Large-Scale Deep Learning for
Intelligent Computer Systems
Jeff Dean
Google Brain team in collaboration with many other teams
Growing Use of Deep Learning at Google
# of directories containing model description files
Across many
products/areas:
Android
Apps
GMail
Image Understanding
Maps
NLP
Photos
Robotics
Speech
Translation
many research uses..
YouTube
many others ...
Outline
Two generations of deep learning software systems:
1st generation: DistBelief [Dean et al., NIPS 2012]
2nd generation: TensorFlow (unpublished)
An overview of how we use these in research and products
Plus, ...a new approach for training (people, not models)
Google Brain project started in 2011, with a focus on
pushing state-of-the-art in neural networks. Initial
emphasis:
use large datasets, and
large amounts of computation
to push boundaries of what is possible in perception and
language understanding
Plenty of raw data
Text: trillions of words of English + other languages
Visual data: billions of images and videos
Audio: tens of thousands of hours of speech per day
User activity: queries, marking messages spam, etc.
Knowledge graph: billions of labelled relation triples
...
How can we build systems that truly understand this data?
Text Understanding
This movie should have NEVER been made. From the poorly
done animation, to the beyond bad acting. I am not sure at what
point the people behind this movie said "Ok, looks good! Lets
do it!" I was in awe of how truly horrid this movie was.
Turnaround Time and Effect on Research
Minutes, Hours:
Interactive research! Instant gratification!
1-4 days
Tolerable
Interactivity replaced by running many experiments in parallel
1-4 weeks:
High value experiments only
Progress stalls
>1 month
Dont even try
Important Property of Neural Networks
Results get better with
more data +
bigger models +
more computation
(Better algorithms, new insights and improved
techniques always help, too!)
How Can We Train Large, Powerful Models Quickly?
Exploit many kinds of parallelism
Model parallelism
Data parallelism
Model Parallelism
Model Parallelism
Model Parallelism
Data Parallelism
Parameter Servers
Model
Replicas
...
Data
...
Data Parallelism
Parameter Servers
p
Model
Replicas
...
Data
...
Data Parallelism
Parameter Servers
Model
Replicas
...
Data
...
Data Parallelism
Parameter Servers
p = p + p
Model
Replicas
...
Data
...
Data Parallelism
Parameter Servers
p = p + p
p
Model
Replicas
...
Data
...
Data Parallelism
Parameter Servers
Model
Replicas
...
Data
...
Data Parallelism
Parameter Servers
p = p + p
Model
Replicas
...
Data
...
Data Parallelism
Parameter Servers
p = p + p
Model
Replicas
...
Data
...
Data Parallelism Choices
Can do this synchronously:
N replicas eqivalent to an N times larger batch size
Pro: No noise
Con: Less fault tolerant (requires recovery if any single machine fails)
Can do this asynchronously:
Con: Noise in gradients
Pro: Relatively fault tolerant (failure in model replica doesnt block other
replicas)
(Or hybrid: M asynchronous groups of N synchronous replicas)
Data Parallelism Considerations
Want model computation time to be large relative to time to send/receive
parameters over network
Models with fewer parameters, that reuse each parameter multiple times in the
computation
Mini-batches of size B reuse parameters B times
Certain model structures reuse parameter many times within each example:
Convolutional models tend to reuse hundreds or thousands of times per
example (for different spatial positions)
Recurrent models (LSTMs, RNNs) tend to reuse tens to hundreds of times
(for unrolling through T time steps during training)
What are some ways that
deep learning is having
a significant impact at Google?
Sequence to Sequence Models
Oriol Vinyals, Ilya Sutskever & Quoc Le started looking at how to map one
sequence to another sequence:
0.1
0.5
1.0
0.0
2.4
The lazy brown fox jumped over the ...
Sequence to Sequence Model
Deep LSTM
High dimensional
representation of a
sequence
0.1
0.5
1.0
0.0
2.4
The lazy brown fox jumped over the ...
Connect two, you get a machine translation
system
Le renard brun rapide saute par dessus ...
The quick brown fox jumped over the ...
