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POPULORUMPROGRESSIO
ENCYCLICALOFPOPEPAULVI
ONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPEOPLES
MARCH26,1967

TotheBishops,Priests,Religious,andFaithfuloftheWholeCatholic
World,andtoAllMenofGoodWill.
HonoredBrothersandDearSons,HealthandApostolicBenediction.
Theprogressivedevelopmentofpeoplesisanobjectofdeepinterestand
concerntotheChurch.Thisisparticularlytrueinthecaseofthose
peopleswhoaretryingtoescapetheravagesofhunger,poverty,endemic
diseaseandignoranceofthosewhoareseekingalargershareinthe
benefitsofcivilizationandamoreactiveimprovementoftheirhuman
qualitiesofthosewhoareconsciouslystrivingforfullergrowth.
TheChurch'sConcern
Withanevenclearerawareness,sincetheSecondVaticanCouncil,ofthe
demandsimposedbyChrist'sGospelinthisarea,theChurchjudgesither
dutytohelpallmenexplorethisseriousprobleminallitsdimensions,and
toimpressuponthemtheneedforconcertedactionatthiscritical
juncture.
2.Ourrecentpredecessorsdidnotfailtodotheirdutyinthisarea.Their
noteworthymessagesshedthelightoftheGospeloncontemporarysocial
questions.TherewasLeoXIII'sencyclicalRerumNovarum,(1)PiusXI's
encyclicalQuadragesimoAnno,(2)PiusXII'sradiomessagetotheworld,
(3)andJohnXXIII'stwoencyclicals,MateretMagistra(4)andPacemin
Terris.(5)
AProblemforAllMen
3.Todayitismostimportantforpeopletounderstandandappreciatethat
thesocialquestiontiesallmentogether,ineverypartoftheworld.John
XXIIIstatedthisclearly,(6)andVaticanIIconfirmeditinitsPastoral
ConstitutiononTheChurchintheWorldofToday.(7)Theseriousness

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andurgencyoftheseteachingsmustberecognizedwithoutdelay.
Thehungrynationsoftheworldcryouttothepeoplesblessedwith
abundance.AndtheChurch,cuttothequickbythiscry,askseachand
everymantohearhisbrother'spleaandansweritlovingly.
OurJourneys
4.BeforeWebecamepope,WetraveledtoLatinAmerica(1960)and
Africa(1962).ThereWesawtheperplexingproblemsthatvexand
besiegethesecontinents,whichareotherwisefulloflifeandpromise.On
beingelectedpope,Webecamethefatherofallmen.Wemadetripsto
PalestineandIndia,gainingfirsthandknowledgeofthedifficultiesthat
theseageoldcivilizationsmustfaceintheirstruggleforfurther
development.BeforethecloseoftheSecondVaticanCouncil,providential
circumstancesallowedVstoaddresstheUnitedNationsandtopleadthe
caseoftheimpoverishednationsbeforethatdistinguishedassembly.
JusticeandPeace
5.Evenmorerecently,WesoughttofulfillthewishesoftheCouncilandto
demonstratetheHolySee'sconcernforthedevelopingnations.Todothis,
Wefeltitwasnecessarytoaddanotherpontificalcommissiontothe
Church'scentraladministration.Thepurposeofthiscommissionis"to
awakeninthePeopleofGodfullawarenessoftheirmissiontoday.Inthis
waytheycanfurthertheprogressofpoorernationsandinternational
socialjustice,aswellashelplessdevelopednationstocontributetotheir
owndevelopment."(8)
Thenameofthiscommission,JusticeandPeace,aptlydescribesits
programanditsgoal.Wearesurethatallmenofgoodwillwanttojoin
OurfellowCatholicsandfellowChristiansincarryingoutthisprogram.So
todayWeearnestlyurgeallmentopooltheirideasandtheiractivitiesfor
man'scompletedevelopmentandthedevelopmentofallmankind.
I.MAN'SCOMPLETEDEVELOPMENT
6.Todayweseementryingtosecureasurefoodsupply,curesfor
diseases,andsteadyemployment.Weseethemtryingtoeliminateevery
ill,toremoveeveryobstaclewhichoffendsman'sdignity.Theyare
continuallystrivingtoexercisegreaterpersonalresponsibilitytodomore,
learnmore,andhavemoresothattheymightincreasetheirpersonal
worth.Andyet,atthesametime,alargenumberofthemliveamid
conditionswhichfrustratetheselegitimatedesires.

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Moreover,thosenationswhichhaverecentlygainedindependencefind
thatpoliticalfreedomisnotenough.Theymustalsoacquirethesocialand
economicstructuresandprocessesthataccordwithman'snatureand
activity,iftheircitizensaretoachievepersonalgrowthandiftheircountry
istotakeitsrightfulplaceintheinternationalcommunity.
EffectsofColonialism
7.Thoughinsufficientfortheimmensityandurgencyofthetask,the
meansinheritedfromthepastarenottotallyuseless.Itistruethat
colonizingnationsweresometimesconcernedwithnothingsavetheirown
interests,theirownpowerandtheirownprestigetheirdepartureleftthe
economyofthesecountriesinprecariousimbalancetheonecrop
economy,forexample,whichisatthemercyofsudden,wideranging
fluctuationsinmarketprices.Certaintypesofcolonialismsurelycaused
harmandpavedthewayforfurthertroubles.
Ontheotherhand,wemustalsoreserveawordofpraiseforthose
colonizerswhoseskillsandtechnicalknowhowbroughtbenefitstomany
untamedlands,andwhoseworksurvivestothisday.Thestructural
machinerytheyintroducedwasnotfullydevelopedorperfected,butitdid
helptoreduceignoranceanddisease,topromotecommunication,andto
improvelivingconditions.
TheWideningGap
8.Grantedallthis,itisonlytooclearthatthesestructuresarenomatch
fortheharsheconomicrealitiesoftoday.Unlesstheexistingmachineryis
modified,thedisparitybetweenrichandpoornationswillincreaserather
thandiminishtherichnationsareprogressingwithrapidstrideswhilethe
poornationsmoveforwardataslowpace.
Theimbalancegrowswitheachpassingday:whilesomenationsproduce
afoodsurplus,othernationsareindesperateneedoffoodorareunsure
oftheirexportmarket.
SignsofSocialUnrest
9.Atthesametime,socialunresthasgraduallyspreadthroughoutthe
world.Theacuterestlessnessengulfingthepoorerclassesincountries
thatarenowbeingindustrializedhasspreadtootherregionswhere
agricultureisthemainstayoftheeconomy.Thefarmerispainfullyaware
ofhis"wretchedlot."(9)

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Thentherearetheflagrantinequalitiesnotmerelyintheenjoymentof
possessions,butevenmoreintheexerciseofpower.Incertainregionsa
privilegedminorityenjoystherefinementsoflife,whiletherestofthe
inhabitants,impoverishedanddisunited,"aredeprivedofalmostall
possibilityofactingontheirowninitiativeandresponsibility,andoften
subsistinlivingandworkingconditionsunworthyofthehumanperson."
(10)CulturalConflicts
10.Moreover,traditionalculturecomesintoconflictwiththeadvanced
techniquesofmodernindustrializationsocialstructuresoutoftunewith
today'sdemandsarethreatenedwithextinction.Fortheoldergeneration,
therigidstructuresoftraditionalculturearethenecessarymainstayof
one'spersonalandfamilylifetheycannotbeabandoned.Theyounger
generation,ontheotherhand,regardsthemasuselessobstacles,and
rejectsthemtoembracenewformsofsocietallife.
Theconflictbetweengenerationsleadstoatragicdilemma:eitherto
preservetraditionalbeliefsandstructuresandrejectsocialprogressorto
embraceforeigntechnologyandforeignculture,andrejectancestral
traditionswiththeirwealthofhumanism.Thesadfactisthatweoften
seetheoldermoral,spiritualandreligiousvaluesgivewaywithoutfinding
anyplaceinthenewschemeofthings.
ConcomitantDangers
11.Insuchtroubledtimessomepeoplearestronglytemptedbythe
alluringbutdeceitfulpromisesofwouldbesaviors.Whodoesnotseethe
concomitantdangers:publicupheavals,civilinsurrection,thedrifttoward
totalitarianideologies?
Thesearetherealitiesofthequestionunderstudyhere,andtheirgravity
mustsurelybeapparenttoeveryone.
TheChurchandDevelopment
12.TruetotheteachingandexampleofherdivineFounder,whocitedthe
preachingoftheGospeltothepoorasasignofHismission,(12)the
Churchhasneverfailedtofosterthehumanprogressofthenationsto
whichshebringsfaithinChrist.Besideserectingsacrededifices,her
missionarieshavealsopromotedconstructionofhospitals,sanitariums,
schoolsanduniversities.Byteachingthenativepopulationhowtotakefull
advantageofnaturalresources,themissionariesoftenprotectedthem
fromthegreedofforeigners.

