QUARRY DEVELOPMENT

PLANNING

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D KAY

(XJARRY DEVELOPMENT

PLANNING

CONTENTS

1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

QUARRY PLANNING

3.

4.

2.1

Primary

2.2

Contracting

SITE SPECIFIC

Design
Out

EXAMPLES OF QUARRY DESIGN

3.1

Hope, Derbyshire,

3.2

Dunbar, East Lothian,

3.3

Westbury,

3.4

Harleyville,

3.5

Kanthan,

3.6

Weardale,

3.7

Cemento

suMMARY

UK

WiltShire,

UK
UK

South Carolina,

USA

Malaysia
County Durham,
Melon, Chile

UK

1.

INTRODUCTION

Blue Circle Industries operations worldwide consume approximately 45 million tonnes/year of raw
materials for cement manufacture, with a iln-ther 15-20 million tonnes/year utilised in the
production of aggregates and as raw materials for bricks and lime.
In most cases this material is extracted by Blue Circle personnel from Blue Circle owned quarries.
The purpose of this paper is to consider the factors which influence the methods adopted in the
recovery of these raw materials.

2.

QUARRY PLANNING

A notable reference concerned with cement manufacture The Cement Engineers Handbook
states that the raw materials for the manufacture of cement should be, above all, cheap to obtain.
Their composition should be such as to permit simple preparation: they should be fairly easy to
crush, possess good grinding properties and develop suitable reactivity in the burning process.
That in itself sounds simple enough so why all the mystique about geology? Why all the drilling,
sample preparation, chemical analysis and quarry planning?
There is one very significant requirement missing from the Handbook statement and that is that
the raw materials must be in a suitable location. Raw material and cement transportation costs
put great pressure on using resources just because they are in a suitable and available location.
However, this can put pressures on the type of resources quarried.
For example:

Atlanta Plant, USA has no limestone reserves which are economically suitable and has
to purchase its requirements from a local aggregate producer.

Limestone resources available to Cemento El Melon, Chile, are geologically complex and
necessitate their recovery by underground mining techniques.

Environmental pressures in trying to maintain and exploit an adequate reserve are

Ravena Plant, USA and Dunbar Works, UK, both have large thicknesses of overburden
which are part of the geological sequence and as such have to be drilled and blasted to
expose the limestones suitable for cement making.

Previous papers have dealt with the methods of identi~lng and quanti~lng reserves of cement
grade raw materials. This is the start of the process which continues with Quarry Development
Planning. Working with mining engineers, geotechnical engineers, landscape architects and local
regulatory bodies, the geologist helps to evolve an acceptable Development Plan for the raw
materials.
h developing a detailed plan for raw material extraction there are several objectives which must
be considered. It should, however, be noted that they are not all mutually compatible.

ENSURE

that the required tonnage on a daily/weekly/yearly basis is available

MINIIMISE

total operating and capital costs

OPTIMISE

raw feed quality

FIJLFIL

all safety and legislative requirements

MAXIMISE

return on capital employed

ACHIEVE

peak quarrying/plant efficiency

All the above are increasingly being influenced by environmental considerations not only during
extraction but in the final restoration plan adopted.

2.1

Primary Design

Having located adequate resemes of the required chemical composition it is now necessary to
evaluate whether the reserves are economically viable and can be worked safely. This requires
a complete evaluation of the extraction methods available.
Every quarry differs in certain respects from others and may well involve certain site specific
factors which have a bearing, more so than others, on the quarry design. No one factor
determines how a deposit will be worked or what equipment will be necessa~. There are many
which must be considered and these are oflen interrelated.
For this reason detailed notes
regarding planning techniques are of little use. Nevertheless the following factors should be
considered when planning quarry layouts although their relevance and importance will differ
according to the particular circumstances.

