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31 views2 pages

U

nmh

Uploaded by

Veena Divya Krishnappa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 3

Unit 6

6.5 Common Physical Nonlinearities:


The common examples of physical nonlinearities are saturation, dead zone, coulomb friction,
stiction, backlash, different types of springs, different types of relays etc.
Saturation: This is the most common of all nonlinearities. All practical systems, when driven by
sufficiently large signals, exhibit the phenomenon of saturation due to limitations of physical
capabilities of their components. Saturation is a common phenomenon in magnetic circuits and
amplifiers.
Dead zone: Some systems do not respond to very small input signals. For a particular range of input,
the output is zero. This is called dead zone existing in a system. The input-output curve is shown in
figure.

Backlash: Another important nonlinearity commonly occurring in physical systems is hysteresis in


mechanical transmission such as gear trains and linkages. This nonlinearity is somewhat different
from magnetic hysteresis and is commonly referred to as backlash.
In servo systems, the gear backlash may cause sustained oscillations or chattering phenomenon and
the system may even turn unstable for large backlash.

Dept. of EEE, NIT-Raichur

Page 1

Lecture 3

Unit 6

Relay: A relay is a nonlinear power amplifier which can provide large power amplification
inexpensively and is therefore deliberately introduced in control systems. A relay controlled system
can be switched abruptly between several discrete states which are usually off, full forward and full
reverse. Relay controlled systems find wide applications in the control field. The characteristic of an
ideal relay is as shown in figure.
In practice a relay has a definite amount of dead zone as shown. This dead zone is caused by the
facts that relay coil requires a finite amount of current to actuate the relay. Further, since a larger
coil current is needed to close the relay than the current at which the relay drops out, the
characteristic always exhibits hysteresis. Multivariable Nonlinearity: Some nonlinearities such as
the torque-speed characteristics of a servomotor, transistor characteristics etc., are functions of more
than one variable. Such nonlinearities are called multivariable nonlinearities.

Dept. of EEE, NIT-Raichur

Page 2

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