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Wewouldcertainlyadmitthatthisworkwassometimesfarfromperfect,
sinceitwastheworkofmen.Themissionariessometimesintermingled
thethoughtpatternsandbehaviorpatternsoftheirnativelandwiththe
authenticmessageofChrist.Yet,forallthis,theydidprotectandpromote
indigenousinstitutionsandmanyofthempioneeredinpromotingthe
country'smaterialandculturalprogress.
WeneedonlymentiontheeffortsofPereCharlesdeFoucauld:he
compiledavaluabledictionaryoftheTuareglanguage,andhischaritywon
himthetitle,"everyone'sbrother."SoWedeemitfittingtopraisethose
oftforgottenpioneerswhoweremotivatedbyloveforChrist,justasWe
honortheirimitatorsandsuccessorswhotodaycontinuetoput
themselvesatthegenerousandunselfishserviceofthosetowhomthey
preachtheGospel.
ThePresentNeed
13.Inthepresentday,however,individualandgroupeffortwithinthese
countriesisnolongerenough.Theworldsituationrequirestheconcerted
effortofeveryone,athoroughexaminationofeveryfacetoftheproblem
social,economic,culturalandspiritual.
TheChurch,whichhaslongexperienceinhumanaffairsandhasnodesire
tobeinvolvedinthepoliticalactivitiesofanynation,"seeksbutonegoal:
tocarryforwardtheworkofChristundertheleadofthebefriendingSpirit.
AndChristenteredthisworldtogivewitnesstothetruthtosave,notto
judgetoserve,nottobeserved.''(12)
Foundedtobuildthekingdomofheavenonearthratherthantoacquire
temporalpower,theChurchopenlyavowsthatthetwopowersChurch
andStatearedistinctfromoneanotherthateachissupremeinitsown
sphereofcompetency.(13)ButsincetheChurchdoesdwellamongmen,
shehastheduty"ofscrutinizingthesignsofthetimesandofinterpreting
theminthelightoftheGospel."(14)Sharingthenoblestaspirationsof
menandsufferingwhensheseestheseaspirationsnotsatisfied,she
wishestohelpthemattaintheirfullrealization.Sosheoffersmanher
distinctivecontribution:aglobalperspectiveonmanandhumanrealities.
AuthenticDevelopment
14.ThedevelopmentWespeakofherecannotberestrictedtoeconomic
growthalone.Tobeauthentic,itmustbewellroundeditmustfosterthe
developmentofeachmanandofthewholeman.Asaneminentspecialist

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onthisquestionhasrightlysaid:"Wecannotalloweconomicstobe
separatedfromhumanrealities,nordevelopmentfromthecivilizationin
whichittakesplace.Whatcountsforusismaneachindividualman,
eachhumangroup,andhumanityasawhole.''(15)
PersonalResponsibility
15.InGod'splan,everymanisborntoseekselffulfillment,forevery
humanlifeiscalledtosometaskbyGod.Atbirthahumanbeing
possessescertainaptitudesandabilitiesingerminalform,andthese
qualitiesaretobecultivatedsothattheymaybearfruit.Bydeveloping
thesetraitsthroughformaleducationofpersonaleffort,theindividual
workshiswaytowardthegoalsetforhimbytheCreator.
Endowedwithintellectandfreewill,eachmanisresponsibleforhisself
fulfillmentevenasheisforhissalvation.Heishelped,andsometimes
hindered,byhisteachersandthosearoundhimyetwhateverbethe
outsideinfluencesexertedonhim,heisthechiefarchitectofhisown
successorfailure.Utilizingonlyhistalentandwillpower,eachmancan
growinhumanity,enhancehispersonalworth,andperfecthimself.
Man'sSupernaturalDestiny
16.Selfdevelopment,however,isnotleftuptoman'soption.Justasthe
wholeofcreationisorderedtowarditsCreator,sotootherational
creatureshouldofhisownaccorddirecthislifetoGod,thefirsttruthand
thehighestgood.Thushumanselffulfillmentmaybesaidtosumupour
obligations.
Moreover,thisharmoniousintegrationofourhumannature,carried
throughbypersonaleffortandresponsibleactivity,isdestinedforahigher
stateofperfection.UnitedwiththelifegivingChrist,man'slifeisnewly
enhanceditacquiresatranscendenthumanismwhichsurpassesits
natureandbestowsnewfullnessoflife.Thisisthehighestgoalofhuman
selffulfillment.
TiesWithAllMen
17.Eachmanisalsoamemberofsocietyhencehebelongstothe
communityofman.Itisnotjustcertainindividualsbutallmenwhoare
calledtofurtherthedevelopmentofhumansocietyasawhole.
Civilizationsspringup,flourishanddie.Asthewavesoftheseagradually
creepfartherandfartherinalongtheshoreline,sothehumanraceinches
itswayforwardthroughhistory.

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Wearetheheirsofearliergenerations,andwereapbenefitsfromthe
effortsofourcontemporariesweareunderobligationtoallmen.
Thereforewecannotdisregardthewelfareofthosewhowillcomeafter
ustoincreasethehumanfamily.Therealityofhumansolidaritybringsus
notonlybenefitsbutalsoobligations.
DevelopmentinProperPerspective
18.Man'spersonalandcollectivefulfillmentcouldbejeopardizedifthe
properscaleofvalueswerenotmaintained.Thepursuitoflife's
necessitiesisquitelegitimatehencewearedutyboundtodothework
whichenablesustoobtainthem:"Ifanyoneisunwillingtowork,donot
lethimeat.''(l6)Buttheacquisitionofworldlygoodscanleadmento
greed,totheunrelentingdesireformore,tothepursuitofgreater
personalpower.Richandpooralikebetheyindividuals,familiesor
nationscanfallpreytoavariceandsoulstiflingmaterialism.
LatentDangers
19.Neitherindividualsnornationsshouldregardthepossessionofmore
andmoregoodsastheultimateobjective.Everykindofprogressisatwo
edgedsword.Itisnecessaryifmanistogrowasahumanbeingyetit
canalsoenslavehim,ifhecomestoregarditasthesupremegoodand
cannotlookbeyondit.Whenthishappens,menhardentheirhearts,shut
outothersfromtheirmindsandgathertogethersolelyforreasonsofself
interestratherthanoutoffriendshipdissensionanddisunityfollowsoon
after.
Thustheexclusivepursuitofmaterialpossessionspreventsman'sgrowth
asahumanbeingandstandsinoppositiontohistruegrandeur.Avarice,
inindividualsandinnations,isthemostobviousformofstultifiedmoral
development.
ANewHumanismNeeded
20.Ifdevelopmentcallsforanevergrowingnumberoftechnicalexperts,
evenmorenecessarystillisthedeepthoughtandreflectionofwisemen
insearchofanewhumanism,onewhichwillenableourcontemporariesto
enjoythehighervaluesofloveandfriendship,ofprayerand
contemplation,(17)andthusfindthemselves.Thisiswhatwillguarantee
man'sauthenticdevelopmenthistransitionfromlessthanhuman
conditionstotrulyhumanones.
TheScaleofValues

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21.Whatarelessthanhumanconditions?Thematerialpovertyofthose
wholackthebarenecessitiesoflife,andthemoralpovertyofthosewho
arecrushedundertheweightoftheirownselfloveoppressivepolitical
structuresresultingfromtheabuseofownershiportheimproperexercise
ofpower,fromtheexploitationoftheworkerorunjusttransactions.
Whataretrulyhumanconditions?Therisefrompovertytotheacquisition
oflife'snecessitiestheeliminationofsocialillsbroadeningthehorizons
ofknowledgeacquiringrefinementandculture.Fromthereonecangoon
toacquireagrowingawarenessofotherpeople'sdignity,atasteforthe
spiritofpoverty,(l8)anactiveinterestinthecommongood,andadesire
forpeace.ThenmancanacknowledgethehighestvaluesandGod
Himself,theirauthorandend.Finallyandaboveall,thereisfaithGod's
gifttomenofgoodwillandourlovingunityinChrist,whocallsallmento
shareGod'slifeassonsofthelivingGod,theFatherofallmen.
IssuesandPrinciples
22.IntheveryfirstpagesofScripturewereadthesewords:"Filltheearth
andsubdueit."(19)Thisteachesusthatthewholeofcreationisforman,
thathehasbeenchargedtogiveitmeaningbyhisintelligentactivity,to
completeandperfectitbyhisowneffortsandtohisownadvantage.
Nowiftheearthtrulywascreatedtoprovidemanwiththenecessitiesof
lifeandthetoolsforhisownprogress,itfollowsthateverymanhasthe
righttogleanwhatheneedsfromtheearth.TherecentCouncilreiterated
thistruth:"Godintendedtheearthandeverythinginitfortheuseofall
humanbeingsandpeoples.Thus,undertheleadershipofjusticeandin
thecompanyofcharity,createdgoodsshouldflowfairlytoall."(20)
Allotherrights,whatevertheymaybe,includingtherightsofpropertyand
freetrade,aretobesubordinatedtothisprinciple.Theyshouldinnoway
hinderitinfact,theyshouldactivelyfacilitateitsimplementation.
Redirectingtheserightsbacktotheiroriginalpurposemustberegardedas
animportantandurgentsocialduty.
TheUseofPrivateProperty
23."Hewhohasthegoodsofthisworldandseeshisbrotherinneedand
closeshishearttohim,howdoestheloveofGodabideinhim?"(21)
EveryoneknowsthattheFathersoftheChurchlaiddownthedutyofthe
richtowardthepoorinnouncertainterms.AsSt.Ambroseputit:"Youare
notmakingagiftofwhatisyourstothepoorman,butyouaregivinghim

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backwhatishis.Youhavebeenappropriatingthingsthataremeanttobe
forthecommonuseofeveryone.Theearthbelongstoeveryone,notto
therich."(22)Thesewordsindicatethattherighttoprivatepropertyis
notabsoluteandunconditional.
Noonemayappropriatesurplusgoodssolelyforhisownprivateusewhen
otherslackthebarenecessitiesoflife.Inshort,"astheFathersofthe
Churchandothereminenttheologianstellus,therightofprivateproperty
mayneverbeexercisedtothedetrimentofthecommongood."When
"privategainandbasiccommunityneedsconflictwithoneanother,"itis
forthepublicauthorities"toseekasolutiontothesequestions,withthe
activeinvolvementofindividualcitizensandsocialgroups."(23)
TheCommonGood
24.Ifcertainlandedestatesimpedethegeneralprosperitybecausethey
areextensive,unusedorpoorlyused,orbecausetheybringhardshipto
peoplesoraredetrimentaltotheinterestsofthecountry,thecommon
goodsometimesdemandstheirexpropriation.
VaticanIIaffirmsthisemphatically.(24)Atthesametimeitclearly
teachesthatincomethusderivedisnotforman'scapricioususe,andthat
theexclusivepursuitofpersonalgainisprohibited.Consequently,itisnot
permissibleforcitizenswhohavegarneredsizeableincomefromthe
resourcesandactivitiesoftheirownnationtodepositalargeportionof
theirincomeinforeigncountriesforthesakeoftheirownprivategain
alone,takingnoaccountoftheircountry'sinterestsindoingthis,they
clearlywrongtheircountry.(25)
TheValueofIndustrialization
25.Theintroductionofindustrialization,whichisnecessaryforeconomic
growthandhumanprogress,isbothasignofdevelopmentandaspurto
it.Bydintofintelligentthoughtandhardwork,mangraduallyuncoversthe
hiddenlawsofnatureandlearnstomakebetteruseofnaturalresources.
Ashetakescontroloverhiswayoflife,heisstimulatedtoundertakenew
investigationsandfreshdiscoveries,totakeprudentrisksandlaunchnew
ventures,toactresponsiblyandgiveofhimselfunselfishly.
UnbridledLiberalism
26.However,certainconceptshavesomehowarisenoutofthesenew
conditionsandinsinuatedthemselvesintothefabricofhumansociety.
Theseconceptspresentprofitasthechiefspurtoeconomicprogress,free

