Practice Problems 10, Laplace Transforms
Evaluate the following Laplace transforms.
1.
L(e5t) =
2.
L(t2e2t)
s (5)
s + 5
(t2) =
2
(t e
) =
(s 2)3
L(sin(t)e4t)
3.
1
Since L(sin(t)) =
s2 + 1
1
Since
(sin(t)e ) =
(s + 4)2 + 1
(s7) (s 7)2 + 52
following Inverse Laplace transforms.
.
5.
s2 + 3s + 2
has a denominator that can be factored into linear terms:
1
s2 + 3s + 2
.
(s + 1)(s + 2)
1
by partial fractions =
s + 1
s + 2
so
s2 + 3s + 2
1
s + 1
s + 2
=e
t e2t
s + 5
6.
(s + 2)3
This expression is almost in the form
s
but it needs to be reorganized.
In
ed to cancel out the s in the numerator.
s + 5
(s + 2)3
add 2, substract 2 from numerator
(s+2)2+5
=
(s + 2)3
s + 2
+
(s + 2)3
separate (s+2) term out
###
cancel, then put in form for table
(s + 2)3
###
=
(s + 2)2
. 1.
+3
2
2
(s + 2)3
x
shifted version of L(t2)
.
so L1
(s + 2)2
=te
2t + 3 t2e2t
2
2 (s + 2)3
.
7.
s2 + 2s + 5
This expression cannot be factored into linear terms so we complete the
squared to get a shifted sine or cosine form.
.
s2 + 2s + 5
1
(s2 + 2s+11 + 5
.
(s + 1)2 + 4
This is not quite the cosine form:
we need an (s + 1) factor on the top, because every s must
be in (s + 1) form to use the rule L1 (F (s a)) = f (t)eat.
.
.
(s+1)1
(s + 1)2 + 4
1
(s + 1)2 + 4
s+1
(s + 1)2 + 4
1
(s + 1)2 + 4
Now we just need a 2 in the numerator of the second term to get a shifted sine transform.
s+1
s+1
.
.
(s + 1)2 + 4
1
(s + 1)2 + 4
1
(s + 1)2 + 4
1
(s + 1)2 + 4
s+1
= cos(2t)et
sin(2t)et
2
1
8.
s2 6s + 13
Like the last problem, this denominator cannot be factored into linear
terms, so we complete the square to get a shifted sine or cosine form.
for the relevant comments along the way:
s+1
s+1
the solution approach is identical.
s2 6s + 13
1
(s2 6s+9)9 + 13
s+1
((s 3)2 + 4
.
= L
= L
(s+3)+3+1
1
1
(s 3)2 + 4
.
s3
.
+
. 2 .
(s 3)2 + 4
2
(s 3)2 + 4
= cos(2t)e3t + 2 sin(2t)e3t
Solve the following initial value problems using Laplace transforms.
9.
.
xtt + 3xt + 2x = 0,
x(0) = 0, xt(0) = 2
s2X(s) s 0(2). +3 [sX(s) 0] +2X(s) = 0
L(xrr)
x
L(xr)
Group X(s) terms on left:
2
See the example above
(s2 + 3s + 2)X(s) = 2
s2 + 3s + 2
We now try to put the RHS into a form matching the table entries.
Since the denominator
can be factored into linear terms, we do that and then use partial fractions to separate the factors.
X(s) =
(s + 1)(s + 2)
=
Solving for A and B gives
=
so, taking inverse Laplace of both sides,
A
+
s + 1
2
s+2
B
s + 2
2
s + 1
.
1
(X(s))=1
s + 2
x(t) = 2e2t 2et
s + 1
Check:
this satisfies x(0) = 0, and (differentiating) that xt(0) = 4 + 2 = 2.
Both functions, e2t and et, also satisfy the original DE, so this solution satisfies both the equat
10.
xt + 2x = 4, x(0) = 0
Taking Laplace of both sides,
[sX(s) 0] +2X(s) =
s
L(x )
r
(s) =
) =
s(s + 2)
We now try to put the RHS into a form matching the table entries.
Since the denominator
can be factored into linear terms, we do that and then use partial fractions to separate the
factors.
X(s) =
s(s + 2)
=
Solving for A and B gives
=
A
B
+
s
2
s + 2
2
s+2
so, taking inverse Laplace of both sides,
.
1
(X(s))=1
s+2
x(t) = 2e2t 2
+ 4y = 1, y(0) = 0, yt(0) = 0
king Laplace of both sides,
s2Y (s) s00. +4Y (s) = 1
L(yrr)
)Y (s) =
s
1
Y (s) =
s(s2 + 4)
We now try to put the RHS into a form matching the table entries.
Since the denominator
can be factored into s and s2 + 4, we do that and then use partial fractions to separate the factors.
Y (s) =
1
s(s2 + 4)
=
Solving for A, B and C gives
Bs + C
s2 + 4
1/4
=
s
(1/4)s + 0
s2 + 4
11
=
4 s
4 s2 + 4
so, taking inverse Laplace of both sides,
.
L1 (Y (s)) = L1
4 s
1
11
4 s2 + 4
y(t) =
4 4
cos(2t)
ytt 2yt = 4,
12.
.
y(0) = 0, yt(0) = 0
s2Y (s) s00. 2 [sY (s) 0] =
L(yrr)
L(y )
r
(s) =
=
s(s2 2s)
s2(s 2)
so, taking inverse Laplace of both sides,
A
=
B
+
s2
1
=
C
+
2
+
s2
s 2
1
s 2
Solving for A, B and C gives
2
1
(Y (s)) =
s
2
1
s 2
y(t) = 1 + 2t e2t
Note:
if we were to have solved this problem using the yc and yp approach, we would have
a case where yc = c1 (constant solution), so our assumed form for yp would have needed a t multiplie
xt 3x = 39 sin(2t),
13.
x(0) = 2 Taking Laplace of both sides,
[sX(s) 2] 3X(s) =
s
x
L(xr)
39
s2 + 4
39
Group X(s) terms on left:
(s 3)X(s) = 2 +
s2 + 4
39
Looking just at the more complicated right-hand term,
X(s) =
39
=
+
s 3
A
+
(s 3)(s2 + 4)
Bs + C
(s 3)(s2 + 4)
Solving for A, B and C gives
=
s 3
3
+
s 3
s2 + 4
3s 9
s2 + 4
Combining with the other term gives
.
X(s) =
s 3
###
.
+
s 3
s
3s 9
s2 + 4
2
=
s 3
3 s2 + 4
2 s2 + 4
so x(t) = 5e3t 3 cos(2t)
sin(2t)
xtt + 6xt + 34x = 34, x(0) = 2, xt(0) = 3
Taking Laplace of both sides,
14.
s2X(s) s2(3). +6 [sX(s) 0] +34X(s) =
34
L(x )
rr
L(xr)
+ 3
34
s
2s + 3
X(s) =
s2 + 6s + 34
34
s(s2 + 6s + 34)
Focusing on the complicated right-hand term,
34
Bs + C
s(s2 + 6s + 34)
Solving for A and B gives
+
s
=
s2 + 6s + 34
1
s + 6
s
so, taking inverse Laplace of both sides,
.
1
(X(s))=1
s + 2
x(t) = 2e2t 2et
s + 1
s2 + 6s + 34
se every s must
transform.
example above
separate the factors.
satisfies both the equation and the initial conditions given.
separate the
separate the factors.
we would have
ave needed a t multiplier to avoid the overlap.
Using Laplace transforms avoids the need for this special- case
r this special- case logic when you are building the solution.