2.1.1

Geology

From earlier papers we have learned that the most common cement raw materials are of
sedimentary origin and that during and tier deposition can have been tiected by geological
processes in several ways:Geologica.1Succession: the required material can be part of a variable sequence with many
rock types not all of which are suitable for cement manufacture or an uninterrupted
thickness of one suitable rock type.
Chemical Variations: the material may exhibit quality variations horizontally or vertically
due to changes in the depositional environment. Such changes may require multi-bench
working to achieve the required cement grade quality.
.Dip/Structure: the disposition of the beds and degree of faulting and or folding will
significantly affect the method of working and degree of contamination which can be
experienced during working.
Overburden: should be kept to a minimum and, in order to reduce the amount to be
moved, the pit sides should be as steep as possible but in keeping with an adequate safety
margin. In general, planning overburden ratios (i.e. the ratio of overburden thickness to
thickness of usable mineral) can be misleading as they are increasing year by year due in
many cases to the fact that those deposits with the least cover were the first to be worked
and the industry has now little alternative but to exploit less favorable sites. In recent
years improved techniques and equipment have allowed sites to be worked which could
not have been economically viable propositions a decade ago. The critical factor is, of
course, cost.
The depth and type of overburden (whether it is soft and can be dug directly or is
consolidated and needs drilling and blasting) determines stripping machinery and method.
The disposal and storage of overburden requires carefid planning and excavation to avoid
damage to soils which will be of value during the restoration phase and sterilisation of
mineral bearing land.

2.1.2

Geography

Within this category the topography

of the potential quarry sites exerts the greatest influence.

Selection of a hillside or open pit operation

Bench development and the layout of haul routes

Direction of face advance with slight uphill gradient to aid drainage

Availability of level ground required for crushing and processing plant

On site terrain may determine the quarry transport (field conveyor or dumptrucks)

Natural or man-made features may require relocation (streams, pipelines, cables)

2.1.3

Working Requirements

The factory production requirement and hence quarry output required should have been
determined from the results of the market survey. Obviously there will be cases in which
the nature and geology of the site are limiting factors on output.
Otherwise the
considerations already reviewed, such as the height and length of the face, its direction of
travel and the type of face equipment and haulage to be used, must be viewed in terms of
the output required, due consideration being given for any anticipated increase.

Hardness of the raw material and a decision on whether it can be excavated direct or
requires drilling and blasting also significantly affects the type and size of equipment to
be used in its excavation.

Quality variations within the deposit and the degree of blending required from single or
multi bench working.

2.1.4

Geotechnics

The physical characteristics of the rock and geology (geological structure) will have a large affect
on issues within this category.
s

Hydrogeology -is the mineral a water bearing horizo~ can the excavation be worked dry
or does the rate of water ingress preclude this? If pumping is necessary what constraints
are placed on the operation due to water disposal?

Slope stability - of both the working pit and any overburden tips will have a significant
effect on the best angle required and hence the area of the pit and any dumps required.
Does this sterilise reserves directly or indirectly?

2.1.5

Planning/Environmental

The quarrying industry along with others has a moral obligation to make efforts to preserve the
environment. Indeed for planning approval to be granted for mineral extraction any application
would have to contain details regarding the ways in which consideration of the amenity of the area
had influenced the layout, method of working and proposals for afler use. Indeed, local
regulatory bodies may impose conditions on the operator with respect to:

Limitations on extent, depth and duration of working

Phasing and direction of working

Access points to site

Routeways to processing plant or of finished product to market place

Situation of fixed processing plant

Dust, noise and vibration associated with blasting and processing

Groundwater pollution control

Siting and configuration of overburden dumps

2.1.6

Safety and Legislation

This factor governs all aspects of any actual and proposed quarrying operation.
Mining
Legislation and the requirements associated with it vary from country to country and there is a
need to ensure that any new development conforms with the specific requirements therein.
Safe working practices are of paramount importance and also impact on all aspects of quarry
planning and operation.

2.1.7

Costs

The relative costs of Iabour, fiel, power together with local employment legislation will influence
the selection of mobile equipment and the method of quarry working adopted. For example,
where labour costs are cheap the extractive method adopted is likely to be more labour intensive
utilising maybe fewer and smaller machines. Where labour costs are high and local conditions
permit fewer larger units may be utilised.

2.1.8

Others

Meteorology

- rainfidl, temperature, humidity, winds

Capital requirements/contractors
Trade Unions/Public Relations
Foreign exchange
5

Political pressures
Availability of equipment suppliers
Import tariffs

2.2

Contractin~ Out

Although raw material extraction within Blue Circle operations is most commonly carried out by
Blue Circle personnel using Blue Circle equipment, the use of contractors for part or all of the
operation is under constant review.
There is no doubt that there can be advantages in certain applications to the use of contractors.
For example:

They are experts in their particular field of operation

They are good for campaign type operations

They can be less expensive than a company owned operation due to:
i)

Less capital employed

ii)

Fewer personnel

iii)

Lower rates of pay

iv)

Standardisation

on modern equipment suppliers

However, it is essential that the potential cost benefits of such an operation are not compromised
by:
i)

Loss of control over the operation

ii)

Security of supply

iii)

Environmental

iv)

Safety

v)

Quality assurance

Standards

Within Blue Circle it is more common to contract out part of the quarry operation.
include:

Examples

Overburden removal at Dunbar, UK

At Westbury Works, UK, and Kanthan, Malaysia, all aspects of the raw material extraction is
undertaken by contractor.

