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Elementary Transcendental Functions: 3.1 Exponential Function

The document defines several elementary transcendental functions in terms of the exponential function, including hyperbolic and trigonometric functions. It introduces the natural logarithm and defines complex powers and inverse hyperbolic and trigonometric functions using logarithms. Cut planes are used to define the logarithm and inverse functions as single-valued functions.

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Martín Figueroa
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23 views5 pages

Elementary Transcendental Functions: 3.1 Exponential Function

The document defines several elementary transcendental functions in terms of the exponential function, including hyperbolic and trigonometric functions. It introduces the natural logarithm and defines complex powers and inverse hyperbolic and trigonometric functions using logarithms. Cut planes are used to define the logarithm and inverse functions as single-valued functions.

Uploaded by

Martín Figueroa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Elementary Transcendental
Functions
3.1

Exponential Function

Define, for all complex z, the exponential function by


exp(z) = ez =

X
1 n
z .
n!
n=0

(3.1)

By the ratio test,


n!
|z|
|z| =
0
(n + 1)!
n+1

z,

(3.2)

the series converges everywhere. By the theorem of the Sec. 2.7, that means
that the series converges uniformily in any finite closed region.
Note that the following property holds:
exp(z1 + z2 ) =

X
1
(z1 + z2 )n
n!
n=0

X
n
X
1
n!
z1m z2nm
n!
m!
(n

m)!
n=0 m=0
!
!

X1
X
1 k
l
z
z
=
k! 1
l! 2

l=0

k=0

= exp(z1 ) exp(z2 ).

(3.3)

(3.4)

Then, by induction

(ez ) = enz ,
where n is any positive integer.
23 Version of September 7, 2011

24 Version of September 7, 2011CHAPTER 3. ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS


Hyperbolic and trigonometric functions are defined in terms of the exponential function:
ez ez
2
eiz eiz
sin z =
2i
sinh z =

ez + ez
,
2
eiz + eiz
cos z =
,
2

cosh z =

(3.5a)
(3.5b)

so that
i sin z = sinh iz,
cos z = cosh iz,

(3.6a)
(3.6b)

eiz = cos z + i sin z.

(3.7)

for all complex z.


Note that

Therefore, the polar representation of a complex number,


z = r(cos + i sin )
= rei ,

(3.8)

becomes a most useful and compact representation. In particular,


z n = rn ein

(3.9)

cos n + i sin n = (cos + i sin )n .

(3.10)

implies De Moivres formula,

3.1.1

Definition of

There exists a positive number such that


1.
ei/2 = i,

and

(3.11a)

2.
ez = 1 if and only if z = 2in,

(3.11b)

where n is an integer.
Hence exp(z) is periodic with period 2i,
exp(z + 2i) = exp(z) exp(2i) = exp(z).

(3.12)

25 Version of September 7, 2011


z


3.2. THE NATURAL LOGARITHM


iy

@ @ @ @ @
cut or branch line

Figure 3.1: Cut plane for defining the logarithm.

3.2

The Natural Logarithm

If z = rei , we define
ln z log z ln r + i,

(3.13)

where ln r is defined as the inverse of the exponential function for real positive
r,
r = eln r .
(3.14)
Thus we have
z = e

where

= ln r + i = log z.

(3.15)

Recall that = arg z is a multivalued function, because is only defined up


to an arbitrary multiple of 2. [This is just the periodic property (3.12).] Recall further that we defined the principal value of the argument as that which
satisfied
< arg z .
(3.16)
Correspondingly, we say that the single-valued logarithm function (also denoted
log z) is defined in the cut plane shown in Fig. 3.1. In measuring from the +x
axis, one is not allowed to cross the cut along the x axis. (Where the cut is
placed is an arbitrary convention.) The correspondingly defined single-valued
functions arg z and
log z = log |z| + i arg z,
(3.17)
or
< Im log z ,

(3.18)

are also referred to as the principal values of the argument and logarithm, respectively.
Now we define complex powers of complex numbers as follows:
z ez log ,

(3.19)

where log is defined in the cut plane. Then


e

z

= ez log e = ez(Re +iIm ) = ez

(3.20)

26 Version of September 7, 2011CHAPTER 3. ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS


when
arg e = Im

(3.21)

< Im .

(3.22)

log e = + 2in

(3.23)

< Im ( + 2in) ,

(3.24)

lies between
If this is not so,
where n is so chosen that

and
e
For example,

z

= ez(+2in) .
1

z = z 1/2 = e 2 log z

(3.25)
(3.26)

is defined as a single-valued function only in the cut plane


< arg z .

3.3

(3.27)

Inverse Hyperbolic and Trigonometric Functions

The inverse hyperbolic and trigonometric functions are defined in terms of the
logarithm:
i
h
(3.28a)
arcsinh z = log z + (z 2 + 1)1/2 ,
i
h
(3.28b)
arccosh z = log z + (z 2 1)1/2 ,
arctanh z =

1
1+z
log
,
2
1z

(3.28c)

which are defined in the cut planes shown in Fig. 3.2.


arcsin z = i arcsinh iz
i
h
= i log iz + (1 z 2 )1/2 ,

arccos z = i arccosh z
h
i
= i log z + (z 2 1)1/2 ,

arctan z = i arctanh iz
1 iz
i
i+z
i
= log
,
= log
2
1 + iz
2
iz

(3.29a)
(3.29b)

(3.29c)

which are defined in the cut planes shown in Fig. 3.3. Note that the branch

3.3. INVERSE HYPERBOLIC AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS27 Version of September 7, 2011


arcsinh z:

iy
i
i

iy

arccosh z:
x

+1

iy

arctanh z:
1

+1

Figure 3.2: Cut planes for defining the inverse hyperbolic functions. The thick
lines represent the cuts.
iy
iy
arctan z:
arcsin z:
arccos z:
+i
1

+1

x
i

Figure 3.3: Cut plane for defining the inverse trigonometric functions.
lines (cuts) are chosen so as not to cross the region where both the range and
the domain of the functions are real, because for real x,
sin x,

cos x [1, 1],


tan x (, ),

sinh x (, ),
cosh x [1, ),

tanh x [1, 1].

(3.30a)
(3.30b)
(3.30c)
(3.30d)
(3.30e)

An alternative notation for the inverse functions is provided by the superscript


1, as for example,
arcsinh z = sinh1 z,
(3.31)
which does not mean 1/ sinh z.

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