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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_______________
No. 12-2922
_______________
PENN BUSINESS CREDIT, LLC
v.
ALL STAFFING, INC.; BROCK EMPLOYEE SERVICES, INC.;
STANLEY J. COSTELLO, JR.; ANGELA L. COSTELLO,
also known as ANGELA L. VALUSEK;
ALFONSO J. SEBIA; PAMELA G. SEBIA; GARBER GROUP, LTD.;
J.C. DATA ENTERPRISES, INC., also known as JET DATA;
A & S ASSOCIATES; COSTELLOS RESTAURANT;
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Alfonso J. Sebia;
Pamela G. Sebia,
Appellants
_______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civil No. 2-11-cv-05366)
District Judge: Hon. Legrome D. Davis
____________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
December 8. 2014
BEFORE: VANASKIE, GREENBERG, AND COWEN, Circuit Judges
(Filed: January 5, 2015)
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OPINION*
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COWEN, Circuit Judge.
The defendants-appellants, Alfonso and Pamela Sebia (Appellants), appeal an
order denying their motion to amend their answer to assert a cross-claim against the
United States under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). We will affirm.
I.
Because we write solely for the parties, we will only set forth the facts necessary to
inform our analysis.
The plaintiff, Penn Business Credit, LLC (PBC), loaned one million dollars to
All Staffing, Inc. (ASI), pursuant to which ASI signed a note and security agreement in
favor of PBC. Appellants, among others, guaranteed the note. The security agreement
provided that, in the event of a default, PBC had the authority to open any mail addressed
to, and endorse any checks payable to, ASI. ASI defaulted on the loan, and PBC obtained
two United States Treasury checks, which, in accordance with the provisions of its
security agreement with ASI, it endorsed and deposited into its bank account. ASI
objected to PBCs actions and demanded the return of the funds. Ostensibly dissatisfied
with whatever response it received from PBC, ASI filed a Notice of Reclamation with the
______________
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
United States Department of the Treasury (Treasury Department).
Before the Treasury Department acted, PBC filed suit in state court against ASI
and the guarantors of the loan, seeking, in part, a declaratory judgment that it could retain
the disputed funds in satisfaction of ASI's outstanding loan balance. It later filed an
amended complaint in state court naming the United States as a defendant, who then
removed the case to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania.
Following removal, the Treasury Department reclaimed the funds underlying the
checks. The United States then moved to dismiss PBCs claims against it. Appellants
also moved to amend their answer to assert a cross-claim against the United States under
the APA. They claimed that, had the Treasury Department not reclaimed the funds that
PBC had deposited into its account, the loan to PBC would have been satisfied and their
obligations extinguished. Instead, as the allegedly direct result of the Treasury
Departments decision to reclaim the funds, PBC initiated foreclosure proceedings against
them. In a single order, the District Court denied the Appellants request to amend,
concluding that any such amendment would be futile because they lacked standing to
assert a claim under the APA and remanded the remainder of the action to state court.
Appellants now seek review only of the portion of the District Courts order denying their
motion to amend.1
Despite initial disagreement, Appellants and the United States now concur that we have
jurisdiction to review the District Courts order denying Appellants request to amend their
answer. See 28 U.S.C. 1447(d); City of Waco v. United States Fidelity & Guar. Co., 293 U.S.
140 (1934); Powers v. Southland Corp., 4 F.3d 223, 226 (3d Cir. 1993); Carr v. Am. Red Cross,
1
II.
We review the denial of a motion for leave to amend a pleading for abuse of
discretion. In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1434 (3d Cir. 1997).
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15, a party may amend its pleading only with
the opposing partys written consent or the courts leave. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). The
District Court noted that amendment should be freely given in the absence of specific
reasons, such as . . . futility of amendment. Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962).
Amendment of the complaint is futile if the amendment will not cure the deficiency in
the original [pleading] or if the amended [pleading] cannot withstand a renewed motion to
dismiss. Jablonski v. Pan Am. World Airways, Inc., 863 F.2d 289, 292 (3d Cir. 1988).