It works well
WMT14
BLEU
State-of-the-art
37.0
Neural Translation Model
37.3
Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks
Ilya Sutskever, Oriol Vinyals, Quoc V. Le (NIPS 2014)
Addressing Rare Word Problems in Neural Translation Models (arxiv.org/abs/1410.8206)
Thang Luong, Ilya Sutskever, Oriol Vinyals, Quoc V. Le, Wojciech Zaremba
or a chatbot.
I'm fine, thank you!
Hi Shiva, how are you?
It produces sensible conversations.
User> hello , i have a problem with my machine
BrainStop> hi
BrainStop> this is shiva .
BrainStop> how are you doing today ?
User> hi shiva , how are you ?
BrainStop> i ' m fine , thank you !
BrainStop> how may i assist you today ?
User> i want to access using vpn
BrainStop> currently the computer is connected to corp network ?
User> no
BrainStop> check this solution :
BrainStop> https : / / INTERNAL_HOSTNAME_REDACTED / articles / connecting - to disconnecting - from - ssl - vpn # heading - 4
User> thanks , bye !
BrainStop> thank you .
or a parser.
n:(S.17 n:(S.17 n:(NP.11 p:NNP.53 n:) ...
Allen is locked in, regardless of his situ...
It works well
Completely learned parser with no parsing-specific code
State of the art results on WSJ 23 parsing task
Grammar as a Foreign Language, Oriol Vinyals, Lukasz Kaiser, Terry Koo, Slav
Petrov, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey Hinton (to appear in NIPS 2015)
http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.7449
or something that can learn graph algorithms
output:
Convex Hull
(or Delauney
Triangulation)
(or Travelling
Salesman tour)
input:
collection
of points
Pointer Networks, Oriol Vinyals, Meire Fortunato, &
Navdeep Jaitly (to appear in NIPS 2015)
Object Recognition Improvement Over Time
Predicted Human Performance
cat
ImageNet Challenge Winners
Image Models
cat
Module with 6
separate
=
convolutional
layers
24 layers deep
Going Deeper with Convolutions
Szegedy et al. CVPR 2015
Good Fine-Grained Classification
Good Generalization
Both recognized as meal
Sensible Errors
Works in practice for real users
Works in practice for real users
Connect sequence and image models, you get a
captioning system
A close up of a child holding a stuffed animal
It works well (BLEU scores)
Dataset
Previous SOTA
Show & Tell
Human
MS COCO
N/A
67
69
FLICKR
49
63
68
PASCAL (xfer learning)
25
59
68
SBU (weak label)
11
27
N/A
Show and Tell: A Neural Image Caption Generator,
Oriol Vinyals, Alexander Toshev, Samy Bengio, and Dumitru Erhan (CVPR
2015)
TensorFlow:
Second Generation Deep Learning System
Motivations
DistBelief (1st system) was great for scalability
Not as flexible as we wanted for research purposes
Better understanding of problem space allowed us to
make some dramatic simplifications
TensorFlow: Expressing High-Level ML Computations
Core in C++
Very low overhead
Different front ends for specifying/driving the computation
Python and C++ today, easy to add more
...
Python front end
C++ front end
Core TensorFlow Execution System
CPU
GPU
Android
iOS
...
TensorFlow Example (Batch Logistic Regression)
graph = tf.Graph()
with graph.AsDefault():
examples = tf.constant(train_dataset)
labels = tf.constant(train_labels)
W = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([image_size * image_size, num_labels]))
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([num_labels]))
# Create new computation graph
# Training data/labels
# Variables
logits = tf.mat_mul(examples, W) + b
# Training computation
loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits, labels))
optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.5).minimize(loss)
prediction = tf.nn.softmax(logits)
# Optimizer to use
# Predictions for training data
TensorFlow Example (Batch Logistic Regression)
graph = tf.Graph()
with graph.AsDefault():
examples = tf.constant(train_dataset)
labels = tf.constant(train_labels)
W = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([image_size * image_size, num_labels]))
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([num_labels]))
# Create new computation graph
# Training data/labels
# Variables
logits = tf.mat_mul(examples, W) + b
# Training computation
loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits, labels))
optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.5).minimize(loss)
prediction = tf.nn.softmax(logits)
with tf.Session(graph=graph) as session:
tf.InitializeAllVariables().Run()
for step in xrange(num_steps):
_, l, predictions = session.Run([optimizer, loss, prediction])
if (step % 100 == 0):
print 'Loss at step', step, ':', l
print 'Training accuracy: %.1f%%' % accuracy(predictions, labels)
# Optimizer to use
# Predictions for training data
# Run & return 3 values
Computation is a dataflow graph
Graph of Nodes, also called Operations or ops.