3.

SITE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES

OF OUARRY DESIGN

In order to demonstrate some of the principles involved in quarry design, the following seven
examples of quarry operations within the Blue Circle Group have been selected and are described
in this section. Aspects of fixed and mobile equipment selection will be dealt within more detail
in subsequent papers.

Hope

BCC UK

Dunbar

BCC UK

Westbury

BCC UK

Harleyville

BCA USA

Kanthan

APMC Malaysia

Weardale

BCC UK

Cemento Melon

Chile

3.1

Hope, Derbyshire, UK

The raw materials used at Hope are limestone and shale won from separate quarries located in the
vicinity of the Works within the Peak District National Park. The limestone is of Carboniferous
age and present in substantial thickness, forming the higher ground to the south west of the
Works. Dips are near horizontal. Quality variations in the limestone are caused by bands of chert
(silica) in the upper beds and mineralisation (fluorspar) which is more variable in distribution.
These v~ations necessitate multi bench working to optimise raw feed limestone quality and 18%
of the total tonnage quarried being rejected to tip. The ultimate quarry depth is also geologically
controlled by the presence of un-usable volcanic tuffs (ash). Surface water drains away into the
limestone quite effectively through numerous fissures and cave systems.
The limestone reserves are overlain by soil and subsoil overburden which are removed separately
by bulldozerfloader and used in restoration of the tips, as is the clay which can occur in cavities
within the limestone.
The limestone is drilled and blasted using a combination of slurry and ammonium nitrate mixed
with fiel oil. Shot rock can be drawn from up to three sources simultaneously using wheeled
front end loaders loading a mixture of 50, 55 and 65 tonne dump trucks. Annually some 1.8
million tonnes of limestone are extracted.
Overall development of the quarry requires westward progression of the quarry faces to the
proposed final development and as such quarry planning is now fairly simple. However,
environmental pressures due to the quarrys location within the Peak District National Park
necessitated a great deal of planning to obtain the current planning permission.
The
accompanying map shows the quarry at the time of the most recent planning application, which
was submitted to extend the quarry westwards. Simplified geology is also shown on the map.
The cross sections indicate the relationship of the dtierent rock types within company ownership.
Restoration will be completed using waste material dug direct from the face and tipped crusher
rejects combined with restoration blasting to create a valley landform similar to local natural
topography. Substantial tree planting and re-building of stone walls in the quarry environs is also
required.

3.2

Dunbar,

East Lothian,

UK

The principal raw materials used at Dunbar are limestone and shale which are currently won from
the Northwest quarry located immediately north of the Works and are shown on the
accompanying map.
The geological succession at Dunbar comprises a sequence of interbedded limestone, sandstone
and shale of Carboniferous age overlain by a variable thickness of Glacial Drift deposits mainly
sand and gravel. The Carboniferous rocks have been tiected by folding, faulting and minor
igneous intrusions.
In order to ensure reasonably consistent raw material quality and to enable the quarry to be
developed in regular, orderly sequence, the two limestone beds are worked in a ratio directly
proportional to their relative thickness, whilst the shale required is taken from the bed overlying
the upper limestone, the balance being rejected to tip.
Water entering the quarry is derived from both run-off and ground water sources and due to the
dip of the beds collects naturally at the north end of the cut. From a sump it is pumped into
settling ponds prior to discharge into the sea.
The quarry is essentially a strip mine operation in which overburden and other waste rock is
deposited in the worked out area in order to achieve continuous restoration.
Most of the
overburden is transferred d~ectly across the working cut to the backfill area by a bridge conveyor
system. All materials are excavated in a series of successive 30 metre wide cuts which are each
worked up-dip from north to south, the overall direction of quarry advance being from west to
east.
The general scheme of operations is illustrated on the accompanying schematic section and view
and is based on a strict series of design parameters including batter angles, safety margins and
benches and angles of repose in tipped material.
The operation begins with a pre-strip of Glacial Drifl which being unconsolidated can be extracted
directly by scrapers or shovelhruck operation and transported to the backfill area. Soil and
subsoil are removed separately and used to complete the restoration of the tip. In the past
contractors have been used for this operation.
Most of the solid overburden (sandstone, shale) underlying the Drift is removed by the bridge
conveyor system. All is lightly blasted to enable it to be dug dwect from the face by a rope shovel.
The material is reduced to -350mm by an MMD crusher mounted on a hopper car and then fed
via a belt wagon onto the bridge conveyor itself
Shale required for the process is taken from a point near the access cut and dug direct by a
hydraulic excavator front shovel and transported by durnptruck to the primary crusher. A thin bed
of magnesian limestone and underlying shale directly on top of the upper limestone is drilled and
blasted as a separate operation. This material is loaded separately and transported across the cut
by quarry dumptruck.