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competitionastheguidingnormofeconomics,andprivateownershipof
themeansofproductionasanabsoluteright,havingnolimitsnor
concomitantsocialobligations
Thisunbridledliberalismpavesthewayforaparticulartypeoftyranny,
rightlycondemnedbyOurpredecessorPiusXI,foritresultsinthe
"internationalimperialismofmoney."(26)
Suchimpropermanipulationsofeconomicforcescanneverbecondemned
enoughletitbesaidonceagainthateconomicsissupposedtobeinthe
serviceofman.(27)
Butifitistruethatatypeofcapitalism,asitiscommonlycalled,has
givenrisetohardships,unjustpractices,andfratricidalconflictsthat
persisttothisday,itwouldbeamistaketoattributetheseevilstotherise
ofindustrializationitself,fortheyreallyderivefromthepernicious
economicconceptsthatgrewupalongwithit.Wemustinallfairness
acknowledgethevitalroleplayedbylaborsystemizationandindustrial
organizationinthetaskofdevelopment.
NobilityofWork
27.Theconceptofworkcanturnintoanexaggeratedmystique.Yet,for
allthat,itissomethingwilledandapprovedbyGod.Fashionedinthe
imageofhisCreator,"manmustcooperatewithHimincompletingthe
workofcreationandengravingontheearththespiritualimprintwhichhe
himselfhasreceived."(25)Godgavemanintelligence,sensitivityandthe
powerofthoughttoolswithwhichtofinishandperfecttheworkHe
began.Everyworkeris,tosomeextent,acreatorbeheartist,craftsman,
executive,laborerorfarmer.
Bentoveramaterialthatresistshisefforts,theworkerleaveshisimprint
onit,atthesametimedevelopinghisownpowersofpersistence,
inventivenessandconcentration.Further,whenworkisdoneincommon
whenhope,hardship,ambitionandjoyareshareditbringstogetherand
firmlyunitesthewills,mindsandheartsofmen.Initsaccomplishment,
menfindthemselvestobebrothers.(29)
DangersandIdeals
28.Work,too,hasadoubleedge.Sinceitpromisesmoney,pleasureand
power,itstirsupselfishnessinsomeandincitesothertorevolt.Onthe
otherhand,italsofostersaprofessionaloutlook,asenseofduty,and
loveofneighbor.Eventhoughitisnowbeingorganizedmorescientifically

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andefficiently,itstillcanthreatenman'sdignityandenslavehimforwork
ishumanonlyifitresultsfromman'suseofintellectandfreewill.
OurpredecessorJohnXXIIIstressedtheurgentneedofrestoringdignity
totheworkerandmakinghimarealpartnerinthecommontask:"Every
effortmustbemadetoensurethattheenterpriseisindeedatruehuman
community,concernedabouttheneeds,theactivitiesandthestandingof
eachofitsmembers."(30)
ConsideredfromaChristianpointofview,workhasanevenloftier
connotation.Itisdirectedtotheestablishmentofasupernaturalorder
hereonearth,(31)ataskthatwillnotbecompleteduntilwealluniteto
formthatperfectmanhoodofwhichSt.Paulspeaks,"thematuremeasure
ofthefullnessofChrist."(32)
BalancedProgressRequired
29.Wemustmakehaste.Toomanypeoplearesuffering.Whilesome
makeprogress,othersstandstillormovebackwardsandthegap
betweenthemiswidening.However,theworkmustproceedinmeasured
stepsiftheproperequilibriumistobemaintained.Makeshiftagrarian
reformsmayfallshortoftheirgoal.Hastyindustrializationcanundermine
vitalinstitutionsandproducesocialevils,causingasetbacktotruehuman
values.
Reform,NotRevolution
30.TheinjusticeofcertainsituationscriesoutforGod'sattention.Lacking
thebarenecessitiesoflife,wholenationsareunderthethumbofothers
theycannotactontheirowninitiativetheycannotexercisepersonal
responsibilitytheycannotworktowardahigherdegreeofcultural
refinementoragreaterparticipationinsocialandpubliclife.Theyare
sorelytemptedtoredresstheseinsultstotheirhumannaturebyviolent
means.
31.Everyoneknows,however,thatrevolutionaryuprisingsexceptwhere
thereismanifest,longstandingtyrannywhichwoulddogreatdamageto
fundamentalpersonalrightsanddangerousharmtothecommongoodof
thecountryengendernewinjustices,introducenewinequitiesandbring
newdisasters.Theevilsituationthatexists,anditsurelyisevil,maynot
bedealtwithinsuchawaythatanevenworsesituationresults.
ATaskforEveryone

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32.Wewanttobeclearlyunderstoodonthispoint:Thepresentstateof
affairsmustbeconfrontedboldly,anditsconcomitantinjusticesmustbe
challengedandovercome.Continuingdevelopmentcallsforbold
innovationsthatwillworkprofoundchanges.Thecriticalstateofaffairs
mustbecorrectedforthebetterwithoutdelay.
Everyonemustlendareadyhandtothistask,particularlythosewhocan
domostbyreasonoftheireducation,theiroffice,ortheirauthority.They
shouldsetagoodexamplebycontributingpartoftheirowngoods,as
severalofOurbrotherbishopshavedone.(33)Inthiswaytheywillbe
responsivetomen'slongingsandfaithfultotheHolySpirit,because"the
fermentoftheGospel,too,hasarousedandcontinuestoarouseinman's
hearttheirresistiblerequirementsofhisdignity.(34)
ProgramsandPlanning
33.Individualinitiativealoneandtheinterplayofcompetitionwillnot
ensuresatisfactorydevelopment.Wecannotproceedtoincreasethe
wealthandpoweroftherichwhileweentrenchtheneedyintheirpoverty
andaddtothewoesoftheoppressed.Organizedprogramsarenecessary
for"directing,stimulating,coordinating,supplyingandintegrating"(35)the
workofindividualsandintermediaryorganizations.
Itisforthepublicauthoritiestoestablishandlaydownthedesiredgoals,
theplanstobefollowed,andthemethodstobeusedinfulfillingthem
anditisalsotheirtasktostimulatetheeffortsofthoseinvolvedinthis
commonactivity.Buttheymustalsoseetoitthatprivateinitiativeand
intermediaryorganizationsareinvolvedinthiswork.Inthiswaytheywill
avoidtotalcollectivizationandthedangersofaplannedeconomywhich
mightthreatenhumanlibertyandobstructtheexerciseofman'sbasic
humanrights.
TheUltimatePurpose
34.Organizedprogramsdesignedtoincreaseproductivityshouldhavebut
oneaim:toservehumannature.Theyshouldreduceinequities,eliminate
discrimination,freemenfromthebondsofservitude,andthusgivethem
thecapacity,inthesphereoftemporalrealities,toimprovetheirlot,to
furthertheirmoralgrowthandtodeveloptheirspiritualendowments.
Whenwespeakofdevelopment,weshouldmeansocialprogressaswell
aseconomicgrowth.
Itisnotenoughtoincreasethegeneralfundofwealthandthendistribute

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itmorefairly.Itisnotenoughtodeveloptechnologysothattheearthmay
becomeamoresuitablelivingplaceforhumanbeings.Themistakesof
thosewholedthewayshouldhelpthosenowontheroadtodevelopment
toavoidcertaindangers.Thereignoftechnologytechnocracy,asitis
calledcancauseasmuchharmtotheworldoftomorrowasliberalism
didtotheworldofyesteryear.Economicsandtechnologyaremeaningless
iftheydonotbenefitman,foritishetheyaretoserve.Manistruly
humanonlyifheisthemasterofhisownactionsandthejudgeoftheir
worth,onlyifheisthearchitectofhisownprogress.Hemustact
accordingtohisGodgivennature,freelyacceptingitspotentialsandits
claimsuponhim.
BasicEducation
35.Wecanevensaythateconomicgrowthisdependentonsocial
progress,thegoaltowhichitaspiresandthatbasiceducationisthefirst
objectiveforanynationseekingtodevelopitself.Lackofeducationisas
seriousaslackoffoodtheilliterateisastarvedspirit.Whensomeone
learnshowtoreadandwrite,heisequippedtodoajobandtoshouldera
profession,todevelopselfconfidenceandrealizethathecanprogress
alongwithothers.AsWesaidinOurmessagetotheUNESCOmeetingat
Teheran,literacyisthe"firstandmostbasictoolforpersonalenrichment
andsocialintegrationanditissociety'smostvaluabletoolforfurthering
developmentandeconomicprogress."(36)
Wealsorejoiceatthegoodworkaccomplishedinthisfieldbyprivate
initiative,bythepublicauthorities,andbyinternationalorganizations.
Thesearetheprimaryagentsofdevelopment,becausetheyenableman
toactforhimself.
RoleoftheFamily
36.Manisnotreallyhimself,however,exceptwithintheframeworkof
societyandtherethefamilyplaysthebasicandmostimportantrole.The
family'sinfluencemayhavebeenexcessiveatsomeperiodsofhistoryand
insomeplaces,totheextentthatitwasexercisedtothedetrimentofthe
fundamentalrightsoftheindividual.Yettimehonoredsocialframeworks,
propertothedevelopingnations,arestillnecessaryforawhile,evenas
theirexcessivestricturesaregraduallyrelaxed.Thenaturalfamily,stable
andmonogamousasfashionedbyGod(37)andsanctifiedbyChristianity
"inwhichdifferentgenerationslivetogether,helpingeachotherto
acquiregreaterwisdomandtoharmonizepersonalrightswithothersocial
needs,isthebasisofsociety"(38)

