

of the skin of an animal, together

with a palm-kernel,

As

girl

offspring

is

sent to him.

and feather connect the female offspring

with the palm-tree and the birds, so animal-skin and

the

male

with the palm-tree and the animals.

The

palm-kernel

and the

Bo

and

associate

distinctly

labials

B,

rain)

which form a shelter

aBo:

in

and n

drawing

seen in

is

m wind

for the female

oBi = parent and oBiRin = wife

who bears and begets

= to be and iRin = life
f

aBo

use of

and

to be full of leaves (the result of f

of beasts

or

connection

in this

offspring

Bi children
:

in iPa

and

fire)

cause pain or suffering: and

=
:

in

force
it

is

it is

seen

Ri

in

(begotten of v

seen

in

okonRin = the

Pa =

to

living

husband.

Thus

and the

labials

seventh Elemental Factor

B, P
Capacity.

fall

under

the

CHAPTER

XI

SUMMARY
This chapter will be devoted to the summary of
Yoruba words constructed with consonants under the
Hmitations of Yoruba range of thought as expressed in
the use of the vowels in the progressive

and

vertical

order of the vowel sounds represented by the Yoruba

personal pronouns and in the horizontal order of the

vowels

I,

U, A, as shown below

I.

Vertical

and Progressive
Order.

= I.
= U.
= O.

E.

A.

1,

The summary

in

Synthesis

I.

and

II.

should

and conclusively the systematic

conformity of the construction of Yoruba words
establish

decisively

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

28

chap.

Yoruba primitive verbs with the

eight Elemental Factors of the Great Universal
Teachers of the Yoruba alphabet and
Order.
especially

language

of the

be wise,

will

therefore,

in

Order, both on account of its being the

adopting

purest, truest,

and best mode of presenting the subject

and

students,

Order

in the

this

children

to

and also with a view

to inculcating this

minds of those under

tuition.

Nature's Aspirates.
C.

ICIMI =

rest

CI =
CI =
CI =
CI =
F.

AFEFE =

FA =

to the ideas expressed in

and, also.
to, at, into.

adv. awhile.

leads to the ideas expressed in

verb to blow.
,,

to wreck.

to scrape.

want, desire

FI =
FO =

ILE

conj.

prep,

wind

-FE =
-FO =

IFFE =

leads

verb to be or to exist.

leads to the ideas expressed in

verb to compel.

SUMMARY

XI

M.

29

30

MY YORUBA ALPHABET
Gutturals.

G.

GB.

K.

OGA ORUN

chap.

SUMMARY

XI

W.

D.

WIWA

31

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

32
J.

IJA =

strife

leads

IE =

R.

to the ideas expressed in

chap.
:

SUMMARY

P.

IP A =

force, capacity

PIN =
-PE =
PE =
Pfi =
-PO =
-PO =
PU =
PA =
PA =
PE =
PU =

to the ideas expressed in

verb to divide, to share.

,,

to endure.

to

to call.

be
be

full.

to

,,

to vomit.

adv.

plentiful.

sound as of a gun.

verb to cause to suffer.

adv. at once.
conj. that.

adv. precipitately.

SYNTHESIS
I.

leads

33

VERTICAL ORDER.

I.

CI =

Authority = Ofin.

=
=
FIN
FI

2.

U,

'O or O,

Morality

-MO =

NU
=

SO =
-SO =
=

Vitalisation {Propagatioji)
,,

(^Creation)

=
=

to

be stubborn.

to yield.

to speak.

to acquiese.
to knock.

Ida.

WA

=
DA =

Reciprocity {Forgiveness)

to censure.

Idagba.

TA =

E.

to shine.

Agidi.

GAN =
GBA =
KAN =
A.

enquire.

to be sensible.

Ashe.

SHO =

A, Volition (Self-will)

to search out.

= MiMMO.
-LO = to

{^Purity)

O, Potentiality {Fotver)

to be.
to push.

to produce.

to be.
to create.

= IFIJI.
-HE = an answer.
-YE = to change.
-JE = to answer.

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

34

8.

Capacity

A.

7.

Effectivity

I.

I pa.

RA =

to issue.

BA =
PA =

to cause to suffer.

ARA =
ABA =

custom.

APA =

impression.

I,

EMI,

suggestion.

HORIZONTAL ORDER.

II.

A.

U.

I.
1.

to meet.

ERE.

{Effect)

SYNTHESIS

CHAP. XI.

CI

=tobe.

FU = to

LE

=tobefirm.

MU

SHE

=todo.

SO = to

yield.

SAN = to thunder.

GEO = to

grow.