Both upper and lower limestones are drilled and blasted and loaded by one of two hydraulic
excavators, one a front shovel, one a backhoe, into a fleet of 50 and 85 tonne dumptrucks.
Interburden between the two limestones consisting of sandstone, shale and magnesian limestone
is also blasted before being side cast by the RB 380W walking dragline into the worked out void
of the previous cut.
Drilling at all levels is undertaken by contractors in order to recover the required annual tonnage
of up to 1.2 million tonnes of limestone and 0.08 million tonnes of shale. For cement
manufacture, 3.0 million tonnes of overburden and interburden must be removed annually. (An
overall stripping ratio of around 2.8:1 in volume terms).

.-

10

3.3

Westburv,

Wiltshire,

UK

The raw materials used at Westbury are chalk from a quarry situated about 2km south of the
Works and clay from a quarry located adjacent to the Works. Both quarries are predominantly
within Company freehold ownership but part of the chalk quarry is leased.
The chalk is of Cretaceus age and represents a vertical thickness of almost 80 metres comprising
Upper, Middle and Lower chalk, Due to quality variations throughout its vertical thickness it is
necessary to work the quarry to create four products of different quality from a multiple bench
quarry operation. The accompanying schematic drawing illustrates how the geology influences
the quarry design.
All the chalk products are won and transported using one excavator and articulated dumpers
which transfer the various chalks to four separate stockpiles adjacent to the crusher.
The whole operation is carried out by contractor and supervised by a BCC quarry manager.
Currently the final depth of the quany is determined either geologically, the top of the chalk marl
which is considered chemically unsuitable, or operationally, a position 15 metres above the water
table, whichever is reached first.
Overburden on the chalk is minimal comprising less than one metre of topsoil and clay/sand
subsoil. Both are stripped separately and used later for restoration and landscaping purposes. As
the final quarry will represent a steep sided hole in the ground, restoration will be restricted to
stepping back and planting the final batters, together with a landscaped and seeded final floor.
Currently the operation produces up to 1.26 million tonnes of chalk annually for the manufacture
of cement.

11

3.4

Harleyville,

South Carolina,

USA

The raw materials used at Harleyville for cement production comprise marl (chalk) extracted from
a quarry adjacent to the Works and clay extracted from a Company owned property some 22
miles to the northwest of the Works. The accompanying drawing shows the layout of Works and
marl quarry.
The primary raw material (marl) is actually obtained from two horizons within the quarry, the
Santee Limestone and the overlying Cooper marl of Eocene and Oligocene age, respectively.
Both are soil chalky limestones and are overlain by superficial sand and clay of Pleistocene age.
All the sediments in this vicinity are practically horizontally disposed and lie within the coastal
plain geological province of South Carolina. Generally the Cooper marl is lower in grade than
the Santee and contains higher and more variable levels of compounds which have a deleterious
affect on cement quality. Occasionally this horizon has to be removed separately and blended
back in but more often than not the workable thicknesses of both types are blended vetiically
during extraction. The basal level of the quarry, within the Santee limestone, is determined
geologically by the presence of a hard band also deleterious to cement manufacture.
Coincidentally this also acts as a barrier to water bearing strata below. An average thickness of
80 feet (24 metres) combined Cooper and Santee limestones are worked.
As the marl is relatively homogeneous in quality, extraction is carried out using bulldozers
equipped with ripping equipment. These rip and doze the blended material down a shallow incline
to a point from which a wheeled front end loader collects and carries the material to a Stamler
breaker. This provides primary breaking down to -8 (200mm) and the resulting product is
conveyed to a stockpile within the Works.
The marls are overlain by variable thicknesses of sands and clay of marine origin. This material
10-40 feet in thickness (3-12 metres) is stripped using a backhoe excavator which loads into
articulated dump trucks ideally suited to the difficult ground conditions. The overburden is
transported to overburden dumps within the quarry.
Although the high natural water table will ensure that any meaningful restoration will be lakes,
temporary landscaping at low level on the quarry floor is taking place.
Annually the marl quarry produces around 1.197 million tons (short) of material for cement
manufacture which necessitates the removal of 360,000 yd3 (275 OOOm3)of overburden.