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PopulationGrowth
37.Thereisnodenyingthattheacceleratedrateofpopulationgrowth
bringsmanyaddeddifficultiestotheproblemsofdevelopmentwherethe
sizeofthepopulationgrowsmorerapidlythanthequantityofavailable
resourcestosuchadegreethatthingsseemtohavereachedanimpasse.
Insuchcircumstancespeopleareinclinedtoapplydrasticremediesto
reducethebirthrate.
Thereisnodoubtthatpublicauthoritiescaninterveneinthismatter,
withintheboundsoftheircompetence.Theycaninstructcitizensonthis
subjectandadoptappropriatemeasures,solongasthesearein
conformitywiththedictatesofthemorallawandtherightfulfreedomof
marriedcouplesispreservedcompletelyintact.Whentheinalienableright
ofmarriageandofprocreationistakenaway,soishumandignity.
Finally,itisforparentstotakeathoroughlookatthematteranddecide
uponthenumberoftheirchildren.Thisisanobligationtheytakeupon
themselves,beforetheirchildrenalreadyborn,andbeforethecommunity
towhichtheybelongfollowingthedictatesoftheirownconsciences
informedbyGod'slawauthenticallyinterpreted,andbolsteredbytheir
trustinHim.(39)
ProfessionalOrganizations
38.Inthetaskofdevelopmentmanfindsthefamilytobethefirstand
mostbasicsocialstructurebutheisoftenhelpedbyprofessional
organizations.Whilesuchorganizationsarefoundedtoaidandassisttheir
members,theybearaheavyresponsibilityforthetaskofeducationwhich
theycanandmustcarryout.Intraininganddevelopingindividualmen,
theydomuchtocultivateinthemanawarenessofthecommongoodand
ofitsdemandsuponall.
39.EveryformofsocialactioninvolvessomedoctrineandtheChristian
rejectsthatwhichisbasedonamaterialisticandatheisticphilosophy,
namelyonewhichshowsnorespectforareligiousoutlookonlife,for
freedomorhumandignity.Solongasthesehighervaluesarepreserved
intact,however,theexistenceofavarietyofprofessionalorganizations
andtradeunionsispermissible.Varietymayevenhelptopreserve
freedomandcreatefriendlyrivalry.Wegladlycommendthosepeoplewho
unselfishlyservetheirbrothersbyworkinginsuchorganizations.
CulturalInstitutions

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40.Culturalinstitutionsalsodoagreatdealtofurthertheworkof
development.TheirimportantrolewasstressedbytheCouncil:"...the
futureoftheworldstandsinperilunlesswisermenareforthcoming.It
shouldalsobepointedoutthatmanynations,poorerineconomicgoods,
arequiterichinwisdomandcanoffernoteworthyadvantagestoothers."
(40)
Everycountry,richorpoor,hasaculturaltraditionhandeddownfrompast
generations.Thistraditionincludesinstitutionsrequiredbylifeintheworld,
andhighermanifestationsartistic,intellectualandreligiousofthelifeof
thespirit.Whenthelatterembodytrulyhumanvalues,itwouldbeagreat
mistaketosacrificethemforthesakeoftheformer.Anygroupofpeople
whowouldconsenttoletthishappen,wouldbegivingupthebetter
portionoftheirheritageinordertolive,theywouldbegivinguptheir
reasonforliving.Christ'squestionisdirectedtonationsalso:"Whatdoes
itprofitaman,ifhegainthewholeworldbutsufferthelossofhisown
soul?''(41)
AvoidingPastTemptations
41.Thepoorernationscanneverbetoomuchonguardagainstthe
temptationposedbythewealthiernations.Forthesenations,withtheir
favorableresultsfromahighlytechnicalandculturallydeveloped
civilization,provideanexampleofworkanddiligencewithtemporal
prosperitythemainpursuit.Notthattemporalprosperityofitselfprecludes
theactivityofthehumanspirit.Indeed,withit,"thehumanspirit,being
lesssubjectedtomaterialthings,canbemoreeasilydrawntotheworship
andcontemplationoftheCreator."(42)Ontheotherhand,"modern
civilizationitselfoftencomplicatestheapproachtoGod,notforany
essentialreason,butbecauseitissomuchengrossedinworldlyaffairs."
(43)
Thedevelopingnationsmustchoosewiselyfromamongthethingsthat
areofferedtothem.Theymusttestandrejectfalsevaluesthatwould
tarnishatrulyhumanwayoflife,whileacceptingnobleandusefulvalues
inordertodevelopthemintheirowndistinctiveway,alongwiththeirown
indigenousheritage.
AFullBodiedHumanism
42.Theultimategoalisafullbodiedhumanism.(44)Anddoesthisnot
meanthefulfillmentofthewholemanandofeveryman?Anarrow
humanism,closedinonitselfandnotopentothevaluesofthespiritand

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toGodwhoistheirsource,couldachieveapparentsuccess,formancan
setaboutorganizingterrestrialrealitieswithoutGod.But"closedofffrom
God,theywillendupbeingdirectedagainstman.Ahumanismclosedoff
fromotherrealitiesbecomesinhuman."(45)
TruehumanismpointsthewaytowardGodandacknowledgesthetaskto
whichwearecalled,thetaskwhichoffersustherealmeaningofhuman
life.Manisnottheultimatemeasureofman.Manbecomestrulymanonly
bypassingbeyondhimself.InthewordsofPascal:"Maninfinitely
surpassesman."(46)
II.THECOMMONDEVELOPMENTOFMANKIND
43.Developmentoftheindividualnecessarilyentailsajointeffortforthe
developmentofthehumanraceasawhole.AtBombayWesaid:"Man
mustmeetman,nationmustmeetnation,asbrothersandsisters,as
childrenofGod.Inthismutualunderstandingandfriendship,inthissacred
communion,wemustalsobegintoworktogethertobuildthecommon
futureofthehumanrace."(47)Wealsourgementoexploreconcrete
andpracticablewaysoforganizingandcoordinatingtheirefforts,sothat
availableresourcesmightbesharedwithothersinthiswaygenuine
bondsbetweennationsmightbeforged.
ThreeMajorDuties
44.Thisdutyconcernsfirstandforemostthewealthiernations.Their
obligationsstemfromthehumanandsupernaturalbrotherhoodofman,
andpresentathreefoldobligation:1)mutualsolidaritytheaidthatthe
richernationsmustgivetodevelopingnations2)socialjusticethe
rectificationoftraderelationsbetweenstrongandweaknations3)
universalcharitytheefforttobuildamorehumaneworldcommunity,
whereallcangiveandreceive,andwheretheprogressofsomeisnot
boughtattheexpenseofothers.Thematterisurgent,foronitdepends
thefutureofworldcivilization.
AidtoDevelopingNations
45."Ifabrotherorasisterbenakedandinwantofdailyfood,"saysSt.
James,"andoneofyousaytothem,'Goinpeace,bewarmandfilled,'yet
youdonotgivethemwhatisnecessaryforthebody,whatdoesitprofit?"
(48)Todaynoonecanbeunawareofthefactthatonsomecontinents
countlessmenandwomenareravishedbyhungerandcountlesschildren
areundernourished.Manychildrendieatanearlyagemanymoreofthem

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findtheirphysicalandmentalgrowthretarded.Thuswholepopulationsare
immersedinpitiablecircumstancesandloseheart.
46.Anxiousappealsforhelphavealreadybeenvoiced.ThatofOur
predecessorJohnXXIIIwaswarmlyreceived.(49)Wereiteratedhis
sentimentsinOurChristmasmessageof1963,(50)andagainin1966on
behalfofIndia.(51)TheworkoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationof
theUnitedNations(FAO)hasbeenencouragedbytheHolySeeandhas
foundgeneroussupport.Ourownorganization,CaritasInternationalis,is
atworkallovertheworld.ManyCatholics,attheurgingofOurbrother
bishops,havecontributedunstintinglytotheassistanceoftheneedyand
havegraduallywidenedthecircleofthosetheycallneighbors.
AWorldofFreeMen
47.Buttheseefforts,aswellaspublicandprivateallocationsofgifts,
loansandinvestments,arenotenough.Itisnotjustaquestionof
eliminatinghungerandreducingpoverty.Itisnotjustaquestionof
fightingwretchedconditions,thoughthisisanurgentandnecessarytask.
Itinvolvesbuildingahumancommunitywheremencanlivetrulyhuman
lives,freefromdiscriminationonaccountofrace,religionornationality,
freefromservitudetoothermenortonaturalforceswhichtheycannot
yetcontrolsatisfactorily.Itinvolvesbuildingahumancommunitywhere
libertyisnotanidleword,wheretheneedyLazaruscansitdownwiththe
richmanatthesamebanquettable.(52)
Onthepartoftherichman,itcallsforgreatgenerosity,willingsacrifice
anddiligenteffort.Eachmanmustexaminehisconscience,whichsounds
anewcallinourpresenttimes.Ishepreparedtosupport,athisown
expense,projectsandundertakingsdesignedtohelptheneedy?Ishe
preparedtopayhighertaxessothatpublicauthoritiesmayexpandtheir
effortsintheworkofdevelopment?Ishepreparedtopaymorefor
importedgoods,sothattheforeignproducermaymakeafairerprofit?Is
hepreparedtoemigratefromhishomelandifnecessaryandifheis
young,inordertohelptheemergingnations?
ANationalDuty
48.Thedutyofpromotinghumansolidarityalsofallsupontheshoulders
ofnations:"Itisaveryimportantdutyoftheadvancednationstohelpthe
developingnations..."(53)Thisconciliarteachingmustbeimplemented.
WhileitisproperthatanationbethefirsttoenjoytheGodgivenfruitsof
itsownlabor,nonationmaydaretohoarditsrichesforitsownusealone.