KAN = to knock

FA = to

blow.

draw.

Spirit.
2.

U,

IWWO=

= to imbibe.

NA = to

lighten.

Thou.
3.

O,

ON

=
He,

etc.

4.

A,

AWA

=We. GE

= to

cut.

5.

A,

AWA

We. -TE

=to

tread.

WU=

6.

E,ENYIN =

YE

=to

lay

HU

Yot
7.

A,

AWON=

=toger-

=tobe.

BO = to

They.
8. I,

EMI

= to

be

full

PA = to

of leaves.

IRIN = life.

=/.

fuse.

strive.

minate.

eggs.

RI

DA = to

to swell.

ABO = shelter.

cause
to suffer.

IPA

:= force.

OBIRIN = woman. OKONRIN = man.

That

is

to

say

the

order

in

vegetable and physical production

and the philosophy

made

quite clear.

at the

personal,
is

animal,

clearly defined,

back of the Yoruba language

CHAPTER

XII

GENESIS AND THE ELEMENTAL FACTORS

Thls chapter
Genesis,

will

deal with the analogy between

symbols found

the

Yoruba letters
with the Elemental Factors
Universal Order.

groves, and

the

be light

These

their conformity

and

the

"And God

earth.

are

represented

by the

and CI, FU, FA, and they

alphabet letters

I,

are symbolised

by the mat =

U,

Let there

said.

light."

verses

three

Great

how God

verses of Genesis relate

and there was

first

in

Authority.

1.

The first three

made heaven and

Yoruba sacred

the

in

FAFA

in

the sacred

groves.
2.

The second

Morality.

period of God's creative

division of the waters from the waters

by the
water

letters L,

is

work

the

represented

M, N, and symbolised by the pot of

= OMI ERRO

in

the sacred groves.

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

36

3.

The appearance

chap.

Potentiality.

of dry land which produced the

seed-bearing vegetation capable of reproduction was

the work of God's third creative period.

This period
or Z,

is

represented by the letters

and symbolised by the palm-fruit =

SH,

ESO

S,

in the

sacred groves.

4 and

The

fourth

5.

Volition and Vitalisation.

period

Genesis

in

accounts

for

the

appearance of the sun and the moon.

4.

Volition.

The
The sun

is

Sun.

the symbol of the husband in nature,

and the ideas conveyed by the

letters

A, G, K,

GB

= OGA
or Q
on high = GA. He appears to move in a circle = KA,
The
and he marks the time = IGBA in the heavens.
sun is symbolised by the shell = IGBA and the
calabash = IGBA^in >the sacred groves,

He

refer to his attributes.

5.

is

the leader

Vitalisation.

The Moon.
The moon = OSHU,
producer,

is

the symbol of the wife, the

The

round and dark.

refer to her powers, and she

necked calabash =

ATTO

is

letters

A, T,

W, D

symbolised by the long-

in the

sacred oroves.

GENESIS

XII

AND ELEMENTAL FACTORS

6.

In the

God

and fowl that may

life,

said,

"

Let the

abundantly the moving creature

waters bring forth

that hath

Reciprocity.

period of creation

fifth

37

fly

above the earth

in

the open firmament of heaven."

This period

is

represented by the letters E, Y, H,

AHUN =
EIYYE =
symbolised by the
and

tortoise,

bird,

is

it

feathers

and the

of birds,

and

scales

shell

of

EJJA = fish

of fishes, the
the

tortoise

in

the sacred groves.

7.

In

the

sixth

period

Capacity.
of

creation

various species of animals, and

in

He

God made
then

the

made man

His own image.

This period

is

represented by the letters

and

BABA = father, OBIRIN =

B, P OBBA = Lord,
woman, ABO = female, E RAN = animal, APA = side,
and symbolised by the
I PA = strength, OPPA = staff
heads of animals and man, by the stick = OPPA or the
sceptre = OPP A ALADE in the sacred groves or

on the

altars.

CHAPTER

XIII

THE lord's prayer AND THE ELEMENTAL FACTORS

I

HAVE now shown

Firstly,

the

that

order

was evolved from a study of the

language of the

elemental

the

of

factors

habits, customs,

and

Bavili.

Secondly, that the meaning and order of the Yoruba

personal pronouns conform to the meaning and order
of these elemental factors.
Thirdly, that when the vowels standing for the
Yoruba personal pronouns, in their order, are added

words thus

to the consonants in a natural order the

formed give meanings which have been

classified

in

the order of the elemental factors.