12

3.5

Kanthan

Works. Malavsia

The raw materials used in the manufacture of cement at Kanthan Works comprise limestone and
clay from leasehold Company properties close to the Works.
The topography of the area around the plant is dominated by steep to vertical sided limestone hills
which rise from a flat lying broad river valley in which the Works is situated.
The limestone exhibits considerable weathering and is heavily fractured and cavitated. Dips are
generally steep and individual hills contain a variety of limestone types which are interbedded
(dolomitic, high grade, siliceous). Since the Works was built the lower lying, more accessible
limestone hills and the lower flanks of the larger hills have been used in the production of cement.
Exploitation of the limestone hills is now concentrated on the tops of the two main hills to which
access roads for men and limited machinery have been constructed. For several years effort has
concentrated on creating a level bench at the top of the larger hill and removing the irregular
pinnacles situated there. This has only been partially successfl.d and production requirements have
been supplied both from attempts at pinnacle removal and iiom one of several temporary benches
established at the top of the hill. The accompanying photographs taken at the top of the main hill
illustrate the attempts at pinnacle removal. Drilling and blasting is used to initially break the
stone and the resulting material is sidecast over the side of the hill to a loading point below. For
safety several loading and sidecasting positions are used and this ensures not only continuity of
supply but also a blend of the limestone qualities available.
A variety of tracked and wheeled excavators and loaders are used both on the hill and at the lower
level in feeding the crusher. Both rigid and articulated dump trucks are used.
Current production levels are 120,000 tonnes/month and all operations are contracted out

13

KANTHAN

ACCESS
230m

WORKS : PROPOSED

SHORT

TERM

DEVELOPMENT

FROM

LEVEL

PRESENCE OF
DPINNACK
PREWNTS
FURIHER
ADVANCE OF
BENCHES WITHOUT
COMPROMISING

RECOMMENDED THAT PRESENT ACCESS FROM 230m

ACCESS

BE

LEVEL AND TOPMOST SECTION OF

BE REMOVED TO 280m

LEVEL. FUTURE

DRILLING CAN THEREFORE BE VERTICAL AND DOWNWARDS

1.

PHOTOGRAPH

KANTHAN

WORKS

: PROPOSED

SHORT

TERM DEVELOPMENT

A PINNACLE

PRESENT

PRACTICE

DRILL HORIZONTAL

A PINNACLE

WEST

RECOMMEND

E
260m

VERTICAL

ROWS PARALLEL
FACE

(AS

TO
HOLES

WITH

SHOW)