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Eachandeverynationmustproducemoreandbettergoodsandproducts,
sothatallitscitizensmaylivetrulyhumanlivesandsothatitmay
contributetothecommondevelopmentofthehumanrace.
Consideringthemountingindigenceoflessdevelopedcountries,itisonly
fittingthataprosperousnationsetasidesomeofthegoodsithas
producedinordertoalleviatetheirneedsandthatittraineducators,
engineers,techniciansandscholarswhowillcontributetheirknowledge
andtheirskilltotheselessfortunatecountries.
SuperfluousWealth
49.Wemustrepeatthatthesuperfluousgoodsofwealthiernationsought
tobeplacedatthedisposalofpoorernations.Therule,byvirtueofwhich
intimespastthosenearestusweretobehelpedintimeofneed,applies
todaytoalltheneedythroughouttheworld.Andtheprosperingpeoples
willbethefirsttobenefitfromthis.Continuingavariceontheirpartwill
arousethejudgmentofGodandthewrathofthepoor,with
consequencesnoonecanforesee.Ifprosperousnationscontinuetobe
jealousoftheirownadvantagealone,theywilljeopardizetheirhighest
values,sacrificingthepursuitofexcellencetotheacquisitionof
possessions.Wemightwellapplytothemtheparableoftherichman.His
fieldsyieldedanabundantharvestandhedidnotknowwheretostoreit:
"ButGodsaidtohim,'Fool,thisverynightyoursoulwillbedemanded
fromyou...'"(54)
ConcertedPlanning
50.Iftheseeffortsaretobesuccessful,theycannotbedisparateand
disorganizednorshouldtheyviewithoneanotherforthesakeofpower
orprestige.Thetimescallforcoordinatedplanningofprojectsand
programs,whicharemuchmoreeffectivethanoccasionalefforts
promotedbyindividualgoodwill.
AsWesaidabove,studiesmustbemade,goalsmustbedefined,methods
andmeansmustbechosen,andtheworkofselectmenmustbe
coordinatedonlythenwillpresentneedsbemetandfuturedemands
anticipated.Moreover,suchplannedprogramsdomorethanpromote
economicandsocialprogress.Theygiveforceandmeaningtothework
undertaken,putdueorderintohumanlife,andthusenhanceman'sdignity
andhiscapabilities.
AWorldFund

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51.Afurtherstepmustbetaken.WhenWewereatBombayforthe
EucharisticCongress,Weaskedworldleaderstosetasidepartoftheir
militaryexpendituresforaworldfundtorelievetheneedsofimpoverished
peoples.(55)Whatistruefortheimmediatewaragainstpovertyisalso
truefortheworkofnationaldevelopment.Onlyaconcertedeffortonthe
partofallnations,embodiedinandcarriedoutbythisworldfund,willstop
thesesenselessrivalriesandpromotefruitful,friendlydialoguebetween
nations.
52.Itiscertainlyallrighttomaintainbilateralandmultilateralagreements.
Throughsuchagreements,tiesofdependenceandfeelingsofjealousy
holdoversfromtheeraofcolonialismgivewaytofriendlyrelationshipsof
truesolidaritythatarebasedonjuridicalandpoliticalequality.Butsuch
agreementswouldbefreeofallsuspicioniftheywereintegratedintoan
overallpolicyofworldwidecollaboration.Themembernations,whobenefit
fromtheseagreements,wouldhavelessreasonforfearormistrust.They
wouldnothavetoworrythatfinancialortechnicalassistancewasbeing
usedasacoverforsomenewformofcolonialismthatwouldthreaten
theircivilliberty,exerteconomicpressureonthem,orcreateanewpower
groupwithcontrollinginfluence.
53.Isitnotplaintoeveryonethatsuchafundwouldreducetheneedfor
thoseotherexpendituresthataremotivatedbyfearandstubbornpride?
Countlessmillionsarestarving,countlessfamiliesaredestitute,countless
menaresteepedinignorancecountlesspeopleneedschools,hospitals,
andhomesworthyofthename.Insuchcircumstances,wecannot
toleratepublicandprivateexpendituresofawastefulnaturewecannot
butcondemnlavishdisplaysofwealthbynationsorindividualswecannot
approveadebilitatingarmsrace.ItisOursolemndutytospeakout
againstthem.IfonlyworldleaderswouldlistentoUs,beforeitistoolate!
DialogueBetweenNations
54.AllnationsmustinitiatethedialoguewhichWecalledforinOurfirst
encyclical,EcclesiamSuam.(56)Adialoguebetweenthosewhocontribute
aidandthosewhoreceiveitwillpermitawellbalancedassessmentofthe
supporttobeprovided,takingintoconsiderationnotonlythegenerosity
andtheavailablewealthofthedonornations,butalsotherealneedsof
thereceivingcountriesandtheusetowhichthefinancialassistancecan
beput.Developingcountrieswillthusnolongerriskbeingoverwhelmedby
debtswhoserepaymentswallowsupthegreaterpartoftheirgains.Rates
ofinterestandtimeforrepaymentoftheloancouldbesoarrangedasnot
tobetoogreataburdenoneitherparty,takingintoaccountfreegifts,

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interestfreeorlowinterestloans,andthetimeneededforliquidatingthe
debts.
Thedonorscouldcertainlyaskforassurancesastohowthemoneywillbe
used.Itshouldbeusedforsomemutuallyacceptablepurposeandwith
reasonablehopeofsuccess,forthereisnoquestionofbackingidlersand
parasites.Ontheotherhand,therecipientswouldcertainlyhavetheright
todemandthatnooneinterfereintheinternalaffairsoftheirgovernment
ordisrupttheirsocialorder.Assovereignnations,theyareentitledto
managetheirownaffairs,tofashiontheirownpolicies,andtochoose
theirownformofgovernment.Inotherwords,whatisneededismutual
cooperationamongnations,freelyundertaken,whereeachenjoysequal
dignityandcanhelptoshapeaworldcommunitytrulyworthyofman.
AnUrgentTask
55.Thistaskmightseemimpossibleinthoseregionswherethedaily
struggleforsubsistenceabsorbstheattentionofthefamily,wherepeople
areatalosstofindworkthatmightimprovetheirlotduringtheir
remainingdaysonearth.Thesepeoplemustbegiveneverypossiblehelp
theymustbeencouragedtotakestepsfortheirownbettermentandto
seekoutthemeansthatwillenablethemtodoso.Thiscommontask
undoubtedlycallsforconcerted,continuingandcourageouseffort.Butlet
therebenodoubtaboutit,itisanurgenttask.Theverylifeofneedy
nations,civilpeaceinthedevelopingcountries,andworldpeaceitselfare
atstake.
EquityinTradeRelations
56.Effortsarebeingmadetohelpthedevelopingnationsfinanciallyand
technologically.Someoftheseeffortsareconsiderable.Yetallthese
effortswillprovetobevainanduseless,iftheirresultsarenullifiedtoa
largeextentbytheunstabletraderelationsbetweenrichandpoornations.
Thelatterwillhavenogroundsforhopeortrustiftheyfearthatwhatis
beinggiventhemwithonehandisbeingtakenawaywiththeother.
GrowingDistortion
57.Highlyindustrializednationsexporttheirownmanufacturedproducts,
forthemostpart.Lessdevelopednations,ontheotherhand,have
nothingtosellbutrawmaterialsandagriculturalcrops.Asaresultof
technicalprogress,thepriceofmanufacturedproductsisrisingrapidlyand
theyfindareadymarket.Butthebasiccropsandrawmaterialsproduced

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bythelessdevelopedcountriesaresubjecttosuddenandwideranging
shiftsinmarketpricetheydonotshareinthegrowingmarketvalueof
industrialproducts.
Thisposesseriousdifficultiestothedevelopingnations.Theydependon
exportstoalargeextentforabalancedeconomyandforfurthersteps
towarddevelopment.Thustheneedynationsgrowmoredestitute,while
therichnationsbecomeevenricher.
FreeTradeConceptInadequate
58.Itisevidentthattheprincipleoffreetrade,byitself,isnolonger
adequateforregulatinginternationalagreements.Itcertainlycanwork
whenbothpartiesareaboutequaleconomicallyinsuchcasesit
stimulatesprogressandrewardseffort.Thatiswhyindustriallydeveloped
nationsseeanelementofjusticeinthisprinciple.
Butthecaseisquitedifferentwhenthenationsinvolvedarefarfrom
equal.Marketpricesthatarefreelyagreeduponcanturnouttobemost
unfair.Itmustbeavowedopenlythat,inthiscase,thefundamentaltenet
ofliberalism(asitiscalled),asthenormformarketdealings,isopento
seriousquestion.
JusticeatEveryLevel
59.TheteachingsetforthbyOurpredecessorLeoXIIIinRerumNovarum
isstillvalidtoday:whentwopartiesareinveryunequalpositions,their
mutualconsentalonedoesnotguaranteeafaircontracttheruleoffree
consentremainssubservienttothedemandsofthenaturallaw.(57)In
RerumNovarumthisprinciplewassetdownwithregardtoajustwagefor
theindividualworkerbutitshouldbeappliedwithequalforcetocontracts
madebetweennations:traderelationscannolongerbebasedsolelyon
theprincipleoffree,uncheckedcompetition,foritveryoftencreatesan
economicdictatorship.Freetradecanbecalledjustonlywhenitconforms
tothedemandsofsocialjustice.
60.Asamatteroffact,thehighlydevelopednationshavealreadycometo
realizethis.Attimestheytakeappropriatemeasurestorestorebalanceto
theirowneconomy,abalancewhichisfrequentlyupsetbycompetition
whenlefttoitself.Thusithappensthatthesenationsoftensupporttheir
agricultureatthepriceofsacrificesimposedoneconomicallymorefavored
sectors.Similarly,tomaintainthecommercialrelationswhichare
developingamongthemselves,especiallywithinacommonmarket,the