Article III, section 1 of the Constitution confers judicial power upon the federal
courts, but limits the jurisdiction of these courts to Cases and Controversies. Art. III,
1. The doctrine of standing was developed to help identify those disputes which are
appropriately resolved through the judicial process. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504
U.S. 555, 560 (1992) (citing Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 155 (1990)). To
establish standing, a plaintiff must demonstrate (1) an injury in fact, (2), that the injury is
fairly traceable to the actions complained of, and (3) that the injury will likely be
redressed by a favorable decision. Id. (citation omitted). Appellants are unable to meet
the second prong.
17 F.3d 671, 677-78 (3d Cir. 1994).
4
The causation requirement of standing requires that the complained of injury be
fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant, and not the result of the
independent action of some third party not before the court. Duquesne Light Co. v.
EPA, 166 F.3d 609, 613 (3d Cir. 1999) (quoting Bennett v. Speak, 520 U.S. 154, 167
(1997)) (emphasis added). Appellants own recitation of the facts are instructive.
Although they allege that the Treasury Departments determination caused PBC to return
those funds, they iterate that [a]s a direct result of the Treasury Departments
determination, PBC initiated foreclosure proceedings against [them], have obtained
judgment, and . . . at the least, have taken ownership and possession of [certain] property.
(Appellants Br. at 26) (emphasis added.) As Appellants make clear, while PBC may
have been prompted to act by the Treasury Departments action, in the absence of a
mandate from the Treasury Department, they cannot demonstrate that the harm they
suffered from PBCs decision to foreclose against them was fairly traceable to the
Treasury Departments decision to reclaim the funds. Accordingly, they have not
established standing to sue under Article III.
Nor have Appellants established prudential standing. Section 702 of the APA
provides that only [a] person suffering legal wrong because of an agency action, or
adversely affected or aggrieved by agency action within the meaning of a relevant statute,
is entitled to judicial review thereof. 5 U.S.C. 702. The Supreme Court has interpreted
this provision as imposing a prudential standing requirement in addition to the
requirements imposed by Article III of the Constitution. Natl Credit Union Admin. v.
First Natl Bank & Trust Co., 522 U.S. 479, 488 (1998). Prudential standing requires,
among other things, that the interest sought to be protected by the complainant must be
arguably within the zone of interests to be protected or regulated by the statute in
question. Id.
The District Court determined that Appellants do not fall within the APAs zone of
interests and Appellants do not seriously dispute this. Rather, they contend that PBC, as
an endorser of the Treasury checks, falls within this zone, a point that none of the parties
appear to dispute. Getting them only so far, Appellants, invoking the doctrine of
subrogation, next assert that as guarantors of the loan, they are entitled to step into PBCs
shoes and assert claims that PBC could have asserted in its position as creditor.
As the Supreme Court has explained, subrogation is a doctrine whereby one who
has been compelled to pay a debt which ought to have been paid by another is entitled to
exercise all the remedies which the creditor possessed against that other. Am. Surety Co.
of New York v. Bethlehem Natl Bank of Bethlehem, Pa, 314 U.S. 314, 317 (1941)
(emphasis added). In the current context, that would entitle Appellants to exercise
remedies that PBC possessed against ASI.
Appellants, however, argue that because PBC would be within the zone of interests
to be protected or regulated by the APA, and would therefore be entitled to assert a claim
against the Treasury Department for reclamation of the funds at issue, that under the
doctrine of subrogation, they should likewise be permitted to pursue such a claim against
the United States. More to the point, they argue that because they were forced to pay a
debt owed by ASI, they subrogate to the rights and remedies of PBC, including PBCs
right to seek judicial relief that may result in repayment of the funds improvidently
reclaimed by the Treasury Department. (Appellants Br. at 37.)
But Appellants point to no case law, and we are not aware of any, in which a court
has held that the doctrine of subrogation applies to situations such as this, where the one
who was compelled to pay a debt [Appellants] owed by another [ASI], would be entitled
to exercise the rights that a creditor possesses against an unrelated third party that took no
part in the loan agreement and is not in a creditor-debtor relationship with either party [the
United States]. We therefore reject Appellants attempt to expand the doctrine of
subrogation to contexts to which there is no indication it was ever intended to apply.
III.
In light of the foregoing, we conclude that the District Court did not abuse its
discretion by denying Appellants motion to amend. The order of the District Court
entered on May 9, 2012 will be affirmed.