RECOMMENDED ACCESS ROUTE

LEVEL APPROX

PHOTOGRAPH 2

3.6

Weardale Works, County Durham, UK

The principal raw materials used at Weardale are limestone and shale won from a single quarry
located approximately 1.51cmsouth of the Works.
The geological succession comprises a sequence of interbedded limestone, sandstone and shale
of Carboniferous age. These solid formations are overlaid by Drift deposits comprising soil,
subsoil, Boulder Clay and peat.
The geological structure is fairly simple, the beds being essentially flat lying with local dips rarely
exceeding 5. Although there are a few minor faults and local mineralisation which can cause
problems with quality during working more significant problems are caused by the limestone being
extensively cavitated and irdilled with clay, silt or sand.
Geologically there are similarities between this site and Dunbar but quarry design and extraction
techniques have been significantly rdlected by topography. In this location the limestone and shale
required for cement manufacture outcrop along the valley side and uphill are overlain by
increasing thicknesses of overburden. Thk has produced a lateral quarry design the width of
which is governed by economic restrictions on the quantity of overburden it is possible to remove.
The considerable overburden volumes removed are disposed of in substantial tips located parallel
to the hillside and designed to minimise environmental impact. The impact of topography on
quarry design is illustrated on the accompanying map.
Overburden removal is variable and has varied between nil and 721,500 bank cubic metres
annually in the last 10 years. Primarily for this reason it is undertaken by contractors. Where
possible soil and subsoil are stripped separately and used for final restoration. The remaining Drifl
and solid overburden together with surplus shale and contaminated limestone is placed on
extensive tips within the quarry workings.
After overburden removal the limestone is drilled and blasted and loaded into a fleet of 50 and 55
tonne dumptrucks by two hydraulic face shovels. In order to optimise blasting efficiency whilst
undertaking safe working face heights and achieve quality requirements a two bench working
system is operated in two geographically distinct areas. Limestone is blended by loading from at
least two faces simultaneously.
Currently approximately 1 million tonnes of limestone are
extracted annually.
Shale is excavated periodically directly from the overburden faces by a wheeled loader assisted
by bulldozer. Transportation to a stockpile is by 50 and 55 tonne dumptrucks. No drilling and
blasting is necessary.
In wet weather the volume of run off water can be considerable and considerable time and effort
is spent on controlling it and ensuring compliance with quality restrictions on discharge.

14

3.7

Cemento Melon, Chile

Navio mine in Chile is the primary source of raw material for Cemento Melons cement
manufacturing plant in the town of La Calera situated some 120km north of the capital of
Santiago. Cemento Melon is a subsidiary of the UK based Blue Circle Industries PLC and the
mine represents the Groups only underground source of raw material. Navio has been in
production since 1928 and has produced some 28 million tonnes of limestone to date.
The limestone in the La Calera region is Jurassic in age and occurs in the form of relatively thin
beds varying between 5 and 30 metres in thickness. These occur within a sedimentary series
comprising conglomerate, sandstone, calcareous and non-calcareous shale. The sedimentary
series has an average thickness of some 350 metres and is both underlain and overlain by volcanic
rocks. In the region of the mine the beds are inclined at 30 to 50 to the east and have been
considerably affected by faulting.

The Navio deposit, because of its mode of occurrence within the local geological succession, has
to be exploited by underground methods. Originally the limestone was exploited manually by
open cast methods in the higher part of the Navio hill. As the excavation deepened and it became
necessary to hoist the limestone, development continued by means of a series of inclined shafts,
a system used until 1980 when underground 11.mctionswere centralised on the vertical shah. A
drawing showing the general layout of the operation is attached.
The actual level of production at present is over 600,000 tonnes of limestone and 200,000 tonnes
of waste produced annually.
The development infrastructure of the mine constitutes a system of despatch comprising a
combination of ore passes by which the various grades of limestone are gravitationally passed
from the levels of exploitation to the principal transport level which passes beneath all the working
areas. Material from different levels is transported by train to the crushing plant located within
a lower level of the mine. Within the slopes the limestone is drilled, blasted and dozed into piles
from which loaders carry it to the vertical chimneys. Historically, the high grade and low grade
limestones were extracted separately and blended at the factory. Currently however, the mine
produces one grade of limestone known as Monoproducto.
At the present there are two methods of stoping employed, namely room and pillar and sub-level
open stoping and these are illustrated diagrammatically on accompanying sheets. The Room and
Pillar method has been the method traditionally employed in the mine but this has now been
substituted in certain blocks by the new sub-level stoping method due to increasingly difficult
geological conditions. It is expected that in fiture as the mine workings become concentrated at
the deeper levels and geological conditions become increasingly difilcult that the predominant
method will be sub-level stoping complemented in certain low dip limestone blocks by the Room
and Pillar system.

15

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF CENTRAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Legend
Wasto

stock

pllo

and

conv~yor
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Principal

tunnel

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shaft

Q$?!!

Crusher

Locomotive

transport

Electrical

sub-

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tunnel

. .

slatlon

house

b=
British

Ore

passes

Mining

Eng, rleer.,..W.

Mining

syslem

Traced

Consultants

T.

bv.;.~S.G.

Lt{

Da!e.,.. March8

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METODO DE EXfWIACION FOR SLJB+JIVELES
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VISTA

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SISTEMA
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/-

EXPLOTACION
Y PILARES

4.

SUMMARY

For successtil and cost effective quarry planning and development it is essential that all the factors
specific to that site have been identified, evaluated and used in the preparation of the final
proposals.

16