Fourthly, that
after

when

the vowels

each of the consonants

respectively,

categories

the

results

gfivinof

us

in

thus
the

U A

the

obtained

Yoruba

are placed

three

columns

are

ideas

three

of

the

development of Being, Vegetable growth, and physical

energy.
Fifthly,

that

the

words used

to

describe

certain

creative symbols found in the sacred groves in the

THE LORD'S PRAYER

CH. XIII

39

order of the alphabet refer to the acts of creation as

given

in the first

order

upon

looked

of the value and

critic

my Yoruba

of

Lord's Prayer, and

show

take,

will

To
this

in

clinch

this

chapter,

the

and meaning

that the order

and the

with the order

of the clauses therein aoree
O

meaning of the elemental

This

alphabet.

conviction concerning

mental

and

factors,

in this

order and meaning of the letters

the

Yoruba

my

of the

correctness

alphabet.

remarkable order

with

as

and should therefore convince the most

accidental,
sceptical

be

cannot

analogies

these

All

chapter of Genesis.

factors,

and

my

of

analogy strengthens

final

meaning of the

the

very

the

is

way

best

ele-

authority

can produce for calling the order thus

revealed

"the Great Universal Order,"

Authority,

I.

i,

f or v,

f,

ofin.

c.

God, the God of the Hebrew and the Christian,

known

as

AM.

He

Himself said

to

Moses,

shalt thou say unto the children of Israel,

sent

me

unto you."

Jesus Christ, the

manifested
"

When

(Exodus

Word

God His

ye pray,

of

iii,

14).

"Thus

AM

Our

Father

hath

EMMI.

God who

revealed and

Father to His followers,

say,

is

which

said,

art

in

heaven."

Thus, on the authority of Jesus Christ, the Son of

God, Christians recognise the great

AM

as the

One
Our

Authority = OFIN, and as

Father in heaven.
He it is whom we are to worship
= ICIN. This is His revelation = I FI HAN.

standing

for

all

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

40

Morality,

2.

In
"

second

the

u,

m,

i,

clause

mimmo.

n.

His

of

chap.

beautiful

prayer,

Hallowed be thy name," our Lord bids us hallow

our Father's name.
YA CI

MIMMO

The name

of the departed must not be mentioned

West Africa. And in

commanded " Thou shalt not

many other
the decalogue we are
take the name of the

Lord thy God

Lord

by Yorubas, and such

tribes of

vain

in

guiltless that taketh his

3.

In

the case with

is

Potentiality,
the

third

for the

name

o, s,

clause,

will

not hold

him

in vain."

sh and

or

bids

Christ

z.

ash she.

us

say,

"

Thy

kingdom come."
When His kingdom comes, He will rule = SHE
AKOSO and speak = SO to us again as He spoke
in the beginning, and we will hear His command =

ASH SHE.
Volition,

4.

"Thy will

We
IFFE

be done on earth as

are to obey

fall
I

to

KA

may

done

in

heaven."

His loving

will

kingdom
the advantages which must

who conform

those

it is

GBAGB-GBO

so that co-ordination

and we may reap =

agidi.

a, g, gb, k.

reign in His

to the

of the great

will

AM.
5.

"

Give us

VlTALISATION,
this

A,

if

WIWA.

D, T.

day our daily bread

clause of our Lord's prayer,

expect that

W,

and by

we obey God's

will

it

He

"

is

we

the

fifth

are led to

will sustain

us

THE LORD'S PRAYER

XIII

and give us everything necessary

of being

WIWA,

He

created

causes the earth to produce

Reciprocity,

6.

"

41

to

keep us

DA

in

a state

man and He

= TA.
e, y, h,

j.

ifiji.

Forgive us our trespasses as we forgive them that

trespass against us."

J

to

is

lYONU

is

Capacity,

Lead us not

evil," that

redeem =

is,

turn us aside

RA

us from

For thine
This

glory."

is

was the

of His

to

punish,

and

Effectivity.

His

effect of

Authority,

deHver us from

eviUBUBURU.

clause

last

ipa.

= -RO from temptation and

the kingdom,

after Christ taught

it

a, r, b, p.

into temptation, but

8.

"

is

compassion.

7.

"

NIYA

JE

forgive,

was

disciples

the

power, and the

added

many

years

His beautiful prayer

His teaching and the recognition

CHAPTER XIV
ENGLISH AND THE ELEMENTAL FACTORS
This,

the

Alphabet,"

chapter

concluding

will

My

"

of

Yoruba

deal with the analogy between the

English language and the Yoruba alphabet

conformity

with

the

Elemental

in

Factors

of

their

the

Great Universal Order.

I.