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financial,fiscalandsocialpolicyofthesenationstriestorestore
comparableopportunitiestocompetingindustrieswhicharenotequally
prospering.
OneStandardforAll
61.Nowinthismatteronestandardshouldholdtrueforall.Whatapplies
tonationaleconomiesandtohighlydevelopednationsmustalsoapplyto
traderelationsbetweenrichandpoornations.Indeed,competitionshould
notbeeliminatedfromtradetransactionsbutitmustbekeptwithinlimits
sothatitoperatesjustlyandfairly,andthusbecomesatrulyhuman
endeavor.
Nowintraderelationsbetweenthedevelopingandthehighlydeveloped
economiesthereisagreatdisparityintheiroverallsituationandintheir
freedomofaction.Inorderthatinternationaltradebehumanandmoral,
socialjusticerequiresthatitrestoretotheparticipantsacertainequality
ofopportunity.Tobesure,thisequalitywillnotbeattainedatonce,but
wemustbegintoworktowarditnowbyinjectingacertainamountof
equalityintodiscussionsandpricetalks.
Hereagaininternationalagreementsonabroadscalecanhelpagreat
deal.Theycouldestablishgeneralnormsforregulatingprices,promoting
productionfacilities,andfavoringcertaininfantindustries.Isn'titplainto
everyonethatsuchattemptstoestablishgreaterjusticeininternational
tradewouldbeofgreatbenefittothedevelopingnations,andthatthey
wouldproducelastingresults?
TheObstaclesofNationalism
62.Thereareotherobstaclestocreationofamorejustsocialorderand
tothedevelopmentofworldsolidarity:nationalismandracism.Itisquite
naturalthatnationsrecentlyarrivedatpoliticalindependenceshouldbe
quitejealousoftheirnewfoundbutfragileunityandmakeeveryeffortto
preserveit.Itisalsoquitenaturalfornationswithalongstandingcultural
traditiontobeproudoftheirtraditionalheritage.Butthiscommendable
attitudeshouldbefurtherennobledbylove,aloveforthewholefamilyof
man.Haughtyprideinone'sownnationdisunitesnationsandposes
obstaclestotheirtruewelfare.Itisespeciallyharmfulwheretheweak
stateoftheeconomycallsforapoolingofinformation,effortsand
financialresourcestoimplementprogramsofdevelopmentandtoincrease
commercialandculturalinterchange....andRacism

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63.Racismisnottheexclusiveattributeofyoungnations,where
sometimesithidesbeneaththerivalriesofclansandpoliticalparties,with
heavylossesforjusticeandattheriskofcivilwar.Duringthecolonial
perioditoftenflaredupbetweenthecolonistsandtheindigenous
population,andstoodinthewayofmutuallyprofitableunderstanding,
oftengivingrisetobitternessinthewakeofgenuineinjustices.Itisstill
anobstacletocollaborationamongdisadvantagednationsandacauseof
divisionandhatredwithincountrieswheneverindividualsandfamiliessee
theinviolablerightsofthehumanpersonheldinscorn,astheythemselves
areunjustlysubjectedtoaregimeofdiscriminationbecauseoftheirrace
ortheircolor.
HopesfortheFuture
64.Thisstateofaffairs,whichbodesillforthefuture,causesUsgreat
distressandanguish.ButWecherishthishope:thatdistrustand
selfishnessamongnationswilleventuallybeovercomebyastronger
desireformutualcollaborationandaheightenedsenseofsolidarity.We
hopethatthedevelopingnationswilltakeadvantageoftheirgeographical
proximitytooneanothertoorganizeonabroaderterritorialbaseandto
pooltheireffortsforthedevelopmentofagivenregion.Wehopethat
theywilldrawupjointprograms,coordinateinvestmentfundswisely,
divideproductionquotasfairly,andexercisemanagementoverthe
marketingoftheseproducts.Wealsohopethatmultilateralandbroad
internationalassociationswillundertakethenecessaryworkof
organizationtofindwaysofhelpingneedynations,sothatthesenations
mayescapefromthefettersnowbindingthemsothattheythemselves
maydiscovertheroadtoculturalandsocialprogress,whileremaining
faithfultothenativegeniusoftheirland.
TheArtisansofDestiny
65.Thatisthegoaltowardwhichwemustwork.Anevermoreeffective
worldsolidarityshouldallowallpeoplestobecometheartisansoftheir
destiny.Uptonowrelationsbetweennationshavetoooftenbeen
governedbyforceindeed,thatisthehallmarkofpasthistory.
Maythedaycomewheninternationalrelationshipswillbecharacterizedby
respectandfriendship,whenmutualcooperationwillbethehallmarkof
collaborativeefforts,andwhenconcertedeffortforthebettermentofall
nationswillberegardedasadutybyeverynation.Thedevelopingnations
nowemergingareaskingthattheybeallowedtotakepartinthe
constructionofabetterworld,aworldwhichwouldprovidebetter

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protectionforeveryman'srightsandduties.Itiscertainlyalegitimate
demand,soeveryonemustheedandfulfillit.
WorldwideBrotherlyLove
66.Humansocietyissorelyill.Thecauseisnotsomuchthedepletionof
naturalresources,northeirmonopolisticcontrolbyaprivilegedfewitis
rathertheweakeningofbrotherlytiesbetweenindividualsandnations.
WelcomingtheStranger
67.Wecannotinsisttoomuchonthedutyofgivingforeignersa
hospitablereception.Itisadutyimposedbyhumansolidarityandby
Christiancharity,anditisincumbentuponfamiliesandeducational
institutionsinthehostnations.
Youngpeople,inparticular,mustbegivenawarmreceptionmoreand
morefamiliesandhostelsmustopentheirdoorstothem.Thismustbe
done,firstofall,thattheymaybeshieldedfromfeelingsofloneliness,
distressanddespairthatwouldsaptheirstrength.Itisalsonecessaryso
thattheymaybeguardedagainstthecorruptinginfluenceoftheirnew
surroundings,wherethecontrastbetweenthedirepovertyoftheir
homelandandthelavishluxuryoftheirpresentsurroundingsis,asitwere,
forceduponthem.Andfinally,itmustbedonesothattheymaybe
protectedfromsubversivenotionsandtemptationstoviolence,whichgain
headwayintheirmindswhentheypondertheir"wretchedplight.''(58)In
short,theyshouldbewelcomedinthespiritofbrotherlylove,sothatthe
concreteexampleofwholesomelivingmaygivethemahighopinionof
authenticChristiancharityandofspiritualvalues.
68.Wearedeeplydistressedbywhathappenstomanyoftheseyoung
people.Theycometowealthiernationstoacquirescientificknowledge,
professionaltraining,andahighqualityeducationthatwillenablethemto
servetheirownlandwithgreatereffectiveness.Theydogetafine
education,butveryoftentheylosetheirrespectforthepricelesscultural
heritageoftheirnativeland.
69.Emigrantworkersshouldalsobegivenawarmwelcome.Theirliving
conditionsareofteninhuman,andtheymustscrimpontheirearningsin
ordertosendhelptotheirfamilieswhohaveremainedbehindintheir
nativelandinpoverty.
ASocialSense

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70.Wewouldalsosayawordtothosewhotraveltonewlyindustrialized
nationsforbusinesspurposes:industrialists,merchants,managersand
representativesoflargebusinessconcerns.Itoftenhappensthatintheir
ownlandtheydonotlackasocialsense.Whyisit,then,thattheygivein
tobasermotivesofselfinterestwhentheysetouttodobusinessinthe
developingcountries?Theirmorefavoredpositionshouldratherspurthem
ontobeinitiatorsofsocialprogressandhumanbettermentintheselands.
Theirorganizationalexperienceshouldhelpthemtofigureoutwaysto
makeintelligentuseofthelaboroftheindigenouspopulation,todevelop
skilledworkers,totrainengineersandothermanagementmen,tofoster
thesepeople'sinitiativeandpreparethemforofficesofevergreater
responsibility.Inthiswaytheywillpreparethesepeopletotakeoverthe
burdenofmanagementinthenearfuture.
Inthemeantime,justicemustprevailindealingsbetweensuperiorsand
theirsubordinates.Legitimatecontractsshouldgoverntheseemployment
relations,spellingoutthedutiesinvolved.Andnoone,whateverhisstatus
maybe,shouldbeunjustlysubjectedtothearbitrarywhimofanother.
DevelopmentMissions
71.Wecertainlyrejoiceoverthefactthataneverincreasingnumberof
expertsarebeingsentondevelopmentmissionsbyprivategroups,
bilateralassociationsandinternationalorganizations.Thesespecialists
mustnot"actasoverlords,butashelpersandfellowworkers.''(59)The
peopleofacountrysoondiscoverwhethertheirnewhelpersare
motivatedbygoodwillornot,whethertheywanttoenhancehuman
dignityormerelytryouttheirspecialtechniques.Theexpert'smessage
willsurelyberejectedbythesepeopleifitisnotinspiredbybrotherlylove.
TheRoleofExperts
72.Technicalexpertiseisnecessary,butitmustbeaccompaniedby
concretesignsofgenuinelove.Untaintedbyoverbearingnationalisticpride
oranytraceofracialdiscrimination,expertsshouldlearnhowtoworkin
collaborationwitheveryone.Theymustrealizethattheirexpertknowledge
doesnotgivethemsuperiorityineverysphereoflife.Theculturewhich
shapedtheirlivinghabitsdoescontaincertainuniversalhumanelements
butitcannotberegardedastheonlyculture,norcanitregardother
cultureswithhaughtydisdain.Ifitisintroducedintoforeignlands,itmust
undergoadaptation.
Thusthosewhoundertakesuchworkmustrealizetheyareguestsina

