Scribd
Upload
78 views

The Solubility Limit: Details of Presentation

The document discusses phase diagrams and solubility limits using the water-sugar system as an example. It provides the definition of a solubility limit as the maximum concentration for which only a solution occurs, where above this concentration both a solution and solid will form upon cooling. For the water-sugar system at 20°C, the solubility limit is 65wt% sugar, meaning a solution forms below this concentration and a solution plus solid sugar forms above it. The document also contains sample phase diagrams and discusses how the number and composition of phases is determined based on the temperature and composition coordinates on the phase diagram.

Uploaded by

ssanthosh073
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
78 views

The Solubility Limit: Details of Presentation

The document discusses phase diagrams and solubility limits using the water-sugar system as an example. It provides the definition of a solubility limit as the maximum concentration for which only a solution occurs, where above this concentration both a solution and solid will form upon cooling. For the water-sugar system at 20°C, the solubility limit is 65wt% sugar, meaning a solution forms below this concentration and a solution plus solid sugar forms above it. The document also contains sample phase diagrams and discusses how the number and composition of phases is determined based on the temperature and composition coordinates on the phase diagram.

Uploaded by

ssanthosh073
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

10/28/2015

THE
SOLUBILITY LIMIT
Solubility Limit:
100

Ex: Phase Diagram:


Water-Sugar System

BITS Pilani

Mechanical Engineering Department

Pilani Campus

Question: What is the

60
40

solubility limit at 20C?

Answer: 65wt% sugar.

(liquid)

+
S

(liquid solution
i.e., syrup)

(solid
sugar)

20

Pure
Water

ENGG ZC232 ENGINEERING


MATERIALS.
Module 04 (Lecture 01)
Phase Diagram.
Prof.P.Srinivasan.

Solubility
Limit

80

20
40
6065 80
100
Co=Composition (wt% sugar)

Pure
Sugar

Temperature (C)

Max concentration for


which only a solution
occurs.

If Co < 65wt% sugar: sugar


If Co > 65wt% sugar: syrup + sugar.

Adapted from Fig. 9.1,


Callister 6e.

Solubility limit increases with T:

e.g., if T = 100C, solubility limit = 80wt% sugar.


2
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Details of Presentation.

COMPONENTS
AND PHASES
Components:
The elements or compounds which are mixed initially

Cooling curve of a pure metal.


Cooling curve of an alloy.
Solubility limit.
Formation of phase diagram
Interpretation of Phase diagram
Lever Rule.

(e.g., Al and Cu)


Phases:

The physically and chemically distinct material regions


that result (e.g., and ).

(lighter
phase)

AluminumCopper
Alloy

(darker
phase)
Adapted from
Fig. 9.0,
Callister 3e.
3
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

PHASE DIAGRAMS

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

EFFECT
OF T & COMPOSITION (Co)
Changing T can change # of phases: path A to B.

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...

Changing Co can change # of phases: path B to D.

When we combine two elements...

what equilibrium state do we get?

B(100,70) D(100,90)

In particular, if we specify...

How many phases do we get?


What is the composition of each phase?
How much of each phase do we get?

Phase B
Nickel atom
Copper atom

Adapted from
Fig. 9.1,
Callister 6e.

Temperature (C)

watersugar
system

then...

Phase A

1 phase

100

--a composition (e.g., wt%Cu - wt%Ni), and


--a temperature (T)

80
60
40
20
0

2 phases

(liquid)

L
(liquid solution
i.e., syrup)

+
S

(solid
sugar)

A(70,20)
2 phases

20
40
60 70 80
100
Co=Composition (wt% sugar)

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

10/28/2015

Cooling Curves

Cooling Curves

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Cooling Curves

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Cooling Curves

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Cooling Curves

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

The lever rule


If an alloy consists of more than one phase, the amount of each phase present can be
found by applying the lever rule to the phase diagram.
The lever rule can be explained by considering a simple balance. The composition of the
alloy is represented by the fulcrum, and the compositions of the two phases by the ends
of a bar. The proportions of the phases present are determined by the weights needed to
balance the system.

fraction of phase 1 = (C2 - C) / (C2 - C1)


fraction of phase 2 = (C - C1) / (C2 - C1).
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

10/28/2015

PHASE DIAGRAMS: weight fractions of phases

PHASE DIAGRAMS

Tell us about phases as function of T, Co, P.


For this course:

Rule 3:

--binary systems: just 2 components.


--independent variables: T and Co (P = 1atm is always used).

T(C)

2 phases:

1600

Phase
Diagram
for Cu-Ni
system

1500
1400

3 phase fields:
L
L +

idu

u
liq

1300

us

lid

so

(FCC solid
solution)

1200
1100
1000
0

L (liquid)
(FCC solid solution)

L (liquid)

20

40

60

100

wt% Ni

(solid)

3032 35 4043

CLCo

C
wt% Ni

50

Adapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e.


(Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams
of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)

WL + W = 1
Co = WL CL + W C

Sum of weight fractions:


Conservation of mass (Ni):

L (liquid)

1400
1300

u
uid

liq

Cu-Ni
phase
diagram

us

lid

so

L (FCC solid

40

60

80

100

wt% Ni

C CL = R
W = o
C CL R + S

A geometric interpretation:

Co
R

A(1100,60)
20

C Co = S
WL =
C CL R + S
CL

solution)

1100
1000
0

20

soli

Combine above equations:

1200
Adapted from Fig. 9.2(a), Callister 6e.
(Fig. 9.2(a) is adapted from Phase
Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P.
Nash (Ed.), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH, 1991).

= 27wt%

TD

L + dus

B
S

THE LEVER RULE: A PROOF

1600

B(1250,35)

B(1250, 35):
2 phases: L +

1200

T(C)
1500

TB

s
tie line
idu
liqu

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

--the # and types of phases present.

A(1100, 60):
1 phase:

L (liquid)

1300

If we know T and Co, then we know:

Examples:

R
R+S

TA

At TA: Only Liquid (L)


WL = 100wt%, W = 0
At TD: Only Solid ()
WL = 0, W = 100wt%
At TB: Both and L

W =

Cu-Ni
system

T(C)

Co = 35wt%Ni

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

PHASE DIAGRAMS: # and types of phases


Rule 1:

Examples:

S
43 35
= 73wt %
WL = + =
R S 43 32

Adapted from Fig. 9.2(a), Callister 6e.


(Fig. 9.2(a) is adapted from Phase
Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P.
Nash (Ed.), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH (1991).

80

If we know T and Co, then we know:

--the amount of each phase (given in wt%).

WL

C
S

moment equilibrium:

WLR = WS
1 W
solving gives Lever Rule

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

PHASE DIAGRAMS: composition of phases


Rule 2:

If we know T and Co, then we know:

--the composition of each phase.


Examples:

Co = 35wt%Ni
At TA:
Only Liquid (L)
CL = Co ( = 35wt% Ni)
At TD:
Only Solid ()
C = Co ( = 35wt% Ni)

Cu-Ni
system

T(C)
TA
1300

A
L (liquid)

TB
1200

TD

At TB:
Both and L
CL = Cliquidus ( = 32wt% Ni here)
C = Csolidus ( = 43wt% Ni here)

20

Thanks.

s
tie line
idu
liqu

L + dus

(solid)

soli

3032 35 4043

CLCo

50

C wt% Ni

Adapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e.


(Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams
of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)

7
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

You might also like