God

He

is

Authority,

the Author of our being, the great

is

the great Spirit of Existence,

Insistence, and Persistence

ditions in things

the

THOU
is

the

AM.

Consistency,

qualities

and con-

and persons which are represented by

of the alphabet

2.

which

ce.

cy,

Force, Valency.

Morality,

in, en, el, im.

represents the Conceiving Spirit of

in all things,

whether

in

God

Likeness or Form,

Liquid or Mist, Light or Lightning,

fire

or ignition,

or in any form of nature whatsoever.

This great

THOU

the temples of the

is

Holy

in us also, for

our bodies are

God.

This in-ness

Spirit of

c.

ENGLISH AND ELEMENTAL FACTORS

XIV

ourselves and the elements

in

which

induces

us

our Guiding Spirit

is

and

instinctively

worship the Author of our being

43

to

the source of

is

it

intuitively

our sense of Morality.

Potentiality, ness,

3.

The

HE, the Son of God,

Word of God who made

Power

He

the Seed of God,

great

and the

Church which

in the

He

the world

He

kind.

the

disciples

Lord's

He

Prayer.

Volition,

4.

that

desires

passes from

and man-

taught

the

is

God

is

k,

q,

Power

the
or

g.

the designing and generating

power which quickens what appears

is

the

the whole of His creation.

in

will of

God who

speaking

the

Potentiality

The

life

to another in plants, animals,

is

is

founded and owns.

the force in the seed by which

is

one generation

it

s.

which kindles within us

and brings us

into perfect

be dead

to us to
all

our natural

communion with our

Great Creator.

Vitalisation,

5.

is

Our Creator

is

life-giving.

He made

us

all

He

is

blood.

our days.

wedded

to

d, w.

the vitalisation of us

all.

the world and

His touch

He

supplies

He washes us in His most

He watches over us and preserves
He is the bridegroom of His Church,

the needs of the world.

precious

t,

it.

MY YORUBA ALPHABET

44

Reciprocity,

6.

God
breath

and the

y,

j.

who inhales and exhales

of God moves all nature to

man,

has inspired
;

h,

chap.

Spirit

give back what has been received.

The

fowls lay and

yield their seeds, which

The

branches.

The

hatch their eggs.

and yield

swell

roots

trees

and

animals yean and bring forth their

young.

moving power

All these things are in answer to the

God.

of the Spirit of

7.

God,

the

Capacity,

Author

of

r,

our

b,

p.

has created a

being,

Ruminating Race of animals which has the capacity

Beget, Produce, Run, Suffer Pain, and in

to

man Reach

Perfection by paying regard to fixed laws.

In conclusion
this

order which

the back of the

will

give you three

make

think will

Yoruba alphabet
Authority

God

Father

lists

of nouns in

the philosophy at

quite plain.^

(Ofin).

Ofa

Effufu

Ici

Attraction

Wind

IFFCorV
new

thing

Morality (Mimo).

U
God

Spirit

inu

Omi

Olle

In-ness

Water

Embryo

UNML

Potentiality (Ashe).

Is^

God Word

Evaporation Production

Ish-she

Iso

S S Sh
or

Note

Work

please read each Hst from top to bottom to obtain the

physical, vegetable

and animal order

in production.

ENGLISH AND ELEMENTAL FACTORS

XIV

Volition

Igbona

God

(Agidi).

Ikd
Dest -uction

Heat

Will

45

A Gb K G

Ikke

Act of fondling

ViTALiSATioN (Ida).

A
God

Creator

A D

Ida

Iwu

Itankale

Fusion

Swelling

Propagation

Reciprocity

(Ifiji).

Jijo

God Mover

Combustion Fermentation Conception

Ihu

A
God

Speaker

HY

(Ipa).

Iran

Ippon

Ibi

Ripeness

Birth

shining

Oyiin

Capacity

WT

AR

P B

Sunshine

RIRAN ORUN
shown to be the order in the Lord's
Prayer of my Yoruba alphabet and in that of the
In the order

Elemental factors

God,

man

the
to

is

it

evident that the purposes of

great creative

think

and

talk,

spirit,

who has prompted

have

been

accomplished,

they are the effects of His fixed commands.

Finally, the logical conclusion that

from
in

all

all

these categories

organisations

is

is

to be

drawn

that to be really successful

man must conform

to this great

universal order, not in part, but as an inseparable and

comprehensive whole.

I'RINTED IN (;reaT BRITAIN BY

Richard Clay and Sons, Limited,

BRUNSWICK STREET, STAMFORD STREET,
S.E.,

AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

Los Angeles
This book

Foi

is

DUE on

the last date stamped below.

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