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foreignlandtheymustseetoitthattheystudiouslyobserveitshistorical
traditions,itsrichculture,anditspeculiargenius.Arapprochement
betweencultureswillthustakeplace,bringingbenefitstobothsides.
ServicetotheWorld
73.Sinceredialoguebetweencultures,asbetweenindividuals,pavesthe
wayfortiesofbrotherhood.Plansproposedforman'sbettermentwill
uniteallnationsinthejointefforttobeundertaken,ifeverycitizenbehe
agovernmentleader,apublicofficial,orasimpleworkmanismotivated
bybrotherlyloveandistrulyanxioustobuildoneuniversalhuman
civilizationthatspanstheglobe.Thenweshallseethestartofadialogue
onmanratherthanontheproductsofthesoiloroftechnology.
Thisdialoguewillbefruitfulifitshowstheparticipantshowtomake
economicprogressandhowtoachievespiritualgrowthaswellifthe
technicianstaketheroleofteachersandeducatorsifthetraining
providedischaracterizedbyaconcernforspiritualandmoralvalues,so
thatitensureshumanbettermentaswellaseconomicgrowth.Thenthe
bondsofsolidaritywillendure,evenwhentheaidprogramsarepastand
gone.Itisnotplaintoallthatclosertiesofthissortwillcontribute
immeasurablytothepreservationofworldpeace?
AnAppealtoYouth
74.Wearefullyawareofthefactthatmanyyoungpeoplehavealready
respondedwholeheartedlytotheinvitationofOurpredecessorPiusXII,
summoningthelaitytotakepartinmissionarywork.(60)Wealsoknow
thatotheryoungpeoplehaveofferedtheirservicestopublicandprivate
organizationsthatseektoaiddevelopingnations.Wearedelightedto
learnthatinsomenationstheirrequirementofmilitarydutycanbe
fulfilled,inpartatleast,bysocialserviceor,simply,service.Wecommend
suchundertakingsandthemenofgoodwillwhotakepartinthem.Would
thatallthosewhoprofesstobefollowersofChristmightheedHisplea:"I
washungryandyougavemetoeatIwasthirstyandyougavemeto
drinkIwasastrangerandyoutookmeinnakedandyoucoveredme
sickandyouvisitedmeIwasinprisonandyoucametome."(61)
Nooneispermittedtodisregardtheplightofhisbrotherslivingindire
poverty,enmeshedinignoranceandtormentedbyinsecurity.The
Christian,movedbythissadstateofaffairs,shouldechothewordsof
Christ:"Ihavecompassiononthecrowd."(62)

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PrayerandAction
75.LeteveryoneimploreGodtheFatherAlmightythatthehumanrace,
whichiscertainlyawareoftheseevils,willbendeveryeffortofmindand
spirittotheireradication.Tothisprayershouldbeaddedtheresolute
commitmentofeveryindividual.Eachshoulddoasmuchashecan,as
besthecan,tocounteracttheslowpaceofprogressinsomenations.And
itistobehopedthatindividuals,socialorganizationsandnationswilljoin
handsinbrotherlyfashionthestrongaidingtheweakallcontributing
theirknowledge,theirenthusiasmandtheirlovetothetask,without
thinkingoftheirownconvenience.
Itisthepersonwhoismotivatedbygenuinelove,morethananyoneelse,
whopitshisintelligenceagainsttheproblemsofpoverty,tryingtouncover
thecausesandlookingforeffectivewaysofcombattingandovercoming
them.Asapromoterofpeace,"hegoesonhisway,holdingaloftthe
torchofjoyandsheddinglightandgraceontheheartsofmenalloverthe
worldhehelpsthemtocrossthebarriersofgeographicalfrontiers,to
acknowledgeeverymanasafriendandbrother."(63)
Development,theNewNameforPeace
76.Extremedisparitybetweennationsineconomic,socialandeducational
levelsprovokesjealousyanddiscord,oftenputtingpeaceinjeopardy.As
WetoldtheCouncilFathersonOurreturnfromtheUnitedNations:"We
havetodevoteourattentiontothesituationofthosenationsstillstriving
toadvance.WhatWemean,toputitinclearerwords,isthatourcharity
towardthepoor,ofwhomtherearecountlessnumbersintheworld,has
tobecomemoresolicitous,moreeffective,moregenerous."(64)
Whenwefightpovertyandopposetheunfairconditionsofthepresent,
wearenotjustpromotinghumanwellbeingwearealsofurtheringman's
spiritualandmoraldevelopment,andhencewearebenefitingthewhole
humanrace.Forpeaceisnotsimplytheabsenceofwarfare,basedona
precariousbalanceofpoweritisfashionedbyeffortsdirecteddayafter
daytowardtheestablishmentoftheordereduniversewilledbyGod,with
amoreperfectformofjusticeamongmen.(65)
77.Nationsarethearchitectsoftheirowndevelopment,andtheymust
beartheburdenofthisworkbuttheycannotaccomplishitiftheylivein
isolationfromothers.Regionalmutualaidagreementsamongthepoorer
nations,broaderbasedprogramsofsupportforthesenations,major
alliancesbetweennationstocoordinatetheseactivitiesthesearethe

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roadsignsthatpointthewaytonationaldevelopmentandworldpeace.
TowardanEffectiveWorldAuthority
78.Suchinternationalcollaborationamongthenationsoftheworld
certainlycallsforinstitutionsthatwillpromote,coordinateanddirectit,
untilanewjuridicalorderisfirmlyestablishedandfullyratified.Wegive
willingandwholeheartedsupporttothosepublicorganizationsthathave
alreadyjoinedinpromotingthedevelopmentofnations,andWeardently
hopethattheywillenjoyevergrowingauthority.AsWetoldtheUnited
NationsGeneralAssemblyinNewYork:"Yourvocationistobringnotjust
somepeoplesbutallpeoplestogetherasbrothers...Whocanfailtosee
theneedandimportanceofthusgraduallycomingtotheestablishmentof
aworldauthoritycapableoftakingeffectiveactiononthejuridicaland
politicalplanes?"(66)
HopefortheFuture
79.Somewouldregardthesehopesasvainflightsoffancy.Itmaybe
thatthesepeoplearenotrealisticenough,andthattheyhavenotnoticed
thattheworldismovingrapidlyinacertaindirection.Menaregrowing
moreanxioustoestablishclosertiesofbrotherhooddespitetheir
ignorance,theirmistakes,theiroffenses,andeventheirlapsesinto
barbarismandtheirwanderingsfromthepathofsalvation,theyareslowly
makingtheirwaytotheCreator,evenwithoutadvertingtoit.
Thisstruggletowardamorehumanwayoflifecertainlycallsforhard
workandimposesdifficultsacrifices.Butevenadversity,whenenduredfor
thesakeofone'sbrothersandoutofloveforthem,cancontributegreatly
tohumanprogress.TheChristianknowsfullwellthatwhenheunites
himselfwiththeexpiatorysacrificeoftheDivineSavior,hehelpsgreatlyto
buildupthebodyofChrist,(67)toassemblethePeopleofGodintothe
fullnessofChrist.
AFinalAppeal
80.Wemusttravelthisroadtogether,unitedinmindsandhearts.Hence
Wefeelitnecessarytoremindeveryoneoftheseriousnessofthisissuein
allitsdimensions,andtoimpressuponthemtheneedforaction.The
momentforactionhasreachedacriticaljuncture.Cancountlessinnocent
childrenbesaved?Cancountlessdestitutefamiliesobtainmorehuman
livingconditions?Canworldpeaceandhumancivilizationbepreserved
intact?Everyindividualandeverynationmustfaceuptothisissue,foritis

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theirproblem.
ToCatholics
81.Weappeal,firstofall,toOursons.Inthedevelopingnationsandin
othercountrieslaypeoplemustconsiderittheirtasktoimprovethe
temporalorder.Whilethehierarchyhastheroleofteachingand
authoritativelyinterpretingthemorallawsandpreceptsthatapplyinthis
matter,thelaityhavethedutyofusingtheirowninitiativeandtaking
actioninthisareawithoutwaitingpassivelyfordirectivesandprecepts
fromothers.TheymusttrytoinfuseaChristianspiritintopeople'smental
outlookanddailybehavior,intothelawsandstructuresofthecivil
community.(68)Changesmustbemadepresentconditionsmustbe
improved.Andthetransformationsmustbepermeatedwiththespiritof
theGospel.
WeespeciallyurgeCatholicmenlivingindevelopednationstooffertheir
skillsandearnestassistancetopublicandprivateorganizations,bothcivil
andreligious,workingtosolvetheproblemsofdevelopingnations.They
willsurelywanttobeinthefirstranksofthosewhosparenoeffortto
havejustandfairlaws,basedonmoralprecepts,establishedamongall
nations.
ToOtherChristiansandBelievers
82.AllOurChristianbrothers,Wearesurewillwanttoconsolidateand
expandtheircollaborativeeffortstoreduceman'simmoderateselflove
andhaughtypride,toeliminatequarrelsandrivalries,andtorepress
demagogueryandinjusticesothatamorehumanwayoflivingisopened
toall,witheachmanhelpingothersoutofbrotherlylove.
Furthermore,WestillrememberwithdeepaffectionthedialogueWehad
withvariousnonChristianindividualsandcommunitiesinBombay.Soonce
againWeaskthesebrothersofOurstodoallintheirpowertopromote
livingconditionstrulyworthyofthechildrenofGod.
ToAllMenofGoodWill
83.Finally,Welooktoallmenofgoodwill,remindingthemthatcivil
progressandeconomicdevelopmentaretheonlyroadtopeace.
Delegatestointernationalorganizations,publicofficials,gentlemenofthe
press,teachersandeducatorsallofyoumustrealizethatyouhaveyour
parttoplayintheconstructionofanewworldorder.WeaskGodto
enlightenandstrengthenyouall,sothatyoumaypersuadeallmentoturn