biases
Add
weights
MatMul
examples
labels
Relu
Xent
Computation is a dataflow graph
Edges are N-dimensional arrays: Tensors
biases
Add
weights
MatMul
examples
labels
with
s
r
o
s
ten
Relu
Xent
Computation is a dataflow graph
'Biases' is a variable
e
t
a
t
ith s
Some ops compute gradients
= updates biases
biases
...
learning rate
Add
...
Mul
Computation is a dataflow graph
Device A
biases
...
d
e
t
u
b
i
r
t
is
Add
learning rate
Devices: Processes, Machines, GPUs, etc
...
Mul
Device B
TensorFlow: Expressing High-Level ML Computations
Automatically runs models on range of platforms:
from phones ...
to single machines (CPU and/or GPUs)
to distributed systems of many 100s of GPU cards
What is in a name?
Tensor: N-dimensional array
1-dimension: Vector
2-dimension: Matrix
Represent many dimensional data flowing through the graph
e.g. Image represented as 3-d tensor rows, cols, color
Flow: Computation based on data flow graphs
Lots of operations (nodes in the graph) applied to data flowing through
Tensors flow through the graph TensorFlow
Edges represent the tensors (data)
Nodes represent the processing
Flexible
General computational infrastructure
Deep Learning support is a set of libraries on top of the core
Also useful for other machine learning algorithms
Possibly even for high performance computing (HPC) work
Abstracts away the underlying devices/computational hardware
Extensible
Core system defines a number of standard operations
and kernels (device-specific implementations of
operations)
Easy to define new operators and/or kernels
Deep Learning in TensorFlow
Typical neural net layer maps to one or more tensor operations
e.g. Hidden Layer: activations = Relu(weights * inputs + biases)
Library of operations specialized for Deep Learning
Dozens of high-level operations: 2D and 3D convolutions, Pooling, Softmax, ...
Standard losses e.g. CrossEntropy, L1, L2
Various optimizers e.g. Gradient Descent, AdaGrad, L-BFGS, ...
Auto Differentiation
Easy to experiment with (or combine!) a wide variety of different models:
LSTMs, convolutional models, attention models, reinforcement learning,
embedding models, Neural Turing Machine-like models, ...
No distinct Parameter Server subsystem
Parameters are now just stateful nodes in the graph
Data parallel training just a more complex graph
update
model
computation
update
model
computation
parameters
update
model
computation
Synchronous Variant
update
add
gradient
model
computation
gradient
model
computation
parameters
gradient
model
computation
Nurturing Great Researchers
Were always looking for people with the potential to become excellent
machine learning researchers
The resurgence of deep learning in the last few years has caused a surge of
interest of people who want to learn more and conduct research in this area
Google Brain Residency Program
New one year immersion program in deep learning research
Learn to conduct deep learning research w/experts in our team
Fixed one-year employment with salary, benefits, ...
Goal after one year is to have conducted several research projects
Interesting problems, TensorFlow, and access to computational resources
Google Brain Residency Program
Who should apply?
people with BSc or MSc, ideally in computer science, mathematics or statistics
completed coursework in calculus, linear algebra, and probability, or equiv.
programming experience
motivated, hard working, and have a strong interest in Deep Learning
Google Brain Residency Program
Program Application & Timeline
Google Brain Residency Program
For more information:
g.co/brainresidency
Contact us:
brain-residency@google.com
Questions?