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theirattentiontothesegravequestionsandpromptnationstowork
towardtheirsolution.
Educators,youshouldresolvetoinspireyoungpeoplewithaloveforthe
needynations.Gentlemenofthepress,yourjobistoplacebeforeour
eyestheinitiativesthatarebeingtakentopromotemutualaid,andthe
tragicspectacleofmiseryandpovertythatpeopletendtoignoreinorder
tosalvetheirconsciences.Thusatleastthewealthywillknowthatthe
poorstandoutsidetheirdoorswaitingtoreceivesomeleftoversfromtheir
banquets.
ToGovernmentAuthorities
84.Governmentleaders,yourtaskistodrawyourcommunitiesintocloser
tiesofsolidaritywithallmen,andtoconvincethemthattheymustaccept
thenecessarytaxesontheirluxuriesandtheirwastefulexpendituresin
ordertopromotethedevelopmentofnationsandthepreservationof
peace.Delegatestointernationalorganizations,itislargelyyourtaskto
seetoitthatsenselessarmsracesanddangerouspowerplaysgiveway
tomutualcollaborationbetweennations,acollaborationthatisfriendly,
peaceoriented,anddivestedofselfinterest,acollaborationthat
contributesgreatlytothecommondevelopmentofmankindandallowsthe
individualtofindfulfillment.
ToThoughtfulMen
85.Itmustbeadmittedthatmenveryoftenfindthemselvesinasad
statebecausetheydonotgiveenoughthoughtandconsiderationtothese
things.SoWecalluponmenofdeepthoughtandwisdomCatholicsand
Christians,believersinGodanddevoteesoftruthandjustice,allmenof
goodwilltotakeastheirownChrist'sinjunction,"Seekandyoushall
find."(69)Blazethetrailstomutualcooperationamongmen,todeeper
knowledgeandmorewidespreadcharity,toawayoflifemarkedbytrue
brotherhood,toahumansocietybasedonmutualharmony.
ToAllPromotersofDevelopment
86.Finally,awordtothoseofyouwhohaveheardthecriesofneedy
nationsandhavecometotheiraid.Weconsideryouthepromotersand
apostlesofgenuineprogressandtruedevelopment.Genuineprogress
doesnotconsistinwealthsoughtforpersonalcomfortorforitsownsake
ratheritconsistsinaneconomicorderdesignedforthewelfareofthe
humanperson,wherethedailybreadthateachmanreceivesreflectsthe

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glowofbrotherlyloveandthehelpinghandofGod.
87.WeblessyouwithallOurheart,andWecalluponallmenofgoodwill
tojoinforceswithyouasabandofbrothers.Knowing,aswealldo,that
developmentmeanspeacethesedays,whatmanwouldnotwanttowork
foritwitheveryounceofhisstrength?Noone,ofcourse.SoWebeseech
allofyoutorespondwholeheartedlytoOururgentplea,inthenameof
theLord.
GivenatRome,atSt.Peter's,onthefeastoftheResurrection,March26,
1967,inthefourthyearofOurpontificate.
PAULVI
NOTES
LATINTEXT:ActaApostolicaeSedis,59(1967),25799.
ENGLISHTRANSLATION:ThePopeSpeaks,12(Spring,1967),14472.
REFERENCES
(1)Cf.ActaLeonisXIII,11(1892),97148.
(2)Cf.AAS23(1931),177228.
(3)Cf.,forexample,RadiomessageofJune1,1941,onthe50th
anniversaryofLeoXIII'sEncyclicalletterRerumNovarum:AAS33(1941),
195205Radiomessage,Christmas1942:AAS35(1943),924Allocution
toItalianCatholicWorkersAssociation,meetingtocommemorateRerum
Novarum,May14,1953:AAS45(1953),402408.
(4)Cf.AAS53(1961),401464.
(5)Cf.AAS55(1963),257304.
14.(6)Cf.Encyc.letterMateretMagistra:AAS53(1961),440.
15.(7)Cf.PastoralConstitutionontheChurchintheWorldofToday,no.
63:AAS58(1966),1084[cf.TPSXI,302].
(8)Apostoliclettermotuproprio,CatholicamChristiEcclesiam:AAS59
(1967),27[cf.v.12ofTPS,103106].
(9)Cf.LeoXIII,Encyc.letterRerumNovarum:ActaLeonisXIII,11(1892),
98.

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(10)Cf.ChurchintheWorldofToday,no.63:AAS58(1966),1085[cf.
TPSXI,302].
(11)Cf.Lk7,22.
(12)Cf.ChurchintheWorldofTodayno.3:AAS58(1966),1026[cf.TPS
XI,261].
(13)Cf.LeoXIII,Encyc.letterImmortaleDei:ActaLeonisXIII5(1885),
127.
(14)ChurchintheWorldofToday,no.4:AAS58(1966),1027[cf.TPS
XI,261].
(15)Cf.L.J.Lebret,O.P.,DynamiqueconcrtedudveloppementParis:
EconomieetHumanisme,Leseditionsouvriers(1961),28.
(16)2Thes3.10.
(17)Cf.,forexample,J.Maritain,Lesconditionsspintuellesduprogrset
delapaix,inananthologyentitledRencontredesculturesl'UNESCO
souslesigneduConcileOecumniqueVaticanII,Paris:Mame(1966),66.
(18)Cf.Mt5.3.
(19)Gn1.28.
(20)ChurchintheWorldofToday,no.69:AAS58(1966),1090[cf.TPS
XI,306].
(21)1Jn3.17.
(22)DeNabute,c.12,n.53:PL14.747cf.J.R.Palanque,Saint
Ambroiseetl'empireromain,Paris:deBoccard(1933),336ff.
16.(23)Lettertothe52ndSocialWeekatBrest,inL'hommeetla
rvolutionurbaine,Lyon:Chroniquesociale(1965),89.
17.(24)ChurchintheWorldofToday,no.71:AAS58(1966),1093[cf.
TPSXI,308].
(25)Ibid.,no.65:AAS58(1966),1086[cf.TPSXI,303].
(26)Encyc.letterOuadragesimoanno:AAS23(1931),212.
(27)Cf.,forexample,ColinClark,TheConditionsofEconomicProgress,

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3rded.,NewYork:St.Martin'sPress(1960),36.
(28)Lettertothe51stSocialWeekatLyon,inLetravailetlestravailleurs
danslasocietcontemporaine,Lyon:Chroniquesociale(1965),6.
(29)Cf.,forexample,M.D.Chenu,O.P.,Pourunethologiedutravail,
Paris:EditionsduSeuil(1955)[Eng.tr.TheTheologyofWork,Dublin:Gill,
1963].
(30)Encyc.letterMateretMagistra:AAS53(1961),423[cf.TPSVII,312].
(31)Cf.,forexample,O.vonNellBreuning,S.J.,Wirtschaftund
Gesellschaft,vol.1:Grundfragen,Freiburg:Herder(1956),183184.
(32)Eph4.13.
(33)Cf.,forexample,EmmanuelLarrainErrzuriz,BishopofTalca,Chile,
PresidentofCELAM,Lettrepastoralesurledveloppementetlapaix,
Paris:PaxChristi(1965).
(34)ChurchintheWorldofToday,no.26:AAS58(1966),1046[TPSXI,
275]
(35)JohnXXIII,Encyc.letterMateretMagistra:AAS53(1961),414.
(36)L'OsservatoreRomano,Sept.11,1965LaDocumentationCatholique,
62(1965),16741675.
(37)Cf.Mt19.6.
(38)ChurchintheWorldofToday,no.52:AAS58(1966),1073[cf.TPS
XI,294].
(39)Ibid.,nos.5051,withnote14:AAS58(1966),10701073[cf.TPS
XI,292293]alsono.87,p.1110[cf.TPSXI,319320].
(40)Cf.ibid.,no.15:AAS58(1966),1036[cf.TPSXI,268].
(41)Mt16.26.
(42)ChurchintheWorldofToday,no.57:AAS58(1966),1078[cf.TPS
XI,297].
(43)Ibid.,no.19:AAS58(1966),1039[cf.TPSXI,270].
(44)Cf.,forexample,J.Maritain,L'humanismeintgral,Paris:Aubier

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(1936)[Eng.tr.TrueHumanism,NewYork:CharlesScribner'sSons
(1938)].
(45)Cf.H.deLubac,S.J.,Ledramedel'humanismeathe,3rded.,Paris:
Spes(1945),10[Eng.tr.TheDramaofAtheisticHumanism,London:
SheedandWard(1949),7]
(46)Penses,ed.Brunschvicg,n.434cf.MauriceZundel,L'hommepasse
l'homme,LeCaire:Editionsdulien(1944).
(47)Cf.AddresstorepresentativesofnonChristianreligions,Dec.3,
1964:AAS57(1965),132[cf.TPSX,153].
(48)Jas2.1516.
(49)Cf.Encyc.letterMateretMagistraAAS53(1961),440ff.
(50)Cf.Christmasmessage,December1963:AAS56(1964),5758.
(51)Cf.EnciclicheediscorsidiPaoloVI,vol.IX:ed.Paoline,Rome(1966),
132136.
(52)Cf.Lk16.1931.
18.(53)ChurchintheWorldofToday,no.86:AAS58(1966)1109[cf.
TPSXI,319].
19.(54)Lk12.20.
(55)Specialmessagetotheworld,deliveredtonewsmenduringIndia
visit,December4,1964:AAS57(1965),135[cf.TPSX,158159].
(56)Cf.AAS56(1964),639ff.[cf.TPSX,275ff.].
(57)Cf.ActaLeonisXIII,11(1892),131.
(58)Cf.LeoXIII,Encyc.letterRerumNovarum:ActaLeonisXIII,11
(1892),98.
(59)ChurchintheWorldofToday,no.85:AAS58(1966),1108[cf.TPS
XI,318].
(60)Cf.encyc.letterFideidonum:AAS49(1957),246.
(61)Mt25.3536.

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(69)Lkll.9.

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